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LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE CODE: ECE 130

COURSE TITLE:
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP
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LIST OF PRACTICALS

S. No. List of Jobs Page no

Part I
1 Acquaintance with the tools and equipments used for electrical and electronics workshop. 3-5

Electrical safety measures.

Making of extension board containing two 5A and one 15A plug-points.

2 Wiring of different lamp control, stair casing circuits. 6-8
Assembly and wiring of fluorescent tube light.
Connection of table and ceiling fans with regulators.

3 To make a single phase main distribution board with five outgoing circuits for light and fan 9-10
load including main switch and fuses (only internal connections).

Wiring and testing of alarm and indicating relays, indicating lights etc.

4 Coil winding for small transformers or alarm bell. 11-14

Assembling small transformer cores from the given lamination plates.

5 Soldering electronic elements with the necessary switches micro-switches and extension 15-17
terminals.

Part II(after MTE)

6 Dismantling, repairing, assembling and testing of domestic appliance like electric iron, 18-22
ceiling fan, Table Fan, regulators.

7 Armature winding of table fan. Armature winding of ceiling fan. 23-25

8 Dismantling and assembling of desktop CPU. 26-31
9 a) PCB schematic of a full wave rectifier. 32-36
b) Transferring of image on Clad Board.
c) Etching and drilling
d) Mounting of components and testing.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Acquaintance with the tools and equipments used for electrical and electronics workshop
Electrical safety measures
Making of extension board containing two 5A and one 15A plug-points

Electrical Safety

Occupational electrocutions continue to be a serious problem throughout the campus. If you are not a qualified
electrician you should not be servicing any electrical equipment or doing wiring and working the power panel is
prohibited. If you are a qualified individual, always be aware of your work environment and exercise safe working
procedures.

Basic Electrical Safety Guidelines

 Keep your work area clean and orderly. This reduces the chance of accidents and prevents the
accumulation of combustibles as well as flammable materials in the workplace.

 Never work around a source of electricity when you, your surroundings, your clothing, or your tools
are wet.

 Use insulated hand tools and double insulated power tools.

 Never remove the 3rd grounding prong from an electrical cord.

 Permanently remove frayed or defective extension cords from the workplace.

 Maintain at least 10 feet clearance while working near overhead power lines.

Preventing Electrical Hazards

There are various ways of protecting people from the hazards caused by electricity, including insulation, guarding,
grounding, and electrical protective devices. Workers can significantly reduce electrical hazards by following some
basic precautions:

2. LOOK UP when you are on roofs, haystacks, in trees or atop other structures that could put you within reach of
power lines.

3. DON'T TOUCH any wires or cables lying on the ground. Always assume a downed power line or cable is hot,
keep others away and report immediately to your cooperative or power supplier.

4. CALL BEFORE YOU DIG in areas where there might be underground utilities. Locates are free and could save
your life or the expense of costly repair work. Call two working days Before You Dig (ID, MT, ND, OR, WA, WY) 1-
800-424-5555.
10. OBEY WARNING SIGNS on electrical installations such as substation fences and enclosures. "Danger - High
Voltage" means exactly what it says. Make sure your children understand the facts.

Kids and Electricity

Children are curious by nature. But a little curiosity about things electrical can be hazardous. Stay safe by learning
more about electricity.

Kids can have fun learning in our Safety For Kids section. Take a quiz or color a picture right on our web page. If
you just want some handy safety tips, they are provided below.
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The following tips can help keep kids healthy and happy indoors:

 Teach your kids not to poke things into electrical outlets, toasters, or any other appliances, on or off. Use
plug covers or inserts in all your outlets. They're available in almost any home supply store.
 Move appliances to the back of counters, and keep electrical cords away from areas where kids can reach.
Teach kids that electricity and water never mix. Keep all radios, hair dryers and other appliances secured
or out of bathrooms. And remember to set a good example.
 Make it a habit to unplug small appliances when they're not in use, and push them to the back of your
counters. And make sure you use all three prongs of your electric plugs, and replace worn or frayed cords
immediately. Never force a plug into an outlet if it doesn't fit, and never nail or tack cords to walls or floors.

