NOCKHARDY

NOTES
CHEMICAL COVALENT
K • between atoms of the same element; (e.g. in N2, O2, diamond, graphite)
BONDING • between atoms of different elements on the RHS of table; (e.g. CO2, SO2)
A LEVEL CHEMISTRY AT A GL AN CE • when one of the elements is in the middle of the table; (e.g. C, Si)
• head-of-the-group elements with high I.E.’s , (e.g. Be in BeCl2)
• consists of a shared pair of electrons, one electron coming from each atom
BONDING TYPES - Summary • atoms share to try and get an ‘octet’ of electrons
• leads to the formation of simple molecules and giant molecules (e.g. silica)
CHEMICAL • ionic (or electrovalent)
strong bonds • covalent
OO
• dative covalent (or co-ordinate) H H H—O—H
O H O OO
• metallic
OO
X O
H O O O
H XO
PHYSICAL • van der Waals‘ forces - weakest
H
weak bonds • dipole-dipole interaction
• hydrogen bonds - strongest

DATIVE COVALENT (CO-ORDINATE)

IONIC • consists of a shared pair of electrons, both electrons from one atom
• one species is a lone pair donor - LEWIS BASE
• between atoms on LHS and atoms on RHS of Periodic Table
• electrons are TRANSFERRED between atoms • other species has space in outer shell to accept a lone pair - LEWIS ACID
• atoms end up as ions • once the bond has been formed it is the same as a covalent bond
• strong electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge
• giant ionic crystal lattice structure
• compounds ... high melting points, brittle, water soluble
conduct when molten or in aqueous solution
METALLIC
Na ——> Na+ + e¯ • metal atoms arranged in regular lattice give up outer shell electrons
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 • electrons form a mobile ‘cloud’ which binds metal ions together
Cl + e¯ ——> Cl¯
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

————>

11+ 17+ 11+ 17+

• strength of bond depends on number of electrons and size of ions

Na (2,8,1) Cl (2,8,7) Na+ (2,8) Cl- (2,8,8) • mobile electrons ... allow electricity to be conducted
© J. L. HOPTON 1998