Applied Mechanics Lab Manual

APPLIED MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
SIR PADAMPAT SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
Sl. No. Title

1 Cam Analysis Apparatus

2 Universal Governor Apparatus

3 Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus

4 Motorized Gyroscope Apparatus

5 Universal Vibration Apparatus-I

6 Universal Vibration Apparatus-II

7 Universal Vibration Apparatus-III

8 Energy of Flywheel Apparatus

Cam Analysis Apparatus
Cam Analysis Apparatus 1
CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS
1. OB1ECTIVE:
To study the various cam and Iollower pairs.
To study the eIIect oI Iollower weight on bounce.
To study the eIIect oI spring compression on bounce.
2. AIM:
To Iind out the angular displacement oI various cam Iollower pairs.
To plot the n - T (Iollower displacement vs. angle oI cam rotation) curves Ior diIIerent
cam Iollower pairs.
The test can be repeated by changing compression spring, Iollower weights, & cam
speed.
3. INTRODUCION:
A cam may be deIined as a rotating or a reciprocating element oI a mechanism which
imparts a rotating, reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element termed as
Iollower.
4. THEORY:
CAM MECHANISM AND ITS USES:
In most oI the cases the cam is connected to a Irame, Iorming a turning pair and the
Iollower is connected to the Irame to Iorm a sliding pair. The cam and the Iollower
Iorm a three- link mechanism oI the higher pair type. The three links oI the
mechanism are:-
(a) The cam, which is the driving link and has a curved or a straight contact surIace
(b) The Iollower, which is the driven link and it, gets motion by contact with the
surIace oI the cam.
(c) The Irame, which is used to support the cam and guide the Iollower.
The cam mechanism is used in clocks, printing machines, automatic screw cutting
machines, internal combustion engines Ior operating valves, shoe-making
machinery etc.
5. DESCRIPTION:
The machine is a motorized unit a camshaIt is driven by a D.C. Motor. The shaIt runs
in a double ball bearing. At the end oI the cam shaIt a cam can be easily mounted. As
the Iollower is properly guided in gun- metal bushes and the type oI the Iollower can
be changed to suit the cam under test. A graduated circular protractor is Iitted coaxial
with the shaIt and a dial gauge can be Iitted to note the Iollower displacement Ior the
angle oI cam rotation. A spring is used to provide controlling Iorce to the system.
Weights on the Iollower rod can be adiusted as per the requirements. An arrangement
is provided to vary the speed oI camshaIt. The machine is particularly very useIul Ior
testing the cam perIormance Ior iump phenomenon during operation. The machine
clearly shows the eIIect oI change oI inertia Iorces on iump action oI cam Iollower
during the operation. It is used Ior testing various cam and Iollower pairs, i.e.
1) An eccentric arc cam with KniIe edge Iollower
2) Tangent cam with roller Iollower
3) Circular cam with Mushroom Iollower
6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Electricity Supply: Single phase, 220 volts DC, 5-15 amp socket with earth
connection.
Stroboscope
Bench Area Required: 0.6 m x 0.33 m
7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the required cam & Iollower assembly on the apparatus.
2. Fix the dial gauge at top oI Iollower shaIt to get the Iollower displacement.
3. To Iind out the angular displacement, rotate the cam manually.
4. Note the angular displacement oI cam and vertical displacement oI the Iollower
with the help oI protractor & dial gauge respectively.
5. Draw the n - T (Iollower displacement Vs rotation oI cam) curve.
6. Now remove the dial gauge Irom the Iollower shaIt.
7. Switch on the main power supply.
8. Slowly increase the rpm oI the motor with the help oI dimmerstat provided at the
control panel & check the iump oI the Iollower with the help oI stroboscope.
9. II iump oI the Iollower is not appears then again adiust the speed oI the motor. At
certain speed iump oI the Iollower will occur. When iump occurs the Iollower
makes a good thumping sound on cam surIace. This speed is the iump speed.
10. Decrease the speed oI the motor to the minimum value.
11. Now put some weight on the Iollower shaIt plate and keep the spring tension
constant.
12. Increase the speed oI the motor and Iind out the iump speed.
13. Now vary the weight on the Iollower shaIt plate and get the two or three iump
speeds oI the Iollower at constant spring tension.
14. Plot the curve Ior Iollower weight Vs iump speed.
15. Now get the iump speed by varying the spring tension and keeping the Iollower
weight constant.
16. Repeat the procedure Ior other two cam & Iollower assemblies.
8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Eccentric Cam with Knife Edge Follower
S.No. T n, mm
1 20
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
6 120
7 140
8 160
9 180
10 200
11 220
12 240
13 260
14 280
15 300
16 320
17 340
18 360

To plot the n vs. curve Ior Eccentric Cam with KniIe Edge Follower

Tangent Cam with Roller Follower
S.No. T n, mm
1 20
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
6 120
7 140
8 160
9 180
10 200
11 220
12 240
13 260
14 280
15 300
16 320
17 340
18 360

To plot the n vs. curve Ior Tangent Cam with Roller Follower

Circular Cam with Mushroom Follower
S.No. T n, mm
1 20
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
6 120
7 140
8 160
9 180
10 200
11 220
12 240
13 260
14 280
15 300
16 320
17 340
18 360

To plot the n vs. curve Ior Circular Cam with Mushroom Follower
9. NOMENCLATURE:
N Revolutions per minute
n Displacement, mm
S Spring Force.
W Follower assembly weight, kg
Z Angular velocity oI cam, rad/sec
Cam Angle
10. PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Always lubricate the cam beIore starting the apparatus.
2. Tighten all the nuts properly beIore starting the apparatus.
3. Do not increase the speed oI the motor at once.
11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
1. II main light in not ON check the main supply.
2. II the motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer-stat.
12. REFERENCES:
1. ProI. P.L.Ballaney, ~Theory of Machines & Mechanisms, 23
rd
ed., Khanna
Publishers, ND, 2003, Page 297-299.
2. Thomas Bevan, ~The Theory of Machines, 3
rd
ed., CBS Publishers &
Distributors, ND, 1984, Page281-282.

Universal Governor Apparatus
8QLYHUVDO*RYHUQRU$SSDUDWXV 1
UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
1. OB1ECTIVE:
To study the eIIect oI varying the mass oI central sleeve Ior Porter and Proell
governors.
To study the eIIect oI varying initial spring compression Ior Hartnell governor
2. AIM:
Determination oI characteristics curves oI sleeve position against speed Ior all
governors.
Determination oI characteristics curves oI radius oI rotation against controlling
Iorce Ior all governors.
3. INTRODUCTION:
The Iunction oI a governor is to regulate the mean speed oI an engine, when there are
variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its
speed will, respectively decrease or increase to the extent oI variation oI load. This
variation oI speed has to be controlled by the governor, within small limits oI mean
speed. This necessitates that when the load increase and consequently the speed
decreases, the supply oI Iuel to the engine has to be increased accordingly to
compensate Ior the loss oI the speed, so as to bring back the speed to the mean speed.
Conversely, when the load decreases and speed increases, the supply oI Iuel has to be
reduced.
4. THEORY:
The Iunction oI the governor is to maintain the speed oI an engine within speciIic
limit whenever there is a variation oI load. The governor should have its mechanism
working in such a way, that the supply oI Iuel is automatically regulated according to
the load requirement Ior maintaining approximately a constant speed. This is achieved
by the principle oI centriIugal Iorce. The centriIugal type governors are based on the
balancing oI centriIugal Iorce on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial
Iorce, known as the controlling Iorce.

