Wateristheworldsmost valuableresource 80countrieshavewater shortagesthatthreaten healthandeconomies 40%oftheworld>2billion peoplehavenoaccessto cleanwaterorsanita:on.

(WorldBank) >12%ofworlddependson crossborderwatersources

YosemiteFalls,YosemiteNa:onalPark,CA

GlobalWaterResources:VulnerabilityfromClimateChangeandPopula:on Growth

Russia:Summer2010.SeverePersistentRegionalDroughtacross southernRussia

June26July11,2010

download large image (1 MB, JPEG)

Black Sea CaspianSea LandSurfaceTemperatureAnomoly(C) 1.2 0 1,2

HighestTemperaturesRecordedinRussiainpast130years. MODISJuly2027,2011

MassiveRegionalWildresCauseMajorRegionalAirPollu:on

CarbonMonoxideppvd

MOPITTontheNASATerraSatellite:TheonlysatellitetomeasureCO

CropFailuresResultsfromtheDrought,Fires,andExtremeTemperatures

2011SpringDroughtinWestTexas,NewMexico,Arizona

MODISDroughtJune714,2011Iden:edbyReducedVegeta:onCover

DroughtsClosertoHome:ArizonaHoreshoeFireBurningontwo FrontsJune14,2011

MODIS

ArizonasWallowFireBurned286,690acresbyJune9,2011

MODIS

20102011Hasbeena Yearforoodsalso

Mississippi Before

Mississippi Flooded

FloodinginArkansas

April29,2011

May10,2011

TaikanOkiandShinjiroKanae,Science,2006

Disposi:onofAverageAnnualPrecipita:oninU.S.

Evapotranspira:on 67% Consump:ve Use2% Groundwater Oujlow2% Surfacewater Oujlow29%

Evapotranspira2onisthewaterlosttotheatmospherebytwoprocesses1)evapora2onand2) transpira2on.Evapora:onisthewaterlossfromopenbodiesofwater(suchaslakesandbare soil,andsnowcover;transpira:onisthelossofwaterfromlivingplantsurfaces.

MediterraneanClimateZonesoftheEarth

40N

40S

AreaswithKppenGeigerclimateclassica:ons(csa,csb): HotDrysummerSubtropicalClimates:46monthswithnoprecipita:on >21.8Cinwarmestmonth;18to3Cincoldestmonth(csb=<21.8Cinwarmestmonth)

CaliforniasWaterBudget:Itseemsthatnoyearisnormal; weareeithertodryortwowet
2011vs.2009
June16,2011 NorthSierra/Trinity 55%/529% CentralSierra 63%/396% SouthernSierra 34%/174%

Californiahasthelargestagricultural produc:onintheU.S.$38Bindustry MostU.S.fruitsandvegetablescomefrom California Allcropsareirrigated TodaysSnowpackintheSierraNevadaMts. %April1Aveofnormalforthisdate June1,2009all=0%

LakeOrovilleBed02/03/2009LookingWesttowardNorthForkoftheFeatherRiver

CaliforniaReservoirsin2009

CaliforniaStatewidePrecipita:on18851995

15 Million Acre Feet SnowPackStorage (19562000Average)

25%Reduc:on 4.5MillionAcreFeet

SnowpackReduc.on Projectedby2050

Predicted Temperature in 2070-2099 CO2 = 550 ppm 970 ppm CO2 = 550 ppm 970 ppm

Winter

Summer

Hayhoe et al., PNAS 2004

22

B1
April 1 %SWE snowpack Annual %reservoir inflow Water year flow Centroid, days

A1f1

B1

A1f1

-29

-73 -29 -14

-72 -24 -23

-89 -30 -32

Hayhoe et al., PNAS 2004

12 -7

Percent Loss

>111,300 km2 Producing 30-40 km3 freshwater Knowles and Cayan, 2004

April SWE Present

April 2060 % loss SWE

23

Howdoweknowhowmuchwaterisusedbyagriculture andnaturalvegeta:on?
ModelofTranspira:onandEvapora:on
Transpira:on Evapora:on
La fac dsur n e

Surface Water

Watertableduring dormantseason Watertableduring growingseason

Formostcrops,produc:onandyieldisdirectlyrelatedtocropwateruse

Adecreaseinappliedwater otendirectlydecrease yield. Thegoalistodevelop managementstrategiesthat improvewateruseeciency withoutdecreasingyield.

Onaverage,Californiaagricultureirrigates9.6millionacresusing roughly34millionacrefeetofwaterofthe43millionacrefeet divertedfromsurfacewatersorpumpedfromgroundwater.

