Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures Lecture (2b)

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

Euler Equations
Leonhard Euler (1707-83) Mathematician born near Basle in Switzerland. A pupil of Johann Bernoulli and a close friend of Daniel Bernoulli. Contributed enormously to the mathematical development of Newtonian mechanics, while formulating the equations of motion of a perfect fluid and solid. Lost his sight in one eye and then both eyes, as a result of a disease, but still continued his research. 6/7/2011

Leonhard Euler (1707-83) 2

Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

Newtons second law

(force = mass x acceleration) Isaac Newton (1642-1 727) English mathematician, physicist and astronomer. His three big discoveries of the spectral analysis of light, universal gravitation and differential and integral calculus are only too well known. There are so many scientific terms named after Newton (Newton's rings and Newton's law of motion/viscosity/resistance) that he can be regarded as the greatest contributor to the establishment of modern natural science. 6/7/2011

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

Euler Equations
In 1755, Leonard Euler applied Newtons second law (force = mass x acceleration) to non-viscous and incompressible fluids.

Leonhard Euler (1707-83) 6/7/2011 4

Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Let us have a fluid mass element Forces acting on the fluid element: 1. Gravity or body forces 2. Surface forces: Normal forces : Pressures Tangential forces: Viscous forces Rk: For inviscid flows viscous forces are zero 6/7/2011 Pressure Pressure Pressure M.A. Kotb Pressure

Fluid Element
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Typical force values Pressure at the element center = p M.A. Kotb

w C z v y x u CV

p x p x 2
x

p x p+ x 2

y
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Rk: Only pressures along x-directions are shown

Fluid Element
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gxyz

Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Consider the flow in the x-y plane M.A. Kotb

w z

p x p x 2
x

C z v

CV

p+
y

p x x 2

y
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x
gxyz

Fluid Element
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Flow in the x-y plane
p+ p y y 2

M.A. Kotb

xz
p+ p x x 2

p x x 2

p
Apply Newtons yz second law in x-direction
C (xc , yc , zc)

y yz

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Du Fx =dm Dt

p y y 2

xz x

Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Apply Newtons second law in x-direction
p p x x 2

M.A. Kotb
p+ p x x 2

Du Fx =dm Dt

yz

yz

u x u y u z u p x p x p (yz ) p + (yz ) = (xyz ) + t t x + t y + t z x 2 x 2

pyz py

u u u u p xyz = (xyz ) + u + v + w t z y x x
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

u u u u p xyz = (xyz ) + u + v + w t z y x x
Hence,

Divide by

u u u u p = + u + v + w t z y x x

1 p u u u u = +u +v +w y z x x t
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Similarly in y-direction M.A. Kotb

1 p v v v v = +u +v +w y z x y t
and in z-direction

w 1 p w w w g = t + u x + v y + w z z
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb Thus, the Euler equations for a non-viscous and incompressible flow are:

1 p u u u u = +u +v +w x t x y z

in x-direction

1 p v v v v = + u + v + w in y-direction y z x y t w 1 p w w w g = t + u x + v y + w z in z-direction z
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Bernoulli Equation
Swiss mathematician, son of Johann Bernoulli, who showed that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases, a statement known as the Bernoulli principle. He won the annual prize of the French Academy ten times for work on vibrating strings, ocean tides, and the kinetic theory of gases. For one of these victories, he was ejected from his jealous father's house, as his father had also submitted an entry for the prize.

M.A. Kotb

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Euler x- equation M.A. Kotb Recall

1 p u u u u = +u +v +w x t x y z
Substitute the x- equation in terms of

1 p = t x + x x x + y y x + z z x x
Rearrange:

1 p = t x + x x x + y x y + z x z x
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u= x v= y w= z

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

1 p = t x + x x x + y x y + z x z x
Further manipulation
2 2 2 p 1 1 1 + + = + y 2 x z x x t 2 x x 2 x

Hence,

1 2 1 2 1 2 p = + + + x x t 2 x 2 y 2 z
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb
2 2 2 p 1 1 1 = + + + x x t 2 x 2 y 2 z

Rearrange

Hence,

p 1 2 1 2 1 2 0= + + + + x t 2 x 2 y 2 z
1 1 1 + + + = Const ( y, z , t ) + t 2 x 2 y 2 z p
2 2 2

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Similarly in y-direction M.A. Kotb

p 1 2 1 2 1 2 0= + + + + y t 2 x 2 y 2 z 1 1 1 + + + + = Const ( z , t ) t 2 x 2 y 2 z p
2 2 2

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Also in z-direction M.A. Kotb

p 1 2 1 2 1 2 + + + g= + z t 2 x 2 y 2 z
Integrate

1 1 1 + + + + = gz + Const (t ) t 2 x 2 y 2 z p
2 2

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Hence
2 2 2 1 + + gz + + + = Const (t ) t 2 x y z

M.A. Kotb

Substitute

u= x

v= y

w= z

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Hence M.A. Kotb

1 2 2 2 + + gz + (u ) + (v ) + (w) = Const (t ) t 2 w but p

u + v + w =V
2 2 2
Substitute

V v

V + gz + = Const (t ) + t 2 p
2

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Concluding M.A. Kotb

V + + gz + = Const (t ) 2 t p
2

Bernoulli equation for a unsteady flow

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MM771 M.A. Kotb

Steady Flow
Zero
Recall

V2 + + gz + = Const (t ) 2 t p

In steady flow ,the derivative of the potential, d/dt, becomes zero and the function of time, C (t), becomes a constant, C; all time functions are now absent. In this case, the Bernoulli equation becomes:

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

V + gz + = Const 2
Bernoulli equation for a steady flow

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb Often, the Bernoulli equation for a steady flow is written in other forms:

p V2 +z+ = Const 2g g
Or

1 p + gz + V 2 = Const 2
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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 Example: Apply Bernoullis equation for the incompressible , steady and inviscid flow between stations A1 and A2 for the figure shown M.A. Kotb

p1 V12 p2 V22 + z1 + = + z2 + g 2 g g 2g A1V1 = A2V2

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Hydro Mechanics of Offshore Structures

MM771 M.A. Kotb

Thank you .!!!!!

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