Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
17 Dec 2010
Lu Jin Ping
Executive Director
Admaterials Technologies Pte Ltd
jinping@admaterials.com.sg
1
New Concrete Standards
Outline
Why New Standards?
New Standards for Concrete
Specification
Testing Methods for Fresh Concrete
Testing Methods for Hardened Concrete
In-situ Tests
New Standards for Constituent Materials
Cement
Additions (fly ash, ggbs, silica fume)
Aggregate
Admixture
SAC CT05 and CT06 for Product Certification 2
Why New Standards
5
Eurocode 2
6
Eurocode 2
7
SS EN206-1 & standards for design and execution, standards
for constituent materials and test standards
8
Concrete Specification
BS EN 206-1 Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production
and conformity
SS EN 206-1: 2009 [with National Annexes (informative)]
BS 8500-1: 2006, Concrete – Complementary British Standard to
BS EN 206-1 – Part 1: Methods of specifying and guidance for
the specifier
SS 544-1: 2009 [with National Annexes (informative)]
BS 8500-2: 2006, Concrete – Complementary British Standard to
BS EN 206-1 – Part 2: Specification of constituent materials and
concrete
SS 544-2: 2009 [with National Annexes (informative)]
REPLACING
(SS 289:2000) BS 5328:Part 1:1991, Guide to specifying concrete
(SS 289:2000) BS 5328:Part 2:1991, Methods for specifying concrete mixes
(SS 289:2000) BS 5328:Part 3:1990, Specification for the procedures to be
used in producing and transporting concrete
(SS 289:2000) BS 5328:Part 4:1990, Specification for the procedures to be
used in sample, testing and assessing compliance of concrete
9
Specification of Concrete
All relevant requirements for the concrete shall be given in the
concrete specification, including any properties or mix limitations
that are necessary for transportation after delivery, placing,
compaction, curing or further treatment
If all these requirements are satisfied, any difference in concrete
properties between the concrete in the structure and standardized
test specimens is adequately covered by the partial safety factor for
concrete
Following aspects shall be taken into consideration
- application of the fresh and hardened concrete
- curing conditions
- dimensions of the structure (the heat development)
- environmental actions to which the structure is to be exposed
- any requirements for exposed aggregate or tooled concrete finishes
- any requirements related to the cover to reinforcement or minimum
section width, e.g. maximum aggregate size
- any restrictions on the use of constituent materials with established
suitability, e.g. inappropriate for the identified exposure classes
10
Concrete Specification C2
EXPOSURE CLASSES
Corrosion induced by chlorides other than sea water (XD classes)
(where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact
with water containing chlorides, including de-icing salts, from sources other than from sea
water)
Note: De-icing salts not used in Singapore and hence some UK examples do not apply.
14
EXPOSURE CLASSES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS
EXPOSURE CLASSES
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water (XS classes)
(where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact
with chlorides from sea water or air carrying salt originating from sea water)
EXPOSURE CLASSES
Freeze/thaw attack (XF classes)
(where concrete is exposed to significant attack from freeze-thaw cycles whilst wet)
Note: ONLY IN SPECIAL CASES e.g. industrial plants, cold storage areas, ice-skating rings
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EXPOSURE CLASSES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS
EXPOSURE CLASSES
Chemical attack (XA classes) – EN 206-1: 2000
(Where concrete is exposed to chemical attack from natural soils and ground water as given
in Table 2, the exposure shall be classified as given below. The classification of sea water
depends on the geographical location, therefore the classification valid in the place of use
of the concrete applies.)
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EXPOSURE CLASSES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS
D17
23
Concrete Specification
SS EN 206-1: 2009
Table 7 – Compressive strength classes for normal-weight and heavy-weight concrete
Compressive Minimum characteristic cylinder strength Minimum characteristic cube strength
strength class fck,cyl (N/mm2) fck,cube (N/mm2)
C6/8* 6 8
C810 8 10
C12/15 12 15
C16/20 16 20
C20/25 20 25
C25/30 25 30
C28/35* 28 35
C30/37 30 37
C32/40* 32 40
C35/45 35 45
C40/50 40 50
C50/60 50 60
C55/67 55 67
C60/75 60 75
C70/85 70 85
C80/95 80 95
C90/105 90 105 24
Initial production covers the production until at least 35 test results are available.
