c

 
 V
V

a Convection is the transfer
of heat by the motion of
liquids and gases.
Convection in a gas occurs
because gas expands when
heated.
Convection occurs because
currents flow when hot gas
rises and cool gas sink.
Convection in liquids also
occurs because of
differences in density.
 V
V
 


  


 
    
 


  

î
6   








 
 V
V

Dhat happens to the particles in a liquid or
a gas when you heat them?

The particles spread out and

become less dense.
 V
V

¦
¦
 




 




 






D

 


   

D  
 n air-

 conditioner


  gives out
cold air



which falls.

   


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 V
V

Dhere is the Freezer
freezer compartment
compartment
put in a fridge?
It is warmer
at the
It is put at the bottom, so
top, because this warmer
cool air sinks, air rises and
so it cools the a convection
food on the current is
way down. set up.
In a fire, why should you crawl close to the floor in
a smoke-filled room?
Smoke is warmer than the surrounding air.

It rises & its places would

p
 
be replaced by the

surrounding cooler air.

De should crawl close to

the floor to prevent smoke
inhalation.

 


 








 
  


 
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V
V

a Dhen the flow of gas or
liquid comes from
differences in density
and temperature, it is
called free convection.
a Dhen the flow of gas or
liquid is circulated by
pumps or fans it is called
forced convection.
V
V

a Convection depends on
speed.
a Motion increases heat
transfer by convection
in all fluids.
V
V

a Convection depends on
surface area.
a If the surface contacting
the fluid is increased, the
rate of heat transfer also
increases.
a lmost all devices made
for convection have fins
for this purpose.
 V
V

a woth free and forced convection help to
heat houses and cool car engines.
 V
V

a mn a smaller scale near coastlines,
convection is responsible for sea
breezes.
a During the daytime, land is much
hotter than the ocean.
a  sea breeze is created when hot
air over the land rises due to
convection and is replaced by
cooler air from the ocean.
a t night the temperature reverses
so a land breeze occurs.
 V
V

a Much of the Earth͛s climate is regulated by giant convection
currents in the ocean.
 ? VV
V

 
? D

The primary resistance to heat transfer by

convection is normally controlled within a thin
layer of the fluid, adjacent to the immersed
body, in which viscous effects are important. The
quantity of heat transferred is highly dependent
upon the fluid motion within this boundary
layer, being determined chiefly by the thickness
of the layer.
 ? VV
V

 
? D
÷
  !



"

wy applying Newton͛s second law and the continuity
equation to an infinitesimal, two dimensional control volume within
the boundary layer, and assuming that
1. Fluid viscosity is constant
2. Shear in the y-direction is negligible
3. The flow is steady, and the fluid is
incompressible
4. The vertical pressure gradient is negligible
THERM wm
NDRY YER: F T P TE
Dhen a fluid at one temperature flows along a surface
which is at another temperature, a thermal boundary
layer develops. The thermal boundary layer thickness
is defined as the distance required for the temperature
T to reach 99% of its free-stream value Tь. nd
assuming,
1. steady, incompressible flow
2. Constant fluid properties evaluated at film
temperature: Tw = Ts + Tь
2
3. Negligible body forces, viscous heating, and
conduction in the flow direction
 ÷

!
÷#$ #V%
& '
is unity, which is approximately the case for
most gases (0.6<Pr<1.0). The Prandtl number for
liquids however, varies widely, ranging from
large values for viscous oils to very small values
for liquid metals which have high thermal
conductivities.
THERM wm
NDRY YER: F T P TE
The equation for heat transfer to flat plate;

Nu = 0.332 Re1/2 Pr 1/3

( 1 ʹ ( xo /x) ¾) 1/3
Dhere:
Nu = hx / k = Nusselt number
Pr = Cp ʅ / k = Prandtl number
Re = u ʌ / ʅ = Reynolds number
THERM wm
NDRY YER: F T P TE
Dhen plate is heated over its entire length, xo = 0

#()**+,-+ ÷,-*
Dhen average value of Nu over entire length, x1

#()../,-+ ÷,-*
(for constant heat flux, the coefficient 0.332 becomes
0.453, effecting an increase of the coefficient over an
entire length)
THERM wm
NDRY YER: F T P TE
These equations are valid only for Prandtl
numbers of 1.0 or greater, since the derivation
assumes a thermal boundary layer no thicker
than the hydrodynamic layer. However, they can
be used for gases with Pr у 0.70 with little error.
The equations are also restricted to cases where
the Nusselt number is fairly large, 10 or higher
since axial conduction, which was neglected in
the derivation, has a significant effect for thick
boundary layers.

