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1 2
where k u w , 2 t eij eij , the Reynolds
2 2
(µm)
5 m/s 10 m/s 20 m/s 2
i j
2 2.13E+07 4.26E+07 8.53E+07 stress tensor eij , the turbulent viscosity
4 2.13E+07 4.26E+07 8.53E+07
x j xi
7.5
12.5
2.13E+07
2.13E+07
4.26E+07
4.26E+07
8.53E+07
8.53E+07
t c
k2
2
3
, and Gk t . T . 3t . k .
it enters the pipeline bend due to the favorable pressure files, Fig. 9 shows a similar trend and for a closer
gradient at that part of the wall while it decelerates at the inspection, a comparison between gas and particle
outer wall due to the adverse pressure gradient. This velocity profiles at two different cross sections of the
behavior starts to reverse after the bend midpoint, i.e., at pipeline bend (30° and 60° from inlet plane) is presented
a 45° plane. Figure 6 shows the locations of different in Fig. 10. The Figure shows that particles follow the gas
profiles and contours. with negligible slip except at the 60° plane where they
deviate noticeably close to the outer wall of the bend.
The gas decelerates at that wall due to the adverse
pressure gradient while particles lag in response and
continue to move with higher velocities.
2. Sherik, A.M.: “Black Powder — Conclusion: 13. Oka, Y.I., Okamura, K. and Yoshida, T.: “Practical
Management Requires Multiple Approaches,” Oil & Estimation of Erosion Damage Caused by Solid
Gas Journal, August 18, 2008, Vol. 106, No. 31. Particle Impact, Part 1: Effects of Impact
Parameters on a Predictive Equation,” Wear,
3. Tsochatzidis, N.A.: “Study Addresses Black 2005, Vol. 259, pp. 95-101.
Powder’s Effects on Metering Equipment,” Oil & Gas
Journal, March 24, 2008, Vol. 106, No. 12. 14. Oka, Y.I., Okamura, K. and Yoshida, T.: “Practical
Estimation of Erosion Damage Caused by Solid
4. Tsochatzidis, N.A. and Maroulis, K.E.: “Methods Particle Impact, Part 2: Mechanical Properties of
Help Remove Black Powder from Gas Pipelines,” Oil Materials Directly Associated with Erosion
& Gas Journal, March 12, 2007, Vol. 105, No. 10. Damage,” Wear, 2005, Vol. 259, pp. 102-109.
5. Baldwin, R.M.: “Here are the Procedures for 15. Enayet, M.M., Gibson, M.M., Taylor, A.M.K.P. and
Handling Persistent Black Powder Contamination,” Yianneskis, M.: “Laser-Doppler Measurements of
Oil & Gas Journal, October 26, 1998, Vol. 96, No. Laminar and Turbulent Flow in a Pipe Bend,”
43. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,
December 1982, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 213-219.
6. Smart, J.: “Determining the Velocity Required to
Keep Solids Moving in Liquid Pipelines,” paper 16. Edwards, J.K., McLaury, B.S. and Shirazi, S.A.:
presented at the Pipeline Pigging and Integrity “Modeling Solid Particle Erosion in Elbows and