Solutions to

Science
PULLOUT WORKSHEETS FOR CLASS X First Term
By Vibha Arora
M.Sc., B.Ed. Dept. of Physics Delhi Public School R. K. Puram, New Delhi

Me 'n' Mine

Anju Sachdeva
M.Sc., M.Ed. Dept. of Chemistry Delhi Public School R. K. Puram, New Delhi

Sushma Sardana
M.Sc., M.Ed. Dept. of Biology Delhi Public School R. K. Puram, New Delhi

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CONTENTS
FIRST TERM
PHYSICS
1. ELECTRICITY Worksheets 1 to 18 ................................................................................................................................ 513 Chapter Test...........................................................................................................................................1314 2. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Worksheets 23 to 27 ...........................................................................................................................1518 Chapter Test..................................................................................................................................................18 3. SOURCES OF ENERGY Worksheets 31 to 37 ...........................................................................................................................1924 Chapter Test..................................................................................................................................................24

CHEMISTRY
4. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS Worksheets 40 to 47 ...........................................................................................................................2632 Chapter Test...........................................................................................................................................3233 5. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Worksheets 52 to 64 ...........................................................................................................................3441 Chapter Test...........................................................................................................................................4142 6. METALS AND NON-METALS Worksheets 69 to 84 ...........................................................................................................................4355 Chapter Test...........................................................................................................................................5556

BIOLOGY
7. LIFE PROCESSES Worksheets 89 to 107 .........................................................................................................................5870 Chapter Test...........................................................................................................................................7071 8. CONTROL AND COORDINATION Worksheets 113 to 120 .......................................................................................................................7277 Chapter Test..................................................................................................................................................77 PRACTICE PAPERS (I to V) ............................................................................................................. 79102

SOLUTIONS TO PULLOUT WORKSHEETS

PHYSICS

ELECTRICITY
WORKSHEET-1
4. (c) 14. (b) 24. (b) 5. (b) 15. (d) 25. (a) 6. (b) 16. (a) 26. (d) 7. (b) 17. (d) 27. (a) 8. (b) 18. (c) 28. (b) 9. (b) 19. (d) 29. (a) 10. (a) 20. (a) 30. (a)

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (b)

WORKSHEET-2
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. A basic entity capable of independent existence. It is of two types + ve and ve. SI unit coulomb. 10. Net charge is ve. 11. Whenever two charges q1 and q2 are separated by a distance r from their centres, there exists a force of attraction or repulsion which is directly proportional to product of two charges and inversely to square of distance between them.

q1q2 r2
q1q2 r2

F= K 12. F = K 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

q1q2

9 109 1.6 1019 1.6 1019 19 = 2304 10 N. 2 6 2 r (1 10 ) It means work done in moving a unit positive charge between points A and B in that field is 3 J. 1 volt = 1 joule/1 coulomb. Potential or potential difference. Resistivity of a given material is a constant. Therefore, it is not affected by change in length of wire. Least possible when three are in parallel = 1.03 . Maximum possible when three are in series = 10 . 2 . Because surface charges get removed and come to the surface. A bulb of 50 W became P R. 1 joule = 1 volt 1 coulomb.

WORKSHEET-3
1. It is a closed path within which electrical current can flow. 2. Resistance of a conductor increases with increase in temperature. 3. SI unit for resistance is ohms, . SI unit for resistivity is ohm-metre, m.
E L E C T R I C I T Y

4.

5. As the temperature increases, resistance increases. T2 > T1

6. 7. 8.

9.

10.

V =R. I V R1 > R2 > R3 Since Resistance = I Hence, R1 is maximum and R3 is minimum. Geyser has higher resistance and hence, draws more power. Therefore, light from bulb gets dimmer for a moment. Tungsten is preferred because; (a) It has high resistance, high melting point. (b) For some rise in temperature it gives more light. (i) Electrical transmission line: Cu is preferred as it has low resistivity and is a good conductor. Therefore, without lossing much of electricity in transmitting. (ii) Electrical heating devices: Manganin is preferred due to high resistivity, being an alloy its resistance does not change with rise of temperature and works suitably with heating effect to produce maximum heat in least time. Alloys are preferred because; (i) In alloys, resistance does not vary much with increase of temperature. (ii) They do not get oxidised on heating.
Resistance is

WORKSHEET-4
1. In series circuit (i) as resistances are connected one after other. Therefore, effective resistance is more, hence, current is less (ii) if one appliance is defective or not working in series others would also not work. 2. Electric circuit. It is a closed path within which electric current moves. Open electric circuit. In an open electric circuit, the electric current does not flow as there is some break in the path, i.e., either the key is open or some other end is not connected. Closed electric circuit. In this an electric current flows as the path is closed. 3. (a) It is a straight line passing through zero. (b) Slope of this graph at any point gives resistance of the circuit. 4. E = P t = 1200
20 60

= 0.4 units = 0.4 kWh

S C I E N C E X

5. A parabolic or concave reflector throws heat radiations to maximum distance if the filament is at the focus of that reflector. 6. R= =
l A

RA 22 0.1 10 3 0.1 103 = 10 = 3.14 107 m. l 7 1

7. As per Coulombs law F

q1q2 r2

So, if distance is doubled then force will reduce to 8. e = 1.6 10

19

1 th its original value. 4

6

C, = +2e = 3.2 10 F= K

19

C, r = 1 10 ;

m.

q1q2 r2

F=

9 10 9 1.6 10 19 3.2 10 19

(1 10

6 2

) ( )

= 4.6 1035 N.