Here are a few outdoor tips for kids:

 Electricity can travel down kite strings or wires. Teach your children never to fly kites or balloons near any
power lines. Accidents can shock, or start fires.
 Make sure kids know that if their toys or other objects get caught in electrical equipment, they should leave
them and find an adult to help. Balls or other objects tossed or falling into an electrical substation should
be left. Call Dominion or the utility involved and have a utility employee retrieve the item.
 Teach your kids to recognize "Danger" signs, and not to climb in trees if power lines pass through or near
it. And tell them that pad-mounted transformers, those metal cabinets on concrete pads are not safe
places to play.
 Downed power lines are big trouble for kids, too. Teach your children to stay well away from them, and to
call 911 immediately. Make sure they always assume that any power line is fully charged and is not turned
off.

Making of extension board containing two 5A and one 15A plug-points

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Equipment/ Tool Required: Pleir, test pen, screw driver, knife, poker, Series testing board and multimeter, two
socket of 5A and one socket of 15A, switch board, switch sheet 8”x5”.

Learning Object: To practice how to make an extension board.

Reference Drg. No. LPU/ELECT/05

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Procedure: Do as follow:
1. Cut the switch sheet as per requirement.
2. Fixed two switches and two sockets on switch sheet.
3. Now make the connection as per circuit diagram, connected phase wire to socket through
their respect switch and neutral and earth wire directly to socket
Result: Now we are extend power supply to other place through extension board.
Reference book:
1. Estimating and coasting by Surjit singh.
2. Workshop practice by Tirlok Singh.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Wiring of different lamp control, stair casing circuits, Assembly and wiring of fluorescent tube light, Connection of
table and ceiling fans with regulators

To control one lamp with the help of Two way switch

Material Used: Switch board, Two way switch, Lamp holder, PVC wires, Switch sheet, Casing & Capping batten,
Lamp, Nail & Screw

Tool used: Combination pleir, Test pen, Screw driver, Knife, Poker

Circuit Diagram:
Lamp

Switch 1 switch 2
Fig: Stair case light control circuit
Procedure:

1) Take a wooden board.

2) Fixed casing & capping on wooden board & fixed three switch board at the end of casing & capping batten
two for 2 way switch & one for Lamp.
3) Fixed Lamp holder on board.
4) Connect Phase wire to lamp holder through switch.
5) Connect neutral wore directly to lamp holder.
6) Check the circuit before connecting main supply.
Precautions:

1) All connection should be tight.

2) Wire should not over long.
3) After completing the job all tools must be kept at proper place.
4) Keep your mind and eyes on the job & don’t talk any one while working.
5) Tools not being used should not be scatter on working table.
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Lay out of complete house wiring with batten wiring with lamp, fan, tube light.

Equipment/Tool Used: 1- phase energy meter, DP main switch, fuse, neutral link, Combination pliers, screw
driver, test pen, side cutting plier, and electrician knife.

Consumable Material: PVC Wire, Screw, PVC Batten, , Lamp holder, switch sheet, switch board, Insulation
tape, fuse wire, lamp, tube fitting.
Learning Object: To practice how to make the connection of house wiring and domestic appliances.

Procedure:
 Fixed 1-phase energy meter, DP main switch and switch board on their on respective
places.
 Make the connection as per circuit diagram.
 Connected phase wire to lamp, socket, tube light and fan through switch and connect
neutral directly.
 Now, switch on the power supply and job will the function.
Result:
1. Analysis of the connection of domestic wiring.
2. Proper connection of lamp, tube light and fan.
Precaution:
1. Connection should be tightly done.
2. Keep your mind and eyes on the job and don’t talk any one while working.
3. Tools being used should not be allowed to scatter on working table.
. Reference book:
1. Estimating and coasting by Surjit singh.
2. Workshop practice by Tirlok Singh.
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Assembly and wiring of fluorescent tube light

Equipment/ Tool Required: Combination pleir, test pen, screw driver, knife, poker

Learning Object: To practice how to make the connection of tube light.

Reference Drg. No. LPU/ELECT/04(b)

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure: Do as follow:
1) Make the tube light circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2) Connect phase wire through switch.
3) Connect neutral wire directly to tube rod.
4) Connect starter to two spare terminals.

Result: Now we are familiar with making a tube light circuit

Reference book:
 Estimating and coasting by
 Workshop practice by Tirlok Singh.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 3

To make a single phase main distribution board with five outgoing circuits for light and fan load including main
switch and fuses (only internal connections), Wiring and testing of alarm and indicating relays, indicating lights etc.

To prepared a distribution board with four outgoes circuit for fan and light load along
with main switch and fuses
Equipment/ Tool Required: Plier, Screw Driver, Test pen, Claw hammer, Poker, Knife, Energy meter, DP main
Switch, Distribution box 4-way, MCB 6A, Neutral link.

