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āyus meaning "life"
veda, system of "knowledge".
AYURVEDA = "knowledge of life".
According to Charaka,
"life" itself is defined as the
"combination of the body,
sense organs, mind and soul,
the factor responsible for
preventing decay and death,
which sustains the body over tim
HISTORY
Thus the subject matter of Ayurveda is not only a physical
body but the mind, spirit and body –the tripod –the Man; he is
the conscious agent and regarded as the subject matter of this
science.
üAyurveda gives us the formulas for living a long life filled
with joy. Ayurveda is not limited to the physical body but also
deals with the mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of life.
Ayurveda is a simple, practical science
of life, existing since more than 5000 years,
which is originated in India and having a
great role in health care in South Asia and
now a days world wide
üAyurveda is a system of Holistic Health or
Holistic Healing, speaks to every aspect,
element and facet of life.
üAyurveda is ‘Arshasashtra’, means
science laid down by Rishis, who had
visualized the things.
The science of Ayurveda is based not on
constantly changing research data but on the
eternal wisdom of the Rishis and Gurus
üAyurveda offers guidance that has been
tested, refined and nourished over many
centuries to all those who seek greater
harmony, peace and longevity.
üAyurveda is a basically;
Health promotive–Preventive Curative
RejuvenativeNutritive –All self
üThe term Ayurveda comes from
Sanskrit language and derived from
two words;
üAyuand Veda
üAyumeans daily life or life span.
üVeda means knowledge or science.
üThus, we can comprise that
Ayurveda means Science or
Knowledge of life.
Ayurveda is not only the science of
diseases, but it also deals with
Life. The definition of Life is –“The
flow of consciousness”. Life is
known as ‘The union of the mind,
body and spirit’. The science of life
is that which makes life
understood.
Aim & Objects of Ayurveda
üTo promote & maintain total well being
of an individual.
ü
üTo cure the disease at their root level..
The two principle objectives of Ayurveda are:
1.)To prolong life and promote perfect health
2.)To completely eradicate the disease and
dysfunction of the body.
Ayurveda takes the individual as whole and
seeks to reestablish harmony between all the
constituents in the body. Perfect balance of the
tripod –Mind, body and Spirit means perfect
health.
ü •What is Health?
üAccording to Ayurveda , Health is not just merely
absence of disease.
üHealth is a state where Dosha, Dhatu, Malaand Agni
these all are in a balanced condition and mind, soul and
senses are in a state of inner peace and contentment.
Swastha(Health) means to be ‘established in the self’. The Ayurvedic view
of healthy person is :
“Samadosha,samagnischa,Samadhatumalkriyah,
Prasannatmendriyamanah,Swasthaitiabhidhiya
t”
(SushrutSamhita, Sutrasthan, Ch. 15, Shloka10)
“He whose doshas are in balance, appetite is good,
all tissues of the body and all natural urges are
The theory of the three Doshas
The Tridoshatheory :
Tri means three and Dosha means
functional energy. Balance of three doshas are
central concept of this science.
They are Three Type ;
Vata, Pitta& Kapha
Functions of Tri-dosha
VATA PITTA KPHA
(Air + Space) (Fire & Water) (Water + arth)
Movement Body Heat Stability
Breathing Temperature Energy
Natural Urges Digestion Lubrication
Transformation of Tissues Perception Unctuousness
Motor functions Understanding Forgiveness
Sensory functions HungerGreed
Ungroundness Thirst Attachment
Secretions Intelligence Accumulation
Excretions Anger Holding
Fear Hate Possessiveness
Emptiness Jealousy
Anxiety
ü
ü
üThese three doshas or bioenergies
combine in each person , in proportions that
vary from person to person .
ü
üEach of these doshas are further
subdivided into five subdoshas. This
precision makes it possible to reach at the
exact causative organism.
ü
üIt is most important to understand that
these three doshas, Agni, Aama etc.can not
Characteristics of three
Doshas
Vata
Qualities :
üLight üRough
üCold üDry
üSubtle
üMobile
üPenetrative
Functions Of Vata:
üRespiration üMind
üSwallowing conduction
Elimination üSpeech
Movement üDigestion
Absorption üSensory organs
functions
üAll dhatu
formation etc.
