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'Problems With Conventional Methods
'Emergence Of CEET
'Different Ways Of Energy Transfer
'Inductive Power Transfer
'Working Principle
'Model Of Magnetic System
'Simulation results
'Applications
'Design methodology
'Methods Of Improving Efficiency
'References
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' Wear and tear on electrical contacts

' Exposure to environmental problems
' Around 23% of transmission and distribution losses

Also the technology for alternative sources of energy like solar, wind
etc are still considered costly.
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' In 1996, Auckland Uniservices developed an Electric Bus power

system using electrodynamic induction and Prof. John Boys Team
commissioned 1st commercial IPT Bus in New Zealand.
' Prof. Marin Solacic, at MIT, wirelessly powered a 60W light bulb
with 40% efficiency at 2 meters with two 60 cm-diameter coils.
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' Transmission of electrical energy from a power source to

an electrical load without interconnecting wires
' Large amount of power transmitted is received
' Closely related to optimization of transferable power, efficiency and
heat development
' Elimination of cables, slip rings, plugs and sockets, increasing
reliability
' Maintenance free operation
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1. Electromagnetic induction
A) Electrodynamic induction method
B) Electrostatic induction method
2. Electromagnetic radiation
A) Microwave method
B) Laser method
3. Electrical conduction
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' This wireless transmission technique is near field over
distances up to about one-sixth of the wavelength used. Near
field energy itself is non-radiative but some radiative losses do
occur. In addition there are usually resistive losses.
' Electric current flowing through a primary coil creates a
magnetic field that acts on a secondary coil producing a current
within it.
' Inductive coupling allows power transfer from few mW up to
hundred KW
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' Electrostatic or capacitive coupling is the passage of
electrical energy through a dielectric

' The capacitive coupling is used in low power range (sensor

supply systems)

' The electric field is created by an alternating current of high

potential and high frequency
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' More directional power transmission via radio waves, allowing
longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation.
' A rectenna is used to convert the microwave energy back into
electricity having efficiency greater than 95%
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' Closer to visible region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to 10s of
nm)
' Power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam
that is then pointed at a solar cell receiver
' Also known as power beaming

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' no radio-frequency interference to existing radio communication
' control of access; only receivers illuminated by the laser receive power
' compact size of solid state lasers

 

' Conversion to light, such as with a laser, is inefficient.

' Conversion back into electricity is inefficient, with photovoltaic cells

achieving 40%-50% efficiency

' Atmospheric absorption causes losses.

' As with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of

sight with the target
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' Actual displacement of charge through earth and atmosphere.

' Low frequency alternating current transmitted through earth with low
loss because the net resistance of earth is less than 1 ohm.
' Electrical conduction through atmospheric strata is made possible by
the creation of discharge plasma through the process of atmospheric
ionization.
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' Consists of magnetically coupled

transmitter coil L1 and a receiver
coil L2

' Alternating current in transmitter

coil generates magnetic field
inducing voltage in the receiver coil

' Efficiency depends on the coupling

(k) between the inductors and their
quality (Q)


 
The inductances L(h), L1 and L2 can be obtained by means of a magnetic
flux simulation. The inductances can be calculated as described in the
following equations:

L(h): main inductance

R1, R2: ohmic resistances
R(L): secondary load
resistance
L1, L2: leakage inductances
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' Powering the Home

' Wireless Charging
' Defence
' Space based Solar Power
' Transport
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Realized by a parallel resonance capacitor or series
resonance capacitor at secondary coil
 Use Of ferrite cores

' improves the magnetic

characteristics.
' Increases transferable
electrical power and
efficiency
 
 

Thus we have seen that wireless energy transmission has
improvements over the conventional ones. An efficiency greater than
90 % can be realized by using this system. A lot of study is being done
in this field. It finds application in many fields like spacecraft
propulsion, battery charging and defence. Thus this technology used in
combination with the conventional methods can lead to an effective
and efficient system.
 °  

'Modelling and design of a contactless energy transfer system for a

notebook battery charger Pascal Meyer, Paolo Germano and Yves
Perriard
'Eßer, A.; Nagel, A.: Contactless high speed signal transmission
integrated in a compact rotatable power
'transformer. European Conference on Power Electronics and
Applications, Brighton 1993, Vol. 4, pp 409-414
'Green, A. W.; Boys, J. T.: 10 kHz inductively coupled power
transmission ± concept and control.
'International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed
Drives, London 1994, pp 694-699
'Knaup, P.; Hasse, K.: Zero voltage switching converter for magnetic
transfer of energy to movable systems.
'Hayes, J. G.; Hall, J. T.; Bellino, G.; Conroy, K.: Off-board incuctive
charging for the Genaral Motors EV1electric vehicle.