Consumable Material: PVC Wire, Screw, PVC Batten, Switch, Lamp holder, switch sheet, switch board.

Learning Object: In this the student knows how to divide the load to different circuit.

Procedure: 1.
1. First of all we fixed energy meter, main switch, and distribution box on wooden board and a
Bus bar and neutral link fused in distribution box.
2. Now Connect Phase wire to bus bar and neutral wire to Neutral link.
3. One Phase wire taken from main bus bar and neutral wire from Neutral Link through fuse or
MCB each ckt is made from pair of Phase and Neutral wire.

Result: In this system the number of ckt and Sub ckt are divided on the basis of Load to be connected
to the supply.

. Reference book:
1. Estimating and coasting by Surjit singh.
2. Workshop practice by Tirlok Singh.
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To Design a relay operated bell and Indicating circuit.

Equipment/ Tool Required: Plier, Screw Driver, Test pen, Claw hammer, Poker, Knife, Contactor,
Electric bell

Consumable Material: PVC Wire, Screw, PVC Batten, Bell Switch, Lamp holder, switch sheet,
switch board, Insulation tape.

Learning Object: In this Practice student know how to make the Connection of Electric bell
and Indicator and how to ratification the fault of bell circuit.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Fixed contactor relay, Bell and Bell Push Button on Their respected place.
2. Connected Phase wire to lamp and Bell through their respected switch and
contactor relay.
3. Connected neutral wire to lamp and Bell is directly.

Result: Now we are familiar with making a relay control bell circuit.
Reference book:
1. Estimating and coasting by Surjit singh.
2. Workshop practice by Tirlok Singh.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

To design the fire alarm circuit and assembling small transformer cores from the given lamination plates.

To design the fire alarm circuit

Equipment Required: Quantity

1. Bread board 1no.

2. Multimeter 1no.
3. Power supply 1no.
4. Connecting leads ---

Material Required:

1. IC555 1no.
2. BC548/558 1each
3. SL100B 1no
4. LED 1no
5. THERMISTOR 47ohm (negative coefficient)
6. Diode IN 4001 1no
7. Speaker 8ohm/1W 1no
8. C1,C2,C3 10µF/16V,0.04µF,0.01µF (1 each)
9. R1-R8 470Ω/33K/560Ω/470Ω,47K,2.2K,470Ω,470Ω

 Learning Objective :

 To learn about different functions of various electronic devices such as IC555 timer, thermistor,
LED and transistors.

 Circuit diagram :

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 Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit has shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the input voltage at input terminals from the power supply UP TO 6V.
3. Wait few minutes (1-2 min.) to heat up the thermistor through its power supply.
4. No external heat will be provided on thermistor.
5. Switch off the power supply.
6. Follow the procedure again by changing the value of capacitance.

Observation:

1. Observe the output frequency through CRO---------------.

2. Observe the output voltage (Vpp) ------------------.

 Scope of the Result: Check the output (sound) through speaker when thermistor sense heat
(voltage).

Assembling small transformer cores from the given lamination plates

In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary
voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns
in the primary (NP) as follows:

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By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage
to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than NP.

In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core
transformers being a notable exception.

Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All
operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly
all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high
voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical.

Circuit diagram

Fig: An ideal transformer

 Viva Questions :

1. What is the full form of LED?

2. What is the function of thermistor in this circuit?

3. Which type of thermistor is used in this circuit?

4. Define knee voltage of diode.

5. Which type of diode having knee voltage 0.7v/0.3v?

6. Which device is used as a output device in this circuit.

7. Which component is used to generate sound?

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8. What is the purpose of using IC555?

9. Why we have used PNP transistor in this circuit.

10. Why 555 IC is called as TIMER.

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EXPERIMENT-5

Soldering electronic elements with the necessary switches micro-switches and

extension terminals
Equipment Required:

Multimeter to test the continuity that soldering has done properly or not.

Material Required:

S.No. Requirements Qty.

1 Solder Iron(25W) 1
2 Flux 1 box
3 Solder Wire 1m
4 Resistors 2
5 PCB board 1
6 Sand paper 1
7 Transistor ,IC base 2 each
8 Wick 1
9 Brush (3 No.) 1

Learning Objective:

1. To learn about soldering.

2. They get familiar with general purpose PCB.

Theory:

A pencil type soldering iron with 25 W electric heater and needle tip is used for general purpose
PCB with IC base closely spaced. Different capacities of heating element and different shapes of bits are
used for efficient soldering of different components.

