Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2. INTRODUCTION
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belonging to Family Anacardiaceae is the
most important commercially grown fruit crop of the country. It is called the
king of fruits. India has the richest collection of mango cultivars.
3. BACKGROUND
3.1 Origin
India ranks first among world’s mango producing countries accounting for
about 50% of the world’s mango production. Other major mango producing
countries include China, Thailand, Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, Indonesia,
Brazil, Nigeria and Egypt. India’s share is around 52% of world production.
The state-wise area and production of mangoes are given in Table 1 below:
The fruit is very popular with the masses due to its wide range of
adaptability, high nutritive value, richness in variety, delicious taste and
excellent flavour. It is a rich source of vitamin A and C. The fruit is
consumed raw or ripe. Good mango varieties contain 20% of total soluble
sugars. The acid content of ripe desert fruit varies from 0.2 to 0.5 % and
protein content is about 1 %.
Raw fruits of local varieties of mango trees are used for preparing various
traditional products like raw slices in brine, amchur, pickle, murabba,
chutney, panhe (sharabat) etc. Presently, the raw fruit of local varieties of
mango are used for preparing pickle and raw slices in brine on commercial
scale while fruits of Alphonso variety are used for squash in coastal western
zone.
The wood is used as timber, and dried twigs are used for religious purposes.
The mango kernel also contains about 8-10% good quality fat which can be
used for saponification. Its starch is used in confectionery industry.
Mango also has medicinal uses. The ripe fruit has fattening, diuretic and
laxative properties. It helps to increase digestive capacity.
4. MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY
4.1 Demand and Supply patterns
Southeast Asian buyers consume mangoes all year round. Their supplies
come mainly from India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia,
Philippines, Australia and most recently South Africa.
Each exporting country has its own varieties, which differ in shape, colour
and flavour. Prices are very low for Indonesian and Thailand fruit and are on
the higher side for Indian fruit. In the United States of America, the prices
vary with the season, higher prices found during February and March, when
mango availability is lowest.
Most international trade in fresh mangoes takes place within short distances.
Mexico, Haiti and Brazil account for the majority of North America’s
imports. India and Pakistan are the predominant suppliers to the West
Asian market. Southeast Asian countries get most of their supplies from
the Philippines and Thailand. European Union buyers source mangoes from
South America and Asia. Although Asia accounts for 75 percent of world
production, its dominance does not translate into international trade.
Fifty-four percent of European Union imports enter during the periods May
to July and November to December, with peak imports in June. French
imports reach peak in April and May, whereas United Kingdom imports are
concentrated during the May to July. German imports are spread more
evenly throughout the year. Of the top suppliers, Brazil provided chiefly
during the period November to December, the United States during June to
October, South Africa during January to April and Venezuela during April to
July. Pakistan supplies the majority of its exports to the European Union
during June and July;
The different products of mango which are exported include mango chutney,
pickles, jam, squash, pulp, juice, nectar and slices. These are being exported
to U.K., U.S.A., Kuwait and Russia. Besides these, the fresh mangoes are
being exported to Bangladesh, Bahrain, France, Kuwait, Malaysia, Nepal,
Singapore and U.K.
A similar type of association named ‘MANGROW’ has been formed for the
export of Kesar mangoes from Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
4.2 Import/Export trends
Mango has an established export market and poses bright opportunities for
export in the international market whether in fresh or processed forms.
Similarly, the mango industry has provided livelihood opportunities to its
growers and those involved in its marketing channel.
Mango varieties usually thrive well in places with rainfall in the range of 75-
375 cm. /annum and dry season. The distribution of rainfall is more
important than its amount. Dry weather before blossoming is conducive to
profuse flowering. Rain during flowering is detrimental to the crop as it
interferes with pollination. However, rain during fruit development is good
but heavy rains cause damage to ripening fruits. Strong winds and cyclones
during fruiting season can play havoc as they cause excessive fruit drop.
Loamy, alluvial, well drained, aerated and deep soils rich in organic matter
with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are ideal for mango cultivation.
Mango is cultivated in almost all the states of India. The state-wise growing
belts are given in the following :
State Growing belts
Andhra Pradesh Krishna, East and West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam, Srikakulam,
Chittoor, Adilabad, Khamman, Vijaynagar
Chhattisgarh Jabalpur, Raipur, Bastar
Gujarat Bhavnagar, Surat, Valsad, Junagarh, Mehsana, Khera
Haryana Karnal, Kurushetra
Jammu & Kashmir Jammu, Kathwa, Udhampur
Jharkhand Ranchi, Sindega, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Dumka, Sahibganj, Godda.