Governors are broadly classiIied as:
a) CentriIugal Governors.
b) Inertia Governors.
The centriIugal governors are based on the balancing oI the centriIugal Iorce on the
rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial Iorce, known as controlling Iorce.
In Inertia governors the position oI the balls are aIIected by the Iorces set by an
angular acceleration or deceleration oI the given spindle in addition to centriIugal
Iorces on the balls.
5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics oI the spring-loaded governor
and centriIugal governor. The experiments shall be perIormed on Iollowings
centriIugal type governors:
1. Watt governor
2. Porter governor
3. Proell governor
4. Hartnell governor

The drive unit consists oI a DC motor connected to the shaIt through V belt. Motor
and shaIt are mounted on a rigid MS base Irame in vertical position. The spindle is
supported in ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanism can be mounted on spindle. The speed control unit
controls the precise speed and speed oI the shaIt is measured with the help oI hand
tachometer. A counter sunk has been provided at the topmost bolt oI the spindle. A
graduated scale is Iixed to measure the sleeve liIt.
The center sleeve oI the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to
which weights can be added. The Hartnell governor consists oI a Irame, spring and
bell crank lever. The spring tension can be increased or decreased to study the
governor.

1. Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 5-15 amp socket with earth
connection.
2. Bench Area Required: 1.5 m x 1.5 m
STARTING PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the governor to be tested.
2. Complete the electrical connections.
3. Switch ON the main power.
4. Note down the initial reading oI pointer on the scale.
5. Switch ON the rotary switch.
6. Slowly increase the speed oI governor untills the sleeve is liIted Irom its initial
position by rotating variac.
7. Let the governor be stabilized.
8. Note down the sleeve`s height and relative RPM (with help oI hand tachometer).
9. Increase the speed oI governor in steps to get the diIIerent positions oI sleeve liIt
at diIIerent RPM.
CLOSING PROCEDURE:
1. Decrease the speed oI governor gradually by bringing the variac to zero position
and then switch oII the motor.
2. Switch OFF all switches.
3. Disconnect all the connections.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1

WATT GOVERNOR
It is assumed that mass oI the arms: links & sleeve are negligible in comparison with
the mass oI the balls and are neglected in the analysis.

L
L
h'
H
R
Fc
A
h'
a a
w mg
WATT GOVERNOR
Figure 1

In Figure 1, taking moments about point A
5 J P + )
F
* * * =
i.e. 5 J P + 5 P * * * * *
* 2
= e
There Iore,
2
e
J
+ =
Also sec /
60
N 2
UDGLDQ =
ThereIore,
2
60
N 2
g
H
|
.
|
\
|
=

H
g 91.2
N =
8(A) OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:

L 125 mm
h
'
100 mm
w 0.750 kg
g 9.81m / s
2

a 52.5 mm
OBSERVATION:
X`` --------- mm ----------------

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. X`, mm N
act
, RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATIONS:
) (
' ' '
; ; ; = , mm --------------
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
X
h
'
K , mm --------------
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
h
cos
1
o ----------------

)
`
+ |
.
|
\
|
= K
D
+
o tan
, mm -----------------
+
J
1
WKHR
1000
2
60
=
t
, RPM ------------------
( ) { } o sin / D 5 + = , mm ----------------
60
N 2
act

=
t
e , rad/sec -----------------
1000 g
R w
2

=
DFW
) , kg ------------------
H
R w
=
WKHR
) , kg -----------------
Plot the graph Ior Iollowing curves:-
1. R/H vs N
tho

2. R/H vs N
act

3. X vs N
tho

4. X vs N
act

9 (A) NOMENCLAURE:
a Distance oI pivot to center oI spindle, mm
F
theo
Theoretical centriIugal Iorce, kg
F
act
Actual centriIugal Iorce, kg
g Acceleration due to gravity, m/s
2

H Height oI governor, mm
h Final height, mm
h` Initial height, mm
L Length oI link, mm
N
theo
Theoretical speed oI governor, RPM
N
act
Actual speed oI governor, RPM
R Radius oI rotation, mm
w Weight oI ball, kg
X Final height oI Sleeve, mm
X` Height oI sleeve at N rpm, mm
X`` Initial reading oI pointer on sleeve
Angular velocity, rad/sec

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
PORTER GOVERNOR

Porter Governor diIIers Irom Watt`s Governor only in extra sleeve weight, else is
similar to Watt Governor.

L
W1
PORTER GOVERNOR
Figure 2
W
2
W
H
L
h'
R
w mg
Fc
h'
Sleeve Weight
C
W2
A
a a E

8(B) OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:
a 52.5 mm
L 125 mm
h
'
100 mm
w 0.750 kg

g 9.81 m/sec
2
W
1
2.120 kg
W
2
0.763 kg
W
3
0.165 kg
OBSERVATION:
X`` --------- mm -------------
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. X`, mm N
act
, RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATIONS:
) (
' ' '
; ; ; = , mm --------------
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
X
h
'
K , mm --------------
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
h
cos
1
o ----------------

)
`
+ |
.
|
\
|
= K
D
+
o tan
, mm -----------------
( ) { } o sin / D 5 + = , mm ----------------
1000 g
R w
2

=
DFW
) , kg ------------------

60
N 2
=
t
e , rad/sec -----------------
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
[ J
Z
: Z
1
WKHR
1000
2
60
t
, RPM -----------------
( ) o tan 1
2
+ + = N
:
Z )
WKHR
, kg --------------------
or k 1
( ) | | tan W w + =
WKHR
) , kg --------------

Plot the graph Ior Iollowing curves: -
1. R/H vs N
tho

2. R/H vs N
act

3. X vs N
tho

4. X vs N
act

9(B) NOMENCLAURE:
F
theo
F
act
2

h Final height, mm
N
theo
Theoretical speed oI governor, R.P.M
N
act
Actual speed oI governor, R.P.M
W
1
Weight oI cast iron sleeve, kg
W
2
Dead weight applied on sleeve, kg
W
3
Weight oI arms on one side, kg
W Total dead weight on sleeve, kg

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
PROELL GOVERNOR

L
PROELL GOVERNOR
Figure 3
W
W
2
W1
H
h'
R
w mg
B
O
Fc
G
h'
Sleeve Weight
D
W2
C
A
a a
E
L

8(C) OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:

L 105 mm
h
'
100 mm
`
17.753
o
`
23.611
o
w 0.750 kg
g 9.81 m/sec
2
a 52.5 mm
GC 155.33 mm
W
1
2.120 kg
W
2
0.763 kg
W
3
0.156 kg

OBSERVATION
X`` ------------ mm -------------

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. X`, mm N
act
, RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATIONS:
) (
' ' '
; ; ; = , mm -------------
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
X
h
'
K , mm -------------
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
h
cos
1
o -------------
)
`
+ |
.
|
\
|
= K
D
+
o tan
, mm -------------
( ) | | '
'
+ = -------------
( ) { } sin GC a + = 5 , mm -------------

1000 g
R w
2

=
DFW
) , kg -------------
60
N 2
=
t
e , rad/sec -------------
( ) cos GC = '* , mm -------------