 Soldering is the process of connecting the parts by ensuring metal continuity. The Process
consists of:

1. Removal of oxide film from the metal with the help of sand paper or melting of
Flux.
2. Melting of solder makes the impurities and flux float on its surface.
3. Solder dissolves some metal in the connection.
4. The flux and impurities are removed with a brush.

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Procedure:

Selection of soldering iron :

1. An iron should be between 25 to 35 W.The iron temperature should not be exceed 300 C to
400 C and contact time not more than 5 seconds.
Component Preparation:
2. The component lead wire is rubbed with sand
3. Paper, brushed with liquid flux and dry with paper.
4. General purpose PCB: general PCB should be cleaned (remove the oxide layer from the
metal) with the help of sandpaper.

Soldering Technique:
1. Touch the tip of iron to most of the element of the joints.
2. Place the iron at 45 angles.
3. Place the Wire near the iron and move it over the joint.
4. The molten metal should cover all the elements of the joint.
5. Remove solders wire.
6. Remove iron.

Observation:
1. The quantity of solder should be optimum.
2. There should be no flux or oxide on the surface.
3. The surface of solder should be smooth.
4. The bending shape of components while placed the PCB should be proper.

Scope of the Result: Students will be able to perform soldering on PCB.

Precautions:

1. It should not be obscure the shape of component.

2. There should not be any protrusions.
3. Place iron at 45 angles.
4. Solder surface should be oxide less (as possible as max.).

VIVA QUESTIONS:

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Q1. Which layer is coated on PCB?

Q2. What is full form of PCB?
Q3. Solder wire is made of which material.
Q4 .Why we use the flux during soldering.
Q5. During soldering which angle should be maintained of the soldering iron by the base?
Q6. For disordering which apparatus is used?
Q7. Which type of soldering iron (W/TIP) to be select for the soldering?
Q8. What is the width of copper layer used on PCB?
Q9. Why we don’t prefer high voltage soldering iron.
Q10.What should be the contact time between the component and soldering iron (on mode).

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EXPERIMENT- 6

Dismantling, repairing, assembling and testing of domestic appliance like electric iron, ceiling fan, Table
Fan, regulators, alarm bell

Equipment/ Tool Required:
Learning Object:
Reference Drg. No.
Pleir, test pen, screw driver, knife, poker, spanner set 6-20,Ceilingfan,
electric iron, geyser, desert cooler, Asbestos Sheet, Series testing board
and multimeter
To practice how to checking the fault and its rectification in common
electric appliance.
LPU/ELECT/03

Ceiling fan

Procedure: Do as follow:
1. Remove the 3 blades first by opening screws which are fitted with Body lf the fan and blades.
2. By giving support to the fan body remove the bolt from the ceiling hook.
3. For opening the rod first remove check nut or quarter pin and then rotate the rod in anti-clock
wise direction with hand remove it.
4. Open the bottom end cover by opening the screws and with help of screw driver, batten and
mallet, for the safety lf color the use of hammer is avoided.
5. Unscrew the screws lf the top and covers and remove then.
6. When the bottom cover is removed the stationary portion on which winding coils are there will be
visible. Take plier and put its leg into the vent ducts and place a screw driver in it and place it on
the ground.
7. Now rotate the capacitor side socket by inserting screw driver in the hole specially made for
taking out wire for the connection.
8. When the socket is out the top cover will come out.

Result: Now we are checking the any type of fault in ceiling fan.
Reference book: 1.Estimating and coasting by Surjit Singh
2. Workshop practice by Tirlok Singh.

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Electric iron:
Procedure:
1. Remove the back cover of handle and unscrew the power cord electric iron.
2. Remove the thermostat knob and check the circuit with series board.

Defect in iron & their Remedy:

If the iron is not heated:

The reason can be
1. Broken wire.
2. Fused heating element.
3. Fused blown off (check fuse).
4. Loose connection.(check & tighten the contacts)
5. Thermostat not working.(only in automatic iron)

Press giving shock: 1. The heating element may be touching the sole plate.(insulation of former on
which it is wound is broken)
2. Defective terminals.
3. Earth wire of plug may be touching with Live wire.(check it &correct)

Fuse blown off as soon as iron is put on for use:

1. Leaky iron.
2. Short circuit in element.
3. Sole plate under pressure plate leads to short circuit. (Check
insulation between heater elements & sole & pressure plate.)

Circuit diagram:

Remedies:
1. Open circuit test:
First check the plug and socket with the help of series lamp. If it does not glow,
the circuit is open, search it and rectify it.