9. 10 10

I=
3

nq t

n 1.6 1019 1 16 16 n = 6.25 10 = 6.25 10 electron/sec.

R R1 1 l2 l1 100 = 10. 2 100 R1 A l1 % increase = 25% Resistivity is a constant, therefore, it will not increase.

WORKSHEET-5
1. (a) P = V /R R (b) Energy No. of units 2. Power input
2

= = = =

V /P = (220) /20 = 2420 P t = 20 10 = 200 Wh = 0.2 kWh 0.2 units daily. 60 J/s, Power output = 7.5 J/s

3.

7.5 100 = 12.5%. 60 2 Heat energy = I Rt 2 = (5) (20) 30 = 25 20 30 = 15000 J.

Efficiency =

E L E C T R I C I T Y

4. If resistances are R, then in series = 2R In parallel =

R 2
2

H in series = I 2Rt 2 H in parallel = I Rt/2 Ratio =

2I 2 Rt 4 = = 4 : 1. 2 1 I Rt / 2

5. Under conditions of temperature and pressure remaining constant, electric current passing through a circuit is directly proportional to applied voltage.

6. (a) Silver is a better conductor.

(b) Silver

WORKSHEET-6
1. Highest by connecting all of them in series = 4 + 8 + 12 + 24 = 48 Lowest by connecting all of them in parallel = 2. When we connect them in parallel, then: (i) Effective resistance of circuit reduces, therefore, large current flows. (ii) If one appliance is not working, others would continue to work. 3. Ohms law states V I Therefore, resistance remaining constant, the electric current would also be reduced to half its original value if voltage is reduced to half. 4. Energy = Power Time TV set = ETV = 250 watt 1 hr = 250 Wh = 0.25 kWh Toaster = Etoaster = 1200 watt ETV > Etoaster. 5. SI unit is joules; commercial unit is kWh. 1 kWh = 1000 watt 1 hour = 1000 watt 3600 sec = 3.6 106 watt sec = 3.6 106 joules

1 1 1 1 6+ 3+ 2+1 12 + + + = = 4 8 12 24 24 24 R = 2 .

10 hr = 200 Wh = 0.20 kWh 60

S C I E N C E X

6. These are special kind of material where conductivity increases with decrease of temperature. Here, resistance reduces almost to zero at low temperature, e.g., liquid nitrogen (N2). 7.

l A R1 = 20 R2 = ?
R=
l A2 R1 lA = 1 2 = 2l A R2 l2 A1

l1 = l l2 = 2l

A1 = A A2 = A/2

1 R1 = R 2 = 4 R1 4 R2
8. (a) Formula used V = IR RCE = 2 + 4 = 6 . (b) I = (c) IAB

V ; R = 3 ; V = 3 V I = 1 A. R 3 V 1 = AB = = A 6 R AB 2
3 VCE 1 = = A. 6 R CE 2

ICE =

(d) P.D2 =

1 1 2 = 1 V; P4= 4 = 2 V. 2 2

WORKSHEET-7
1. (a) P = VI = 2.5 750 10 = 1875 10 = 1.875 W. (b) R = V/I = 2.5/750 103 = 3.33 . 3 (c) E = P t = 1.875 4 = 7.5 Wh = 7.5 10 kWh. 2. Let the same resistances be x and other be y, then Series; x + x + y = 30 or 2x + y = 30 Parallel, Solving, we get
3 3

1 1 1 1 + + = 3 x x y
x = 18 y = 6 .

or

x +y = 3 2

3. (a)

1 1 1 1 1+1+ 2 4 = = + + = 8 8 4 8 8 R R = 2 .