GroundwaterlevelsaredroppinguptosixfeetayearintheSan JoaquinValley

Approximateloca:onofmaximum subsidenceintheU.S.in1977.Thesiteis intheSanJoaquinValleysouthwestof Mendota,CA.(USGSFactSheet16500)

GRACEsatelliteobserved groundwatertrendsinthe SacramentoandSanJoaquinRiver basins,Oct.2003toMarch2009. (NASA)Famigliew

Electromagnetic Spectrum

ThermalIRReectedSolarIR

Characteris:cChangesinVisibleandNearInfraredReectanceasa CropMatures

ChangesinVisibleandNearInfraredReectancewithLeafHealth

PlantFunc:ons

Pigmentabsorp2onisthedominantprocessinvisible; ScaMeringisthedominantprocessinnearinfrared; Waterabsorp2onisincreasinglyimportantwithwavelengthinthemidinfrared.

30

CanRemoteSensingbeUsedtoMonitorPlantWaterStatus?

Typical Reflectance Spectra from Semiarid Environment

Reectance
Soil

Wavelengthnm

Greenleavesof:

CaliforniabayandCoastalsage drygrass baresoil

JasperRidge,California

ImageofEarthfromtheMoon

ImageofEarthfromtheMoonacquiredbytheNASADiscoveryMoonMineralogy Mapper(M3)thatisaguestinstrumentonboardtheISROChandrayaan1Missiontothe Moon.Australiaisvisibleinthelowercenteroftheimage.Theimageispresentedasa falsecolorcompositewithoceansdarkblue,cloudswhite,andvegeta:onenhanced green.Thedatawereacquiredonthe22ndofJuly2009.

ImageofEarthfromtheMoonacquiredbytheNASAMoonMineralogy Mapper(M3)onboardtheISROChandrayaan1MissiontotheMoon. Australiaisvisibleinthelowercenteroftheimage.Thefalsecolor compositeshowstheoceansasdarkblue,cloudswhite,andvegeta:on enhancedgreen.Thedatawereacquiredonthe22ndofJuly2009.

Photosynthesis Revealed via Spectroscopy

Carotenoids

Visible ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) Imaging Spectrometer Multispectral Thermal InfraRed (TIR) Scanner
+

VSWIR: Plant Physiology and Function Types (PPFT)

Multispectral TIR Scanner

Mapofdominanttreespecies,BartlettForest,NH

RedtidealgalbloominMontereyBay,CA

Es:ma:nguxofCarbonandWateroverAgriculturalRegion

MarthaAnderson,USDAARS,Beltsville,MD

MASTERSpectralBandPosi2ons(VisMWIR)

0.01to6m

MASTERSpectralBandPosi2ons(ThermalIR)

BandCentersvs.AtmosphericFeatures

MASTERSpectralResponseFunc:ons

MASTERInstrument

24in. 20in.

NASAMASTER Scheduledtoy onthe28thand 30th

WhatdoIwanttoknowaboutPlantstoEs:mateWaterFlux? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Leafareaindex,orleafareadensity Leafpigmentconcentra:on Leafwatercontent Leafdrymayer Leaftemperature

WhatAtmospheric/ weathervariablesdo Iwanttoknow about? NetSWradia:on NetLWradia:on Airtemperature Rela:vehumidity Windspeedand direc:on

39 DaintreeBiosphereReserve,Queensland,Australia

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) June 2009

High
Low

High

WebofScience(2008)iden2esmore than6000publica2onsci2ng vegeta2onindexes

LandsatThema:cMapperTMbands: Low

(TM4TM3)/(TM4+TM3)

Correla:onbetweenLAIandMASTERNDWI
JoseZarate Valdez,used FisheyeLAI analyzedbySARP studentsto correlateto MASTERNDWIin es:ma:ngen:re orchardcanopy LAI.

Stomata:Ac:vecontrolofwaterlossfromleaves

Stomaw/cavity

Correlation of transpiration rate with leaf temperature: cucumber leaf tissue under controlled conditions

Oerke E et al. J. Exp. Bot. 2006;57:2121-2132

The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

MASTERthermalBand(8.18.5m)

SARP2009analysis CanopyWaterStressIndex

Uncalibrated showingblack coolcanopy ofalmondsand lightgraywarmer canopyof pistachios tothenorth.

0.72CWSI overwatered 0.08CWSI

0.3CWSI Cool normalwatered Warm Irriga:onsets:123 Bothorchards Thermalimage usedtogenerate CropWaterStress Indexmap.Higher valuesindicate stress.

Iden:fyingWaterStressfromGreennessandTemperature CombiningThermalIRandVegeta2onIndexto Es2mateCropWaterDecit

TriangleMethodtoinferCropWaterStress (Moranetal.,2004)
45

WRFACASAsimulatedevapotranspira:onoverSacramentoValley, (D02,4kmhorizontalresolu:on;2008061112:00PST) UsingthenewlandcoverdatasetforCaliforniaandMODISLAI.

Highvaluesindicatedinred,lowvaluesoverdrylandinblue.