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2. Short circuit test:

If lamp glows fully, there is heavy leakage& short circuit.

3. Earth test:
In this test if lamp is glow bright, then earth is strong. If lamp is glow dull, then
earth fault is there, check insulation fault & correct it.
Precaution:
1. Always use three core cables. The green core is earthed.
2. Do not allow the cable to come in contact with hot iron.
3. Do not over heat the iron.

Modern Electric Iron:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Armature winding of table fan and Armature winding of ceiling fan

Tool Used:

Combination plier, Screw Driver, Chisel, Line tester, Scissor

Material & Equipment:

Ceiling Fan, Insulated Copper wire, Varnish, Mica insulated paper, Hand winding Machine, Bobbin
handmade wooden, wooden block, Micro meter.

Fig: Ceiling Fan

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Fig: Table fan

Motor stator and shaft of Ceiling fan

Procedure:

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1. First of all dismentall all the parts of ceiling fan as startor, rotor, etc.
2. Now take the startor and remove all the coils of running winding and starting winding with the help
of ensile.
3. Now take one ceil of each winding as running winding and starting winding. Count the total turn of
the coils and size with the hole of micro meter.
4. Now take the same size of wire and take the bobbin according to the dis of the slots as shown in
figure.
5. Now fit the bobbin on the wooden block and fit it on the hand winding machine.
6. Now make the coils according to counted turns. After making the coils at the first put running
winding coil in the inner slats of the fan stator.
7. After that also put the coils of starting wires of running and startingwinding and also ending wires
of running winding and starting winding.
8. At the last put out the four wires as starting wires of running and starting winding and also ending
wires of running winding and starting winding.
9. Now according to the circuit diagram meke the connection of capacitor regulator after assembling
the ceiling fan or dried after the varnishing.
10. If fan rotates according to recommended R.P.M then over winding is correct.

Precautions:

1. Make the coils very carefully.

2. There are not any joints in the coil turns.
3. Coils should not be over tighed on the slats.
4. Remove coils very carefully with chisel because it can damage the startorlaminations. After
winding the stator, it should be varnished with good varnish.

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EXPERIMENT- 8

Dismantling and assembling of desktop CPU

Objective:
 To learn about different ports and how tonnect devices to them this diagram shows different ports
available on the back panel of the PC
 To identify different PC cards and to learn how to install them.

Parallel port (LPT parallel port):

As shown in the diagram parallel port with 25-pins can be used to connect a parallel port printer.
Previously dot matrix, ink jet, bubble jet printers etc were connected to parallel port. Nowadays-parallel
port is used to connect Dot-Matrix printers.

Serial port:
As shown in the diagram serial ports with 9-pins protruding outwards can be used to connect modem but
it can also be used for connecting mouse, provided serial port mouse is available.
VGA Port:
VGA port which has 15-pins is used to connect a monitor.

PS/2 Port:

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Two 6-pins PS/2 ports are there, one is violet to which keyboard is connected and other is Light green to
which mouse is connected

USB Port:
Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple — you find the USB connector on the back of your
machine and plug the USB connector into it. USB pots are used to connect to Injket printers, Web Cams,
Scanners etc.

Ethernet Port:
Ethernet port is used to connect a computer on network through RJ-45 connector
.
Game Port:
Game Port is used to connect joystick, which is usually used in video games
Three more ports are available for multimedia connections. Green port is used connect speakers, blue
port is used to connect headphones and light Orange is used to connect microphone.

Output:

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To identify different PC cards and to learn how to install them

Sound card
A sound card or audio board, which allows computers to output audio signals through speakers and or
headphones

Sound Card

Video card
The video card is responsible for creating all that you see on your computer monitor

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Network card
This piece of hardware allows your computer to be connected to a network of other computers (known as
a LAN or Local Area Network)
Network Card

Procedure to install a sound card

In this example we are going to install a sound card.

NOTE: It is best not to install all your PCI hardware if you are building from scratch. Only install your
video card and sound card right now. Once you have your operating system installed, turn off the
computer and install the other components. This saves you from possible problems when loading up for
the first time.

1. Remove any unnecessary temporary metal plates. Only remove the metal plates from the slots you
are going to use. If you do not remove these, you cannot install any PCI components. Most either
unscrew or pop out.

