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Saudi Aramco Training & Career Development Defensive Drivers Development Program
This training material is the exclusive property of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco). Distribution, reproduction, or any use of this material, without the express written consent of Saudi Aramco, is strictly prohibited.
Contents
Introduction Defensive Driving Driver Improvement Program Driver Improvement Training & Testing Flowchart Vehicle Inspection Outside Your Vehicle Under the Hood Emergency and Special Equipment Final Preparation Traffic Rules Speed Limits Lane Usage Pavement Markings Traffic Lights Traffic Signs Intersections Are You Too Close? Point of No Return at Traffic Signals Turns Yielding the Right-of-Way Following a Vehicle Two-Second Rule Passing or Overtaking a Vehicle Defensive-Driving Techniques Driving Errors Defensive-Driving Formula Space-Cushion Technique Perception Time and Distance Reaction Time, Braking Distance, & Stopping Distance Types of Accidents to Avoid Safe-Driving Tips
Page
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5 6 7 8
9 10 11 14 16 33 35 35 36 38 40 41 42
45 46 47 51 51 53
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Driving Situations City Driving Expressway Driving General Rules for Highway Driving Night Driving Safety Tips for Night Driving Desert Driving Navigation Car Breakdown and Other Emergencies Before Leaving the Road Making a Water Trap Emergencies Emergency Communication Parking Adverse Driving Conditions Driver Condition Vehicle Condition Road Condition Traffic Condition Light Condition Weather Condition Saudi Aramco Policy Reporting an Accident G.I. 6.030 Summary
57 58 59 60 61 62 66 73 74 75 77 80 81
85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92
Saudi Aramco employees who fail DIP may be enrolled in the On-Road Make Up Driving Evaluation Course. After completing DIP, each employee must attend the Driver Improvement Refresher Seminar (DIRS) once every three years for reevaluating his driving authorization.
Vehicle Inspection
Just as safe driving is the responsibility of each driver, so is the condition of the vehicle (Ref. GI-6.029). If your assigned vehicle is not safe to drive, it doesnt matter how defensively you drive. You are an accident waiting to happen. If your vehicle has a mechanical defect, take it to Saudi Aramco Inspection immediately. Most Company vehicles are shared-use (pooled) vehicles. Many drivers operate them. Some drivers may not be as responsible as they should be. To control vehicle use and establish responsibility, vehicle log procedures are used. These procedures vary from one location to another, but most require the following entries: Date. Employee name and ID number. Destination. Time of departure. Estimated time of return. Mileage.
The Defensive Driver Always Tells Someone Where He is Going And When He Will Return
Odometer readings and other information may be required. Follow your departments vehicle log procedure carefully.
Make a mental checklist of the above items to insure the mechanical integrity of your vehicle. Remember: the safe condition of your vehicle is your responsibility.
You Are the Only One Who Knows If Something Is Wrong With Your Vehicle
Final Preparation
After getting in your vehicle and firmly shutting the doors, do the following before you start driving: Adjust the seat. Check that the gauges work properly. Test the floor pedals. Check the fuel gauge. Test the horn. Examine the headlights (low and high beams). Check the indicator lights (especially the brake and seat belt indicators). Check the rearview mirrors. Adjust if necessary. Ensure that the windshield wipers work. Fasten your seatbelt. Make sure all passengers have fastened their seat belts. Now that you have checked everything inside and out, you are ready to drive. Make certain the parking brake is on. Shift into park (automatic transmission) or neutral (manual transmission). Start the engine. With your foot on the brake, shift into gear. Release the parking brake. Drive cautiously. But before you release your parking brake and merge into traffic, you must know the traffic rules.
Traffic Rules
Traffic rules are guides to safe driving, so they should be obeyed. Disobeying rules is a major cause of traffic accidents. Defensive drivers obey the rules of the road. By following them they insure the safety of everyone.
Speed Limits
Speeding is the major cause of fatal accidents. The defensive driver slows down for conditions and never exceeds speed limits. Unless otherwise posted, follow established speed limits: 50 kph for vehicles within city limits. 30 kph maximum speed in school zones. 80 kph for heavy trucks outside city limits. 100 kph for passenger vehicles outside city limits, or as posted. Note: Crew-cab trucks are not passenger vehicles. Always drive slower than posted speed limits when hazardous conditions exist (bad weather, poor visibility, at night, etc.). Speeding can result in wrecked vehicles, injuries, disabilities, and death. U.S. National Safety Council statistics show that if you are driving at 120 kph (75 mph) and have an accident, you are likely to suffer serious or even fatal injuries. You have a one in eight chance of being killed in an accident at 120 kph (75 mph). At 100 kph (65 mph) you have a one in 20 chance of being killed. At 90 kph (55 mph) your chances are one in 50.
SPEED KILLS!
Lane Usage
Specific rules govern the use of traffic lanes. To avoid having an accident obey the following rules. Single-lane roads have one lane in each direction. Always stay in the right lane unless you are overtaking another vehicle. Dont move out of your lane unless it is safe to do so.
Double-lane roads allow two lanes of traffic in each direction. Slower vehicles and vehicles turning right should drive in the right lane. Faster vehicles and vehicles turning left should travel in the left lane. Do not block the left lane. Multiple-lane roads allow three or more lanes of traffic in each direction. Vehicles turning right, or driving slower, use the right lane. Vehicles driving straight ahead use the middle lane. You may drive in the left lane when passing, making a left turn, or when traffic is merging from the right.
