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The states of matter are....
What determines a substances state?
What are some characteristics of each state of matter?
Title: Jan 217:34 AM (1 of 14)
Temperature, energy and motion these are things that rule the states
of matter and they are all related.
Kinetic theory energy of motion is called kinetic energy (like energy
of temperature is thermal energy). Kinetic theory says that all matter
consists of tiny particles in constant motion.
GASES
1) The particles in a gas take up an insignificant volume. Most of the
volume of a gas is empty space.
2) THe motion of these particles is rapid, constant and random. THe
motion of each particle is independent of the others.
3) All collisions are elastic (what does that mean?).
Title: Jan 217:35 AM (2 of 14)
Gas Pressure:
The force that is exerted when things collide causes pressure. No
colliding things = no pressure. A vacuum is what occurs when you
remove all particles and create a pressureless system.
Atmosphereic pressure a result of the pressure the gases in air exert
on the earth. They are held in like particles in a bottle by gravity.
Barometers measure atmospheric pressure. Study Figure 13.2 and
explain how a barometer works.
How many units of pressure are there?
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa
**Refresher on conversion factors. And Sample Problem 13.1.
Title: Jan 217:59 AM (3 of 14)
Kinetic Energy and Temperature
When thermal energy is added to a system it is converted to kinetic
energy. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between kinetic
energy and temperature. All substances at the same temperature
have the same average kinetic energy regardless of state.
Why do we refer to average kinetic energy?
Analyze Figure 13.3.
What does the blue curve represent?
What does the red curve represent?
Which sample has a higher average kinetic energy?
Title: Jan 218:15 AM (4 of 14)
The Kelvin scale measures temperature by its realtionship with
kinetic energy. A substance at 100 K has twice as much kinetic
energy as a substance at 50 K.
Assignment:
Draw a cartoon or write a narrative paragraph describing the motion
of gaseous particles. Think about pressure, temperature, and
kinetics. Make it a story and have some things happen to your gas
particles and describe how this effects their pressure, temperature
and motion.
Title: Jan 218:37 AM (5 of 14)
13.2 Liquids
Particles that are able to flow past each other and have no definite
shape are said to be fluid. Both liquids and gases are fluids. What
then is the difference between liquids and gases? Write a definition for
liquids.
Title: Jan 218:40 AM (6 of 14)
Liquids do occupy a definite volume because intermolecular
attractions exist between the particles. It is the chemical nature of
the compound that determines whether it will be a liquid or a gas
at room temperature.
Thought Experiment:
Imagine that you spill a glass of water leaving a puddle on your
kitchen counter. You are late for school, so instead of cleaning up
the puddle you leave and decide to clean it up later. When you get
home rom school the puddle is all gone. What happened to it?
Title: Jan 218:45 AM (7 of 14)
If the molecules of water turned from a liquid into a gas, how did they
do this?
They did not come to a boil....
Define:
vaporization
vapor
evaporation
Think about the curves in Figure 13.3. Which particles are the ones
that evaporate. What happens to the overall kinetic energy of the
system. If kinetic energy decreases, what happens to thermal
energy? Why do we sweat?
Title: Jan 218:50 AM (8 of 14)
Thought Experiment: Use the pictures in Figure 13.6 to think about
the differences in evaporation between particles in a closed system
and an open system.
Vapor pressure is the pressure a vapor exerts on the surface of a
liquid. Eventually a system will reach a constant vapor pressure,
where there is a dynamic equilibrium between molecules that are
vaporizing and those that are recondensing.
Title: Jan 218:53 AM (9 of 14)
Thought Experiment: What would happen if you took a sealed
container of liquid and heated it up?
Define volatility.
Which liquid is more volatile: water or rubbing alcohol?
Boiling Point: Is evaporation and boiling the same thing?
Title: Jan 218:59 AM (10 of 14)
Evaporation can occur at any temperature. Boiling only occurs at one
specific temperature. By adding thermal energy to a system, you
increase its kinetic energy, this in turn increases its vapor pressure.
When the vapor pressure of the liquid is greater than the atmospheric
pressure, the liquid forms gass bubbles which rise and escape,
overwhelming the effect of atmospheric pressure.
Thought Experiment: If the boiling point is the point at which vapor
pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, what would happen to the
boiling point if we decreseased the atmospheric pressure? What
would happen if we increased atmospheric pressure? How would this
impact cooking?
Title: Jan 219:02 AM (11 of 14)
Design Your Own Experiment
Question: Does the temperature of a liquid change as it boils?
Hypothesis:
Materials:
Procedures:
Data:
Conclusion:
Title: Jan 219:09 AM (12 of 14)
13.3 Solids
How are solids different than liquids and gases? Define solids.
The particles are fixed. They cannot flow, they can only vibrate in place.
The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which the kinetic
energy (transformed from thermal energy) overcomes the chemical
nature of the particles that keep them fixed in position.
We already know about crystals repeating geometrical structure
that solids take on. What are allotropes? Two or more different
molecular forms of an element that exist in the same physical state.
For example, diamon, graphite, and fullerenes are all allotropes of
carbon. See figure 13.13 to see their different forms.
Title: Jan 219:11 AM (13 of 14)
13.4 Changes of State
Sublimation when a solid changes to a vapor without passing
through the liquid state. This happens when substances have a vapor
pressure that exceeds atmospheric pressure at or near room
temperature.
The state of a substance is determined by both its temperature and
pressure. The realtionship between these three things is illustrated in
a phase diagram. Analyze Figure 13.15.
What happens to the state of a substance as temperature increases,
but pressure is held constant?
What happens to the state as pressure increases and temperature is
held constant?
What does the line between the vapor state and liquid state
represent?
What is the triple point?
Title: Jan 219:21 AM (14 of 14)