Continuous production is achieved when at least 35 test results are obtained over a period
not exceeding 12 months. initially based on at least 35 result and verified during
production or changed (choice of 2 methods – 8.2.1.3)
Test result – from individual specimen or average of two or more specimens
Where two more specimens are tested, range 15% of mean
Overlapping test results increases the risk of rejection (producer’s risk)
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SS 289: 2000 – fck + 3 and fck – 3 on groups of overlapping 4 test results
Concrete Specification C11
Annex B (normative)
Identity testing for compressive strength
Concrete under production control certification
Table B.1 – Identity criteria for compressive strength
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TESTING – HARDENED CONCRETE: EN 12390
BS 6089: 1981
Guide to assessment of concrete strength in existing structures
BS 1881: Part 120: 1983 (SS 78 Part A20: 1987)
Method of determination of the compressive strength of concrete cores
BS 1881: Part 202: 1986 (SS 78 Part B2: 1992)
Recommendations for surface hardness testing by rebound hammer
BS 1881: Part 203: 1986 (SS 78 Part B3: 1992)
Recommendations for measurement of velocity of ultrasonic pulses in
concrete
BS 1881: Part 207: 1992 (SS 78 Part B7: 1992)
Recommendations for the assessment of concrete strength by near-to-
surface tests
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Assessment of in-situ compressive strength
BS EN 13791: 2007 Assessment of in-situ compressive strength in structures and
precast concrete components
Assessment where conformity of concrete based on standard tests is in doubt:
For a test region comprising many batches of concrete with 15 or more core
data, if
fm(n),is 0.85(fck + 1,48 x s)
and fis,lowest 0.85(fck – 4)
the region may be deemed to contain concrete with adequate strength and the
concrete in the region conformed to EN 206-1
NOTE 1 Failure of an individual core may indicate a local rather than a global
problem
Alternatively, by agreement between parties, where there are 15 or more
indirect test data and at least two cores taken from the locations that indicate
the lower strength, if
fis,lowest 0.85(fck – 4),
the region may be deemed to contain concrete with adequate strength
In a small region that contains one or a few batches of concrete, the specifier
may use experience to select two locations for coring and if
fis,lowest 0.85(fck – 4)
the region may be deemed to contain concrete with adequate strength
If the test region is deemed to contain concrete with adequate strength,
concrete shall be deemed to have come from a conforming population 33
Constituent Materials for Concrete
Cement
BS EN 197-1: 2000 – Cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and
conformity criteria for common cements
SS EN 197-1: 2008
BS EN 197-2: Cement – Part 2: Conformity criteria
SS EN 197-2: 2008
BS EN 197-4: Cement – Part 4: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria
for low early strength cements
SS EN 197-4: 2008
REPLACING
BS 12: 1996 (SS 26: 2000) – Specification for Portland cement
BS 4246: 1996 (SS 476: 2000) – Specification for high slag blastfurnace cement
BS 146: 1991 (SS 477: 2000) – Specification for Portland blastfurnace cement
Testing Methods
BS EN 196-1 to 196-9
Annex ZZA (informative), SS EN 197-1 – testing temperature and relative humidity
BS EN 196-8 – Heat of hydration – Solution method (7 days)
BS EN 196-9 – Heat of hydration – semi-adiabatic method (41 h)
CEN standard sand (graded) compared to BS standard sand (single size) 34
Constituent Materials for Concrete
36
Concrete Constituent Materials – Cement
(SS) BS EN 197-1 – Common cements
CEM I – Portland cement
Table 1 – The 27 products in the family of common cements
Main Notation of the 27 Composition [percentage by mass]
types products
(types of common Main constituents Minor
cement) additional
Clinker Blast- Silica Pozzolans Fly ash Burnt Limestone constituents
furnace fume natural natural siliceous calcareous shale
Slag (max. calcined
10%)
K S D P Q V W T L LL
32,5 N – ≥ 16,0
≥ 32,5 ≤ 52,5 ≥ 75
32,5 R ≥ 10,0 –
42,5 N ≥ 10,0 –
≥ 42,5 ≤ 62,5 ≥ 60 ≤ 10
42,5 R ≥ 20,0 –
52,5 N ≥ 20,0 –
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≥ 52,5 – ≥ 45
52,5 R ≥ 30,0 –
Concrete Constituent Materials – Cement
CEM 80 to – – – – – – – 6 to – 0 to 5
II/A-L 94 20
CEM 65 to – – – – – – – 21 – 0 to 5
II/B-L 79 to