)
`
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
X
h
'
%' , mm -------------
( ) { } tan w
cos
tan

GC
BD
2w W
)
`
+ =
WKHR
) , kg -------------
3 2 1
: : : : + + = , kg -------------
|
.
|
\
|

=
R w
1000 g F

2
60
N
theo
theo
t
, RPM -------------
Plot the graph Ior Iollowing curves: -
1. R/H vs N
tho

2. R/H vs N
act

3. Sleeve (X) vs N
tho

4. Sleeve (X) vs N
act

9(C) NOMENCLAURE:
F
theo
F
act
GC Displacement between points G & C oI lower link, mm
2

h Final height, mm
N
theo
Theoretical speed oI governor, R.P.M
N
act
W
1
W
2
W
3
Weight oI arms on one side, kg
`
Initial Angle
`
Initial Angle
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
HARTNELL GOVERNOR

F
SLEEVE
WEIGHT
b
a
SPRING
HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Figure 4
R

8(D) OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:
DATA:

a 75 mm
b 130 mm
R` 195 mm
w 0.74 kg
g 9.81 m / s
2

W
1
2.120 kg
W
2
0.763 kg
OBSERVATION:
X`` ----------- mm ----------------


OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. X`, mm N
act
, RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATIONS:
) (
' ' '
; ; ; = , mm --------------
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
E
D
; 5 5
'
, mm --------------
1000 g
R w
2

=
e
F
) , kg --------------
60
2
DFW
1 t
e = , rad/sec --------------
:
E
D
) 6
F
|
.
|
\
|
= 2 , kg --------------
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
2
2
5 5
)
E
D
V
F
, kg/mm --------------
II e 0, then F
c
` 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
2
2
5 5
)
E
D
V
F
, kg/mm --------------
Plot graph Ior Iollowing curve: -
1. X vs. N
act

9(D) NOMENCLAURE:
a Length oI vertical arm, mm
b Length oI horizontal arm, mm
F
c
CentriIugal Iorce, kg
2

N
act
R
`
Initial radius oI rotation, mm
S Force exerted by spring, kg
s StiIIness oI spring, kg/mm
w Weight oI each ball, kg
W
1
W
2
X`` Initial reading oI pointer on sleeve, mm
1. No voltage Iluctuation is desirable, as it may aIIect results.
2. Always increase the speed gradually.
3. Take the sleeve displacement reading when steady state is achieved.
4. At higher speed the load on sleeve should not hit the upper sleeve oI the governor.
5. Always switch oII the motor aIter bringing the variac to zero position.
6. Keep the apparatus Iree Irom dust.
7. BeIore perIorming any experiment clean the sleeve properly and lubricate it
properly.
1. II main indicator is not glowing, then check the main supply.
12. REFERENCES:
1. ProI. P.L.Ballaney, 'Theory OI Machines & Mechanisms, 23
rd
ed., 2003, Khanna
Publishers, ND, Page 889-891, 893-895,904-906,914-917.

Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus

8tatic & Dynamic Balancing Apparatus 1
STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS
1. OB1ECTIVE:
To study the Static & Dynamic Balancing system.
2. AIM:
To balance the masses Statically & Dynamically oI a simple rotating mass system.
To observe the eIIect oI unbalance in a rotating mass system.
3. INTRODUCTION:
A system oI rotating masses is said to be in static balance iI the combined mass centre oI
the system lies on the axis oI rotation. When several masses rotate in diIIerent planes, the
centriIugal Iorces, in addition to being out oI balance, also Iorm couples. A system oI
rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there does not exist any resultant centriIugal
Iorce as well as resultant couple.
4. THEORY:
CONDITIONS FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING:
x II a shaIt carries a number oI unbalanced masses such that the center oI mass oI
the system lies on the axis oI rotation, the system is said to statically balance.
x The resultant couple due to all the inertia Iorces during rotation must be zero.
These two conditions together will give complete dynamic balancing. It is obvious that a
dynamically balanced system is also statically balanced, but the statically balanced
system is not dynamically balanced.

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING IN DIFFERENT PLANES:
When several masses revolve in diIIerent planes, they may be transIerred to a reIerence
plane (written as RP), which may be deIined as the plane passing through a point on the
axis oI rotation and perpendicular to it. The eIIect oI transIerring a revolving mass (in one
plane) to a reIerence plane is to cause a Iorce oI magnitude equal to centriIugal Iorce oI
the revolving mass to act in the reIerence plane, together with a couple oI magnitude
equal to the product oI the Iorce and the distance between the plane oI rotation and the
reIerence plane. In order to have a complete balance oI the several revolving masses in
diIIerent planes, the Iollowing conditions must be satisIied:
1. The Iorces in the reIerence plane must balance, i.e. the resultant Iorce must be
zero.
2. The couple about the reIerence plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must
be zero.
Let us now consider Iour masses m
1
, m
2
,

m
3
and m
4
revolving in planes 1, 2, 3 and 4
shown in Iig. The relative angular positions oI these masses are shown in the end view
Fig. The magnitude, angular position and position oI the balancing mass m
1
in plane 1may
be obtained as discussed below:
1. Take one oI the planes, say 1as the reIerence plane (R.P.). The distance oI all the
other planes to the leIt oI the reIerence plane may be regarded as negative, and
those to the right as positive.
2. Tabulate the data as in table. The planes are tabulated in the same order i.e. 1, 2, 3.

RP
Plane

Weight
No.

Mass
(m)

Radius
(r)

Angle
T
Mass
moment
mr
Distance
Irom plane
1 (L)
Couple
mrL
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
1(R. P.) 4 m
1
r
1
T
1
m
1
r
1
0 0
2 1 m
2
r
2
T
2
0
0
m
2
r
2
L
2
m
2
r
2
L
2

3 2 m
3
r
3
T
3
m
3
r
3
L
3
m
3
r
3
L
3

4 3 m
4
r
4
T
4
m
4
r
4
L
4
m
4
r
4
L
4

1. The position oI plane 4 Irom plane 2 may be obtained by drawing the couple
polygon with the help oI data given in column no. 8.
2. The magnitude and angular position oI mass m1 may be determined by drawing
the Iorce polygon Irom the given data oI column no.5 & column no.6 to some
suitable scale. Since the masses are to be completely balanced, thereIore the Iorce
polygon must be closed Iigure. The closing side oI Iorce polygon is proportional
to the m1 r1.
The angular position oI mass m
1
must be equal to the angle in anticlockwise measured
Irom the R.P. to the line drawn on the Iig. parallel to the closing side oI Iorce polygon.
5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists oI a steel shaIt mounted in ball bearings in a stiII rectangular main
Irame. A set oI Iour blocks oI diIIerent weights is provided and may be detached Irom the
shaIt.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is Iitted to one side oI the rectangular Irame. A
scale is provided with the apparatus to adiust the longitudinal distance oI the blocks on the
shaIt. The circular protractor scale is provided to determine the exact angular position oI
each adiustable block.
The shaIt is driven by electric motor mounted under the main Irame, through a belt.
For static balancing oI weights the main Irame is suspended to support Irame by chains
then rotate the shaIt manually aIter Iixing the blocks at their proper angles. It should be
completely balanced. In this position, the motor driving belt should be removed.
For dynamic balancing oI the rotating mass system, the main Irame is suspended Irom the
support Irame by two short links such that the main Irame and the supporting Irame are in
the same plane. Rotate the statically balanced weights with the help oI motor. II they
rotate smoothly and without vibrations, they are dynamically balanced.
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 50Hz, 5-15 amp socket with earth
connection.
Bench Area Required: 1m x 0.5 m
1. Insert all the weights in sequence 1- 2- 3 - 4 Irom pulley side.
2. Fix the pointer and pulley on shaIt.
3. Fix the pointer on 0 o (T2) on the circular protractor scale.
4. Fix the weight no. 1 in horizontal position.
5. Rotate the shaIt aIter loosening previous position oI pointer and Iix it on T3.
7. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaIt to Iix pointer on T4.
9. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaIt to Iix pointer on T1.
10. Fix the weight no.4 in horizontal position.
11. Now the weights are mounted in correct position.
12. For static balancing, the system will remain steady in any angular position.
13. Now put the belt on the pulleys oI shaIt and motor.
14. Supply the main power to the motor through dimmerstat.
15. Gradually increase the speed oI the motor. II the system runs smoothly and
16. without vibrations, it shows that the system is dynamically balanced.
17. Gradually reduce the speed to minimum and then switch oII the main supply to
stop the system.