0
 1 

11


Castor oil at 38mC flows over a wide, 6 m long,
heated plate at 0.06 m/s. For a surface
temperature of 93mC, determine a) the
hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at the
end of the plate b) the local heat transfer
coefficient h, at the end of the plate c) the total
heat rate from the surface per unit width.
ssume the thermal diffusivity to be 7.22 x 10-8
m2/s and the thermal conductivity to be 0.213
w/m.K at the film temperature.
a) ɷ = 5.0 =?
яRe
Re = u ʌ = u = (0.06 m/s) (6.0 m)
ʅ ʆ 6.0 x 10 -5 m2/s
Re = 6000
' = 5.0 ( 6.0 m) = ()*23
я 6000
b) Pr = ʆ = 6.0 x 10 -5 m2/s = 8.31 x 102
ɲ 7.22 x 10 -8 m2/s
h = 0.332 k u ½ Pr 1/3
ʆ
h = 0.332 (0.213 w/m.K) 0.06 m/s ½ 8.31x102

6x10-5m2/s (6m)
#2)42D-0+)5
c) =2h = 2 (8.58 D/m2.K) = 17.16 D/m2.K

q = s (Ts ʹ Tь)
= 17.16 D/m2.K (6 m2/m) (93 - 38)mC
"#4..4D-0

0
 1 

11



tmospheric air at 25mC flows over both the

surface of a flat plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. the
flat plate is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 75mC. Determine
a) the velocity boundary layer thickness and the
heat flux at the trailing edge
b) the total heat transfer from the plate to air
 ƒb = (75 + 25 )/2 = 50mC

ʌ = 1.093 kg/m3 ʆ = 18.02 x 10-6 m2/s

k = 0.028 D/m.K

÷ = Cpʅ = ()3(*
k
= ʌu = u = 5 m/s ( 1 m) = +)3346,(4
ʅ ʆ 18.02 x 10-6 m2/s

7 ' = 5.0 = 5.0 ( 1 m ) = )/ 6,( * 0
яRe я2.775 x 105

#()**+,-+ ÷,-*

Nu = 0.332 (2.775 x 105)1/2 (0.703) 1/3

Nu = 155.5

ocal heat transfer coefficient

hx = Nu k / = 155.5 (0.028 D/m.K) / 1m

#/)*44D-0+)5
q ͛ = h (Ts ʹT) = 4.355 D/m2.K (75 ʹ 25)mC

" #+,3)3/D-0+

b) =2h = 2 (4.355 D/m2.K) = 8.71 D/m2.K

q ͛ = (Ts ʹT) = 8.71 D/m2.K (75 ʹ 25)mC

" #/*4)4D-0+
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
T
wES
 large heat transfer engineering problems and of
importance involves the flow of fluids through
pipes, particularly in heat exchangers.
Conditions:
1. The velocity of the fluid throughout the tube
and at all points in any cross section of the
stream is constant, so that u = um = V
2. Dall temperature is constant
3. Properties of the fluid are independent of
temperature
Fo = ɲtT = 4ktT = 4k
rm2 CpʌD2 CpʌD2V

Gz = m Cp = Ʌ Re Pr D ; Pe = Re Pr = DV
k 4

Gz = m Cp = Ʌ Re Pr D = Ʌ D Pe = Ʌ
k 4 4 Fo
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
T
wES
The Nusselt number for heat transfer to a fluid
inside a pipe is

Nu = hi D
k
where the film coefficient hi is the average value
over the length of the pipe and is calculate for
the case of constant wall temperature:
 MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
T
wES
hi =
m Cp (Tb ʹ Ta)
ɅD ȴƒ
Since ȴƒ = (Tw ʹ Ta) ʹ (Tw ʹ ƒb)
ln (Tw ʹ Ta / Tw ʹ ƒb)
hi = m Cp ln Tw ʹ Ta
ɅD Tw ʹ ƒb

Then Nu = mCp ln Tw ʹ Ta
Ʌk Tw ʹ ƒb

mr Nu = Gz ln Tw ʹ Ta
Ʌ Tw ʹ ƒb
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
T
wES
symptotic imitation: ƒb = Tw

Nu = 2 Gz and Gz у 10
Ʌ
For laminar flow of fluids inside horizontal
tubes, correction factor for heating and cooling