(b)

1 1 1 1 = + + 7 8 4 R 1 29 8 + 7 + 14 = = R 56 56
or R =

56 . 29

E L E C T R I C I T Y

4. (a) Power = I R = (4) 60 = 16 60 = 960 W. (b) V = IR = 4 60 = 240 V. (c) t = 2 60 = 120 sec 2 E = P t = = I R t = 960 2 60 = 115200 joules. 5. (a) Total resistance will be 4 times original, i.e., 4 . (b) It will be 2.5 . (c) Since R

l A R 6 = = 1.5 . 4 4
I=

Resultant (R) =

6. (a) Key open, then R = 12 , V = 6 V (b) Key closed, then R = 6 , V = 6 V

V = 0.5 A. R V = 1 A. I= R

WORKSHEET-8
1. P.D. between AB is 4 V. ( V = IR) P.D. between BC is 8 V. 2. Sometimes, live and neutral wires may accidentally touch each other. As a result, the resistance reduces and a large amount of electric current passes, which may lead to electric fires. Overloading occurs when we connect a large number of appliances in the same circuit. 3. (a) =

1 1 1 + = 4 4 2
Resistance between A and B is 6 .

So

(b) Resistance between A and B = 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 = 13 . (c) Resistance between A and B is

1 1 2 + = ; So, R = 4 . 8 8 8 4. It is a process of providing an alternative path to excessive charge that may sometimes leak of the body of a high voltage metallic appliance. The colour of earth wire is green. One end of this wire is connected to the appliance and the other is earthed. Earth is always at zero potential, therefore any extra charge successfully reaches earth without affecting appliances thus, preventing shocks. 5. It is a safety device made up of a high resistance with low melting point, which works on principle of heating effect of electric current. No, because a fuse will not work effectively if used this way. Commonly used is alloys of copper and tin. 6. It is 220 V A.C. with 50 Hz frequency. 50 Hz specify frequency of alternating current. House-hold circuits have parallel arrangement because if something goes wrong with one appliance other should not be effective. Also in parallel arrangement, all appliances get same voltage input.
=

10

S C I E N C E X

WORKSHEET-9
1. (a) (i) Opposite charges attract and like charges repel. 19 (ii) The basic charge is 1.6 10 C which can be positive or negative. (b) Whenever there are two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r then there exist a force F of attraction or repulsion, which is directly proportional to product of charges and inversely to square of distance between them. qq i.e., F 1 22 r 2.

3. (a) Under physical conditions of temperature and pressure remaining constant, electric current flowing through a given circuit is directly proportional to applied potential difference. (b) Set up a circuit as shown in fig. consisting of a nichrome wire XY of length, say 0.5 m, an ammeter, a voltmeter and four cells of 1.5 V each. (Nichrome is an alloy of nickel, chromium, manganese and iron metals.)

First use only one cell as the source in the circuit. Note the reading in the ammeter I, for the current and reading of the voltmeter V for the potential difference across the nichrome wire XY in the circuit. Tabulate them in the table given. Next connect two cells in the circuit and note the respective readings on the ammeter and voltmeter for the values of current through the nichrome wire and potential difference across the nichrome wire. Repeat the above steps using three cells and then four cells in the circuit separately. Calculate the ratio of V to I for each pair of potential difference V and current I.
S. No. 1 2 3 4 Number of cells used in the circuit 1 2 3 4 Current through the nichrome wire, I (ampere) Potential difference across the nichrome wire, V (volt) V/I (volt/ampere)

Plot a graph between V and I, and observe the nature of the graph.
E L E C T R I C I T Y

11

In this activity, you will find that approximately the same value for V/I is obtained in each case. Thus, the V-I graph is a straight line that passes through the origin of the graph, as shown in fig. Thus, V/I is a constant ratio.

(c)

V-I graph for a nichrome wire

4. When charges are separated due to friction between two surfaces, it is called frictional electricity. Since here charges are separated but they do not move, it is also known as static electricity. (a) On rubbing glass rod with silk, glass rod acquires positive charge and silk acquires negative charge. (b) Ebonite when rubbed with fur gets negative charge whereas fur gets positive charge.

WORKSHEET-10
1. (a) (i) It means 1 joule of work is required to be done in order to move 1 coulomb of charges between these two points. Voltmeter is the device which is used to measure potential difference across a conductor. (ii) Q = 5 C; V = 12 V Energy given to charge; W = VQ = 12 5 = 60 J. (b) ! Complete an electric circuit consisting of a cell, an ammeter, a nichrome wire of length l [say, marked (1)] and a plug key, as shown in Fig.

12

S C I E N C E X

! Now, plug the key. Note the current in the ammeter. ! Replace the nichrome wire by another nichrome wire of same thickness but twice the length, that is 2l [marked (2) in the Fig.]. ! Note the ammeter reading. ! Now replace the wire by a thicker nichrome wire, of the same length l [marked (3)]. A thicker wire has a larger cross-sectional area. Again note down the current through the circuit. ! Instead of taking a nichrome wire, connect a copper wire [marked (4) in Fig.] in the circuit. Let the wire be of the same length and same area of cross-section as that of the first nichrome wire [marked (1)]. Note the value of the current. ! Notice the difference in the current in all cases.