8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Plane Mass, m
(gms.)
Angle Irom
reIerence line, T
(degree)
Distance,
L (mm)
1. 1

2 2 (R.P)
3. 3
4. 4

CALCULATION TABLE:
Plane Mass, m
(gms.)
Mass moment
m x r
Couple
m x r x L
1
2
3
4
9. NOMENCLATURE:
L Distance between particular weight Irom weight 1, mm
W Mass oI particular weight, kg
Angle oI particular weight Irom ReIerence Point, degree
1. Never run the apparatus iI power supply is less than 180 volts & above than 230
volts.
2. Increase the motor speed gradually.
3. Experimental set up should be tight properly beIore conducting experiment.
4. BeIore starting the rotary switch, dimmer stat should be at zero position.

1. II the shaIt is not rotate but motor rotate check both the pulleys.
2. II the main light is not ON check the main switch.
3. II the motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer stat.

12. REFERENCES:
1. Thomas Bevan, ~The Theory of Machines, 3
rd
ed., CBS Publishers &
Distributors, ND, 1984, Page 521-524.
2. SS Rattan, ~Theory of Machines, 11th ed., Tata McGraw Hill, ND, 2000, Page
470-472.
STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS
(sample calculation for reference only)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Plane Mass, m
(gms.)
Angle from
reference line,
(degree)
Distance,
L (mm)
1. 1 203 224 0
2 2 (R.P) 168 0 20
3. 3 173 31 50
4. 4 179 163 70

CALCULATION TABLE:
Plane Mass, m
(gms.)
Mass moment
m x r
Couple
m x r x L
1 203 203r 0
2 168 168r 3360
3 173 173r 8650
4 179 179r 12530

Motorized Gyroscope Apparatus

Motorized Gyroscope 1
MOTORIZED GYROSCOPE
1. OB1ECTIVE:
To study the gyroscopic eIIect oI a rotating disc.
2. AIM:
Experimental iustiIication oI the equation
3
, 7 Z Z. .

Ior calculating the gyroscopic
couple by observation and measurement oI results Ior independent variation in
applied couple T and precession Z
p.

3. INTRODUCTION:
AXIS OF SPIN:
II a body is revolving about an axis, the latter is known as axis oI spin (ReIer Fig.1,
where OX is the axis oI spin).
PRECESSION:
Precession means the rotation about the third axis OZ (ReIer Fig. 1) that is
perpendicular to both the axis oI spin OX and that oI couple OY.
AXIS OF PRECESSION:
The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis oI spin OX and that oI couple OY
is known as axis oI precession.
GYROSCOPIC EFFECT:
To a body revolving (or spinning) about an axis say OX, (ReIer Fig.1) iI a couple
represented by a vector OY perpendicular to OX is applied, then the body tries to
process about an axis OZ which is perpendicular both to OX and OY. Thus, the
couple is mutually perpendicular.
The above combined eIIect is known as precessional or gyroscopic eIIect.
GYROSCOPE:
It is a body while spinning about an axis is Iree to rotate in other directions under the
action oI external Iorces.


Z

Y

O X

OX Axis oI spin, OY Axis oI Couple, OZ Axis oI Precession
Figure 1
4. THEORY:
GYROSCOPIC COUPLE OF A PLANE DISC:
Let a disc oI weight W` having a moment oI inertia I be spinning at an angular
velocity Z about axis OX in anticlockwise direction viewing Irom Iront (ReIer Fig.2).
ThereIore, the angular momentum oI disc is IZ. Applying righthand screw rule the
sense oI vector representing the angular momentum oI disc which is also a vector
quantity will be in the direction OX as shown.
A couple whose axis is OY perpendicular to OX and is in the plane Z, is now applied
to prices the axis OX.

Y

X

Let axis OX turn through a small angular displacement Irom OX to OX` in time Gt.
The couple applied produces a change in the direction oI angular velocity, the
X`

O
Z
Figure: 2
magnitude & the magnitude remaining constant. This change is due to the velocity oI
precession.
ThereIore, OX` represents the angular momentum aIter time dt.
Change oI angular momentum OX` OX XX`
GW
G 2;
GW
; ;
QW GHVSODFHPH $QJXODU
T u

'

As, T G 2; ;; u
'
in direction oI XX`
Now as rate oI change oI angular momentum
Couple applied C T
We get
GW
G
2; 7
T

But Z , 2;
Where
I Moment oI Inertia oI disc
Z Angular Velocity oI disc.
GW
G
, 7
T
Z .
And in the limit dt is very small
We have
3
GW
G
Z
T

Where
P
Angular velocity oI precession oI yoke about vertical axis.
Thus, we get

The direction oI the couple applied on the body is clockwise when looking in the
direction XX` and in the limit this is perpendicular to the axis oI Z and oI Z p.
The reaction couple exerted by the body on its Irame is equal in magnitude to that oI
C, but opposite in direction.
5. DESCRIPTION:
The set up consists oI heavy disc mounted on a horizontal shaIt, rotated by a variable
speed motor. The rotor shaIt is coupled to a motor mounted on a trunion Irame
having bearings in a yoke Irame, which is Iree to rotate about vertical axis. A weight
pan on other side oI disc balances the weight oI motor. Rotor disc can be move about
S
, 7 Z Z u u
three axis. Weight can be applied at a particular distance Irom the center oI rotor to
calculate the applied torque. The gyroscopic couple can be determined with the help
oI moment oI inertia, angular speed oI disc and angular speed oI precession.
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz 5-15 amp socket with earth
connection.
Tachometer
Bench Area Required: 1 m x 1 m
1. Set the rotor at zero position.
2. Start the motor with the help oI rotary switch.
3. Increase the speed oI rotor with dimmer stat & stable it & measure the R.P.M.
with the help oI tachometer.
4. Put the weight on weight pan then yoke rotate at anticlockwise direction.
5. Measure the rotating angle (30o, 40o) with the help oI stopwatch.
6. Repeat the experiment Ior the various speeds and loads.
7. AIter the test is over set dimmer stat to zero position and switch oII main
supply.
DATA:
g 9.81 m/sec
2
r 0.15 m
W 5.42 kg
L 0.225 m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. N
(RPM)
w
(kg)
dT
(degree)
dt
(sec)
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATIONS:
S WKH
, 7 Z Z , kg-m ----------------
2
2
U
J
:
, u
, kg-m-sec2 -----------------
60
2 1 u u
S
Z
, rad/sec ---------------
180
S T
Z u
GW
G
S
, rad/sec ---------------
/ Z 7
DFW
, kg m, kg-m ---------------
9. NOMENCLATURE:
dT Angle oI precession
dt Time required Ior this precessions, sec
g Acceleration due to gravity, m /sec
2

