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Plants

By Ginny (P7)
03/05/2011
Life cycle of a flower

Image source: http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/62/72162-035-87CC66CC.jpg


Life cycle of a plant

Seed
A seed is a packet holding a young plant and food for the plant to use as it sprouts.
We know peas best in their seed stage.

Plant
Once it has sprouted, a plant can make its own food from sunlight.
People and animals cannot do this. We know oak trees best in their plant stage.

Flower
Flowers help the plant reproduce. When we think of a flower, we usually picture its petals.
But other parts of the flower can grow into a fruit after the petals fall off.
We know roses best in their flower stage.

Fruit
A fruit is a container for new seeds. Some containers are soft and good to eat.
Animals eat hem and drop the seeds on the ground. Other containers are hard.
They protect the seeds through hot and cold weather until they're ready to grow.
We know tomatoes best in their fruit stage.
Source: http://www.crickweb.co.uk/ks2science.html#lcycles5b
Germination

In order to germinate, plants need:

Warmth
Sunlight
Nutrition
Water
Life cycle of a tree
Life cycle of a mushroom
Flower

Leaf

Seed pod

Seedling

Seed
Cotyledon
Stem

Roots
Image source: http://www.teamcarterlces.com/images/plantlifecycle.gif
The life cycle of a fern
Image source: http://www.charlesbridge.com/client/client_images/spreads/plant_secrets_spread.jpg
Parts of a flower
Pollination

 Pollination usually occurs naturally and most often as the


result of insects, birds, and small mammals.

 The sticky pollen from flowering plants clings to their bodies,


where it is carried from one plant to another.

 Honeybees carry out more pollination then any other insect,


which includes ants, beetles, butterflies and moths.

Source: http://www.thekidsgarden.co.uk/TeachKidsAboutPollination.html
Pollination cont/2
 Birds are also responsible for pollination, especially
hummingbirds.

 Small mammals, such as bats, are pollinators as well.

 The colour or markings of a particular flower help attract and


guide insects to them for pollination.

 For instance, bees are often attracted to bright blue and violet
colours.

 Hummingbirds are often seen on red, pink, fuchsia, or purple


flowers.

 Butterflies also enjoy bright colours such as yellow, orange,


pink and red as well as fragrant ones.
What attracts animals
to the flowers they pollinate

 Many flowers in nature have evolved to attract animals to


pollinate the flower, the movements of the pollinating
agent contributing to the opportunity for genetic
recombination within a dispersed plant population.

 Flowers that are insect-pollinated are called "insect-


loving".

 Birds and bees are common pollinators, both having


colour vision, thus opting for "colourful" flowers.
What attracts animals
to the flowers they pollinate cont/2

Some flowers have patterns…


Called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar,
they may be visible to us or only under ultraviolet light, which is
visible to bees and some other insects.

Flowers also attract pollinators by scent.


Many of their scents are pleasant to our sense of smell, but not all.
Some plants, such as Rafflesia, thetitan arum, and the North
American pawpaw, are pollinated by flies, so produce a scent
imitating rotting meat.

Flowers pollinated by night visitors such as bats or moths are


especially likely to concentrate on scent - which can attract
pollinators in the dark - rather than colour: Such flowers are
mostly white.
What attracts animals
to the flowers they pollinate cont/3

Still other flowers use mimicry


to attract pollinators.

Some species of orchids, for


example, produce flowers
resembling female bees in
colour, shape, and scent.
Male bees move from one
such flower to another in
search of a mate.
Bee pollination
Wind pollination

Image source: http://muhasabahdiri.hadithuna.com/files/windpollination1_thumb2.jpg


Self pollination

Source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mendel/sf10x1a.jpg
Animal pollination

Image source: http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2007stamps/downloads/newrates/USPS07STA011A.jpg


Photosynthesis

1. Chlorophyll absorbs the


sunlight.
2. Water enters through the
roots and leaves.
3. Carbon dioxide enters the
stomata.
4. Sunlight, water and carbon
dioxide turn in to sugar for
food for the plant.
5. Oxygen leaves through the
stomata.