WORKSHEET-11
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c)

WORKSHEET-12
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b)

WORKSHEET-13
1. (b) 1. (b) 1. (d) 1. (c) 1. (d) 1. (d) 2. (b) 2. (c) 2. (a) 2. (d) 2. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 3. (c) 3. (a) 3. (c) 3. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 4. (d) 4. (c) 4. (a) 4. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 5. (d) 5. (c) 5. (b) 5. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 6. (d) 6. (b) 6. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 7. (c) 7. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)

WORKSHEET-14 WORKSHEET-15 WORKSHEET-16 WORKSHEET-17 WORKSHEET-18

1. (a)

2. (b)

3. E = P t = 4 5 = 20 Wsec. = 20 J. 4. Electrical resistivity is the resistance offered by conductor of unit length and unit area of
1 also R l. I 5. Physical conditions of temperature remaining constant, the electric current flowing through a given circuit is directly proportional to applied p.d. i.e., I V; V = I R.

cross-section. Current decreases because according to Ohms law R

E L E C T R I C I T Y

13

6. (a) Because (i) Effective resistance of circuit is less (ii) If one appliance doesnt work, other can work. (b) Because fuse is used to cut off the excessive current flowing through the circuit using heating effect. 7. (a) No, because in series, effective resistance increases so, current decreases also the applied p.d. is different. (b) In series circuit, no bulb will glow whereas in parallel circuit, the rest of the bulbs will glow. 8. According to Joules law of heating; heat energy produced in a circuit is H I2 (Current) Resistance Time H I2 Rt or H = I2 R t. (a) Applications in electric geyser, heater, ovens and electric bulb. (b) Alloys are preferred than pure metals because (i) They have high resistivity in comparison to constituent metals. (ii) They dont oxidise on heating. 9. If two 8 resistors are connected in series, (a) Effective resistance (R) = R1 + R2 = 8 + 8 = 16 . (b) (c) (d) I =
V 4 = = 1 A. R 4

V = 4 V. P = IV = 1 4 = 4 W.

(e) Current flowing through 16 combination i.e., I =

V 4 = = 0.25 A. R 16

Difference in ammeter readings = 1 0.25 = 0.75 A.

S C I E N C E X

14

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

WORKSHEET-23
4. (a) 14. (a) 5. (a) 15. (b) 6. (c) 16. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b)

WORKSHEET-24
1. It is a naturally occurring or a man-made material which attracts materials of same type or certain other materials. 2. Naturally occurring magnetLodestone (Magnetite) Man-made magnetAlnico 3. (1) Directional propertyWhen suspended freely always point towards earth magnetic north and south poles. (2) Attractive propertyAttracts magnetic materials and other magnets. 4. Materials which are attracted by a magnet are known as magnetic materials, e.g., steel, iron. 5. Electromagnet has the ability to behave like a magnet only when electric current passes through it unlike permanent magnet. The polarity of its poles and strength of magnet can be changed in case of electromagnet. 6. Alnico, Nipermag. 7. Flemings right hand thumb rule. If we stretch thumb of right hand in the direction of electric current, then folded fingers give the direction of induced magnetic field. 8. These are imaginary lines drawn to indicate the path taken by a compass when moved around a magnet. 9. (a) These originate at north pole and end at south pole to form a closed loop. (b) No two field lines can intersect each other. 10. (a) tesla (b) weber (c) oersted 4 4 11. 10 , 10 12. (a) It is used in cranes for lifting heavy loads. (b) It is used in electric bells. 13. (1) Loudspeakers, speaker of telephones. (2) Galvanometer, Voltmeter, etc. 14. (a) Electric GeneratorMechanical energy (coil) Electrical energy. (b) Electric MotorElectric energy Mechanical energy (coil) 15. Cu and tin alloy. 16. It is the region around a magnet within which another magnet/magnetic material can experience force of attraction or repulsion due to it. 17. Imaginary lines drawn to indicate the path taken by a compass around a magnet. 18. By inserting the steel bar inside the solenoid and switching on electric current. 19. By using a compass, which shows deflection. 20. When they are perpendicular to each other.
M A G N E T I C E F F E C T S O F E L E C T R I C C U R R E N T

15

WORKSHEET-25
1. Magnetic field intensity will directly proportional to current and inversely to radius. So doubles with current and twice when radius is halved. 2. Magnetic field strength, scalar. 3. Flemings left hand rule. 4. Force experienced depends on magnitude of current and perpendicular distance between conductor and point. 5. Induced magnetic field will be in the form of concentric circles in the plane of the paper. 6. Yes. 7. Magnitude of electric current, perpendicular distance between that point and conductor. 8. It is a coil of many turns wound in the form of a cylinder. 9. Electric motor has split rings whereas electric generator has slip ring commutator. 10. A transformer works on the principle the varying magnetic field induces emf and varying electric field induces magnetic behaviour. 11. Whenever magnetic field associated with a conductor changes, an emf is induced in it. 12. D.C. has constant magnitude and same direction. A.C. vary in magnitude and direction. 13. (a) The galvanometer shows a deflection. (b) The galvanometer shows deflection in other direction. (c) No deflection in galvanometer. 14. Electromagnets are temporary and strong magnets. They possess the properties of a magnet only when an electric current flows through the coil. 15. ! Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using some adhesive material. ! Place a bar magnet in the centre of it. ! Sprinkle some iron filings uniformly around the bar magnet. A salt-sprinkler may be used for this purpose.

