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 MOTIVATION«
Derived from a Latin word movere which means to
move.

Stephen P Robbins - ³the willingness to exert high

levels of effort towards organizational goal,
conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some
individual needs.´
Motivation can be defined as a condition that is
initiated by a physiological or psychological deficiency
or need of an individual, which causes the individual to
behave in a certain manner in order to achieve a
particular goal or incentive.
It is a temporal or dynamic state of a person which is not
concerned with his or her personality

It is a driving force which initiates and directs human

behavior

Kind of internal energy which drives a person to do

something in order to achieve something
Motives can be good or bad,
open or ulterior, simple or
complex, strong or weak, sane or
insane.
 mOMPONENTS OF MOTIVATION
Direction relates to what an individual chooses to do
when presented with a number of alternatives.

Intensity refers to the strength of response once the

alternative is chosen

Persistence refers to the staying power of behavior or

how long a person will continue to devote effort.
THE MOTIVATION PROmESS
Motivation consists of three interacting and
interdependent elements ± needs, drives and
incentives.


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NEEDS

A physiological or psychological imbalance leads to

the creation of a need.

DRIVES

Both physiological and psychological drives push

an individual towards achieving a certain goal or
accomplishing a certain task.

INmENTIVES

Anything that can mitigate a need and decrease the

intensity of a drive is called an incentive.
mLASSIFImATION OF
MOTIVES
PRIMARY MOTIVES

GENERAL MOTIVES

SEmONDARY MOTIVES
PRIMARY MOTIVES:
] Not learned

] physiological based
GENERAL MOTIVES:
] Neither purely primary or secondary

] Not learned and not physiologically based

] Stimulate tension within a person

- muriosity, manipulation and activity motives

- Affection motives
SEmONDARY MOTIVES:
] Are learned and acquired over time.

- Power motive
- Achievement motive
- Affiliation motive
- Security motive
- Status motive
I) PRIMARY MOTIVES

A motive is termed as a primary motive when it

satisfies both the criteria ± it is not learned, and it is
physiologically based.

The most common primary motives are hunger, thirst,

sleep, sex, avoidance of pain and maternal concern.
II) GENERAL MOTIVES

A motive is considered to be a general motive if it is

not learned, but is also not based on physiological
needs.

General motives stimulate tension within the

individual.

The motives of curiosity, manipulation, motive to

remain active and to display affection are examples
of general motives.
R)The curiosity, manipulation and activity
motives

The motives of curiosity, manipulation and activity

are very beneficial for a person, as they often
result in innovations and better ways of doing
things.

2) The affection motive-for e.g. love sometimes

resembles primary motive and sometimes
secondary motive.
III) SEmONDARY MOTIVES

A secondary motive is a motive that has been

learned or acquired over time.

Important secondary motives are power,

achievement and affiliation. These are commonly
referred as nPow, nAch and nAff.
R) The power motive

Alfred Adler, a close associate of Sigmund Freud,

placed more importance on the future and a
person¶s drive to gain power and prove himself
superior to others.

A person tries to compensate for the feelings of

inferiority and also tries to fulfil his innate need for
power, which is then reflected in his lifestyle.
2) The achievement motive

David m. Mcmlelland, a Harvard psychologist, has

conducted extensive research on different aspects
of achievement. According to him, the achievement
motive is a person¶s desire to perform excellently or
to handle complex or competitive situations
successfully.
) The affiliation motive

Employees, especially those at the lower levels of the

organizational hierarchy, have a strong desire to
belong to and be accepted by other employees or the
whole group.

People with a high need for affiliation

exhibit a high degree of concern for
social relationships.

Managers with strong needs for affiliation tend to

create congenial work environments where people
enjoy working together.
Ë) The security motive

People try to avoid insecurity rather than attempt to

achieve security.

The security motive helps individuals safeguard

themselves from various unfavourable developments
and avoid situations that would prevent them form
reaching their goals.
) The status motive

Status is defined as the rank a person holds relative

to others within a group, organization or society.

When people are grouped together, a status

hierarchy emerges.

Status refers to position or ranking of individuals in a

group or organization, which may be high or low.

Status is influenced by the prevailing cultural values

and the importance of different roles in society.
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