EXPERIMENT 1

AIM:To compare the E.M.Fs of two given primary

cells using potentiometer.

APPARATUS: Potentiometer, a lechlanche cell,a daniel

cell,an ammeter,a voltmeter,a galvanometer,a
battery,a rheostat of low resistance,a resistance
box,a one way key,a jockey,a set square,connecting
wires and a piece of sand paper.

circuit diagram:
theory:(formula used)

e1 = l1
e2 l2
where,E1 and E2 are e.m.f.s of two cells and L1 and L2
are the corresponding balancing lengths on
potentiometer on wire.

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the
scheme of connections as in figure.
 2. Remove the insulation from the ends of
the connecting copper wires with a ssand
paper.
3.Measure the e.m.f of the battery & the
e.m.fs. of the cells.
4.Connect the positive pole of the battery to
the zero end of the potentiometer & the
negative pole through a one way key, an
ammeter & a low resistance rheostat to
the another end.
5. Connect the positive poles of the cells E1 &

E2 to the terminal at the zero end and the

negative poles to terminals a & b of the

two-way key.
6. Connect the common terminal c of the two
way key through a galvanometer & a
resistance box to a jockey J.
7. Take maximum current from the battery
making rheostat resistance zero.
 8. Insert the plug to the one way key in the
circuit & also in between terminals a & c of
the two way key.
9. Take out a 2,000 ohms plug from the (R.B).
10. Press the jockey at the zero end & note
the deflection in the galvanometer.
11.Slide the jockey gently over the
potentiometer wires till you obtain a point
where galvanometer shows no deflection.
12. Put the 2000 ohm plug back in R.B & obtain
the null point position, using a set square.
13. Note the length l1 of the wire E1.Also note
the current as indicated by the ammeter.
14. Disconnect cell E1 & connect the cell E2.
15. Repeat the same steps for E2 as its for E1.

16. Increase the current by adjusting the

rheostat & obtain at least three sets of
observations in a similar way.
17. Record your observations as given ahead.

OSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
The ratio of E.M.fs, is_______
Precautions:
1. The connections should be neat &
clean.
2.The plugs should be introduced in keys
only when the observations are to be
taken.
3.A low resistance rheostat should be
used.
4.The jockey key should not be rubbed
along the wire. It should touch the
wire gently.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully
charged.
 2.End resistance may not be zero.
3.The potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross-section & materials
density throughout its length.

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EXPEREIMENT - 2
AIM: To determine the internal resistance of a
given primary cell using potentiometer.

APPRATUS: A potentiometer, a battery,two

one-way keys, a rheostat of low resistance,
a galvanometer, a high resistance box, a
fractional resistance box, an ammeter, a
voltmeter, a cell, a jockey, a set square,
connecting wires & a piece of sand paper.
Circuit diagram:

THEORY: (Formula Used )

The internal resistance of the cell is given
by,
r=l1 – l .R
l
 where l1 & l are the balancing lengths
without shunt and with shunt, respectively,
& R is the shunt resistance in parallel with
the given cell.

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires
with sand paper & make tight
connections according to the circuit
diagram.

2. Tight the plug of the resistance box.

see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than

that of the given cell, otherwise nullpoint
will not be obtained.

4. Take maximum current from the battery,

making rheostat resistance zero.

5. Without inserting the plug in the key K 2

adjust the rheostat such that the null
 point is obtained on the 4 th wire of
potentiometer.

6. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in its

position in resistance box & by slightly
adjusting the jockey near the previously
obtained position of full null point, obtain
null point position, using set square.

7.Measure the balancing length l1 from end P.

8. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer

wire & obtain null point.

9. Insert 2000 ohm plug back in its position

in R.B & if necessary make further
adjustment for sharp null point.

10.Measure the balancing length l2 from end P.

11.Remove the plug keys at K1 & k2. Wait for

sometime & for the same value of current,
repeat above steps.
 12. Repeat the observations for different
values of R repeating each observation
twice.

13. Record your observations as given below.

Observations:
Result:
The internal resistance of the
given cell is_______

Precaution:
1.The e.m.f. should be greater than that of
the cell.

2.Cell should not be distributed during

experiment.

3.Jockey should not be rubbed against the

potentiometer wire.

Sources of error:
Same as of previous experiment.
 ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY
CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

ADITYA BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL

KOVAYA, DIST: AMRELI,

GUJARAT.

BY:- SHANTANU CHAUHAN

ROLL NO:

XII SCI.

2010-2011

PRINCIPAL INTERNALEXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this

project work is submitted
by SHANTANU CHAUHAN to the
Physics department,
Aditya Birla Public
School, Kovaya was
carried out by her under
the guidance &
supervision during
academic year 2010-
2011.
 Principal Shri.Chaturvedi
Aditya Birla Public School (Head of physics dept.) Kovaya

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to

Principal, Raji Jayaprasad, Aditya Birla public school, kovaya
for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she
provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which I shall remain
indebted to her.

I extend my hearty thanks to Shri CHATURVEDI physics

teacher, who guided me to the successful completion of this
project.I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement,constructive comments, sympathetic attitude
and immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all
stages of this project work.

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to Shri. Pankaj Bajpai

& my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work
successfully & for their valuable advice & support, which I
received from them time to time.

SHANTANU CHAUHAN

DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project work has
been originally carried under the guidance and
supervision of shri CHATURVEDI, head of
physics department, Aditya Birla Public School,
kovaya.

SHANTANU CHAUHAN

DEDICATION

I DEDICATE THIS PROJECT

WORK TO THE LOTUS FEET OF

MY FATHER
 Shri. N.K. PATEL
&
MY MOTHER
Smt. NEETA PATEL

References

 PHYSICS (Part 1& 2) – Textbook for

Class XII; National Council of
Educational Research and Training.
  Comprehensive Practical PHYSICS
for Class XII; Laxmi Publications.

Websites:

 www.icbse.com
www.wikipedia.org