Lab 1

Pgm No : 1 Date: 30/07/09’
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/* Create a table using the following fields
-> city
-> country
-> temp(temperature)
-> humidity
-> condition.
Normalize the table,then add all constraints and perform all operations
using sql queries.*/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE CREATION USING CREATE COMMAND
TABLE world
-----------------
SQL> create table world(city varchar2(15) primary key not null,

country varchar2(15));
Table created.
TABLE climate
-------------------
SQL> create table climate(temp number(6,2),

humidity number(6,2),
condition varchar2(10),
city varchar2(15),
foreign key(city) references world);
Table created.
TABLE DESCRIPTION USING DESC
SQL> desc world;
Name Null? Type

------------------------------------- -------- -------------------------
CITY NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
COUNTRY VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> desc climate;

Name Null? Type
------------------------------------- -------- -------------------------
TEMP NUMBER(6,2)
HUMIDITY NUMBER(6,2)
CONDITION VARCHAR2(10)
CITY VARCHAR2(15)
INSERTING ROWS INTO TABLE world USING INSERT COMMAND

AND SUBSTITUITION VARIABLES
SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

Enter value for city: ernakulam
Enter value for country: india
old 1: insert into world values('&city','&country')
new 1: insert into world values('ernakulam','india')
1 row created.
Enter value for city: kottayam
new 1: insert into world values('kottayam','india')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: kollam
new 1: insert into world values('kollam','india')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: kothamangalam
new 1: insert into world values('kothamangalam','india')
1 row created.
VIEWING DATA IN THE TABLE USING SELECT COMMAND
SQL> select * from world;
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
kothamangalam India
INSERTING ROWS INTO TABLE climate USING INSERT

COMMAND AND SUBSTITUITION VARIABLES
SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

Enter value for temp: 120.60
Enter value for humidity: 30.0
Enter value for condition: rainy
Enter value for city: ernakulam
old 1: insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city')
new 1: insert into climate values(120.60,30.0,'rainy','ernakulam')
1 row created.
SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city')

Enter value for city: kottayam
new 1: insert into climate values(100.70,45.0,'rainy','kottayam')
1 row created.
SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city')

Enter value for condition: hot
Enter value for city: kollam
new 1: insert into climate values(230.89,45.9,'hot','kollam')
1 row created.

Enter value for temp: 200
Enter value for humidity: 50
Enter value for condition: cold
Enter value for city: kothamangalam
new 1: insert into climate values(200,50,'cold','kothamangalam')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from climate;
TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY

---------- -------------- ---------------- -------
120.6 30 rainy ernakulam
100.7 45 rainy kottayam
230.89 45.9 hot kollam
200 50 cold kothamangalam
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VOILATION DURING DELETE

OPERATION
SQL> delete from world where city='kothamangalam';
delete from world where city='kothamangalam'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SYSTEM.SYS_C002774) violated - child record
found
SOLUTION
--------------
SQL> delete from climate where city='kothamangalam';
1 row deleted.
SQL> delete from world where city='kothamangalam';
1 row deleted.
NEW TABLE
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE WORLD USING INSERT


Enter value for city: piravom
new 1: insert into world values('piravom','india')
1 row created.
NEW TABLE
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
piravom india
INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE CLIMATE USING INSERT


new 1: insert into climate values(300,23,'hot','piravom')
1 row created.
NEW TABLE

---------- ------------- --------------- -----------
300 23 hot piravom
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION DURING UPDATE

OPERATION
SQL> update world set city='trivandrum' where city='piravom';

update world set city='trivandrum' where city='piravom'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SYSTEM.SYS_C002774) violated - child record
Found
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION DURING DROP OPERATION
SQL> drop table world;

drop table world
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02449: unique/primary keys in table referenced by foreign keys
select * from world inner join climate on world.city=climate.city;
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION DURING ALTER OPERATION
SQL> alter table world drop column city;

alter table world drop column city
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12992: cannot drop parent key column
SQL> update climate set temp=30 where temp=120.6;
1 row updated.
INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE world USING INSERT


Enter value for city: islammabad
Enter value for country: pakistan
new 1: insert into world values('islammabad','pakistan')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: baghdad
Enter value for country: iraq
new 1: insert into world values('baghdad','iraq')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: washington
Enter value for country: usa
new 1: insert into world values('washington','usa')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: columbo
Enter value for country: usa
new 1: insert into world values('columbo','usa')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: karachi
new 1: insert into world values('karachi','pakistan')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: lahore
new 1: insert into world values('lahore','pakistan')
1 row created.
NEW TABLE
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
baghdad iraq
piravom india
islammabad pakistan
washington usa
columbo usa
karachi pakistan
lahore pakistan
10 rows selected.
INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE climate USING INSERT


Enter value for city: lahore
new 1: insert into climate values(32,45,'rainy','lahore')
1 row created.