Portland- 35
limestone
cement CEM 80 to – – – – – – – – 6 to 0 to 5
II/A-LL 94 20
CEM II
CEM 65 to – – – – – – – – 21 0 to 5
II/B-LL 79 to
35
CEM 80 to 0 to 5
Portland- II/A-M 6 to 20
94
composite
cement CEM 65 to 0 to 5
II/B-M 21 to 35
79
38
In Portland-composite cements CEM II/A-M and CEM II/B-M, the main constituents other than clinker shall be declared by designation of the cement;
L: TOC<0.5%, LL: TOC<0.2%
Concrete Constituent Materials – Cement
CEM 35 to 36 to – – – – – – – – 0 to 5
III/A 64 65
Blast- CEM 20 to 66 to – – – – – – – – 0 to 5
CEM III furnace III/B
cement 34 80
CEM 5 to 81 to – – – – – – – – 0 to 5
III/C 19 95
CEM 65 to – – – – 0 to 5
IV/A 89 11 to 35
Ppozzo-
CEM IV lanic
cement CEM 45 to – – – – 0 to 5
IV/B 64 36 to 55
CEM 40 to 18 to – – – – – 0 to 5
V/A 64 30 18 to 30
Composite
CEM V
cement CEM 20 to 31 to – – – – – 0 to 5
V/B 38 50 31 to 50
In Pozzolanic cements CEM IV/A and CEM IV/B and in composite cements CEM V/A and CEM V/B, the main constituents other than clinker39
shall be
declared by designation of the cement
Concrete Constituent Materials – Cement
(SS 544-2:2009) BS 8500-2:2006 Table 1 General purpose cements
Type Notation Standard Broad Grouping used
designation in BRE SD1:2005
Portland cement CEM I BS EN 197-1 CEM I A
Portland silica fume CEM II/A-D BS EN 197-1 IIA A
cement
Portland limestone CEM II/A-L BS EN 197-1 IIA B ( 42.5) or C
cement CEM II/A-LL BS EN 197-1 IIA B or C (32.5)
Portland slag CEM II/A-S BS EN 197-1 IIA A
cements CEM II/B-S BS EN 197-1 IIB-S A
Portland fly ash CEM II/A-V BS EN 197-1 IIA A
cements CEM II/B-V BS EN 197-1 IIB-V A
CEM II/B-V+SR (25%) BS EN 197-1 IIB+SR D
Blastfurnace CEM III/A BS EN 197-1 or IIIA A
cements CEM III/A+SR BS EN 197-4 IIIA+SR D
(SR: if alumina > 14% CEM III/B BS EN 197-1 or IIIB A
PC-C3A 10%)
CEM III/B+SR BS EN 197-4 IIIB+SR F
Pozzolanic cement CEM IV/B(V) BS EN 197-1 or IVB-V E
BS EN 14216
Sulfate-resisting SRPC BS 4027 SRPC G 40
Portland cement
Concrete Constituent Materials – Cement
CEMENT
For durability requirements: minimum cement content for specified
types of cement and maximum water/cement ratio
For low heat applications: meeting heat of hydration requirement
Use of combinations in place of pre-blended cement: additional
production control for conformity of combinations – Annex A
(normative) SS 544: Part 2: 2009, Example – Annex C (informative)
Characteristic values for properties, e.g. early or standard strength
Limiting values for single results: Table 8, SS EN 197-1:2008
e.g. Property (LH): characteristic 270 J/g, upper limit 300 J/g
Preferred Na2O eq. 0.60% (minimising potential ASR – BCA)
CHALLENGING ISSUES
High cement content on temperature control in thick sections
Factory production control by the manufacturer and certification of
imported cement
Blended cement with factory production control in Singapore with
certification e.g. Portland-composite cement, CEM II/A-M and
Composite cement, CEM V/A – GREEN CEMENT replacing CEM I
42
Aggregates Standards
Note: ISO 565:1990 Test sieves – Metal wire cloth, perforated metal
plate and electroformed sheet
- Nominal sizes of openings
Minor differences from BS sieves openings
(to change over soonest convenient – UK adopts basic set plus set 2)
43
Aggregates Standards
2 D (40) (20) 1,4 Da (31,5) (14) D (20) (10) d (10) (4) d/2 (4) (2) Category
Aggregates
SS EN 12620: 2008 Annex ZZA (normative) Testing scheme for
aggregates imported from sources/quarries without a system of
product quality control (to be undertaken by importers of aggregate)
Admixtures
BS EN 934-1: 2008, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 1: Common
requirements
(SS EN 934-1:2008)
BS EN 934-2: 2008, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 2: Concrete
Admixtures – Definitions, requirements, conformity, making and labeling
(SS EN 934-2:2008)
BS EN 934-4: 2008, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 4:
Admixtures for grout for prestressing tendons
(SS EN 934-4:2008)
BS EN 934-6: 2008, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 6:
Sampling,conformity control and evaluation of conformity
(SS EN 934-6:2008)
REPLACING
BS 5075: Parts 1 to 3 (SS 320: 1987, Concrete Admixtures)
Testing Methods
Major changes with standard mortar and standard concrete for testing
CONFORMITY TESTING ONLY, TEST RESULTS NOT DIRECTLY APPLICABLE TO
SITE REQUIREMENTS – PERFORMANCE TESTING NEEDED
49
Admixtures Standards - Specification