Text and image source:


http://www.Caribbeanedu.Com/images/kewl/photosynthesis.Gif ---
http://library.Thinkquest.Org/3715/photo3.Html ---
www.Eoearth.Org/files/121601_121700/121668/irrigation-photosynthesis.Gif
Photosynthesis cont/2

 Green plants are the only plants that


produce oxygen and make their own
food, which is called photosynthesis.

 Photosynthesis means ''putting


together with light.'‘

 This takes place in chloroplasts, which


have chlorophyll in them.

 Chlorophyll is what makes the plants


green.

 Green plants use sugar to


make starch, fats, and proteins.
stomata is tiny pores in the plants
leaves.
Root systems

1. The four major functions of


roots are

2. Absorbing and inorganic


nutrients.

3. Anchoring the plant body to


the ground.

4. Storing food and nutrients.

5. Preventing soil erosion.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root#Types_of_roots
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2153/rootsystems.jpg
Types of Roots
Adventitious roots
grow from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots.
They commonly occur in clover, ivy , strawberry and willow.
In some plants adventitious roots can form the largest part of the root system.

Aerating roots
rise above the ground, especially above water such as in some mangrove genera.
In some plants like Avicenna the erect roots
have a large number of breathing pores for exchange of gases.

Aerial roots
rise entirely above the ground, such as in ivy or in epiphytic orchids.
They function as prop roots, as in maize or anchor roots or as the trunk in strangler fig.

Contractile roots
pull bulbs or corms of monocots, such as hyacinth and lily.
Also some taproots, such as dandelion, deeper in the soil through
expanding radically and contracting longitudinally.
They have a wrinkled surface.

Coarse roots
have undergone secondary thickening and have a woody structure.
These roots have some ability to absorb water and nutrients
But their main function is transport and to provide a structure
to connect the smaller diameter and fine roots to the rest of the plant.
Types of Roots cont/2
Fine roots
are usually <2 mm diameter that have the function of water & nutrient uptake.
They are often heavily branched & support mycorrhizas.
These roots may be short lived,
but are replaced by the plant in an ongoing process of root 'turnover'.

Haustorial roots
Are roots of parasitic plants that can absorb water
and nutrients from another plant, such as in mistletoe and dodder.

Propagative roots
roots that form adventitious buds that develop into aboveground shoots,
termed suckers, which form new plants, as in Canada thistle, cherry and many others.

Proteoid roots
are dense clusters of rootlets of limited growth that develop under low phosphate
or low iron conditions in Proteaceae and some plants from the following…
Families Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Moraceae, Fabaceae
and Myricaceae.

Stilt roots
these are adventitious support roots, common among mangroves.
They grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil.
Types of Roots cont/3

Storage roots
these roots are modified for storage of food or water,
such as carrots and beets. They include some taproots and tuberous
roots.

Structural roots
large roots that have undergone considerable secondary thickening
and provide mechanical support to woody plants and trees.

Surface roots
These proliferate close below the soil surface, exploiting water & easily
available nutrients. Where conditions are close to optimum in the
surface layers of soil, the growth of surface roots is encouraged and
they commonly become the dominant roots.

Tuberous roots
A portion of a root swells for food or water storage, e.g. sweet potato. A
type of storage root distinct from taproot...
Leaf shapes

Plants have leaves in many different shapes


(the thicker the book you refer to, the more leaf shapes you seem to find),
but here are some of the basic ones.

Often the Latin name can indicate the leaf shape.

A single plant may have leaves of several different shapes.

So any description has to be taken as what you can expect to find on a


particular plant, rather than a description of what they will look like.

Some books use phrases like 'ovate-lanceolate to obovately-cordate',


but this is more simple.

Most of the time the leaves will be fairly variable but will roughly correspond
to a basic shape.
Source: http://theseedsite.co.uk/leafshapes.html
Leaf shapes cont/2
Leaf shapes cont/3

Source: http://www.infovisual.info/01/010_en.html (pg. 35, 36, 37, & 38)


Leaf shapes cont/4
Leaf shapes cont/5

Ovoid: egg-shaped

Acicular: needle-shaped

Emarginate: notched at the end

Asymmetrical: completely irregular

Acuminate: leaf that tapers into a long point

Mucronate: leaf with an extended central vein

Lanceolate: shaped like the head of a lance

Obovate: resembling an upside-down egg

Spatulate: shaped like a spatula.

