syTgnuctioN with the inteoduction of more sophisticated, longer and higher fiMRuings in Kenya, and the publication of more reliable data belie cossible intensities of earthquake tremors which may cei sn Kenya, it has been thought advisable to publish a Code Of Practice” relating to this subject. An attempt has recs nade to balance the necessity to safeguard Life and BeSpereys against the economics of providing the necessary precautions, and the possible risks. 8 UAKE WTENSITIES As a result of much research of old records, and collection AF dev data, the sum total of present knowledge of earthquake Q3ea relating to Kenya has been published in 19717 ag "S Catalogue of Felt Earthquakes in Kenya (1892 - 1969)" by Picd. 7-8. Loupekine of the Geology Department of the University of Nairobi. Reproduced in this Code is a Seismic Zoning map showing maximum seeetGed intensaties, and dividing the whole country into zones Sr various likely degrees of intensity. Reproduced hereunder is Sn extract of the particular phenomana likely to be encountered at any level of intensity possible effects on buildings other structures in the various Zones are as follows (information extracted from the Modified Sercalli Scale, pp. 12-13) in Prof. Loupekine's report. Ix. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb; Great, in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildiags shifted off foundations. Underground pipes broken. (These effects are believed to obtain only jocally in Zone VIII-IX, shown in the seismic Zoning map). VEIT. Damage si in specially designed structures; considerable in of bstantial buildings with in poorly built structures. Panel walls theawn out of frame structures. Fall bf Chimneys, Eactory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built oF badly designed structures. Some chimneys broken VI, A few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys. damage slight v A few instances of cracked plaster. Intesity V ig taken as the threshold of damage and it is to be noted that this is the lowest intensity value assigned to Keaya1 tn thie Code, building and structures have been classifise wate ~ q o- (a) according to usage, value and importance. (b) According to types of structures. 3 OLASSIFICATION BY BUILDING USAGE ANO VALUE buildings intended for human occupation either for 1AVing, - sai aely or working have been classified in the following class A | Buildings for Public Assenbly end Use: e.g. Government Buildings (Courts, Police Stations: falls, 273; ce"tneatres); Theatres, Cinemas, Stadiums, Hotels” $eheol Buildings, Churches, Hospitals, Hostels, Airport epee r al Buildings, Departmental Stores, Office Blocks Becr 3 storeys, Flat Blocks over 4 storeys (this list gs not intended to be comprehensive) - Class B Large Buildings for itultipls Occupation (put not public assembly and/or vital importance and/or GY Eig? Hoteis, Oefice Blocks Restaurants, upto 3 storeys, Shops, Flats, Domestic Dwellings, upte 4 storeys. Class ¢ Buildings and Structures for Services and industries e.g. 'Factories, Water Supply and Treatment plants, Power Stacions, Water Towers, Airport Control Buildings, Dams, water pipe lines, Chimieys Bridges, Hydro-Electrical Plant, ete Class D Domestic Buildings within Townships where Subject to Buildings Sequlation This to include low cost housil class &. ponestic Buildings in Rural Areas. ote; The responsibility for deciding the classification of any particular building will rest with the person responsible for the design. CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE OF STRUCTURE. (2) ERANED_BUTLOINGS These may be Reinforced Conerete or Struc Tecognised structural material (e.d. Aluminium,may be flexible or rigid frame. nis type can include all classes of buildings and service | dtructures and factories etc. | ogc. prame } Flexible - colunns and beams: where vertical Steel Frame ) ané horizontal forces are transmitted } ete. ) to ground by distribution of moments { and shears between Beams and Columns. Rc. Frame ) Rigid - Columns, beams, and Bracing and/or Steel Frame ) Shear walls where vertical forces etc. } Bre transmitted £0 ground by columns and walls, and horizontal forces by Shear walls, or by direct forces in bracing. 2. Load Bearing Halls. Buildings where loads both vertical and horizontal are trannitted through longitudinal and transverse walls built of courses of masonry, brick, or concrete blocks, or of Ether suitable and recognised building material. GENERAL BASIC RECOMMENDATIONS TO DE CONSTDERED IN DESIGN Before advancing to detailed recomendations for the various Classifications and types of buildings some of the basic points to be considered are outlined below:— types of Ground Conditions time of motion of a structure due to an initial lased to the type of ground on which the foundations are built. For structures built on soft ground, the earthquake motion at surface is amplified by the effect of the soft ground, and the ground will continue to vibrate some time after the initial shock wave. Therefore, in order of suitability for foundations, hard foundations are more desirable than soft. ‘The