Karnataka Kolar, Bangalore, Tumkur, Kagu
Kerala Kannur, Palakkad, Trissur, Malappuram
Madhya Pradesh Rewa, Satna, Durg, Bilaspur, Bastar, Ramnandgaon, Rajgari,
Jabalpur, Katni, Balagha
Maharashtra Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigarh
Orissa Sonepur, Bolangir, Gajapati, Koraput, Rayagada, Gunpur,
Malkanpuri, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Puri
Punjab Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar
Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvallur, Theni, Madurai
Uttaranchal Almora, Nainital, Dehradun, Bageshwar, UdhamSingh Nagar,
Haridwar
Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur, Bulandshahar, Lucknow, Faizabad, Varanasi
West Bengal Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia
Hybrids:
Amrapalli (Dashehari x Neelum), Mallika (Neelum x Dashehari), Arka
Aruna (Banganapalli x Alphonso), Arka Puneet (Alphonso x Janardhan
Pasand), Arka Neelkiran (Alpohonso x Neelum), Ratna (Neelum x
Alphonso), Sindhu (Ratna x Alphonso), Au Rumani (Rumani x Mulgoa),
Manjeera (Rumani x Neelum), PKM 1 (Chinnasuvernarekha x Neelum),
Alfazli, Sunder Langra, Sabri, Jawahar, Neelphonso, Neeleshan,
Neeleshwari, PKM 2 (very few of these hybrid varieties are grown
commercially in the country).
The important mango varieties cultivated in different states of India are
given below :
5.4 Planting
5.4.3 Spacing
The planting distance is 10m. x 10m. and 12m. x 12m. in dry and moist
zones respectively. In the model scheme, a spacing of 8m. x 8m. with a
population of 63 plants per acre has been considered which was observed to
be common in areas covered during a field study.
5.6 Nutrition
Fertilizers may be applied in two split doses , one half immediately after the
harvesting of fruits in June/July and the other half in October, in both young
and old orchards followed by irrigation if there are no rains. Foliar
application of 3 % urea in sandy soils is recommended before flowering.
The following table gives the details of fertilizer applied (depending upon
the age of the plants) :
Well decomposed farm-yard manure may be applied every year. For trench
application of fertilizers, 400g. each of N and K2O and 200g. of P2O5 per
plant should be provided. Micro-nutrients may be applied as per the
requirement in the form of foliar sprays.
5.7 Irrigation
The frequency and amount of irrigation to be provided depends on the type
of soil, prevailing climatic conditions, rainfall and its distribution and lastly
the age of the trees. No irrigation is required during the monsoon months
unless there are long spells of drought.
Frequent irrigation during 2-3 months prior to the flowering season is not
advisable as it is likely to promote vegetative growth at the expense of
flowering. Irrigation should be given at 50% field capacity. Generally inter-
crops are grown during the early years of plantation and hence frequency
and method of irrigation has to be adjusted accordingly. The method usually
followed for irrigating mango plants is basin irrigation. However, use of
Drip Irrigation will not only reduce the water requirements but will also help
in fertigation in root zones of the plants.
The frequency and the time of inter-culture operations vary with age of the
orchards and existence of inter-crops. The weed problem may not exist
immediately after planting the mango crop but it is advisable to break the
crust with hand hoe each time after 10-15 irrigations are applied. In case of
mono-cropping, the area between the basins should be ploughed at least
three times in a year i.e. during the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon period and
in the last week of November.
5.9 Inter-cropping
Intercropping can be taken up till the mango trees attain suitable height and
develop canopy (at 5-6 years of age).Leguminous crops like green gram,
black gram, gram etc., cereals like wheat, oilseeds like mustard, sesame and
groundnut, vegetable crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, potato,
brinjal, cucumber, pumpkin, bitter gourd, tinda, lady’s finger etc. and spices
like chillies can be grown as intercrops. The partial shade loving crops like
pineapple, ginger, turmeric etc. can be cultivated in fully grown orchards. In
addition to field crops, some short duration , less exhaustive and dwarf type
inter- fillers like papaya, guava, peach, plum etc. can be grown till these do
not interfere with the main mango crop .It is advisable to take vegetable
crops as inter crops for better returns.
The average cost of inter cropping would be Rs.10,000 / Acre and it would
yield on an average of 6 tonnes / Acres.
Insect pests mostly observed are mealy bug, hopper, inflorescence midge,
fruit fly and scale insects. For controlling these insects, spraying with
carbaryl, monocrotophos, phosphamidon & methyl parathion are
recommended.
Disorders can also affect the crop if proper case and control measures are not
taken. The major among these are malformation, biennial bearing, fruit
drop, black tip, clustering etc. The grower needs to seek advice and
professional assistance to prevent/control diseases and disorders in the crop.
The orchard starts bearing from sixth year onwards and the economic life of
a mango tree exceeds 35 years.
The fruits are generally harvested early in the season at a pre-mature stage to
capture early market. Such fruits are ripened by uniformly dipping in 750
ppm. ethrel (1.8ml./l.) in hot water at 52±20 C for 5 minutes. within 4-8 days
under ambient conditions. Mature fruits are ripened with lower doses of
ethrel for uniform colour development.
6.2 Storage
The mature green fruits can be stored at room temperature for about 4-10
days depending upon the variety. The harvested fruits are pre-cooled to 10-
120 C and then stored at an appropriate temperature. The fruits of Dashehari,
Mallika and Amrapalli should be stored at 120 C, Langra at 140 C and
Chausa at 80 C with 85-90 % relative humidity.