Enter value for condition: hoy
Enter value for city:
new 1: insert into climate values(23,56,'hoy','')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: karachi
new 1: insert into climate values(23,45,'hot','karachi')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: islammabad
new 1: insert into climate values(30,40,'cold','islammabad')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: columbo
new 1: insert into climate values(34,44,'rainy','columbo')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: washington
new 1: insert into climate values(40,50,'hot','washington')
1 row created.

Enter value for city: baghdad
new 1: insert into climate values(32,43,'hot','baghdad')
1 row created.
NEW TABLE

---------- ------------- ----------------- ------
23 45 hot karachi
300 23 hot piravom
32 45 rainy lahore
30 40 cold islammabad
34 44 rainy columbo
40 50 hot washington
32 43 hot baghdad
10 rows selected.
QUERIES BASED ON TABLES world AND climate
i) To find the name of all cities with country 'india'

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SQL> select * from world where country='india';
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
piravom india
ii) To sort the country in ascending order

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SQL> select * from world order by country asc;
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
piravom india
baghdad iraq
islammabad pakistan
karachi pakistan
lahore pakistan
washington usa
columbo usa
10 rows selected.
iii) Joints & correlation using inner join

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SQL> select * from world inner join climate on world.city=climate.city;
CITY COUNTRY TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY

--------------- --------------- -------- -------------- ----------------
-------------
ernakulam india 120.6 30 rainy ernakulam
kottayam india 100.7 45 rainy kottayam
kollam india 230.89 45.9 hot kollam
karachi pakistan 23 45 hot karachi
piravom india 300 23 hot piravom
lahore pakistan 32 45 rainy lahore
islammabad pakistan 30 40 cold islammabad
columbo usa 34 44 rainy columbo
washington usa 40 50 hot washington
baghdad iraq 32 43 hot baghdad
10 rows selected.
iv) set functions & concatenation

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SQL> select country,avg(temp) from world inner join climate on world.city =

climate.city group by country;
COUNTRY AVG(TEMP)
--------------- ----------------
india 188.0475
iraq 32
pakistan 28.3333333
usa 37
SQL> select temp,humidity,condition,city from climate where city in(select city

from world where country='india');

---------- ------------- ---------------- --------
300 23 hot piravom
SQL> select condition,count(condition) from climate group by condition;

CONDITION COUNT(CONDITION)
----------------- ------------------------------
cold 1
hot 5
rainy 4
SQL> select count(country) from world group by country;
COUNT(COUNTRY)
-----------------------------
4
1
3
2
UPDATION OF TABLE climate
SQL> update climate set temp=27.33 where temp=100.7;
1 row updated.
SQL> update climate set temp=25.02 where temp=230.89;
1 row updated.
SQL> update climate set temp=30.02 where temp=300;
1 row updated.
NEW TABLE

--------- -------------- ----------------- --------------
30 30 rainy ernakulam
23 45 hot karachi
30.02 23 hot piravom
32 45 rainy lahore
34 44 rainy columbo
32 43 hot baghdad
10 rows selected.
OTHER QUERIES
i)
SQL> select city || ' has a temperature of '|| temp from climate;
CITY||'HASATEMPERATUREOF'||TEMP
----------------------------------------------------------
ernakulam has a temperature of 30
kottayam has a temperature of 27.33
kollam has a temperature of 25.02
karachi has a temperature of 23
piravom has a temperature of 30.02
lahore has a temperature of 32
islammabad has a temperature of 30
columbo has a temperature of 34
washington has a temperature of 40
baghdad has a temperature of 32
10 rows selected.
TO CREATE SYNONYM WEATHER FOR TABLE climate
SQL> create synonym weather for climate;
Synonym created.
TABLE DESCRIPTION - weather
SQL> desc weather;

Name Null? Type
---------------------------------- -------- ---------------------
TEMP NUMBER(6,2)
CITY VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> select * from weather;

------- --------------- ----------------- -----------
23 45 hot karachi
30.02 23 hot piravom
32 45 rainy lahore
34 44 rainy columbo
32 43 hot baghdad
10 rows selected.
CREATING INDEX ON COLUMN CITY OF TABLE weather
SQL> create index city_id on weather(city);
Index created.
TO CREATE SYNONYM location FOR TABLE world
SQL> create synonym location for world;
Synonym created.
TABLE DESCRIPTION - location
SQL> desc location;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
CITY NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
COUNTRY VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> select * from location;

CITY COUNTRY
------------ -------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
baghdad iraq
piravom india
islammabad pakistan
washington usa
columbo usa
karachi pakistan
lahore pakistan
10 rows selected.
SELECT OPERATIONS
SQL> select w.country,w.city,c.temp,c.humidity,c.condition from world w,climate c

where w.city=c.city;
COUNTRY CITY TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION

--------------- ------------- --------- ---------------- ------------------
india ernakulam 30 30 rainy
india kottayam 27.33 45 rainy
india kollam 25.02 45.9 hot
pakistan karachi 23 45 hot
india piravom 30.02 23 hot
pakistan lahore 32 45 rainy
pakistan islammabad 30 40 cold
usa columbo 34 44 rainy
usa washington 40 50 hot
iraq baghdad 32 43 hot
10 rows selected.
ADDING CONSTRAINTS
UNIQUE
~~~~~~--
SQL> alter table climate add constraint un unique(city);
Table altered.
CHECK
~~~~~~~
SQL> alter table climate add constraint ch check(temp > 20 and temp < 50);
Table altered.
ON DELETE CASCADE , DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SQL> alter table climate drop column city;
Table altered.
SQL> desc climate;

Name Null? Type
------------------------------------- -------- -------------------
TEMP NUMBER(6,2)
SQL> alter table climate add city varchar2(15);
Table altered.
SQL> alter table climate add constraint forei foreign key(city) references
world(city) on delete cascade deferrable initially deferred;
Table altered.
update climate set city='ernakulam' where temp=30 and humidity=30;

update climate set city='kottayam' where temp=27.33 and humidity=45;
update climate set city='kollam' where temp=25.02 and humidity=45.9;
update climate set city='karachi' where temp=23 and humidity=45;
update climate set city='piravom' where temp=30.02 and humidity=23;
update climate set city='lahore' where temp=32 and humidity=45;
update climate set city='islammabad' where temp=30 and humidity=40;
update climate set city='columbo' where temp=34 and humidity=44;
update climate set city='washington' where temp=40 and humidity=50;
update climate set city='baghdad' where temp=32 and humidity=43;
SQL> desc climate;

Name Null? Type
-------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
TEMP NUMBER(6,2)
CITY VARCHAR2(15)
VIOLATING THE UNIQUE CONSTRAINT

new 1: insert into climate values(32,32,'hot','piravom')
insert into climate values(32,32,'hot','piravom')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SYSTEM.UN) violated
VIOLATING THE CHECK CONSTRAINT

Enter value for city: elenji
new 1: insert into climate values(19,30,'cold','elenji')
insert into climate values(19,30,'cold','elenji')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SYSTEM.CH) violated
USE OF ON DELETE CASCADE
SQL> delete from world where city='piravom';
1 row deleted.
CITY COUNTRY
--------------- ---------------
ernakulam india
kottayam india
kollam india
baghdad iraq
islammabad pakistan
karachi pakistan
lahore pakistan
washington usa
columbo usa
9 rows selected.

----------- ------------- ----------------- ------------
23 45 hot karachi
32 45 rainy lahore
34 44 rainy columbo
32 43 hot baghdad
9 rows selected.

Lab 1

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Lab 1

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Pgm No : 1 Date: 30/07/09’

TABLE CREATION USING CREATE COMMAND

SQL> create table world(city varchar2(15) primary key not null,

SQL> create table climate(temp number(6,2),

SQL> desc world;

Name Null? Type

SQL> desc climate;

INSERTING ROWS INTO TABLE world USING INSERT COMMAND

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

VIEWING DATA IN THE TABLE USING SELECT COMMAND

SQL> select * from world;

INSERTING ROWS INTO TABLE climate USING INSERT

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city')

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city')

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

VIEWING DATA IN THE TABLE USING SELECT COMMAND

SQL> select * from climate;

TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY

INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VOILATION DURING DELETE

SQL> delete from climate where city='kothamangalam';

SQL> delete from world where city='kothamangalam';

SQL> select * from world;

INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE WORLD USING INSERT

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> select * from world;

INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE CLIMATE USING INSERT

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY

INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION DURING UPDATE

SQL> update world set city='trivandrum' where city='piravom';

SQL> drop table world;

INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION DURING ALTER OPERATION

SQL> alter table world drop column city;

INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE world USING INSERT

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

SQL> insert into world values('&city','&country');

INSERTING NEW ROWS INTO TABLE climate USING INSERT

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

SQL> insert into climate values(&temp,&humidity,'&condition','&city');

TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY

i) To find the name of all cities with country 'india'

SQL> select * from world where country='india';

ii) To sort the country in ascending order

SQL> select * from world order by country asc;

iii) Joints & correlation using inner join

SQL> select * from world inner join climate on world.city=climate.city;

CITY COUNTRY TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY

iv) set functions & concatenation

SQL> select country,avg(temp) from world inner join climate on world.city =

SQL> select temp,humidity,condition,city from climate where city in(select city

TEMP HUMIDITY CONDITION CITY