PITTA
Qualities ü
: üFluid –
Flowing
üHot üSharp
üBitter üOily
Functions Of Pitta:
üSour üPenetrative
ü
•Comprehension
üDigestion
•Appreciation
üAbsorption
•Recognition
Assimilation
•Evaluation
üVision
•Discrimination
üHunger , Thirst
•Intelligence
üSoftness, luster,
•Courage
complexion of the
•Cheerfulness etc.
KAPHA
Qualities
: üMoist
üSlow
üHeavy üSweet
üCold üWhite in color
üSmooth
Functions Of Kapha:
üSoft
ü
ü
üCreation üStamina
üNutrition üCalmness
üStrength üImmunity
SSIFICATION OF HERBAL SOLID DOSAGE FORM
BHASMA
Bhasma in Ayurveda has been defined as a substance obtained by
calcinations
Use of both bhasma (Residue after incineration – calcined
preparation) as well as in pishti (powdered gem or metal) form along
with appropriate herbs for treatment of critical ailments is a
medicinal preparation in Ayurveda and to some extent Unani (both
Indian branches of medical science) using natural curative methods.
The procedures for preparing these medicines are time-consuming and
complicated.
Bhasma is a calcined preparation in which the Gem or
Metal is converted into Ash. Gems or metals are purified to remove
impurities and treated by Triturating and macerating in herbal
extracts. The dough so obtained is calcinated to obtain the ashes.
Contents Of Bhasma
•Vibhuti
•Bhasmikaran
•Steps Of bhasmikaran
•Nots.
Vibhuti
In certain circumstances Bhasma and 'Vibhuti’ (Sanskrit) are
synonymous.
Bhasmikaran
Bhasmikaran is a process by which a substance which is otherwise
bioincompatible is made biocompitble by certain samskarsh or processes
(Puranik and Dhamankar , 1964e). The objectives of samskara are :- a )
elimination of harmful matters from the drug b ) modification of
undesirable physical properties of the drug c ) conversion of some of
the characteristics of the drug d ) enhancement of the therapeutic
action(Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964e). Various steps involved in the
preparation of BHASMA(or bhasmikaran) are:- 1 ) Shodhan -Purification,
2 ) Maran - Powdering, 3 ) Chalan- Stirring, 4 ) Dhavan - Washing, 5 )
Galan- Filtering, 6 ) Putan- Heating, 7 ) Mardan- Triturating, 8 )
Bhavan- Coating with herbal extract, 9 ) Amrutikaran - Detoxification
and 10 ) Sandharan- Preservation (Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964e).
Selection of these steps depends on the specific metal. Sometimes
there is an overlapping of the steps e.g. maran is achieved by
puttan. Since the present thesis work is on bhasma, Bhasmikaran
process is elaborated in details in the following paragraphs.
Steps of bhasmikaran
1 . Shodhan: The principle objective of shodhan is to
remove unwanted part from the raw material and separate
out impurities( Vaiday and Dole 1996b). Metals obtained
from ores may contain several impurities, which are
removed by subjecting them to Shodhan process. In context
of bhasma, shodhan means purifying and making the product
suitable for the next step i.e. Maran. Ayurveda classifies
shodhan into a) General process and b) Specific process.
6 . Puttan : The term puttan means ignition. The general term used
for heating in the process of Bhasmikaran is Puta. A special earthen
pot, Sharav is generally used for the process. It has two parts, each
having a shape of soccer. Sharav is used for direct heating of the
material. Its shallowness is useful in heating the material faster and
uniformly. After keeping the material on the shallow surface, other
part is used as a lid, by placing it in an inverted position. This
Puttan process can be looked upon as the key step in manufacturing of
bhasma. The classification of putta is primarily done on the basic
nature of the process and is as under :- (Puranik and Dhamankar, 1964f)
1)Chandraputta 2) Dhanyarashiputta 3) Suryaputta 4)Bhugarbhaputta 5)
Agniptuta.
Notes
•Ayurvedic formulary of India ,
BHASMA
ü A bhasma means an ash obtained though incineration
ü Parpams and kushta in Siddha and Unanitibb
ü Dose (15250 mg/ day).