Nu = 2 m Cp 1/3 ʅ 0.14 = 2 Gz1/3 ˇ

k ʅw
For liquids, ʅw < ʅ and ˇ > 1 when the liquid is
being heated and ʅw > ʅ and ˇ < 1 when the liquid
is being cooled. For gases, the viscosity increases
with temperature, so the inequalities are reversed.
However, the change in viscosity is relatively small
and that the term ˇ is usually omitted when
dealing with gases.
Convective correlations for constant q in laminar flow
with fully developed velocity and thermal profiles;
NuD = 4.364
Convective correlations for constant surface
temperature laminar flow with fully developed velocity
and thermal profiles
NuD = 3.66
For heating water from 20mC to 60mC an
electrically heated tube resulting in a constant
heat flux of 10 kD/m2 is proposed. The mass
flow rate is to be such that ReD = 2000, and
consequently the flow must remain laminar. The
tube inside diameter is 25 mm. the flow is fully
developed. Determine the length of the tube
required.

ƒb = (20 + 60) mC = 40mC

2
t 40mC;
ʌ = 994.6 kg/m3 ʆ = 0.658 x 10-6 m2/s
Cp = 4.1784 kJ/kg.K k = 0.628 D/m.K
q = q () = q͛ ; q = m Cp (Tb ʹ Ta)

q͛ () = q͛ (ɅD ) = m Cp (Tb ʹ Ta)
= m Cp ( Tb ʹ Ta) and m = ʌu(ɅD2)
q͛ (ɅD) 4
= ʌuDCp (Tb ʹ Ta) but u = Re ʆ
4 q͛ D
u = Reʆ = 2000(0.658 x 10-6 m2/s) = 0.0526 m/s
D 0.025 m

= ʌuDCp (Tb ʹ Ta)

4 q͛

= 994.6kg (0.0526m)(0.025 m)(4178.4 J )(60 ʹ 20)mC

m3 s kg.K
4 (10000 J /s.m2)

#4)/.0
ir at 1.0 atmospheric pressure and 77mC enters a
5.0 mm ID tube with a bulk average velocity of 2.5
m/s. The velocity profile is developed and the
thermal profile is ͞developing͟. The tube length is
1.0 m, and a constant heat flux is imposed by the
tube surface on the air over the entire length. n
exit air bulk average temperature, Tb = 127mC, is
required. Determine
a) The exit h value, h
b) The uniform heat flux
c) The exit tube surface temperature
 ƒb = 77 + 127 = 102mC
2
ʌ = 0.9403 kg/m3 ʆ = 23.33 x 10-6 m2/s
Cp = 1.0115 kJ/kg.K k = 0.03184 D/m.K
ʅ = 2.1805 x 10-5 kg/m.s
ReD = Du = 0.005 m (2.5 m/s)
ʆ 23.33 x 10-6 m2/s
ReD = 536 (laminar)

Pr = Cpʅ = 1.0115 kJ/kg.K(2.1805 x 10-5 kg/m.s) = 0.693

k 0.03184 D/m.K
Since /D = 1.0/0.005 = 200,
Consider the velocity and temperature profile to
be fully developed over the tube͛s entire length

Nu = 4.364

Nu = hD / k ; h = 4.364 k/D

h = 4.364 (0.0318 D/m.K)

0.005 m
#+3)3 D-0+)5#  #

 q = q͛ s = m Cp (Tb ʹ Ta)

q͛ = ʌ u (Ʌ/4D2) Cp (Tb ʹTa)

s

= 0.9403 kg/m3(2.5 m/s) Ʌ/4(0.005m)2

= 4.615 x 10-5 kg/s

q͛ = 4.615 x 10-5 kg/s (1011.5 J/kg.K)(127 ʹ 77)mC

Ʌ (0.005 m)(1m)

" #,/2)3D-0+
 q = h  (Ts ʹ Tь) q͛ = h (Ts ʹ Tь)

Ts = 148.7 D/m2 + 127 mC

27.79 D/m2.K

#,*+)/ V
 ? VV
V

!
? D
For turbulent flow of fluids inside a pipe, the
relationship is given by the Sieder-Tate equation;

#()(+*()2(÷ 89
The effect of fluid properties on hi can be shown by
condensing the above equation assuming that
(ʅ/ʅw)0.14 = ˇ = 1
#()(+*:;()2('+-*V,-*
()+%()/3
 ȴTi = ȴT
Do 1 1
Di hi
o
ȴTi = 1/hi ȴT
1/hi + Di/Do (1/ho)