! Now, tap the board gently.

WORKSHEET-26
1.

16

S C I E N C E X

2.

3.

4. F = BIL, where B = Magnetic field, I = Current, L = Distance. Force is maximum when magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of coil. 5.

6. (a) It varies inversely with radius. (b) It varies directly with number of turns of wire in the coil. (c) It varies directly with the strength of current flowing in the coil. 7. (a) The strength of magnetic field increases. (b) The strength of magnetic field increases. (c) The polarity or direction of field lines reverses.

WORKSHEET-27
1. (a) Magnetic field. It is the region around a magnet within which another magnet or a magnetic substance experiences force of attraction due to it. Direction of magnetic field lines can be determined by: (i) using a compass, where needle points (ii) by drawing tangent to field lines at that point.

M A G N E T I C E F F E C T S O F E L E C T R I C C U R R E N T

17

(b) Right hand thumb rule. If we stretch thumb of right hand and fold the fingers then thumb indicates the direction of current and folded fingers the direction of induced magnetic field.

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. AC. Current which varies in its magnitude and changes direction continuously. DC. Current which has a constant magnitude and no change in direction. 4. (i) A thin beam of alpha particles will have a magnetic field around it being a charged particle. (ii) A beam of neutrons will not have any field as these are uncharged. 5. It depends on direction of magnetic field, direction of electric current and direction of motion of conductor. 6. Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy, power of commercial motor can be enhanced by using: (i) Electromagnet in place of permanent magnet. (ii) Large numbers of turns of conducting wire in current carrying coil. (iii) Soft iron core. 7. Current drawn by oven =
2000 = 9.09 A. 220

Rating of fuse 5A. This will not let the oven draw is required value of current. It must be replaced by 10A fuse. 8. (a) Over loading. It occurs when we connect a number of appliance in the same socket. (b) Short circuiting. It occurs when live and neutral wires accidentally touch each other resulting in electrical sparks. (c) Earthing. The phenomenon of providing an alternating path to excessive charge that may sometimes leak to andy to high voltage appliance by connecting it to earth. 9. Principle. Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy.

An A.C. generator can be converted to D.C. generator by changing slip rings with split ring commutators.

18

S C I E N C E X

SOURCES OF ENERGY
WORKSHEET-31
2. (d) Infrared rays 4. (c) Both silicon and silver 6. (c) 0.7 watt 8. (d) All of these 10. (c) Ground water 12. (d) All of these 14. (d) All of these 16. (d) All of these

1. (c) Fossil fuels 3. (b) Cloudy day 5. (c) Nuclear energy 7. (d) All of these 9. (d) All of these 11. (b) 15 km/hr 13. (b) Nuclear energy 15. (a) Coal

WORKSHEET-32
1. The usual components of biogas are methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. 2. Cow dung cake. 3. Hot spots are those regions on earths crust under which molten rocks have been trapped due to push from deeper hot areas. The energy obtained from hot molten rocks beneath the earths surface is called geothermal energy. 4. Wind energy farm is the large area over which number of wind mills have been erected. Output of one wind mill is not enough to generate electricity at commercial level. 5. Charcoal 6. Charcoal is better than wood as fuel because it burns without flame, is comparatively smokeless and has a higher heat generation efficiency. 7. Biogas and manure. 8. A solar cell is a device to convert solar energy to electricity. 9. A solar cell panel is an arrangement of large number of solar cells in combination that can deliver enough electricity for practical use. 10. Solar cooker and solar heater. 11. Problems associated with construction of dams are submergence of agricultural and residential land, destruction of large ecosystems, production of polluting gas methane from submerged vegetation, etc. 12. It checks the exit of infrared rays. 13. Silicon and silver. 14. Geothermal energy. 15. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.
S O U R C E S O F E N E R G Y

19

16. Water gets recycled through hydrological cycle hence, it gets refilled in reservoir of dams each time it rains thus, its potential energy can be generated again and again. 17. Nuclear fusion. 18. Compressed Natural Gas. 19. CNG is environment-friendly as it does not produce pollution of any type. 20. 0.7 watt. 21. Black surface is preferred for making solar devices because it absorbs more heat as compared to white or reflecting surface under identical conditions. 22. Methane and sulphur dioxide.