EN 934-1:2008, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 1: Common requirements
SS EN 934-1: 2008
EN 934-2:2001, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 2: Concrete admixtures –
Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
SS EN 934-2: 2008 (National Foreword provides guidance on testing for Singapore)
EN 934-3:2003, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 3: Admixtures for masonry
mortar – Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
(Corresponding SS not considered)
EN 934-4:2001, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 4: Admixtures for grout for
prestressing tendons – Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and
labelling
SS EN 934-4: 2008 (National Foreword provides guidance on testing for Singapore)
EN 934-5:2001, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 5: Admixtures for sprayed
concrete – Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
(Corresponding SS not considered)
EN 934-6:2001, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 6: Sampling, conformity
control, and evaluation of conformity (Amendment 1, March 2006)
SS EN 934-6: 2008
REPLACING
SS 320: 1987, Chemical Admixtures
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Admixtures Standards – Testing
EN 480-1:2006, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 1: Reference concrete
and reference mortar for testing
EN 480-2:2006, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 2: Determination of
setting time
EN 480-4:2005, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 4: Determination of
bleeding of concrete
EN 480-5:2005, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 5: Determination of
capillary absorption
EN 480-6:2005, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 6: Infrared analysis
EN 480-8:1997, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 8: Determination of
conventional dry material content
EN 480-10:1997, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 10: Determination of
the water soluble chloride content
EN 480-11:2005, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 11: Determination of air
void characteristics in hardened concrete
EN 480-12:2006, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 12: Determination of
the alkali content of admixtures
EN 480-13:2002, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 13: Reference masonry
mortar for testing mortar admixtures
EN 480-14:2006, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Test methods – Part 14: Determination of
the effect on corrosion susceptibility of reinforcing steel by potentiostatic electro-chemical
test
National Forward to SS EN 943- series indicate guidance on testing for Singapore
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Admixtures Standards
52
EN 934 – 2: Tables 3.1 & 3.2
53
Admixtures Standards
Chemical Admixtures
Performance based testing using standard mortar and standard
concrete for conformity assessment only (not for application
purposes)
For application, initial testing for required performance, e.g. dosage to
provide specified consistence of designed concrete for a project
Test certificates show results not necessarily the same way as for
current test methods
Setting time test based on penetration of Vicat needle on standard
mortar (standard EN sand) mainly to assess delay in setting with
retarding admixture
Current practice on setting time (penetration of standard rod on wet-
sieved mortar from concrete) may need to be retained for potential
cold joint time (new test method directly on concrete should be
developed)
Factory production control and certification are likely to be adopted
by major manufacturers, locally or from overseas
54
SAC CT06: SAC Criteria for Ready-mixed concrete producers
Personnel
The producer shall engage the following:
a) a Quality Control manager with recognised
degree/diploma in Civil or Structural Engineering or
Building with at least 3 years experience in the concrete
production industry (or equivalent qualification as
assessed by the Certification Body); and
b) a batching plant operator with at least an ACI Technician
Grade 1 certification (or equivalent qualification as
assessed by the Certification Body) for each plant. [Note:
The certification programme for the ACI Technician
Certification (or its equivalent), shall be modified to
reflect local practice including the use of local codes.