ȴTi = inside resistance ȴT

overall resistance

For heating : Tw = T + ȴTi

For cooling : Tw = T - ȴTi
 FmRCED CmNVECTImN: TRNSITImN
REGImN wETDEEN MINR ND
T
Rw
ENT F mD (6000 > Re > 2100)
Nu = 2 ɅD Re Pr 1/3 ʅ 0.14

4 ʅw

hi = Cp ʅ 2/3 ʅw 0.14

k ʅ

jH = 1.86 D 1/3 DG 2/3

ʅ
Dater at 30mC with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s
enters a 2.5 mm ID tube whose wall is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 90mC
calculate the length of the tube required to heat
the water to 70mC.

ƒb = (30 + 70 ) mC /2 = 50mC

ʌ = 990 kg/m3 ʅ = 0.547 x 10-3 kg/m.s

Cp = 4184 J/kg.K k = 0.644 D/m.K
u = 4m = 4 (2 kg/s)
ʌɅd2 990 kg/m3 Ʌ (0.0025 m)2
#/,,)440-

Re = duʌ = (0.0025 m)(411.55m/s)(990 kg/m3)

ʅ 0.547 x 10-3 kg/m.s

#,2.+,/,) *<=7

÷ = Cp ʅ = (4184 J/kg.K)(0.547 x 10-3 kg/m.s) = *)44

k 0.644 D/m.K

#()(+*()2(÷()/
Nu = 0.023 (1862141.93)0.80 (3.5538)0.4

#* .+) , 4+

h = Nu k = 3962.91952(0.644 D/m.K)
D (0.0025 m)
h = 1020848.07 D/m2.K

q = hȴTm = h (ɅD ) ȴTm = mCp (Tb ʹTa)

ȴTm = ȴTi ʹ ȴto / ln (ȴti/ ȴto)
ȴTi = 90 ʹ 30 = 60mC
ȴTi = 90 ʹ 70 = 20mC
ȴTm = MTD = 60 ʹ 20 = 36.41 mC
ln (60/20)
= mCp(Tb ʹ Ta)
hɅD ȴTm
= 2 kg/s (4184 J/kg.K) (70 ʹ 30)mC
1020848.07 D/m2.K Ʌ (0.0025 m) (36.41mC)
#,),40
 Forced Convection on a Flat Plate
ssuming the transition from aminar to
turbulent flow takes place at a Reynolds's
Number of 5 x105, determine the distance from
the leading edge of a flat plate at which
transition occurs for the flow of each of the
following fluids with a velocity of 2 m/s at 40mC.
Comment on the type of flow for the 5 fluids if
the total length of the plate is 1 m.
a ) ir at atmospheric pressure
a w) hydrogen at atmospheric pressure
a C) Dater
a D) engine oil
a E) Mercury
Given: Re = 5 x105
ƒb = 40mC
u = 2 m/s
=1m
 Forced Convection through Tubes
ir at 206.8 kPa and an average of 477.6 K is
being heated as it flows through a tube of 25.4
mm inside diameter at a velocity of 7.62 m/s. The
heating medium is 488.7 K steam condensing on
the outside of the tube. Since the heat transfer
coefficient of condensing steam is several
thousand D/m2.K and the resistance of the
metal wall is very small, it will be assumed that
the air is 488.7 K. Calculate the heat transfer
coefficient for an /D > 60 and also the heat
transfer flux.
Dater is flowing in a horizontal 1-in schedule 40
steel pipe at an average temperature of 65.6mC and
a velocity of 2.44 m/s. It is being heated by
condensing steam at 107.8mC on the outside of the
pipe wall. The steam side coefficient has been
estimated as ho = 105000 D/m2.K.
a) Calculate the convective coefficient hi for water
inside the pipe
b) Calculate the overall coefficient based on inside
surface area.
c) Calculate the heat transfer rate for 0.305 m pipe
1. Dater at 30mC with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s
enters a 2.5 cm ID tube where wall is maintained
at a uniform temperature of 90mC. Calculate the
length of the tube required to heat the water to
70 mC.
2. Three kg/min of liquid sodium is heated from a
bulk mean temperature of 400mC to 500mC, as it
flows through a stainless steel tube of 5cm ID
and is 2mm thick. The sodium is heated by a
constant wall heat flux, which maintain tube wall
temperature at 30mC above the bulk temperature
of sodium all along the length of the tube.
Calculate the length of the tube required.