Oblong: elongated shape

Cordiform: heart-shaped

Oval: elliptical.
Leaf shapes cont/6

Orbicular: circular.
Linear: long and narrow
Subulate: ending in a point
Falcate: curved like a sickle
Cochleate: shaped like a shell
Sagittate: shaped like an arrowhead
Lacerate & auriculate: seems to have been torn and is equipped with auricles
Panduriform: violin-shaped
Lobate: divided into lobes
Cuneate: wedge-shaped
Hastate: halberd-shaped
Flabellate: fan-shaped.
Plant Groups

There are 4 Major Groups of Plants…

1. Mosses
2. Ferns

3. Conifers

4. Flowering Plants
Mosses

source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Mosses_on_a_tombstone.jpg
Mosses
 Mosses are an amazingly resilient and versatile group of plants.

 They range from microscopic discolouration's on the soil to great


shaggy knee-high carpets.

 They can be found in just about every habitat you can think of
deserts, streams, the Arctic, Antarctic etc.

 You can dry them out completely, subject them to extreme heats
and if you apply water, they will spring back into vibrant life
again.

 Dried museum specimens, have on occasion, been brought


back to life after many years storage, by the simple application
of a few drops of water.
Source:http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/moss_article/page1.htm
Mosses
 Mosses will grow in deep, dense forests and caves, in light
intensities too low for any other green plants to survive.

 In places like the high Arctic, they are one of the few plant forms
that can survive the devastating coldness.

 Mosses make up a group of plants known collectively as


‘Bryophytes’.

 This is a group of non-flowering plants which are considered to


be fairly simple in evolutionary terms.

 Compared to Flowering Plants, such as daisies or dandelions,


they have a much less organised structure.

 They have no true roots and the leaves are only a few cells thick.
Ferns

source: www.photoeverywhere.co.uk/britain/ukwild/green_ferns3922.JPG --- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern


Ferns

 Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers, they reproduce by


spores.

 The large fern group includes horsetails, whisk


ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns.

 Ferns first appear in the fossil record 360 million years ago
in the Carboniferous.

 Many of the current families and species did not appear until
roughly 145 million years ago, after flowering plants came to
dominate many environments.
Trees

Source: www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/woodland_manage/conifer.htm -- http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/conifers.jpg


Conifers

 The only conifers which are generally recognised to be native


to Britain are Scots Pine, Juniper and Yew.

 Coniferous woodlands in the world are mostly plantations.

 Most coniferous woodland in Britain will have been planted for


forestry purposes.

 Conifers are preferred for timber.

 They produce wood which is termed 'softwood’.

 It is used for a huge range of products from pine furniture to


paper.
Flowering plants
 Flowering plants make-up about 90 % of the plants on earth.

 The total number of flowering species exceeds 250,000, and


many tropical species are as yet unnamed.

 During the past 130 million years, flowering plants have


colonized practically every possible habitat on earth, sun-baked
deserts, windswept mountains, fertile grasslands, freshwater
marshes, dense forests and lush mountain meadows.

 Virtually all flowering plants produce some type of flower,


although in some families such as the Lemnaceae, the flowers
are microscopic and are not usually seen by the casual
observer.

 Certain grasses and specialized cultivars apparently do not


produce flowers, although they may still have basic flowers.
Example of Classification
The full botanical classification of a particular Lesser Spearwort with narrow leaves is…

Category Scientific Name Common Name


CLASS Angiospermae Angiosperms
SUBCLASS Dicotyledonous Dicotyledons
SUPERORDER Magnoliidae Magnolia Superorder
ORDER Ranunculares Buttercup Order
FAMILY Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family
SUBFAMILY Ranunculoideae Buttercup Subfamily
TRIBE Ranunculeae Buttercup Tribe
GENUS Ranunculus Buttercup
SPECIES (Ranunculus) flammula Lesser Spearwort
SUBSPECIES (Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula Lesser Spearwort

VARIETY (Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius Narrow-leaved Lesser Spearwort
for watching

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