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RADIOISOTOPES AND
ITS USES IN MEDICINE

PREPARED BY : MUHAMMAD HAIKAL BIN HUSNEY

5 AL-RAZI
SEKOLAH MENENGAH AGAMA
PERSEKUTUAN LABU
 CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE

1 APPRECIATION 2

2 INTRODUCTION 3

3 DEFINITION 4

4 USES OF RADIOISOTOPES 5

5 CONCLUSION 14

6 REFERENCES 15
 APPRECIATION
Assalamualikum. Firstly, I want to show my appreciation to Puan Fuziah binti

Ahmad,my physics teacher as she helps me to do this folio by giving guidelines to do it.It is

such a big contribution to me because without guide,I can͛t do this folio.Thank you so much

to her

Then,I want to say thank you to my parents, Mr.Husney Bin Hamzah and Mrs. Maimun

Bt Bahari to give support in form of money,efforts and motivations to do this folio.Without

them,I can͛t do this folio briliantly.I need their support to do tis and they willing to sacrifice as

I can do this folio.

Latly,I want to show my gratitude to my friends to help make this folio. Without them,

I would not know my mistakes in making this folio and it is really helping to do this

folio.Millions of thank you from me to people who have help me directly and indirectly in

making this folio.

 INTRODUCTION

ince the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896, further research have

been done to make this harmful radioactive ray to be useful by humans.Today, radioactive

substances such as uranium-235 is used to generate low-cost electricity that have been used

in developed nations such as Japan and United tates.The use of the radioactive substances

are not only in generating electricity but in other fields such as agriculture, archaeology and

especially in medicine field.

In this folio, I will explain the use of radioisotopes and its contribution to medical

sciences.This method of treatment was developed by scientists in the western countries as an

alternative way to cure cancer and many other diseases as a substitues of using chemicals

that sometimes giving serious side effects to the patients.

 DEFINITION

adioisotopes is an element that have same number of proton but have different

number of neutron.For the example, a sodium atom have a relative atomic mass of 23.o, it is

called sodium-23.It also have proton number of 11.But in sodium-22,it have neutron number

of 11 but have same proton number as sodium-23.o the relative atomic mass of sodium-22 is

22.

adioisotopes emits 3 different types of rays which is alpha ray,beta ray and gamma

ray.Different types of rays have different function even from a same element.It is very

important in cancer treatment especially and the x-ray scan.adioisotopes usually origins

from lanthanides and actinides group of element or some from the transitional element

group.
 RADIOISOTOPES AND ITS USES
In medicine,

Ôc Madolinium-153

The Md-153 isotope is used in X-ray fluorescence and osteoporosis screening. It is a

gamma-emitter with an 8-month half-life, making it easier to use for medical

purposes. In nuclear medicine, it serves to calibrate the equipment needed like single-

photon emission computed tomography systems (PECT) to make x-rays. It ensures

that the machines work correctly to produce images of radioisotope distribution

inside the patient. This isotope is produced in a nuclear reactor from europium or

enriched gadolinium.It can also detect the loss of calcium in the hip and back bones,

allowing the ability to diagnose osteoporosis.

Ôc Iodine-131

Iodine-131 is commonly used to treat thyroid cancer, probably the most successful

kind of cancer treatment. It is also used to treat non-malignant thyroid disorders.

Ôc Caesium-137

Used to treat cancerous tumors by exposing the cancerous part of the cell for a short

time.It also used to measure correct patient dosages of radioactive pharmaceutical so

the patient not consume dosages exceeding as the doctor prescribed.

Ôc Cobalt-60

Used in sterilising medical equipment,cradiation source for

medical radiotherapy,radiation source for industrial radiography,radioactive source

for leveling devices and thickness gauges,as a radioactive source for food

irradiation and blood irradiation, and as a radioactive source for laboratory use.
 Ôc Phosphorus-32

Particular use in the identification of malignant tumours because cancerous cells have

a tendency to accumulate more phosphate than normal cells. The location of the

phosphorus-32 can be traced from outside the body to identify the location of

potential malignant tumors.

The radiation emitted by phosphorus-32 can be used for therapeutic as well as

diagnostic purposes. The use of 32P-chromic phosphate has been explored as a

possible chemotherapy agent to treat disseminated ovarian cancer. In this situation it

is the long-term toxic effects of beta radiation from phosphorus-32 accumulating in

the cancerous cells which has the therapeutic effect.

c
In Archaeology:

Carbon-14

Carbon-14 is detected by paleontologists by burn a small sample of a fossil to react the

carbon in it with oxygen, to form CO2. The CO2 that contains carbon-14 will be

radioactive, and the amount can be easily measured using a radiation counter.

Burning is done to facilitate measuring the level of carbon-14.

Carbon-14 has a half life of about 5730 years. This means that in a given sample of a

carbon-containing substance, without the carbon-14 being replenished, the ratio of

carbon-14 to carbon-12 will decrease by half every 5730 years. uppose for example,

some archaeologists uncovered ancient manuscripts and found that the ratio of

carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the paper was half of that found in living trees. This would

mean that the manuscripts would be about 5730 years old.

 In Agriculture:

Ôc Phosphate-32

A solution of phosphate, containing radioactive phosphorus-32, is injected into the

root system of a plant. ince phosphorus-32 behaves indentically to that of

phosphorus-31, the more common and non-radioactive form of the element, it is used

by the plant in the same way. A Meiger counter is then used to detect the movement

of the radioactive phosphorus-32 throughout the plant. This information helps

scientists understand the detailed mechanism of how plants utilized phosphorus to

grow and reproduce.

Ôc ~itrogen-15

Fertilisers 'labelled' with a particular isotope, such as nitrogen-15 and phosphorus-32

provide a means of finding out how much is taken up by the plant and how much is

lost, allowing better management of fertiliser application. Using ~-15 also enables

assessment of how much nitrogen is fixed from the air by soil and by root bacteria in

legumes.
In Industry

Ôc Mold-198

Used to trace factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in
river beds and ocean floors

Ôc Chlorine-36:

Used to measure sources of chloride and the age of water (up to 2 million years).
 ICONCLUSION
In medicine, uses of radioisotopes is become more important nowadays.

cientists will do more research in search of new radionuclides that can be used in

various fields and discovered some radionuclides like strontium-89 is used to relieve

pain caused by cancer. We must adapt their non-stop effort habit in our life so we can

discover new knowledges that will be useful in our lives.

Then, their efforts in developing methods of using radioisotopes in various

fields must be followed as it will open our mind to explore new things.Their curiosity

will lead in developing specific field.o,the curiosity can be adapt in our life to explore

new things around us and who knows you can do a remarkable discovery to the world.

Lastly, we have to work tiredlessly as the scientist do this as it will contribute

to development of many fields.We can adapt it In our life so we have to struggle to get

achievements in our life.

 REFERENCES

Websites

Ôc http://www.ptable.com/

Ôc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adioisotope

Ôc http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Uses_of_radioisotopes

Ôc http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html

Ôc http://www.buzzle.com/articles/radioactive-isotopes-in-medicine.html