The Defensive Driver Makes Few Lane Changes
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Pavement Markings
Pavement markings show the following: Where you should be on the road. Where overtaking is restricted. Where to wait to make a right turn. Where and how to park (alternating yellow and black lines on curbing means no parking; alternating white and black lines on curbing means you can park). Where parking is prohibited. Where pedestrians may cross. Where to stop at an intersection.
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Two white solid lines are used to indicate that you must not overtake another vehicle. A broken line next to a solid line indicates that the vehicle on the side of the broken line can overtake a vehicle when it is safe. The vehicle to the right of the solid line must not overtake.
12
On some highways a physical barrier divides the roads. These barriers are called median islands or highway dividers. It is illegal to cross a highway divider or median. An open space can also be a highway divider. Never cross any highway divider.
13
Traffic Lights
Traffic lights control traffic at intersections. They are meant for your safety and the safety of others. Obey them. When the light is red, STOP behind the crosswalk or at the intersection. Wait until the light is green.
When the light is yellow, SLOW DOWN AND PREPARE TO STOP. The light will turn red in only three to five seconds.
When the light turns green, make sure the intersection is clear. You must first yield the right-of-way to traffic and pedestrians that are still in the intersection, then proceed cautiously. Go in the direction of the arrow (right or left). Always yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and other vehicles. If there is no arrow you must wait until the red light changes to green. Go straight ahead only. Do not turn left or right.
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A red flashing light means STOP! Then proceed with extreme caution. Treat it the same as a stop sign.
A yellow flashing light means SLOW DOWN, look both ways, then drive with caution. Treat it the same as a yield sign. If a traffic light is out of order, treat the intersection as you would a four-way stop sign (see Intersections, page 33). You may see flashing red/yellow lights at dangerous intersections.
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Traffic Signs
International traffic signs are used in Saudi Arabia to safely control the flow of traffic. They point out dangers and give important information about directions, destinations, and points of interest. There are three basic traffic signs: Warning Signs Triangular signs are cautionary and advisory. They warn of approaching danger. Black symbols indicate the type of danger. Regulatory Signs Circular signs are either prohibitory (red), which inform drivers of restrictions that must be obeyed; or mandatory (blue), which regulate traffic movement. Specific directions are indicated by symbols against a white or blue background. Informative Signs Rectangular signs are informational. They tell you what you need to know, such as traffic direction, names and distances of towns, public service stations, hospitals, and telephones.
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Warning signs are placed beside the road to alert drivers of possible dangers ahead. Extreme caution and speed reduction must be applied upon the appearance of warning signs. The following are examples of common warning signs:
Children Crossing
Animal Crossing
Pedestrian Crossing
Left Bend
Road Narrows
Uneven Road
Crossroads
Road Works
Right Bend
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Overhead Powerlines
Falling Rocks
Two-Way Traffic
Traffic Lights
Road Intersection
Airstrip
Cyclists
18
No U Turn
No Parking
No Stopping or Waiting
No Left Turn
No Overtaking
Entry Prohibited
60
Stop
STOP
Buses Prohibited
19
DETOUR
Detour
Telephone
Parking Allowed
First-Aid Center
Hospital
Bus Stop
Priority is yours
20
Camping Ground
International Road
Repair Center
Restaurant
Gas Station
21
One-Way Sign
This arrow sign indicates streets where traffic is allowed to travel in one direction only.
One-way (R)
One-way (L)
22
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
23
Diagrammatic Signs
24
Route Markers
Distinctive route markers are used on the various categories of highways. Route numbers are assigned in accordance with the functional classification criteria of Highway Design Manual 1-1.05. 1. Expressway (Primary System) route markers carry route numbers imposed on the outline of the Arabian Peninsula, white on green with black Naskh style numerals. Primary routes have up to two digit numbers.
Primary Route
2. Secondary highways are numbered in three digits affixed on white on green marker.
Secondary Route
25
Feeders
4. Kilometer Posting a. Kilometer signs installed on all classes of highways. Numbering runs from west to east and from south to north. b. Kilometer posting also will be used on ring roads (loops). c. On two-lane roads, a kilometer post is placed along the right shoulder only, but with ascending-descending kilometers on either side whichever is appropriate.
Secondary Route
Kilometer Post
26
1. Interchange Informative signs, in proper sequence, give all necessary route and destination information through interchanges. New destination information is introduced into the major signs sequence for an interchange. 2. Interchange Informative signs may carry few sets of information, some of which would be: Next exit number Primary or expressways Secondary Highways, above Next town name Distance to next exit
27
28
Cloverleaf Interchange
29
Diamond Interchange
3 TOWN NAME (ARABIC) 6 TOWN NAME (ARABIC) 35 TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) 3 TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) 6 TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) 35
(Arabic)
23
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
23
S
(Arabic)
23
ENGLISH
ARABIC ENGLISH
OR
23
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
23
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
EXIT 22 (Arabic)
TOWN NAME
12 (Arabic)
(ARABIC)
456
TOWN NAME
(ENGLISH)
EXIT
EXIT 22 (Arabic)
TOWN NAME
(ARABIC)
456
TOWN NAME
(ENGLISH)
1 km
(Arabic)
EXIT 22 (Arabic)
TOWN NAME
(ARABIC)
456
TOWN NAME
(ENGLISH)
2 km
(Arabic)
30
31
Series of Closely Spaced Interchanges Using Sequence Signs and Sign Spreading
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Intersections
Traffic moves in many directions at intersections. More accidents occur at intersections than any other place on the road. These accidents happen because some drivers don't obey traffic rules. Intersections may be regulated with signals, rotaries (roundabouts), yield, and stop signs. The following rules should be obeyed at intersections: At intersections controlled by stop signs, stop your vehicle completely behind the crosswalk. Look left, look right, look left again, proceed cautiously. If there is a stop sign at a blind intersection, come to a complete stop at the sign. Stop at the line, and stop again at the edge of the barrier which hides the oncoming traffic. If the way is clear, then cross.
View Blocked
33
At intersections controlled by yield signs, the driver should slow down, check traffic on both sides, then proceed cautiously if it is safe. Stop for cross traffic. At intersections controlled by a policeman, always obey his commands. A policemans directions overrule traffic signs and signals. An uncontrolled intersection has neither traffic signs nor lights. To safely drive through, apply the following four-point rule: KNOW your course. SLOW down; be ready to react to any situation. SHOW others your intentions. GO cautiously.
ST P O
When Four Vehicles Stop at the Same Time at a Four-way Intersection, Courtesy and Communication is the Rule
At a four-way stop intersection, follow the rule, first stop, first go. When two vehicles stop at the same time, the driver on the left must be ready to yield to the driver on the right.
OP ST
OP ST
ST O P
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You are at a safe stopping distance behind a vehicle at a traffic light if you can see that vehicle's rear tires.
35
Turns
Turns enable a driver to change direction at intersections, junctions, detours, or roundabouts. Drivers must prepare to turn ahead of time to avoid accidents resulting from last-second decisions. The following procedure is recom- Dont Take a Turn for the Worse: mended to perform a safe turn: Drive Safely 1. Position your vehicle in the appropriate lane a block ahead of the turn. For right turns, stay in the right lane, 50 cm away from the curb. For left turns on multi-lane roads, stay in the left lane. On single-lane roads, stay close to the centerline. 2. Signal your intention to turn 35 meters in advance. Signalling may be done either by electric turn signals or by hand. 3. Slow down and check the blind spot on the turning side. 4. Turn cautiously at a comfortable radius; do not cut corners. 5. Finish the turn in the same lane that you started in. Study the following diagrams. They show the proper lanes to use when making turns.
Right Turn
36
When signal devices do not work, use the following hand signals.
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38
Always yield the right-of-way to emergency vehicles when they sound their sirens or flash their lights. Emergency vehicles include ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. Pull off to the right side of the road. If you are in the middle lane, wait until it is safe to pull off the road.
Pedestrians always have the right-of-way at intersections. They have the right-of-way even if the intersection is unmarked.
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Tailgating
Following another vehicle too closely is called tailgating. Tailgaters usually want to pass because they are in a hurry. Stopping suddenly in front of a tailgater can cause an accident. To avoid tailgating accidents, do the following: Don't tailgate. Allow a safe following distance between you and the car ahead using the two-second rule (see the next page). Be aware of your surroundings.
If you are being tailgated, do the following: Slow down gradually. Communicate your intentions to move right or left. Tap your brake. Look in blind spot Move to the right.
Watch Your Back for Tailgaters
There should be one car length (6 meters) between you and the vehicle ahead for each 16 kilometers per hour speed you are travelling.
This rule only applies in ideal conditions. If the road is wet, or vision is poor, increase the distance between you and the vehicle ahead.
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Two-Second Rule
The best way to determine if you are following a vehicle at a safe distance under normal driving conditions is to apply the two-second rule. Watch the vehicle ahead of you. When it passes a fixed reference point, say a telephone pole or a road sign, start counting, one Two Seconds of Awareness thousand one, one thousand two. is all it If your vehicle reaches the same fixed point Takes to Avoid before you finish counting one thousand on Accident two, you are following the other vehicle too closely. Slow down. Use the two-second rule again, until you are following at a safe distance.
The two-second rule only applies under ideal conditions and when you are travelling at a moderate speed. If the road is wet, or visibility is poor, increase your distance by counting for three, four, or more seconds.
41
42
When being passed: Decrease your speed. Move as far to the right as you safely can to allow others to pass. Never pass a vehicle in the following situations: Do not pass on hilltops.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Figure 4
Figure 6
Figure 7
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Defensive-Driving Techniques
Driving Errors
Driving errors are the major cause of traffic accidents. There are four common categories of driving error: traffic violations, vehicle abuse, poor planning, and discourtesy. Traffic violations are the worst kind of driving error. The defensive driver always obeys all traffic rules. Driving is a privilege, not a right. You will lose your driving privilege if you break the rules. Vehicle abuse includes driving aggressively, speeding, and overloading the vehicle. It also includes using company vehicles for personal business. Always use company vehicles with respect and care. Poor planning often results in accidents. The defensive driver always considers distance, speed limits, weather, and road conditions when planning a trip. By planning your trip ahead of time you avoid having to hurry. Discourtesy is a lack of respect for other drivers and pedestrians. The safe driver is always courteous to others. He always gives other drivers the right-of-way, even when it should be given to him. The safe driver is like a public relations man. He projects a positive image. He does this by being courteous. Avoid these common driving errors. Obey all traffic rules. Never abuse your vehicle or your driving privilege. Always plan your trips well ahead of time. Allow enough time to complete your trip safely. And always be courteous to others. In addition to avoiding common driving errors, use the following defensive-driving techniques. By applying these techniques with the traffic rules you have learned, you greatly reduce the risk of having a traffic accident.
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Defensive-Driving Formula
The defensive-driving formula consists of three simple steps: 1. See Danger Before it Happens Develop the ability to see potential danger on the road before it happens. Constantly be on the lookout for accidents waiting to happen. Never assume that all is safe. Never assume that everything is all right. Never drop your guard. Stay alert! 2. Know What to do When a Dangerous Situation Arises Each dangerous situation requires a specific response. The defensive driver learns the specific response for each situation so he can apply it when the time comes. 3. Take Corrective Action in Time Never assume the attitude that maybe the other driver will change his mind and do the right thing. Never assume that maybe nothing bad will happen. Assume the worst scenario and then act in time, before its too late! Take corrective action: See danger before it happens. Know what to do. Act quickly and decisively.
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Space-Cushion Technique
The space-cushion technique consists of five key points: 1. Aim High in Steering. 2. Get the Big Picture. 3. Keep Your Eyes Moving. 4. Leave Yourself an Out. 5. Make Sure Others See You.
Keep a Space-Cushion Around Your Vehicle
1. Aim High: Look far ahead while driving. Train your eyes to see where your vehicle will be 15 seconds from now. In the city look one block ahead. On highways look 400 meters ahead.
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2. Get the Big Picture: See more than just whats in front of your eyes. See the potential accident that lurks behind every corner and ahead of every vehicle.
Daydreaming and Driving Dont Mix: Keep Your Eyes Moving to Get the Big Picture
To get the big picture, first establish a safe following distance by using the two-second rule. A safe driving distance is the key to good visibility. Slow down in dense traffic. Concentrate on driving, not talking.
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3. Keep Your Eyes Moving: This helps you get and keep the big picture. Because traffic is constantly moving, your eyes should too. Glance continuously to the right and left, near and far. Glance at your mirrors every five to eight seconds. Occasionally glance at the instrument panel. Avoid fixed stare: visually concentrating too long on one object. To avoid affecting your peripheral vision, do not stare at any fixed object for more than two seconds.
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4. Leave Yourself an Out: Have an escape path available should an emergency arise. Always keep an open area of space, a space-cushion, around your vehicle.
5. Make Sure Others See You: Use your lights, horn, vehicle position, hand signals, body movements, and eye contact. Let other drivers know what you intend to do. By letting others know what you intend to do, you can avoid accidents. For example, tap your horn to let inattentive pedestrians know you are turning.
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Remember: These distances are for good brakes and good road surfaces. Increase your distance if roads are wet or slippery. Defensive Driving is Everyones Responsibility: Including Yours!
KM M PER PER HR SEC 120 34 100 29 85 65 50 35 25 20 16 10
Total stopping distance is the ground a vehicle covers from the instant that the driver perceives a danger until the vehicle is totally stopped. The perception, reaction, braking, and total stopping distance will be adversely affected by speed. See the chart below.
KPH MPH
120
110
100
90
85
75
65
60
50
40
35
SPEED
70
65
60
55
35
40
30
50
45
25
20
Reaction Distance
Meter
10
24
22
20
19
12
13
10
17
15
16
18
22
Stopping Distance
Foot
15
77
72
66
66
33
61
39
28
22
55
50
32
28
Meter
20-24
11-14
72-90
60-75
49-62
40-50
14-18
32-40
25-31
52
45 8-9 6-7
48
72
Total Stopping Distances with Perfect Brakes on Best Road and Under Favorable Conditions.
Braking Distance
237-295
196-245
162-202
132-165
105-131
82-103
Reaction Distance
64-80
36-45
25-31
18-22
47-58
Foot
97
63
97-113
Meter
33-38
21-24
16-18
12-13
26-30
40-47
82-97
69-82
59-69
46-54
94
Braking Distance
108-124
314-372
132-153
286-317
228-268
193-226
160-186
69-78
53-59
40-44
86-97
Foot
123
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When Being Passed: The defensive driver should always expect others to pass him. To reduce the possibility of an accident in this situation, the driver should: Stay to the right side of his lane. Travel at moderate speeds. Frequently glance in the rearview mirrors. Check the blind spots before turning or changing lanes. Allow the passing vehicle to return to the right lane. Oncoming Vehicles: Collisions with oncoming vehicles are particularly deadly. Do the following to avoid head-on collisions: Slow down for better control. Always watch the traffic condition at a good distance ahead. Use your lights and horn as necessary to warn dozers. If they show no response, glance over your right shoulder, and go off the right side of the road. Never drive off to the left. Vehicles at Intersections: More accidents occur at intersections than anywhere else. Avoid this accident situation by doing the following: When turning right: Get in the far right of the road or get in the right lane well in advance. Flash the right turn signal at least 30 meters before the turn. Allow 50 cm between your vehicle and the curb. This will discourage other drivers from squeezing between you and the curb.
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Be sure you have the right-of-way and there is no cross traffic. Check both ways and any blind spots. When going straight through intersections: Be sure you have the right-of-way. Slow down and prepare to stop. Count two seconds before moving when the light turns green. Look left (traffic coming from the left is closest), look right, and then look left again. Accelerate through the intersection when it is safe. When turning left: Get in the left lane well in advance. Turn on the left signal at least 35 meters before the turn. Stop and yield the right-of-way to cross traffic and oncoming vehicles. Turn when it is safe.
Passing and Overtaking is a Normal Part of Driving, but It Must be Done Carefully.
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Safe-Driving Tips
A defensive driver is always prepared for the unexpected. He develops skills in avoiding accidents. He is always expected to do the following: Fasten his seat belt and encourage passengers to do the same. Plan his route before driving anywhere. Anticipate all turns. Avoid unnecessary lane changes. Adjust his speed according to the flow of traffic and the road conditions. Yield the right-of-way to others. Constantly show others his intentions and communicate as situations arise. Maintain a space-cushion. Slow down before driving into a curve.
Go with the Flow
Keep both hands on the steering wheel and steer high. Make courtesy a habit.
To avoid rear-end collisions, the defensive driver should routinely do the following: Check that his tail lights are working properly. Frequently glance at his rearview mirrors. Always signal well in advance. Never stop suddenly. Slow down gradually. Avoid driving too slowly. Go with the flow of traffic.
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If You Don't Notice Drivers in Parked Vehicles, It Doesn't Mean there are None
Always watch for vehicle doors opening. Be patient when driving in slow-moving traffic. Always watch for pedestrians and children. Always plan your trip ahead of time. Do not concentrate on non-traffic related objects.
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Expressway Driving
Most expressways provide acceleration and deceleration lanes. These lanes allow drivers to adjust their speed to match the flow of traffic. When exiting an expressway: Signal your intention. Move to the lane nearest the off-ramp. Pull into the exit before slowing down. When entering an expressway: If the outer lane is clear, increase your speed gradually. Use your signal. Watch for an opening in expressway traffic. Yield the right-of-way. Pick up your speed to match the flow of traffic. Do not stop at the end of the acceleration lane unless traffic is heavy. Merge with traffic through the outer lane. If you need to get in the inner lane, signal, view your mirrors, look into the blind spot, then change lanes.
Backing up on an Expressway is Suicidal
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Drive in the right lanes and pass on the left. Use your rearview mirrors to check the traffic behind you. Pull over to the right shoulder to stop. Never stop on the road. Allow enough room when passing. Never try to flag or stop traffic. If you do, you may be hit by a passing vehicle. Stay out of blind spots. Constantly check your speed and fuel supply. Be prepared for merging traffic.
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Night Driving
At night your vision is reduced. The average range of your headlights is limited to 150 meters. Because of this you must reduce your speed to avoid an accident. There is also the problem of the blinding glare. Dont look directly into oncoming headlights. Look to the right side of the road. Defensive drivers use the low beam to avoid blinding other drivers. Always dim your headlights: When an oncoming vehicle comes within 150 meters. When you are 90 meters behind a vehicle.
Use High Beam Only When Driving in Open Areas Without Other Cars Near
Always Use Low Beam When Approaching Other Cars so as Not to Blind the Driver
Always: Turn your headlights on half an hour before sunset. Use your lights until half an hour after sunrise. Apply the four second rule to ensure stopping capability within the lighted span.
Slow Down at Night
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Desert Driving
Desert driving is extremely dangerous. The smallest mistake can lead to disaster. You must know preparation procedures and safety guidelines. Inexperienced drivers should know of the dangers before leaving and take necessary precautions. Remember: safety is a personal responsibility.
Vehicle Checklist
When driving in the desert use a four-wheel drive. Never drive alone. Always travel with two or more vehicles. Preparation for desert driving requires a thorough vehicle check: Fuel: Make sure you have enough fuel to reach and return from your destination. Carry extra fuel in a vapor-tight metal can. Never fill it completely. Leave room for the fuel to expand. Ensure that vehicles have extra fuel tanks. Sand Tires: Check for cuts and wear. Check for proper inflation. Before driving in soft sand, lower the pressure 12 to 16 psi. Always use a pressure gauge. Oil: Check the oil level; check for oil leaks (filter, gaskets, oil pan, etc.). Cooling System: Check the radiator water level. Make sure the cap is tight. Check for leaks in the radiator, hoses, and engine block. Also check that the fan belts are tight and not cracked. Electrical System: Check the following items: battery electrolyte level, battery cables, lights, starter, horn, and dashboard gauges. Make sure the engine runs smoothly.
A Mistake in the Desert Can be Fatal
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Supply Checklist
After inspecting the vehicle, run through a checklist of supplies. The amount of supplies you will need is determined by the length of your trip. Following is a partial list: Compass for map reading, GPS, or cell phone if available. Map or a guide. Water (five gallons or 30 liters in summer, and 15 liters in winter per day, per person, with a minimum of a three-day extra supply per person for emergencies). Food (canned or dried, not fresh; omit salty food items). Can opener, salt, plastic or glass container for drinking. First-aid kit with appropriate medicines. Pressure bandages, antiseptic lotion, and other suitable medicines. Iodine or bleach to disinfect water (five drops of iodine for each quart of clear water, 10 drops for dirty water, and let is stand for 30 minutes; 10 drops of bleach for each quart of clear water, 20 drops for dirty water, and let it stand for 30 minutes). Two spare tires. Lug wrench for changing tires. Hydraulic and bumper jacks. Air and fuel pumps. Low-pressure tire gauge. Fan belt, radiator hoses, and band clamps. Tool box containing basic tools. Electrical wire and jumper cables. Water pump, carburetor, distributor (including breaker points) for older vehicles.
Driving in the Desert? Dont Forget Your Compass and Map
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Condenser. Spark plugs and wrench. Hose 1/4 x 8 meters long. Hand pump for blowing out gas lines. Friction tape to repair hose leaks. A Trip to the Desert CO2 fire extinguisher. Begins By Signing Out Shovel. at the Main Gate Sand grates (two minimum). Nylon tow rope 20-meter x 1 diameter shackles. One liter of engine oil. Wooden blocks (to put under vehicle frame and on sand to jack it out of a hole in the sand). Sunglasses, hat or helmet, tie ropes or twine. Signal flares. Cotton shirt (long-sleeved) and trousers. Comfortable shoes. Sleeping bag for overnight travel. Large-mouthed containers (four plastic buckets). Clothespins (wooden). Tarpaulin for protection from the sun (bright color). Four large plastic sheets and 1/4 nylon hose, 2 meters long.
Desert driving increases fuel consumption by 64% compared with on-road driving.
Loading the vehicle top will increase the possibility to over turn it.
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30
24
TOKYO COMPASS
65
15
21 0
0 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6
33 0
30
60
12 0
10
JAPAN
Figure 1
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down is geographical south. The right and left sides of the map are east and west, respectively. The magnetic poles are close to the geographical poles, but are not coincidental. The angle between the straight lines pointing from the place of observation to the geographical poles and magnetic North Pole is called variation or declination of the place. The variation differs from place to place in the world. The lines of equal variation are very irregular; however, an area topographical map gives the local variation. (Refer to Figure 2) To get the geographically correct degree of a direction, you must either subtract or add the local variation, depending on which side of the zero declination line you are on. To obtain a true map bearing, read the bearing on your compass. If the local Figure 2 variation is western, subtract the variation from the reading; if it is eastern, add it to the reading. However, it is more practical for you to use the bearing you get when you set the magnetic north as 0.
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Figure 3
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32
3. Then, turn the rotating ring and make the arrows in the compass capsule parallel to the magnetic north lines you drew in step 1. (At this stage you do not have to mind the position of the magnetic needle.)
Next, hold your compass and turn yourself slowly until the north end (the luminous end) of the magnetic needle is parallel to the arrows in the compass capsule.
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Figure 5
Now proceed in the direction the arrow of the travel line points. Keep the magnetic needle parallel to the arrows of the compass capsule. Go in this direction until you reach the destination. When you arrive at the first destination, repeat the same procedure. Repeat the procedure until you reach your final destination. While you are proceeding toward the destination, you have to make sure of the direction by looking at your compass. Go as straight as possible. If the deviation to the right or left of the correct course is large, the error at your goal becomes even larger.
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Plan Your Trip Carefully so You do Not Get Lost in the Desert
Figure 6
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Then, turn towards communication pole B and repeat the same procedure. The point of intersection of these two straight lines is your present location on the map (Figure 7).
Figure 7
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If the vehicle remains stuck: Lower tire pressure to 15 psi. (Use automatic tire deflators.) Dig sand away from front, back, and sides of tires (dont dig too deep). Stuff material (bushes, boards, or sand mat) under the wheels in the direction you will go. Lighten the load by removing cargo. It is always preferred to back up if the sand is softer ahead. Another method, if you are travelling with a second vehicle, is to use a tow line. Be careful the second vehicle doesnt travel too closely. You dont want it to get stuck too!
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Stretch a plastic sheet across the hole, staking it down with rocks or sand. Make sure it is taut. Place a small rock over the receptacle to create a slight sag in the plastic sheet. Place one end of a hose in the bottom of the bucket. Fasten it to the bucket side with a clothes-pin. Keep the other end of the hose closed to prevent entry of dust and insects. During the night, condensation will create drops of water that fall in the receptacle. Make several water traps.
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Emergencies
An emergency situation can occur at any time. As a defensive driver, you must know what to do in an emergency. Accelerator Sticks Concentrate on your steering. Slap the pedal with your foot. If it remains stuck, shift to neutral and turn off the engine. Pull off the road and brake to a stop. Brakes Fail Pump the pedal several times to see if the pressure builds up. If it doesnt, coast in gear and use the parking brake. Shift into a lower gear. If you are on a hill, look for something to sideswipe, like a guardrail. Honk your horn to warn pedestrians and other vehicles. Wet Brakes After driving through deep water, test the brakes lightly. If they are wet, they will pull to one side or not work at all. Drive slowly in low gear. Apply your brakes lightly to If Your Tire Blows Out, dry them. Dont Brake Tire Blowout Decelerate Gradually If your tire blows out, keep a firm grip on the steering wheel. Dont brake! Concentrate on steering. Slow down gradually and pull off the road. Wheels Go Off the Pavement Take your foot off the gas pedal. Hold the steering wheel firmly. Apply the brakes softly. Wait until there is no traffic, then turn both front wheels onto the pavement slowly. Skidding Skidding occurs when the tires lose their grip on the road. When your vehicle skids, turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. Do not apply the brake or clutch pedal. Reduce speed gradually.
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Rollovers Rollovers may occur when vehicles are forced off the road into the sand. The vehicle rolls over when the driver tries to drive back onto the road without slowing down. If you find yourself off the road, take your foot off the accelerator. Let the vehicle coast. Do not brake! Steer straight. Hydroplaning Hydroplaning occurs when water builds up on the tires. The vehicle is lifted off the road on a film of water. The driver does not have complete control of the vehicle. Drive slowly in heavy rain to avoid hydroplaning.
Steer Clear of Accidents: Learn What to do in an Emergency
At low speeds, a tire cuts through water at tire-road juncture, and remains in complete contact with the road.
At speeds above 50 kph, a water wedge may penetrate tire-road contact and partial hydroplaning occurs.
At speeds above 90 kph, a water wedge may increase and the tire loses complete contact with the road, causing total hydroplaning.
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Vehicle Approaching in Your Lane Steer to the right side of the road. Give the entire lane to the oncoming car. Sound your horn and flash your headlights. If you cannot leave your lane, brake sharply. This will lessen the impact if there is a collision. Fire If your vehicle catches fire, there is probably a short circuit. Try to extinguish the fire with your fire extinguisher. Use a jack handle or other tool to rip out burning wires. If you dont have a tool, try to smother the fire with sand or a blanket. If the fire gets out of control, get away from the vehicle quickly. The gas tank may explode. Use good judgment. Personal safety comes first.
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Emergency Communication If your vehicle breaks down, use the emergency flashing lights to signal other drivers. Emergency flashing lights tell other drivers that you can't move, or if you can, you are moving very slowly. It is not safe to open the hood or trunk cover. Instead, turn on your four-way or emergency flashers. In fog or heavy rain, if visibility is so poor that driving is dangerous, pull off the road and park. Turn on your four-way flashers to warn others that your vehicle is not moving. When you think a tire is punctured, or the dashboard indicators signal engine failure, turn on your four-way flashers, reduce your speed gradually, and firmly move out of traffic toward the right shoulder of the road. Keep the flashers on after placing the warning triangles.
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Parking
A vehicle doesnt have to be moving to cause an accident. Improperly parked vehicles can cause accidents and even death. When parking, do the following: Bring your vehicle to a complete stop. A Vehicle Doesnt Have Set the parking brake. to be Moving to Turn your wheels toward the Cause an Accident sidewalk shoulder if you are parking downhill, and away from it if you are parking uphill. Switch off the ignition. Shift into park (automatic transmission) or first gear or reverse (manual transmission). Remove your keys. Lock the doors. Emergency Parking In addition to following the above steps during an emergency parking situation, you must do the following: On two-way roads: Move your vehicle at least 2 meters away from the road. Place one warning triangle 50 meters in front of the vehicle. Place another warning triangle 100 meters behind the vehicle. On multi-lane roads: Place two warning triangles behind the vehicle: one at 10 meters, and another at 100 meters. Dont forget to retrieve the rear triangles on the road before moving your vehicle.
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Parallel Parking
Contrary to what some people think, parallel parking is easy. Practice the following steps.
Turn the wheels sharply to the right and back slowly toward the vehicle behind.
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When your front door passes the back bumper of the vehicle ahead, straighten the wheels and continue straight back.
When clear of the vehicle ahead, turn the wheels sharply to the left and back up slowly.
Turn the wheels sharply to the right and pull toward the curb.
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Never Park: Next to any vehicle parked along a curb. (double park) On a sidewalk. In an intersection. Where you obstruct traffic or entrances of garages. On a bridge or overpass. In a tunnel. On railroad tracks. Where signs prohibit parking. Within 5 meters of a fire hydrant. Within 6 meters of a fire station driveway. Within 10 meters of a stop sign. Near street excavation. On highways. Move your vehicle off the road.
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Driver Condition
The most important factors affecting safe driving are the physical, mental, and emotional condition of the driver. An alert and physically fit driver is able to respond to any situation. Never drive when you are tired or sleepy. If you are sleepy, pull off the side of the road and rest. Never drive when you are taking prescription drugs that cause drowsiness. Read instructions regarding possible side effects.
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Always take into consideration any physical impairments you may have. These include old age, poor vision, and disease. If you suffer from a physical impairment, consult your physician before driving.
Vehicle Condition
The condition of your vehicle affects your ability to control it. It also affects your ability to see other drivers and pedestrians. Like the driver, the vehicle should be in excellent condition. When your vehicle has a mechanical defect, take it to a mechanic immediately. Never drive a vehicle that has faulty brakes. Never drive in the rain or fog if your windshield wipers are not working properly. Never drive if you have a defective muffler. It could cause your vehicle to fill with carbon monoxide, which will kill you. Make sure your tires are properly inflated and not worn. Defective tires cause skidding and blowouts.