ü Bhasmas as Multielemental Cocktail
ü All Bhasmas have some common properties like
ü Rasayana immunomodulation and antiaging
quality
ü Yogavahi ability of drug carry and targeted drug
delivery
RELATION OF METALS WITH BODY
Name Of The Present In Human Body
Dhatu(Metal)
Gold trace amounts in blood, semen, eyes, heart, upper layer of skin and intestines
Imbalance affects vision, causes general weakness in the body, dullness of
Silver intellect
bone marrow, upper layer of bones, gall bladder, pancreas, inner layer of the
skin, lungs, flesh, blood vessels, meanings (membrane which surrounds the
brain), audio receptive glands and septum of nose.
Copper upper and inner layer of skin, mucosa of soft tissue, large glands, eye pupil,
hair, pleura and pericardium. Imbalance causes defects in cardio-vascular,
central nervous and skeletal system.
Iron Major constituent of blood, present in the villi of the Intestine, eye pupil, hair
Tin abdominal muscles, blood and blood vessels, synovial membrane, outer layer
of uterus, Imbalance causes malformation in bones, diseases of reproductive
tract, affects formation of urine, polyurea, increased perspiration,
Lead blood all the Lymphatic tissue. Imbalance causes anemia, disturbance in
gastro-intestinal tract due to poor secretion of digestive juices, haemolytic
Zinc anemia
sensory and ascitis.
tissues and flesh.
VARIOUS SOURCES OF BHASMA
Metals Minerals Precious Stones Marine Products Animal Products
Swarna Abrak Vajra Shankh Mrugashruga
(Gold) (Mica) (Diamond) (Counch) (Sabarsingh)
Rajat Makshika Manek Sukti Peacock Feather
(Silver) (Copper Pyrite) (Ruby) (Chhip) Bhasma
Tamra Mansil Panna Mukta Kukutandatwak
(Copper) (Red Arsenic) (Emerald) (Pearl) bhasma(eggshell
Naga Somal Nilam Kodi
(Lead) (White Arsenic) (Sapphire) (Varatika)
Bang Hartal Pokhraj Praval
(Tin) (Yellow Arsenic) (Topaz) (Coral)
Parad Mandoora
(Mercury) (Slag Iron)
Yasad Hingul
(Zinc) (Cinnabar)
FERENT BHASMAS AND THEIR MAIN INGREDIENTS/SO
No.
1 Bhasma
Abhrak bhasma Main Ingredient/Source
Mica
2 Hathidanta bhasma Charcoal of elephant tusk
3 Jasad bhasma Zinc oxide
4 Loha bhasma Iron oxide
5 Mandur bhasma Iron oxide
6 Mayurapicha bhasma Ashes of peacock feather
7 Mukta bhasma Oxide of pearl
8 Naga bhasma Lead
9 Parada bhasma Mercury compound
10 Pravala bhasma Oxide of coral
11 Rajata Bhasma Silver oxide
12 Sankha bhasma Oxide of conch shell
13 Mukta sukti bhasma Oxide of pearl, oyster shell
14 Talaka bhasma Arsenic sulphide
15 Tamra bhasma Cupric oxide
16 Vanga bhasma Tin compounds
17 Varatika bhasma Oxide of cowrie shell
OTHER DIFFERENT BHASMAS
ü
ü Kasisa bhasma (sulphate of Akika bhasma
iron)
ü Godanti bhasma Jaharamohara bhasma
ü Trivanga bhasma contains Sphatika bhasma
lead, tin, and zinc
ü Vajra bhasma (Hiraka Hajarulayahuda bhasma
Bhasma)
Shukti Bhasma,
ü Vaikranta bhasma
ü Srnga bhasma Kapardika Bhasma
ü Svarna bhasma Kukkutand twaka
ü Svarnamaksika bhasma
Bhasma,
ü Harafala bhasma
ü
Manikya Bhasma.
PREPARATION OF BHASMA
CLASSIFICATION OF PUTA
üFor Hard Material — Maha Puta
üFor Medium Material — Guj Puta And Varah Puta
üFor Soft Material — Kukkut Puta,kapot Puta
üFor Special Soft Material — Bhanad Puta,valuka Puta,bhudhar
Puta,lavak Puta,khumbh Puta
ü
üPuta 800 degree C to 1000 degree C shorter duration and
shorter shelf cooling period Loha, Tamra, Abharak etc
ü
üA range of 400 degree C longer duration and longer shelf cooling
period Hartal etc
ENT TYPE OF MUSAS (CRUCIBLES) USED IN PREPARATION OF
Yoga Musa
Gara Musa
Vara Musa
Varna Musa
Rupya Musa
Vida Musa
Vajra Musa
Vrintaka Musa
Gostani Musa
Malla Musa
Pakava Musa
Maha Musa
Manjusa Musa
MORDEN VIEW OF BHASMA
PREPARATION
üIn morden dayes Muffle furnace
is used to prepare bhasma
ü
ü
ütemperatures up to 1800oCelsius,
CHANGES DURING BHASMA PREPARATION
Decrease in tension
immediate cooling
increase in compression force
Repetition
uption in compression tension equilibrium leads to increased brittleness, reduc
finally reduction in particle size.
CHANGES DURING BHASMA PREPARATION
Some metals and minerals during red hot state react with atmospheric oxygen or
steam and form different chemical compound
vanga bhasma’ was studied by a systematic characterization of the
drug samples after various calcination stages. It was found that tin was
in the form of Sn4+ state and that the formation of SnO2 proceeded step
wise through Sn(OH)4.
STANDARDIZATION AYURVEDIC BHASMAS
ØFinalization of the process
ØIdentification & Authentication of the raw materials.
ØStandardization of the raw materials
ØProcess validation of shodhan, maran, amritikaran (if applicable)
ØManufacturing of Bhasmas by both Method
ØDetermine the Chemical transformations to be after every stage
ØDevelopment technologies for faster commercial production
ØToxicity studies and safety pharmacology Study.
Ø Development of suitable bioassays for biological standardization.
ØClinical studies on formulations
ØAny other relevant development activity
GOLD (SWARNA) BHASMA
üThe gold content was to be 96.76%.
ü
üThe standard swarna bhasma should contain the following: [10]
üFree sulphur — no less than 1.43% w/w and no more than 6.39% w/w
üSulphur — no more than 3.33% w/w
üCalcium as Ca — no more than 1.625% w/w
üSodium as Na — no more than 0.922% w/w
üPotassium as K — no more than 0.370% w/w
üSulphate — no more than 3.00% w/w
üCopper — no more than 17.2% w/w
üIron oxide (ferric) — no more than 85.0% w/w
üIron oxide (ferrous) — no more than 5.7% w/w
üIron — no less than 36.0% w/w and not more than 51.96% w/w
üPhosphate as PO4 — no more than 1.101% w/w
üSilica — no more than 3.8% w/w
ü
üAsh value between 92.10 and no more than 98.20% w/w [10]
ü
üAcidinsoluble ash value between 21.20 and 31.18% w/w. [10]
ü
üDose is 100 to 250 mg. [10]
GOLD (SWARNA) BHASMA
vBiologically Active Gold Compounds on the Market [9]
No. Generic Name Trade Name Gold
Concentration
1 Gold sodium thiomalate Myochristin, 50.5
Myocrisin, Tauredon
2 Gold thioglucose Solganal 50.5
3 Gold thioglycoanilid Lauron 54.2
4 Gold sodium thiosulphate Sanochrysine, 402
Aurothion,
Thiochrysine
5 Calcium aurothiothioglycolate Myoral 64.1
6 Sodium2-aurothiobenzidazole-4-carboxylalte Tripha 47.8
Therapeutic Investigations
Mandur
• Mandur bhasma is
• •Anemia, amenorrhea, •Hepatoprotective
Sankha bhasma •Calcinated conch •Digestive problems, hyperchlorhydria, •Anti-peptic ulcer effect .
shell. sprue, colic, and hepatosplenomegaly. [33]
•Calcium, iron, •
•Improving its secretory
and magnesium.
• status[34]
INTRODUCTION
Name of •Source &
• •Indication • Activity
bhasma Content
mg, al, si, S, K, ca, mn, •improve health and longevity. and enables retention of
fe, cu, zn, and sn) with higher amount of protein
zn in the form of zno as molecules in the cells.[35]
the major element •Arrest the progress of
activity
•