I Moment oI inertia oI disc, kg m sec
2

L Distance oI weight Ior the center oI disc, m
N RPM oI Disc spin.
r Radius oI disc, m
T
the
Theoretical Gyroscopic couple, kg-m
T
act
Actual Gyroscopic couple, kg-m
W Weight oI rotor disc, kg
w Weight on pan, kg
Z Angular velocity oI disc, rad/sec
Z
p
Angular velocity oI precession oI yoke about vertical axis, rad/sec

1. Never run the apparatus iI power supply is less than 180 volts and above than
230 volts.
2. BeIore start the motor set dimmer stat at zero position.
3. Increase the speed gradually.
1. The main light is not ON check the main switch.
2. The motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer stat.
12. REFERENCES:
1. ProI. P.L. Ballaney, ~Theory Of Machines & Mechanisms, 23rd ed.,
Khanna Publishers, ND, 2003, Page 385-387.

Universal Vibration Apparatus-I

Universal Vibration Apparatus 1
UNIVERSAL VIBRATION APPARATUS
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
1. AIM:
To veriIy the Dunker ley`s Rule Viz.

2
1
)

2
1
/
)

2
1
E
)

Where: -
F Natural Irequency oI given beam (considering the weight oI beam) with central
load W.
F
L
Natural Irequency oI given beam (neglecting the weight oI beam) with central
load W.
F
L

: /
J , (
3
. . 48
2
1
S

F
ib
Natural Irequency oI the beam.
2. DESCRIPTION:
At rectangular bar is supported in trunion Iitting at each end. Each trunion is provided
in a ball bearing carried in housing. Each bearing housing is Iixed to the vertical
Irame member. The beam carries at its center a weight platIorm.
1. Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.10 with some wt. W clamped to wt
platIorm.
2. Pull the platIorm & release it to set the system in to natural vibrations.
3. Find periodic time T & Irequency oI vibration F by measuring time Ior some
oscillations.
4. Repeat experiment by putting additional masses on weight platIorm.
5. Plot graph oI 1/F2 Vs. W

4. FORMULAE:
1. Frequency oI beam,
: /
J , (
)
/
3
. . 48
2
1
S

2. Natural Irequency oI the beam,
4
. .
2 / Z
, ( J
)
%
S

3. Moment oI Inertia oI beam section
12
3
EK
,
4. Actual Time Period,
Q
W
7
DFW

5. Actual Frequency,
DFW
DFW
7
I
1

5. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION TABLE:
S No. Wt.
attached
w Kg.
No. OI
Osc n
Time Ior
n Osc. t`
T
act.
t / n
(Sec)
Frequency
F
act.
(Hz)

6. NOMENCATURE:
b width oI beam
E Modulus oI elasticity oI beam material
FL Frequency oI beam
FB Natural Irequency oI beam
I
act
Actual Irequency
g Acceleration due to gravity..
h thickness oI beam
I moment oI inertia
L Length oI the beam
n number oI oscillations
t time taken Ior n oscillation
T
act
Actual time period
W Weight oI beam per unit length
w Central load oI the beam, OR weight attached.

DUNKERLEY'S RULE
FG. 7
1
2
3
1. MAN FRAME
2. BEAM
3. WEGHT PAN


EXPERIMENT NO. 2
1. AIM:
To study the undamped Iree vibration oI equivalent spring mass system.
2. DESCRIPTION:
The equipment is designed to study Iree damped and undamped vibration. It consists
oI M.S. rectangular beam supported at one end by a trunion pivoted in ball bearing.
The bearing housing is Iixed to the side member oI the Irame. The other end oI beam
is supported by the lower end oI helical spring: upper end oI the spring is attached to
screw, which engages with screwed hand wheel. The screw can be adiusted vertically
in any convenient position and can be clamped with the help oI lock nut.
The exciter unit can be mounted at any position along the beam. Additional known
weights may be added to the weight platIorm under side exciter.
1. Support one end oI beam in the slot oI trunion and clamp it by means oI
screw.
2. Attached the other end oI the beam to lower end oI spring.
3. Adiust the screw to which the spring is attached with the help oI hand wheel
such that beam is horizontal in position.
4. Weight the exciter assembly along with discs, bearing and weights platIorm.
5. Clamp the assembly at any convenient position.
6. Measure the distance L1 oI the assembly Irom pivot. Allow system to vibrate
Ireely.
7. Measure the time Ior any 10 oscillations and periodic time and natural
Irequency oI vibration.
8. Repeat the experiment by varying L1 and also putting diIIerent weights on
platIorm.

4. FORMULAE:
1. Time Period,
N
P
7
H
WKHR
S * 2
2. Equivalent mass at the spring,
2
2
1
/
/
P P
6

J
Z :
P

1. Actual Time period,
sec
Q
W
7
DFW

Wt.
(Kg)
L1
(cm)
No. OI
Osc.
n
Time Ior
n Osc.
T
act
t/n
(sec)
Freq.
I
act
(Hz)
T
theo.

(sec)
I
theo

6. NOMENCATURE:
g Acceleration due to gravity
k StiIIness oI spring.
L1 Distance oI w Irom pivot.
L Distance oI spring Irom pivot.
t time taken Ior n oscillations
W Weight oI exciter assembly along with wt. platIorm 18.7 kg.
w Weight attached on exciter assembly

FG. 9
UNDAMPED FREE VBRATONS OF EQUVALENT
MASS SYSTEM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. MAN FRAME
2. SCREW
3. HAND WHEEL
4. SPRNG
5. BEAM
6. EXCTER UNT
7.WEGHT PAN
8. TRUNONS
8
L 1
L

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

1. AIM:
To study the Forced damped Vibration oI Equivalent Spring Mass System.
2. DESCRIPTION:
It is similar to that described Ior expt. No. 9. The exciter unit is coupled to D.C.
variable speed motor. RPM oI motor can be varied with the speed control unit. Speed
oI rotation can known Irom the RPM indicator on control panel. It is necessary to
connect the damper unit to the exciter. Amplitude oI vibration can be recorded on
strip chart recorder.
3. DAMPING ARRANGEMENT:
1. Close the one hole oI damper Ior light damping.
2. Close the two holes oI damper Ior medium damping.
3. Close all the three holes oI damper Ior heavy damping.
1. Arrange the set-up as described Ior expt. 09
2. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
3. Wait Ior 1 to 2 minutes Ior amplitude to build the particular Iorcing Irequency.
4. Adiust the position oI strip chart recorder. Take the recorder oI amplitude Vs.
time on strip chart recorder by starting recorder motor. Press recorder platIorm
on the pen gently. Pen should be wet with ink. Avoid excessive pressure to get
good result.
5. Take record by changing Iorcing Irequencies.
6. Repeat the experiment by adiusting the holes on the piston oI damper can
change diIIerent damping.
7. Plot the graph oI amplitude vs. Irequency Ior each damping conditions..