intensi The order of suitability is.as follows: (1) Igneous and Basic Rock formations. ocks, Stiff Clay. (3) Coarse Sand and Graveis, Sandy Clay. (2) Sedimentary and Metamorohosed & (4) Fine Sands, Medium and Soft Clays and $ilts, Volcanic ash deposits. Building on degosits with high water content, and on ground liable to subsidence, slipping or large settlements should be avoided, as earthquake shocks are likely to set these in motion. Similarly highly fissured rocks, steep sli ground, of ground near cliff faces are to be avoided. To some ex later © t the ground conditions ave reflected in the mendationsFOUNDATIONS within a given site the foundations shall be built on the pizdest Lenin et oieilable within reasonable depth. On all but rocks fea ce rau iecuneat neuen ouluabelwel lst ie -odeuree ss eeteaynyaa | erip footings for walls, shall be horizonal a3 far as possible, peer eee gest ese gee nay shal bel-cintorced. gl ounae suc aug Gey eae wucistcs cont ously) led ales Chee ee et Be eon rmgoil conditions, and/or evel, in which case 21% change eas shall be so designed as to give as uniform a bearing feessure ex possibla and to prevent cracking of walls carried. pressure found, the possibility of uneven settlement must be Considered and the necessary precautions taken. where piling is resorted to, the effect of horizontal movenaye were Pe iding mass transmitted through the pile caps into the piles shall be considered SHAPE FACTOR AND JOINTS, buildings should as far as possible have simple, uniform and con pict configuration. In general the plan shape should be square, or Pectangular, of length to width not, greater than 3 to 1. For tall buildings, plan shapes of a complicated asymmetrical hature should be avoided e.g- U, E, shapes as these buildings vibrate in a complicated way. As far as possible all floor plans should be virtually the same. The arrangement of beams and columns and walls should be simple and tniform and colurns should not change position between floors. Changes ef shape on elevation, i.e. set backs should be avoided. Buildings with wings of low height mixed with tower blocks, should be separated by joints so that the individual parts can vibrate under earthquake shock as separate entities or these blocks should be specially designed so that they vibrate together: where joints are provided, these shuld he sufficiently large to allow for the movenent of adjacent building parts without "hammering". TH Blso applies to joints between buildings on adjacent plots Furthermore, members resisting shear in tall buildings should be arranged symmetrically in plan e.g. Lift cores should be centrally located or balanced by adeq ar walls. Loads must be Gisteibuted ln accordance with shear stiffness. PLANY Tr cannot be overemphasised that designing for earthquake starts the sketch plan stage. It is often very expensive and sometimes ossible to render a building earthquake resistant when earthquake fects have been ignored at the planning stage. Conversely if a building is planned to be earthquake resistant from the start, the extra costs will be minimised.toad Beatin walls in eich of to pring! Eeetions to resist horizontal earth WASSthe Eloors, and roof, and walls GiNorizontal fing beams. Wall junctions shall be ELERARay Nogccne:. Opening sizes chal be restricted unless fees FEMGES., sll be, desioned to avoid the possibility of their tsiMigiore. tong boundary walls with no Lateral connecting wallgMfuaten aro aver 1-5 mecres high should be examined for stability Nnger earthquake shock according to zoning wee TES - framed Structures - In “addition .to carrying the vertical loads from Floors and roofs and walle /Wthe. frame either without, or in conjuction with, bracing orgshear walls shall be capable of fransmitting all horizontalforces and overturning moments caused by earthquake shocks, safely to the ground. A certain amount of overstress. above basic design stresses will be allowable. The overstress allowable should be the same percentage of design stress for any particular material, as is allowed for overstrese due to wind loading . fii iefitiing wall panels and parapets, etc., shall be adequately tied to the building frame so as to prevent fall out Before proceeding to detailed design recommendations, a table of building usages and types set against earthquake zoning, and Giving recommended precautions is set out in Table T LTOGRAPEY The following books and documents are recommended for detailed information on Earthquake design (2) Bluse JA. Newmark N.M., Corning L.Hl., Design of Multistorey Rei, i Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Motion. Portland Cement Assoc. ,.Old Orchard Road Skokie, Illinois 69076, U.S.A @ arthquakes in Kenya ckine, Geolosy Dept. University of Natrobi. 13) In Earthquake Resistant Buildings tural Institute, Japan, Toryo. "Elsevier Publishing Co. London @ few York. (a) Earthquake Engineering. Horoshi Yamaki, Nationit Housing Corporation ~ Kenyy. (5) Building tn Barviguike Areas. Overseas Division ~ BuildingUGANDA SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF KENYA 'S_LOUPEKINE SOMALI REPUBLIC INDIAN OCEAN