WORKSHEET-33
1. A good source of energy is the one which is easily available, economical, pollution free and convenient to use. 2. Yes, wind, water, ocean are some of the examples of pollution free source of energy. They do not leave any residue or poisonous gases. 3. We are looking at alternate sources of energy to replace the conventional sources which are non-renewable and causing pollution of the environment. 4. Now they are used to run turbines and produce electricity. 5. The increase in the demand for energy is affecting our environment adversely as: ! It puts a pressure on source of energy as well as increases the investment on the power stations. ! Since most of the energy is produced from coal, petroleum, hence, acid rain, global warming and other pollution related problems are caused. 6. (a) CNG is non-renewable while hydrogen is renewable fuel. (b) Hydrogen on burning produces only water vapours while CNG on burning produces greenhouse gases which may lead to global warming hence, hydrogen is a cleaner fuel than CNG. OR Yes, it does not produce poisonous gases at all. 7. I would use renewable and pollution free sources of energy to heat my food. Because, it would not disturb the ecological balance as well as it would be reproduced in nature by cyclic process when it would be used once. OR Four characteristics of biogas are: ! ! ! ! High heating capacity Burns without smoke Leaves no residue Can be easily used for cooking, heating and lighting.

8. (a) Winds. It can be established only in those areas where wind blows at a higher speed than 15 km/hour to maintain the required speed of the turbine. (b) Tides. The locations where dams to harness this energy can be built, are limited.

20

S C I E N C E X

9. We classify energy sources as: (a) Renewable when its source is replenished in nature through fast natural cycle such as flowing water of river, biomass. Non-renewable when its source is being replenished through very slow natural cycles, e.g., coal and petroleum. (b) Exhaustible when its source may get over in nature due to over-use and mismanagement by us, e.g., coal, wood. Inexhaustible when its source can never be over whatever amount we may use, e.g., wind energy, ocean energy.

WORKSHEET-34
1. X-rays. 2. Burning wood in traditional chulhas is considered disadvantageous as it does not yield much energy but lot of smoke to pollute the environment. 3. Turbine. 4. Solar energy of solar cell panels. 5. Fossil fuels are the non-renewable fuel formed due to burying of plants and animals under layers of earth, millions of years ago. Coal and petroleum. 6. Coal and oil are the fuels used to produce heat energy to convert water to steam which in turn rotates (mechanical energy) the turbines in power plant. Transmission of electricity is more efficient than transporting coal and petroleum over the same distance. Being near them, expense of transport can be reduced. 7. The purpose behind the use of reflector in solar devices is to focus the sunrays to achieve higher temperatures. 8. Biogas is considered as a clean fuel because it does not produce smoke or any harmful gases. 9. Digester in a biogas plant is a sealed chamber in which there is no oxygen. In this chamber anaerobic organisms break down complex compounds in cow dung slurry to gases like methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide (Biogas). 10. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear fission process. The nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium, plutonium or thorium when bombarded with low energy neutrons, can be split apart into lighter nuclei. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released. Fission of one atom of uranium releases 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom from coal. 11. Two advantages of classifying energy sources as renewable and non-renewable are: (a) The non-renewable sources can be substituted by renewable once thus, decreasing the pollution caused by them. (b) Enough resource and a pollution free environment can be left for the future generation ensuring sustainable development. 12. A good fuel is the one which is easily available at economical prices and gives enough energy without producing much pollution. 13. Fossil fuels are non-renewable and produce large amount of smoke, acidic and greenhouse gases.
S O U R C E S O F E N E R G Y

21

14. We can reduce the pollution caused by fossil fuels increasing the efficiency of combustion processes and using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases and ashes into the surroundings.

WORKSHEET-35
1. Biomass is source of fuel obtained from plant or animal products, for example cow dung cakes, wood, biogas, etc. 2. Petroleum and natural gas. On refining petroleum, the products obtained from it can be used as fuels. Natural gas is another important fossil fuel that is found with petroleum in oil wells. There are, however, some oil wells, which yield only natural gas. Natural gas mainly contains methane and can be burnt easily to produce heat. 3. Fractional distillation. Products obtained are paraffin wax, fuel oil, petrol, kerosene, diesel and natural gas. 4. Turbine is a device made up of a rotor blade assembly. Moving turbine rotates the armature of the electric generators to produce electricity. 5. (a) Windmills are designed to convert wind energy into mechanical or electrical energy. A windmill essentially consists of a structure similar to a large electric fan that is erected at some height on a rigid support. (b) Energy of flowing water is utilised to produce electricity on a large scale at hydroelectric power plants. (c) The heat from inside of the earth can be utilized as a source of energy under certain favourable conditions that are created by natural processes. This is known as geothermal energy. 6. Some ways which we can follow to address the problems of energy crisis: (a) Increasing efficiency of machines and gadgets so that they consume less energy but give more output such as fluorescent tubes. (b) Using alternate forms of energy which is based on renewable sources like wind, oceans, nuclear or flowing water. (c) Economizing use of gadgets by using carpools, walking more, wearing extra woollen in winters. (d) Reducing stress on industries as they have less demand on them and save energy demand by them. (e) Using less electricity by switching off lights and fans when not in use. 7. There are many controversies associated with the construction of hydroelectric power plants like Narmada dam. For example, when dams are built on rivers, large land areas get submerged. This may cause many problems like submergence of agricultural and residential land, destruction of large ecosystems, production of polluting gas methane from submerged vegetation, etc.