5. OBSERVATION TABLE:
Forcing Irequency (Hz) Amplitude (mm)

EQUVALENT MASS SYSTEM
FORCED DAMPED VBRATON OF
FG. 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1. MAN FRAME
2. SCREW
3. HAND WHEEL
4. SPRNG
5. BEAM
6. RECORDER
7. EXCTER UNT
8. TRUNON
9. DAMPER
10. PEN HOLDER

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
1. AIM:
To study the Iorced vibration oI the beam Ior diIIerent damping.
2. DESCRIPTION:
In this experiment, a slightly heavy rectangular section bar than used in Expt. No. 10
is supported at both ends in trunion Iittings. Exciter unit with the weight platIorm can
be clamped at any conventional position along the beam. Exciter unit is connected to
the damper, which provides the necessary damping.
3. DAMPING ARRANGEMENT:
1. Close the one hole oI damper Ior light damping.
2. Close the two holes oI damper Ior medium damping.
3. Close all the three holes oI damper Ior heavy damping.
1. Arrange the set-up as shown in Iig. 11.
2. Connect the exciter Motor to control panel.
3. Start the Motor and allow the system to vibrate.
4. Wait Ior 5 minutes Ior amplitude to build up Ior particular Iorcing Irequency.
5. Adiust the position oI strip chart recorder. Take the recorder oI amplitude vs.
time on strip chart recorder by starting recorder motor.
6. Take record by changing Iorcing Irequency Ior each damping.
7. Repeat the experiment Ior diIIerent damping.
8. Plot the graph oI amplitude vs. Irequency Ior each damping.
5. OBSERVATION TABLE:

Forcing Irequency Amplitude

FORCED LATERAL VBRATON OF BEAM
FOR DFFERENT DAMPNG
FG. 11
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. MAN FRAME
2. TRUNON
3. EXCTER UNT
4. DAMPER
5. PEN HOLDER
6. RECORDER

1. Do not run the motor at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. Do not increase the speed at once.
3. Damper is always in perpendicular direction.
4. A motor bolts is properly tightly with weight.
5. A beam is proper tight in bearing with bolt.
6. Always keep the apparatus Iree Irom dust.
7. TROUBLE SHOOTING:
1. The main light is not ON check the main switch.
2. The motor is not working check the rotary switch.
3. The sensor is not working check the sensor socket.

Universal Vibration Apparatus-II


EXPERIMENT NO. 1
1. AIM:
To study the Torsional Vibrations oI single rotor system.
2. DESCRIPTION:
In this experiment, one end oI the shaIt is gripped in the chuck & heavy Ilywheel Iree
to rotate in ball bearing is Iixed at the other end oI the shaIt. The bracket with Iixed
end oI the shaIt can be clamped at any convenient position along lower beam. Thus,
length oI the shaIt can be varied during the experiments. The ball bearing support to
the Ilywheel provided negligible damping during the experiment. The bearing housing
is Iixed to side member oI the main Irame.
1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the lower beam.
2. Grip one end oI the shaIt at the bracket by chuck.
3. Fix the rotor on the other end oI shaIt.
4. Twist the rotor through some angle & release.
5. Note down the time required Ior 10, 20 oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure Ior the diIIerent length oI shaIt.
4. FORMULAE:
1. Torsional stiIIness,
/
*,
N
S
W

2. Theoretical Time period,
W
WKHR
N
/
7 S * 2
3. Moment oI Inertia oI disc,
8 *
*
2
J
' :
,
4. Actual Time period
Q
W
7
DFW

5. Theoretical Frequency
WKHR
WKHR
7
I
1

DFW
DFW
7
I
1

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S No.

Length oI ShaIt - L
Cm.

No. OI Osco.
N

Time Ior n Osco
T sec

Periodic Time
T t/n (act.)

CALCULATION TABLE:

S No.

Length oI ShaIt
(cm)

K
t

T
Theo.

Sec.

T
act.

Sec.

F
Theo.

Hz

F
act

Hz

6. NOMENCLATURE:
D Diameter oI disc
d diameter oI shaIt
I
theo
Theoretical Irequency
I
act
Actual Irequency
G Modulus oI rigidity
g Acceleration due gravity
Ip Polar Moment oI system
I Moment oI inertia oI disc
k
t
Torsional StiIIness
L Length oI shaIt
n Number oI oscillations
T
theo
Theoretical time period
T
act
Actual time period
t Time required Ior n oscillations
W Weight oI disc

FG. 4
UNDAMPED VBRATON OF SNGLE ROTOR SYSTEM
L
1
2
3
4
1. MAN FRAME
2. SHAFT
3. DRLL CHUCK
4. ROTOR

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
1. AIM:
To study the Free Vibration oI Two Rotor System and to determine the Natural
Frequency oI Vibration Theoretically & Experimentally.
2. DESCRIPTION:
In this experiment, two discs having diIIerent mass moments oI inertia are clamped
one at each oI the shaIt by means oI collect and chucks. Attaching the cross lever
weights can change Mass moment oI inertia oI any disc. Both discs are Iree to
oscillate in ball bearing. This provides negligible damping during experiment.
1. Fix two discs to the shaIt and Iit the shaIt in bearing.
2. DeIlect the disc in opposite direction by hand and release.
3. Note down time required Ior particular number oI oscillations.
4. Fit the cross arm to one oI the discs says B and again note down the time.
5. Repeat the procedure with diIIerent equal masses attached to the ends oI cross
arm and note down the time.
4. FORMULAE:
sec
Q
W
7
DFW

2. Polar moment oI inertia,
32
*
4
G
,
S
S

/
, *
N
S
W
*

4. Moment oI Inertia oI disc A,
8 *
*
2
J
' :
,
$ $
$

5. Moment oI Inertia oI disc B
8 *
* 2
8 *
*
2
1
2
J
5 :
J
' :
,
$ $
%

6. Theoretical Time Period
sec
(
*
* 2
% $ W
% $
WKHR
, , N
, ,
7
S
7. Theoretical Frequency
+]
7
I
WKHR
7KHR
1

+]
7
I
DFW
DFW
1

5. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION
OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATION TABLE:
S.
No.
I
A

Kg cm
2

I
B

Kg cm
2
T
Theo.

Sec
F
Theo
.
Hz
T
Exit.

Sec.
F
Exit.