2. Locate PCI Slots on Motherboard. Your PCI Slots should look similar to the ones in the image below

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Experiment: 8

3. Line up component with PCI slot and install. Simply line up the component with the slot and gently
press down on both sides until it slides in place

4. Insert screw. There is only one screw needed to secure each PCI component in place.

5. Give it CD Sound. Remember that audio cable from the CD-ROM drive?
Now we will connect the other end of it.

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If you want to hear audio when play a cd in your CD-ROM, you need to connect the CD-ROM to the
Sound Card (or motherboard if your sound card is integrated in) using the audio cable as seen below.
Refer to your sound card owners manual for correct placement. If you did not purchase a sound card and
you have one integrated into your motherboard, refer to your motherboard owner’s manual for correct
placement

6. Repeat for any other components. Every component is different but as long as it’s PCI compatible, it
is installed the same way (except for the audio cable. It

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EXPERIMENT-9

(A) Design of PCB schematic of a full wave rectifier

Equipment Required:

Multimeter to test the continuity that soldering has done properly or not.

Material Required:

S.No. Requirements Qty.

1 Solder Iron(25W) 1
2 Flux 1 box
3 Solder Wire 1m
4 Resistors 1
5 PCB board 1
6 Sand paper 1
7 Diodes 4
8 Wick 1
9 Brush (3 No.) 1

Learning Objective:

1. To learn about soldering.

2. To learn about Full wave rectifier

Theory:

PCB-Printed circuit board

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Centre-tapped Full-wave rectifier using two diode

This circuit's operation is easily understood one half-cycle at a time. Consider the first half-cycle, when
the source voltage polarity is positive (+) on top and negative (-) on bottom. At this time, only the top
diode is conducting; the bottom diode is blocking current, and the load “sees” the first half of the sine
wave, positive on top and negative on bottom. Only the top half of the transformer's secondary winding
carries current during this half-cycle as in Figure below.

Full-wave center-tap rectifier: Top half of secondary winding conducts during positive half-cycle of input,
delivering positive half-cycle to load..

During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity reverses. Now, the other diode and the other half of the
transformer's secondary winding carry current while the portions of the circuit formerly carrying current
during the last half-cycle sit idle. The load still “sees” half of a sine wave, of the same polarity as before:
positive on top and negative on bottom. (Figure below)

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Full-wave center-tap rectifier: During negative input half-cycle, bottom half of secondary winding
conducts, delivering a positive half-cycle to the load.

Full wave Bridge Rectifier

Current directions for the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit are as shown in Figure below for positive half-
cycle and Figure below for negative half-cycles of the AC source waveform. Note that regardless of the
polarity of the input, the current flows in the same direction through the load. That is, the negative half-
cycle of source is a positive half-cycle at the load. The current flow is through two diodes in series for both
polarities. Thus, two diode drops of the source voltage are lost (0.7·2=1.4 V for Si) in the diodes. This is a
disadvantage compared with a full-wave center-tap design. This disadvantage is only a problem in very
low voltage power supplies.

Full-wave bridge rectifier: Electron flow for positive half-cycles.

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Full-wave bridge rectifier: Electron flow for negative half=cycle

 Procedure:

Selection of soldering iron :

5. An iron should be between 25 to 35W. The iron temperature should not be exceeding 300 C
to 400 C and contact time not more than 5 seconds.
Component Preparation:
6. The component lead wire is rubbed with sand
7. Paper, brushed with liquid flux and dry with paper.
8. General purpose PCB: general PCB should be cleaned (remove the oxide layer from the
metal) with the help of sandpaper.

Soldering Technique:
1. Touch the tip of iron to most of the element of the joints.
2. Place the iron at 45 angles.
3. Place the Wire near the iron and move it over the joint.
4. The molten metal should cover all the elements of the joint.
5. Remove solders wire.
6. Remove iron.

Observation:

Input Waveforms Output Waveforms

 Scope of the Result: The conversion of A.C into D.C through waveforms will be observed on
CRO..

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 Precautions:

1. It should not be obscure the shape of component.

2. There should not be any protrusions.
3. Place iron at 45 angles.
4. Solder surface should be oxide less (as possible as max.).

VIVA QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is the significance of PIV of a diode?

Q2. Why diode conducts only in one direction.
Q3. What is the significance of arrow in the symbol of a junction diode.
Q4. Why only with forward biasing a junction diode conducts.
Q5. How much minimum forward voltage is needed for conduction of an Si diode and
Ge diode.
Q6.Why is depletion region called by its name.
Q7.What happens to depletion layer width when diode is forward biased.
Q8.Why half wave rectifiers are not preferred.
Q9.What is Knee voltage.
Q10.Why Si is preferred than Germanium.

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