55
SAC CT06: SAC Criteria for Ready-mixed concrete producers
Batching plant and other facilities
• Concrete shall be batched in a wet batch mixer facility
• batching process shall be controlled using a computerised system.
• Computerised batching records shall also be generated
• Adequate stockpile facilities shall be provided to ensure that
aggregates are stored on clean surface in separate stockpiles or
bunkers
• these facilities shall be sheltered with adequate roof and side
covers
• the methods used for material storage and handling, concrete
production and supply, is to ensure that risks for non-compliance,
intermingling, contamination, segregation, errors, loss of materials or
concrete, and the influence of weather are minimised.
• Each producer shall have a test laboratory. However, if these test
results are to be recognised for compliance with SS EN 206-1: 2009,
the test laboratory has to be accredited by the Singapore Accreditation
Council (under SAC-SINGLAS) or an ILAC MRA partner for the
relevant tests. 56
SAC CT06: SAC Criteria for Ready-mixed concrete producers
Resistance to alkali aggregate reaction
• Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)
– When imported aggregate is used and where the
source of aggregate is new to Singapore, the
aggregates shall be tested before use for potential alkali
reactivity.
– in order to minimise the risk of ASR in structural
concrete control on alkali content is required by means
of :
• use of low alkali cement with equivalent Na2O ≤0.6 %; or
• limit the total alkali content of concrete to 2.5 kg equivalent
Na2O / m3, if the equivalent Na2O content of cement is over 0.6
%.
• In conjunction with para b), confirmation of actions taken to
minimise the risk of ASR shall be maintained for verification.
57
SAC CT06: SAC Criteria for Ready-mixed concrete producers
Spot tests by certification body
• The certification body performs spot tests on concrete and
constituent materials during the initial assessment of production
control and also during routine inspection by taking spot
samples from the running production.
• The following are the minimum tests to be included in the spot
tests and shall be carried out by SAC-SINGLAS accredited
laboratories or ILAC MRA partners:
– chloride content of concrete:
• The sum of the contribution from the constituent materials
shall be determined using one of, or a combination of
methods referred in section 5.2.7, SS EN 206-1: 2009.
• However, the use of test report (certified true copy) from
an accredited laboratory or declared value by the
producer of each constituent material can be considered
as acceptable in lieu of spot tests on the constituent
58
materials.
SAC CT06: SAC Criteria for Ready-mixed concrete producers
Spot tests by certification body
– compressive strength test on moulded concrete
specimen
– alkali-silica reactivity of aggregates:
• Each source of aggregate supply shall be tested
once a year. However, test report (certified true copy)
from an accredited laboratory, not older than 1 year
for each source of aggregate supply can be
considered as acceptable in lieu of spot tests.
• Test reports sent through fax, email or from internet,
from HDB appointed managing agent(s) will be
considered as certified true copies.
59
Provisions for Assessment, surveillance and certification of
production Control
General
• The producer is responsible for the evaluation of
conformity for specified requirements of the
concrete, including carrying out:
– Initial tests, when required ( SS EN 206-1, 9,5 and Annex A)
– Production control (SS EN 206-1, Clause 9), including
conformity control (SS EN 206-1, clause 8);
• inspection and certification bodies are
recommended to inspect the production control and
certify its conformity according to
– the level of performance requirements for the concrete
– its intended use
– the kind of production
– The margin of safety in the concrete composition
60
Assessment, surveillance and certification of production
control (SS EN 206-1:2009, 10.2 and annex C)
RMC Inspectors
• A certification body shall appoint qualified
inspectors to conduct RMC inspection.
Inspectors shall meet the criteria as indicated
in Table 3.1.
• In addition, all inspectors shall have attended
a training on the certification standards on
RMC, organised by the Building and
Construction Authority (BCA) or another
organisation providing an equivalent course.
62
SAC CT05: SAC Criteria for Certification Bodies
(Ready-mixed concrete)
RMC Inspectors
63
SAC CT05: SAC Criteria for Certification Bodies
(Ready-mixed concrete)
RMC Inspectors
64
65
List of Certified Plants
66
67
END
Thank You for Your Attention!
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