Hz

6. NOMENCLATURE:
T
act
Actual time period
t Time required Ior n oscillation
S. No. No. OI
Oscillations
N
Time Ior n
Osco.
T (sec.)
Weight
Attached
(Kg)
Radius oI
weight
(Cm)
I
A
I
B
T act.
T/n Sec.

n number oI oscillations
I
p
Polar moment oI inertia
d Diameter oI shaIt
k
t
Torsional StiIIness
G Modulus oI rigidity oI shaIt
L Length oI shaIt
I
A
Moment oI .Inertia oI disc A and
I
B
Moment oI .Inertia oI disc B (With weight on cross arm)
W
A
weight oI disc A
W
B
weight oI disc B
L Length oI the shaIt.
D
A
diameter oI disc A
D
B
Diameter oI disc B
W
1
Weight attached to the cross arm.
R Radius oI Iixation oI the weight on the arm.
T
theo
I
theo
I
act
Actual Irequency

FREE VBRATON OF TWO ROTOR SYSTEM
FG. 5
1
2
3
4 5
1. MAN FRAME
2. ROTOR, A
3. ROTOR, B
4. SHAFT
5. DRLL CHUCK
6. CROSS ARM
6

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
1. AIM:
To study the Damped Torsional Oscillation & to determine the damping co-eIIicient
Ct.
2. DESCRIPTION:
This experiment consists oI a long elastic shaIt gripped at the upper end by chuck in
the bracket. The bracket is clamped to upper beam oI the main Irame. A heavy steel
Ilywheel clamped at the lower end oI the shaIt suspended Irom bracket. Damping
drum is Iixed to the lower Iace oI the Ilywheel. This drum is immersed in water,
which provides damping. Rotor can be taken up and down Ior varying the depth oI
immersion oI damping drum.
Recording drum is mounted to the upper Iace oI the Ilywheel. Paper is to be wrapped
around the recording drum. Oscillations are recorded on the paper with the help oI
specially designed piston oI dashpot. The piston carries the attachment Ior Iixing
sketch pen.
1. With no water in the container allow the Ilywheel to oscillation & measure the
time Ior say 10 oscillations.
2. Put thin mineral oil (no. 10 or 20) in the drum and note the depth oI
immersion.
3. Put the sketch pen in its bracket.
4. Allow the Ilywheel to vibrate.
5. Allow the pen to descend. See that the pen always makes contact with paper &
record oscillation.
6. Determine an i.e. amplitude at any position & Entry. Amplitude aIter r` cycle.
7. AIter complete the experiment drain the water.

4. FORMULAE:
/
, *
N
S
W
*

2. Polar Moment oI Inertia oI ShaIt
32
*
4
G
,
S

sec
Q
W
7
DFW

4. Theoretical Time Period,
W
WKHR
N
/
7 S * 2
5. Moment oI Inertia oI Ilywheel,
8 *
*
2
J
' :
,
6. Critical damping Iactor,
,
N
J
:
&
W
WF
2
7. Logarithmic decrement
.
log
1
;QWU
;Q
U
H
G
8. Damping ratio,
2 2
8 4
S
G
WF
W
&
&

OBSERVATION TABLE
S
No.

Length oI
Suspension oI
ShaIt - Cm.
Xn (cm.) Xntr. (cm.) No. OI
cycles(r)
No. OI n`
oscillation.
Time oI
n`
oscillation


CALCULATION TABLE:

6. NOMENCATURE:
k
t
Torsional Rigidity
G modulus oI rigidity
IP Polar moment oI inertia
L Length oI shaIt
d Diameter oI shaIt
t time required Ior n oscillation
n number oI oscillation
T
act
Actual time period
T
theo
Theoretical time period time period
I Moment oI inertia
W Weight oI disc
D Diameter oI disc
Ctc Critical damping Iactor
Logarithmic decrement
Xn Amplitude oI the vibration at the beginning oI the measurement
to be Iound Irom record
X
ntr
Amplitude oI the vibration aIter r cycles Irom the record.
S No. Kt T act. T tho. Ctc Damping co-
eIIicient, C
t

DAMPED TORSONAL VBRATON
FG. 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1. MAN FRAME
2. DRLL CHUCK
3. SHAFT
4. RECORDNG DRUM
8. WATER/ OL CONTANER
7. DAMPNG CONE
6. DSC
5. PEN HOLDER
9. DESCENDER
10. DRAN

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
1. AIM:
To study the longitudinal vibration oI helical spring and to determine the Irequency
and time period oI oscillation theoretically and actually by experiment.
2. DESCRIPTION:
One end oI open coil spring is Iixed to the nut having a hole which itselI is mounted
on a MS strip Iixed on one side oI the main Irame. The lower end oI the spring is
attached to the platIorm carrying the weights. The stiIIness oI the spring can be
Iinding out by varying the weights on the platIorm and by measuring the deIlection oI
the spring. The time period oI vibrations can be calculated by measuring the nos. oI
oscillation and time taken by them.
1. Fix one end oI the helical spring to upper screw.
2. Determine Iree length.
3. Put some weight to platIorm and note down the deIlection.
4. Stretch the spring through some distance and release.
5. Count the time required in Sec. Ior say 10, 20 oscillations.
6. Determine the actual period.
7. Repeat the procedure Ior diIIerent weights.
4. FORMULAE:
1. StiIIness,
FP NJ
:
N /
G

2. Mean StiIIness,
3 2 1
N N N N
P

3. Theoretical time period,
J N
Z
7
P
WKHR
*
2
S

4. Theoretical Irequency,
WKHR
WKHR
7
I
1

5. Actual time period,
sec
Q
W
7
DFW

6. Actual Irequency,
DFW
DFW
7
I
1

5. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION TABLE - 1
S. No. Wt. Attached,
W Kg.
DeIlection in spring
G cm.

StiIIness
k
Kg / cm
Mean StiIIness
K
m
Kg / cm

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION TABLE - 2
S.
No.
Wt. Attached
W kg.
No. OI
Osc.
n`
Time reqd.
Ior n Osc.
t (sec)
T theo
(sec )
T expt
( sec )
I theo
(Hz)
I expt
( Hz)

6. NOMENCATURE:
k StiIIness oI the spring
W Weight applied
G DeIlection oI the spring.
km Mean StiIIness.
n No. oI oscillations.
t Time taken by n` oscillation
T
act
Actual time period
T
theo
I
act
Actual Irequency
I
theo

FG. 8
LONGTUDNAL VBRATON OF HELCAL SPRNG
2
3
1
1. MAN FRAME
2. SPRNG
3. WEGHT PAN

Universal Vibration Apparatus-III

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
1. AIM:
To verify the relation of simple pendulum.
T 2 S
J
/

Where, T Periodic time in sec.
L Length oI pendulum in cm.
2. DESCRIPTION:
For conduction the experiment, a ball is supported by nylon thread into a chuck. It is
possible to change the length oI pendulum. This makes it possible to study the eIIect
oI variation oI length on periodic time. A small ball may be substituted by large ball
to illustrate that period oI oscillation is independent oI the mass oI ball.
Space required: 0.90m x 1.30m
1. Attach the ball to one end oI the thread.
2. Allow ball to oscillate and determine the periodic time T by knowing the time
Ior say 10 oscillations.
3. Repeat the experiment by changing the length.
4. Complete the observation table given below.
5. FORMULAE:
1. Time Period Actual,
sec
Q
W
7
DFWXDO

2. Time Period Theoretical,
sec 2
J
/
7
7KHR
S

Sr. No. L cm. No. OI
Osco n`
Time Ior n
Osco. T` Sec.
T sec.
(Act.) t/n
T sec.
(Theo.)
1.
2.
3.
4.