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Make sure your turn signal and headlights work properly. They affect both your vision and your ability to signal other drivers of your intentions. Make sure your horn works. In an emergency situation, you may need to sound a warning. Make sure the seat belts are in good condition. The defensive driver always fastens seat belts and enforces their use.
Dont Become Another Statistic: Keep Your Vehicle in Excellent Condition
Road Condition
The condition of the road affects your ability to steer the vehicle. It also affects your ability to stop. Poor weather is the biggest factor affecting road condition. The defensive driver always adjusts his speed to the road surface condition. When the road surface is wet and slippery, decrease your speed. Posted speed limits are for ideal conditions only. Watch out for potholes and dips in the road surface. If you hit a pothole or dip too hard, you could misalign your front wheels or even lose control of your vehicle. Speed must be reduced when roads are: Curved (bends, detours, and cloverleaf interchanges). Undergoing maintenence or repair. Uneven, rocky, or sandy. About to become narrow. Intersecting with railroads or bridges. Fitted with speed bumps or rumble strips.
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Traffic Condition
Traffic condition is determined by the number of other drivers on the road. It is also determined by the number of pedestrians. The amount of traffic depends on the time of day and the day of the week. Traffic is heavier during the morning and afternoon when people are going to and coming from work. When possible, avoid rush traffic. Remember: the more traffic, the greater the risk of an accident. If you are unable to avoid driving during rush traffic, plan your route to avoid heavily congested streets (feeders). When in heavy traffic, go with the flow. This means conforming to the pace of the traffic around you. If you drive faster or slower than the vehicles around you, you cause The Defensive Driver additional passing. Additional Avoids Rush Traffic passing increases the chance of an accident.
P STO
STO P
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Light Condition
The light condition affects your ability to see and be seen. Night driving is particularly dangerous. See Night Driving on page 60 for safe-driving techniques for nighttime driving. When driving in too much light, such as driving directly in the morning sun, wear sunglasses or use your sun visor.
Also remember that when you have difficulty seeing other drivers, they have difficulty seeing you. So take extra precautions. Take care so others can see you. Switch your headlights on at dusk and at dawn.
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Weather Condition
Bad weather includes rain, fog, and sandstorms. When your vision is reduced to 300 meters or less during the daytime because of bad weather, you should turn on your low-beam headlights.
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Do not leave the scene of the accident. If you must take someone to the hospital, return as soon as possible. Also, do not move your vehicle until you have been told to do so by the investigating traffic officer. Cooperate with the investigating officer. He is there to help you.
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G.I. 6.030
Loss Prevention General Instruction 6.030, states that all Saudi Aramco licensed driver employees and contractor employees assigned to drive company vehicles must satisfactorily complete the Driver Improvement Program. Unassigned Saudi Aramco drivers are also included. Following is a brief summary of important points: 1. Requirements to Drive a Company Vehicle: Hold a valid drivers license recognized by the Government. Complete DIP. Take supervisors road test. Off-road vehicles and heavy trucks drivers must pass the related *T&CD tests. Authorized drivers should take a **DIRS every three years. 2. Motor Vehicle Accidents resulting in damage to Company vehicles must be reported on Saudi Aramco form 1193, according to G.I. 6.029. 3. Criteria Determining Safe-Driving Incentives: Number of kilometers driven (refer to G.I. 50.007). Number of days driven without MVA/violations. Criteria of employees department. 4. Citations for Unsafe Driving Practice: Industrial Security is responsible for issuing citations for traffic violations using SA-2412 "Notice For Unauthorized Parking and Unsafe Driving Practice" Department head takes corrective action. A copy is kept in the employees file. Note: Whether employees are assigned to drive Saudi Aramco vehicles or not, must complete DIP and take DIRS *T&CD **Driver Improvement Program Refresher Seminar
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5. Penalty points will be issued to the drivers involved in the infraction. Penalty point categories are listed below. Penalty points assigned should reflect such factors as whether an *MVA or violation involved personal injury, damage to property, or repeated infractions. I. Motor Vehicle Accidents 1. Preventable MVAs: Vehicle a total loss $1,000 or more damage Less than $1,000 damage 2. Reckless driving which results in injury 3. Non-preventable or non-recordable MVAs II. Moving Traffic Violations 1. Reckless driving (combination of moving violations) 2. Speeding: Exceeding speed limit by 10 kph or less 10 to 20 kph 21 to 30 kph Over 30 kph 3. Driving on the wrong side of a divided roadway 4. Passing in a "No Passing" zone 5. Failure to obey a traffic signal or stop sign 6. Not using seat belts (drivers or passengers) 7. More than 3 people in front seat 8. Passengers in back of open pickup truck * Motor Vehicle Accident 10 3 6 8 10 10 6 8 8 5 4 14 9 4 14 0
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III. Parking Offenses 1. Parking in an emergency route or emergency vehicle space 2. Parking in a posted Handicapped Parking area 3. Parking on the wrong side of the street (against the traffic flow) 4. Parking in a posted "No Parking" zone 5. Parking in a posted "Reserved" area 4 4 3 2 1
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Notes
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