6.3 Packing
Road transport by trucks is the most popular mode of transport due to easy
approach from orchards to the market.
6.5 Marketing
7. TECHNOLOGY SOURCES
The major sources for technology, as well as quality planting material are:
COST OF PROJECT
(Amount in Rs.)
Sl. Component Proposed
No. Expenditure
1. Cultivation Expenses
(i) Cost of planting material 2,000
(ii) Manures & fertilizers 5,000
(iii) Insecticides & pesticides 2,000
(iv) Cost of Labour 8,400
(v) Others, if any, (Power) 3,600
Subtotal 21,000
2. Irrigation
(i) Tube-well/submersible pump 45,000
(ii) Cost of Pipeline -
(iii) Others, if any, please specify -
Subtotal 45,000
3. Cost of Drip/Sprinkler 25,000
4. Infrastructure
(i) Store & pump house 15,000
(ii) Labour room 5,000
(iii) Agriculture Equipments 5,4000
Subtotal 25,400
5. Land Development
(i) Soil Leveling 4,000
(ii) Fencing 29,600
Subtotal 33,600
6. Land, if newly purchased (Please indicate the year)*
Grand Total 1,50,000
*Cost of newly purchased land will be limited to one-tenth of the total project cost
8.4 Labour cost has been put at an average of Rs.70 per man-day.
The actual cost will vary from location to location depending upon
minimum wage levels or prevailing wage levels for skilled and
unskilled labour.
Project Financing:
Farmr’s share
75.00
Capital subsidy 30.00
Term loan 45.00
Total 150.00
8.7 Profit & Loss Account: The cash flow statement may be seen
in Annexure IV. Annexure V. projects the profit and loss account of
the model. Gross profit increases from Rs.25.5 thousand per annum
to Rs.43.3 thousand per annum in the first three years of bearing and
thereafter more or less stabilize.
Annexure-I
(Rs. in thousand)
Sr. Total
Particulars Scale Unit Cost
No. Qty Cost
1 LAND & SITE DEVELOPMENT
LAND Acre 1
Cost of Development
Land Development
Levelling & Dressing Acre 4000 1 4.00
Fencing & Gates Per Rft. 35 846 29.60
Sub Total 33.60
2 BUILDING
Store / Pump House Sq Ft. 150 100 15.00
Labour Shed Sq Ft. 100 50 5.00
Sub Total 20.00
3 PLANT & MACHINERY
Irrigation system
Borewell Nos. 25000 1 25.00
SIP sets & Electrical Installation LS 20000 1 20.00
Drip Irrigation inc. Fertigation
LS
system 25000 1 25.00
Farm Equipment Machinery LS 5400 1 5.40
Sub Total 75.40
4 COST OF CULTIVATION
Land Preparation / Planting 4.20
Planting Material 2.00
Input Cost 7.00
Power Cost 3.60
Other Farm Operations 7.20
Sub Total 21.00
TOTAL 150.00
Annexure-II
(Rs. in thousand)
Particulars Year-I Year-II Year-III Year-IV Year-V to XV
Income 50.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00
Sales 50.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00
Cost 24.50 25.60 26.70 26.70 26.70
Fixed 24.50 25.60 26.70 26.70 26.70
Manure/fertilizers/chemicals 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Direct Labour cost 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20
Other cost 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60
Harvesting & transportation cost 6.20 7.30 8.40 8.40 8.40
General expenses 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Gross profit 25.50 34.40 43.30 43.30 43.30
Depreciation 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80
Interest -term loan 5.40 5.40 5.20 4.20 3.20
Pre-operative Exp. W/O - - - - -
Profit before tax 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30
Taxes - - - - -
Profit After Taxes 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30
Retained Profit 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30
Net cash Accrual 20.10 29.00 38.10 39.10 40.10
Annexure-III
(Rs. in thousands)
Particulars Year 0 Year I Year II Year III Year IV
LIABILITIES
Farmer's Share 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00
Capital Subsidy 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Reserves & Surpluses - 13.30 35.50 66.80 99.10
Term Loan 45.00 45.00 36.80 28.60 20.50
Total 150.00 163.30 177.30 200.40 224.50
ASSETS
Fixed Assets 150.00 150.00 143.20 136.40 129.60
Less Depreciation - 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80
Net Block 150.00 143.20 136.40 129.60 122.70
Cash & Bank Balance - 20.10 40.90 70.90 101.80
Total 150.00 163.30 177.30 200.40 224.50
Annexure-IV
(Rs. in thousand)
PARTICULARS Year 0 Year I Year II Year III Year IV
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Increase in Farmer's Share 75.00 - - - -
Net Profit - 13.28 22.18 31.32 32.31
Increase in Subsidy 30.00 - - - -
Depreciation - 6.82 6.82 6.82 6.82
Increase in Term Loan 45.00 - - - -
Total 150.00 20.10 29.00 38.15 39.13
DEPLOYMENT
Increase in Fixed Assets 150.00 - - - -
Decrease in Term Loan - - 8.18 8.18 8.18
Total 150.00 - 8.19 8.19 8.19
(Rs. in thousands)