7. NOMENCLATURE:
L Length oI the pendulum in m
n Nos. oI oscillation.
T Time taken by n ' oscillations
T
actual
Actual time period
T
theo
theoretical time period
t Time required Ior n oscillations

SMPLE PENDULUM
FG. 1
1
2
3
4
1. MAN FRAME
2. DRLL CHUCK
3. NYLONE ROPE
4. RUBBER BALL

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
1. AIM:
To determine the radius oI gyration k` oI a given compound pendulum.
To veriIy the relation oI compound pendulum: -
T 2S
) (
) (
2 2
2* J
2* N

Where T Periodic time in sec.
K Radius oI gyration about the C.G. in cm.
OG Distance oI C.G. oI the rod Irom support.
L Length oI suspended pendulum.
2. DESCRIPTION:
The compound pendulum consists oI a steel bar. The bar is supported by kniIe -edge.
Two pendulums oI diIIerent lengths are provided with the set-up.
1. Support the rod on kniIe -edge.
2. Note the length oI suspended pendulum and determine OG.
3. Allow the bar to oscillate and determine T by knowing the time Ior say 10
Oscillations.
4. Repeat the experiment with diIIerent length oI suspension.
4. FORMULAE:
1. Time Period Actual,
sec
Q
W
7
DFWXDO

2. Actual radius oI gyration, k
act

) (
) (
2
2 2
2* J
2* N
7
DFW
7KHR
S
3. Theoretical radius oI gyration
3 2
/
N
7KHR

Sr.
No.
L cm. OG No. OI
Osco. N
Time Ior
Osco.
T act. K act. K
Theoretical
1
2
3

6. NOMENCLATURE:
k
act
Radius oI gyration about the ce. in cm
k
theo
Radius oI gyration about the C.G. in cm
L Length oI suspended pendulum.
OG Distance oI Centre oI Gravity oI the rod Irom support.
T
Theo
Theoretical Periodic time in sec.
T
act
Actual time period
t time required Ior 10 oscillation


COMPOUND PENDULUM
FG. 2
1
3
2
1. MAN FRAME
2. HOLDNG BRACKET
3. PENDULUM

EXPERIMENT NO. 3:
1. AIM:
To determine the radius oI gyration oI given bar by using Bi-Filer suspension.
2. DESCRIPTION:
A uniIorm rectangular section bar is suspended Irom the pendulum support Irame by
two parallel cords. Top ends oI the cords pass through the two small chucks Iitted at
the top. Other ends are secured in the Bi-Filer bar. It is possible to adiust the length oI
the cord by loosening the chucks.
The suspension may be used to determine the radius oI gyration oI any body. In this
case, the body under investigation is bolted to the center. Radius oI gyration oI the
combined bar and body is then determined.
1. Suspend the bar Irom chuck, and adiust the length oI the cord L`
conveniently. Note that the suspension length oI each cord must be same.
2. Allow the bar to oscillate about the vertical axis passing through center and
measure the periodic time T by knowing the time Ior say 10 oscillations.
3. Repeat the experiment by mounting the weights at equal distance Irom center.
4. FORMULAE:
1. Actual time period,
sec
Q
W
7
DFW

2. Actual radius oI gyration, k
act
Irom equation
J
/
D
N
7
DFW
DFW
S 2
3. Theoretical radius oI gyration,

3 2
/
N
WKHR

S. No. L cm. A cm. No. OI
social.
Time Ior
n social.
T
act
k
act
k
Theo

1.
2.
3.

6. NOMENCLATURE
2a Distance between the two string.
k
act
Actual radius oI gyration oI Bi Filler suspension
k
theo
Theoretical radius oI gyration oI Bi Filler suspension
L Length oI the suspended string.
N Nos. oI oscillation
T
act
Actual time Period
t time taken Ior 10 oscillations

B - FLLAR SUSPENSON
FG. 3
1
2
3
4
5
1. MAN FRAME
2. DRLL CHUCK
3. NYLONE THREAD
4.WEGHT
5. SWNGNG PLATE

Energy of Flywheel Apparatus

Description

As we knew, a flywheel is a spinning wheel or disc with a fixed axle so that
rotation is only about one axis. Energy is stored in the rotor as kinetic energy, or
more specifically, rotational energy. And the kinetic energy of a rotating object is
analogous to linear kinetic energy and can be expressed in terms of the moment
of inertia and angular velocity. Hence so as demonstrate this very simple /
fundamental concept we developed this Energy of Flywheel set up.

Here a well sized Fly wheel made out of M.S. Material, which is mounted
on a shaft, in such a way that Centre of Flywheel & the through shaft remains
same. Ends of this Flywheel carrying shaft are held with Bearing blocks so as to
minimize the rotational friction. This total assembly is mounted on a base plate in
such a way that, entire set up could be placed in a wall mounted fashion. Enough
long rope is provided along with weights and weight hanger to apply required
angular velocity to fly wheel under consideration. Here flywheel peripheral side is
provided with a strip Mark & correlative pointer. This helps user to count number
of Flywheel revolutions during experiment w.r.t. provided stop Watch refer the
view below.

Operating Instructions

1. Following steps are required to be followed & ensured, before using he
Experimental set up.
a) Ensure that all mounted parts like flywheel, bearing blocks, through
shaft, Pointer etc. are intact.
b) Ensure that total set up is fitted firmly on the wall at about eye site
level
c) Others like stop watch, rope, and weights & weight hangers are your
disposal.
2. Just once again ensure all the steps given above are followed.
3. Now wind the rope on the free/ open shaft, which is seen on the sides of
flywheel under experimentation, in such a way that rope gets freely away from
the shaft, when flywheel gets its rotation.
4. Keep the rope in same wound condition & hook up weight hanger at its free
end. And without allowing it to fall freely, add a weight in the weight hanger. Still
dont allow it to fall.
5. Now keep the stop watch ready to start the experiment.
6. Now allow free fall of weight in such a way that, as weight comes down by
gravity, rope gets unwound accordingly. And at the end when weight just reaches
the ground, it clears rope contact from shaft.
7. Now during step (6) measure time for free fall of weight.
8. And immediately after step (6) measure number of revolutions before flywheel
starts decelerating.
9. Note down the readings as per the given observation sheet.
10. After completion of experiment isolate rope, weight set etc and keep them safely.
11. Please keep entire set up in safe and dry place.

Note:

1. Always take at least three readings for step 7 and 8 and use average readings
out of it. This will avoid manual errors during noting.
2. Sometimes instead of weight hanger, weights itself are provided with
hook/hanger.
3. Due to practical considerations and other involved factors in noting in short time,
expected results may be matching with actual by at least 10% to 50% error.

Observations
1. Operate entire set up in a careful way, especially free fall weight.
2. Note down the respective readings.

Flywheel dimensions:

Diameter:
Thickness:

Weight pan basic weight:

Free fall time Vs weight
1.
2.
3.
4.

Speed Vs weight
1.
2.
3.
4.

Calculations
1. Theoretical Moment of Inertia of solid disk, I= 0.5*m*r
2

2. Actual Moment of Inertia of solid disk, I= m * r
2
*
1
I= moment of Inertia, m= mass of falling weight
r= effective radius of rope and shaft, g= 9.81m/s
2
, =Angular acceleration
Sample Example:
Now Theoretical Moment of Inertia is calculated as-
Flywheel details:
Diameter: 246mm
Thickness: 30mm
Weight: 11.65kg
I= 0.5*m*r
2
Now Actual Moment of Inertia is calculated as-
Falling weight details:
Shaft + Rope diameter: 32mm
Weight: 1kg
Free fall time Vs weight
1. 7 sec 1kg

Speed Vs weight
1. 1 rev/sec 1kg
I= m * r
2
*
1
=
0
+t

Applied Mechanics Lab Manual

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Applied Mechanics Lab Manual

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

APPLIED MECHANICS LAB MANUAL

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen