Summary continuity, momentum, and energy

equations for pipe flow

Continuity: Q1 = Q2 i.e., V1 = V2

r⎡ d ⎤
Use continuity and momentum: τ = ⎢− ( p + γ z )⎥
2 ⎣ ds ⎦

V12
p1 p2 V22
Energy: + +z = + +z +h
γ 2g 1 γ 2g 2 L
p − p2
hL = 1 + ( z1 − z2 ) = Δh = − ( h2 − h1 )
γ
⎛ dh ⎞
hL = L ⎜ − ⎟ where L = ds = length of pipe
⎝ ds ⎠
p
h= +z
γ
L⎡ d ⎤
hL = − ( p + γ z )
γ ⎢⎣ ds ⎥⎦
Combine Energy with Momentum evaluated at
R⎡ d ⎤
r = R = radius of pipe τ w = 2 ⎢ − ds ( p + γ z ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
L ⎛ 2τ w ⎞
hL = hL = h f = loss due to pipe friction
γ ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠
Define friction factor, i.e., nondimensional wall shear stress
f = 8τ w ρV 2
L V2
hL = h f = f Darcy-Weisbach equation
D 2g
 VD
Laminar Flow: Re = ν ≤ 2000
R2 − r 2
⎡ d ⎤ Exact solution
u (r ) = ⎢⎣ − ds ( p + γ z ) ⎥⎦ Navier-Stokes
4μ
π R4 ⎡ d ⎤
Q= − ( p + γ z )
8μ ⎢⎣ ds ⎥⎦
Q R2 ⎡ d ⎤ umax u ( r = 0 )
V= = − ( p + γ z ) ⎥⎦ = 2 =
A 8μ ⎢⎣ ds 2
32 μ LV
hL = h f = ∝V
γ D2
64
i.e. f = Re friction factor for laminar pipe flow

Turbulent Flow: Re ≥ 2000 ~ 3000

f = f ( Re, k D ) k = roughness

∫ u ( r ) 2π rdr
R
Q
f determined from V = =
0

A π R2
with u ( r ) from log-law including pipe roughness.
u (r ) 1
u+ = = ln y + + B*
u *
κ
yu * τ
B* = 5 − ln (1 + 0.3k + )
1
y+ = y = R−r , u =
* w

ν
, ρ , κ
⎡k 9.35 ⎤
f −1 2 = −2 log ⎢ + 12 ⎥
+ 1.14 Moody Diagram
⎣ D Re f ⎦
Three Cononical Types of Problems

1. Determine The Head Loss

L V2 ⎛p ⎞ ⎛p ⎞
hf = f = Δh = ⎜ 1 + z1 ⎟ − ⎜ 2 + z2 ⎟
D 2g ⎝γ ⎠ ⎝ γ ⎠
f = f ( Re, k D )

2. Determine The Flow Rate

12
⎡ 2 gh f ⎤
V =⎢ ⎥ f −1 2
⎣L D⎦
 

known from problem statement

Given f → V
→ Re → f , repeat to convergence


2. Determine The Pipe Diameter Rate

15
⎡ 8 LQ 2 ⎤
D=⎢ 2 ⎥ f −1 5
⎢⎣ π gh f ⎥⎦
  

known from problem statement

Given f → 
D → Re, k D → f , repeat to convergence