22

S C I E N C E X

WORKSHEET-36
1. Firewood should be replaced by alternative sources of energy as: (a) It does not yield much energy. (b) It produces lot of smoke to pollute the environment. (c) It can lead to deforestation and related problems. (d) Other fuels like charcoal is better than wood as fuel because it burns without flame, is comparatively smokeless and has a higher heat generation efficiency. 2. Some of the criteria for selecting a good fuel (a) easy availability; (b) low cost; (c) no problem in storing and transport; (d ) a high calorific value; (e) low content of non-combustibles (In other words, the residue left after combustion should be as low as possible.) and ( f ) no combustion products that are poisonous or environmental pollutants. 3. (a) Raw materials required in biogas plant Residues after crop harvest, vegetable waste, cow dung, sewage. (b) Role of anaerobes Anaerobic organisms break down complex compounds in cow dung slurry to biogas in digester in a biogas plant. (c) Composition of biogas Gases like methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. (d) Advantages over other fuels As a fuel it has high heating capacity. Does not produce ashes or polluting gases. (e) Uses Fuel for heating, lighting and running machines. Slurry can be used as manure as it is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Safe and efficient method to dispose of waste. 4.

S O U R C E S O F

E N E R G Y

23

WORKSHEET-37
1. The advantages of using solar energy (a) Solar cells provide a clean, pollution-free and environment-friendly source of electricity. (b) These can be used anywhere as a self-generating source of electricity. Disadvantages of using solar energy (a) High cost for their installation. Availability of special grade silicon required for making solar cells is only limited. (b) The technology to obtain silicon in pure form, too, is quite expensive. 2. Conventional sources like coal, petroleum, wood (biomass). Alternate sources like solar, nuclear, geothermal, etc. Air pollution is caused due to excessive use of fossil fuels. The amount of greenhouse gases like methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide increase in air. They trap the heat energy of sun during the day, not letting it escape even at night. It leads to gradual increase in temperature of earth; it is known as global warming. Due to this, ice will melt at pole and increase the level of water in oceans and seas. Alternate sources do not cause so much of pollution but they need maintenance and infrastructure. Some of the sources are unpredictable like wind energy, ocean energy. Based on their merits, solar energy is one of the best. 1. (b) 4. (a) Ocean thermal energy (b) Tidal enrgy. 5. The role of plane mirror is to reflect mass of sunlight towards the centre of box. The role of glass sheet is to trap suns rays inside the box so as to increase the temperature. 6. Fuels obtained from plants and animal products are called biomass. Biomass can be used in biogas plant to obtain biogas and remaining slurry can be used as a good manure. 7. Nuclear fission. It is splitting of a heavy unstable nuclear into its smaller nuclei with release of large amount of energy. Disadvantages. (a) Release of harmful radioactive radian. (b) Release of radioactive wastes. 8. Use of fossil fuels may lead to an pollution exhaustion of fossil fuel. Steps to minimise the pollution are: (a) change to clean fuel like CNG. (b) promote use of solar cells hence, solar energy. 9. Biomass is fuel obtained form animal and plant products. Its principle is conversion of biomass in absence of oxygen to obtain biogas and slurry. 2. (d)

3. (a) It should be able to do large amount of work per unit volume. (b) It should be easily accessible.

24

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SOLUTIONS TO PULLOUT WORKSHEETS

CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

WORKSHEET-40

1. (d) Cooking of food 2. (c) Magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling white flame and changes into a white powder. 3. (d) Al2(SO4)3 4. (c) aq 5. (d) The gas evolved is chlorine. 6. (b) Chemical reaction 7. (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced. 8. (b) Reactants 9. (b) 10. (d) Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) 11. (d) Mass of the reactants is greater than mass of the products 12. (c) 2 volumes of hydrogen gas is evolved at cathode 13. (a) The colour of the crystals changes from light green to yellow 14. (d) All of these 15. (b) The colour of solution changes to green 16. (d) Double displacement reaction 17. (a) CaO mixed with water 18. (d) Displacement reaction 19. (d) (iii) and (iv) 20. (c) A yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed 21. (a) Oxidation of copper 22. (b) X = Ag, Y = Ag2S

WORKSHEET-41
1. (d) All of these 2. (b) 2AgBr (s) 2Ag (s) + Br2 (g) 3. (a) Oxidation 4. (a) H2S is getting oxidised 5. An unbalanced chemical equation is called skeletal equation. Here the mass of the reactants
is not equal to the mass of products, e.g., Mg + O2 MgO

6. An equation that has equal number of atoms of each element on both the sides of equation is called balanced chemical equation, i.e., mass of the reactants is equal to mass of the
products. e.g., 2Mg + O2 2MgO

26

S C I E N C E X

7. An equation is balanced in order to satisfy law of conservation of mass according to which total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products, i.e., mass can neither be created nor be destroyed during any chemical change. 8. (a) (b) (c) 9. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 10. (a) (b) (c) (d) 11. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + H2SO4 NaCl + AgNO3 BaCl2 + H2SO4 CH4 + 2O2 2FeSO4 2Pb(NO3)2 2KClO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 Zn + 2AgNO3 2Al + 3CuCl2 BaCl2 + K2SO4 3H2 + N2 2H2S + 3O2 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 2K + 2H2O CH4 + 2O2 CaO + H2O 2Al2O3

Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O Na2SO4 + 2H2O AgCl + NaNO3 BaSO4 + 2HCl CO2 + 2H2O Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 2KCl + 3O2 CaCO3 + H2O Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag 2AlCl3 + 3Cu 2KCl + BaSO4 2NH3 (Combination reaction) 2H2O + 2SO2 (Redox reaction) 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4 (Double displacement) 2KOH + H2 (Displacement reaction) CO2 + 2H2O (Oxidation reaction) Ca(OH)2 (Combination reaction) 4Al + 3O2 (Decomposition reaction)

Electric current

WORKSHEET-42
1. The Chemical equation can be made more informative by: (a) Mentioning the physical states of the reactants and products along with their chemical formula in brackets. (b) The reaction conditions, e.g., temperature, pressure, catalyst etc., are indicated above or below the arrow. (c) The gas released is indicated by arrow upwards while the precipitate formed by arrow downwards . (d) For an exothermic reaction, + Heat is written along with products, while for an endothermic reaction, + Heat is written along with reactants.
C H E M I C A L R E A C T I O N S A N D E Q U A T I O N S

27

2. Magnesium being a reactive metal combines with oxygen of air to form a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. Hence, it should be cleaned with a sand paper before burning to remove the oxide layer formed on its surface. 3. (a) At anode, oxygen gas is evolved while hydrogen gas is evolved at cathode. (b) The gases, hydrogen and oxygen evolved at cathode and anode are in the ratio of 2:1 according to the equation:
2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2
Electric current

4. (a) C + O2 CO2 (b) CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) 5. The food we eat contains carbohydrates. On digestion, these carbohydrates breakdown into glucose. During respiration this glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and converts it into carbon dioxide and water with release of heat energy. Hence, respiration is an exothermic process. 6. When dilute sulphuric acid is poured on zinc granules, bubbles of hydrogen gas are evolved from the surface of zinc metal and the reaction mixture becomes hot. Zn + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 + H2 7. In a single displacement reaction, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution, e.g. Fe + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu Iron being more reactive than copper displaces copper from its salt solution, while in a double displacement reaction the exchange of ions takes place between the reactants. e.g., on mixing aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate, barium ions and sodium ions exchange their position. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4 + 2NaCl 8. The process of decomposition carried out under the effect of heat is called thermal decomposition. Here, a single reactant breaks down to form simpler products, e.g.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

heat

WORKSHEET-43
1. The reactions which involve the formation of an insoluble substance is called precipitation reactions. A precipitate is generally obtained when aqueous solutions of two substances are mixed together, e.g., mixing of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate forms an insoluble precipitate of silver chloride. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl + NaNO3(aq) 2. (a) Observation: 1. The colour of crystals changes from green to reddish brown due to formation of iron (III) oxide. 2. Pungent smelling gases sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide are evolved. (b) Observation: 1. The colour of crystals changes from white to yellow. 2. Reddish brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are evolved.

28

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3. (a) On mixing an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate and barium chloride, double displacement reaction takes place with the formation of white precipitate of barium sulphate. (b) Double displacement reaction/Precipitation reaction. 4. (a) Insoluble product is lead iodide, which is yellow-coloured. (b) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3. 5. Iron which is coated with molten zinc by dipping iron in molten zinc is called galvanised iron. Zinc is more reactive than iron. On coating zinc over iron which has a better tendency to get oxidised as compared to iron easily gets oxidised on exposure to moist air and saving iron from being rusted. 6. (a) Iron objects acquire reddish brown coating on exposure to moist air, due to formation of hydrated oxide of iron formed by rusting of iron. Chemical process responsible for the formation of reddish coating is rusting and the red coat formed is hydrated oxide of iron/rust. (b) Iron articles are highly prone to the process of rusting in the presence of moist air. To prevent them from getting rusted, they are generally painted. 7. Decomposition reactions are called opposite of combination reactions because in a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances under the effect of heat, light or electric current, whereas in a combination reaction two or more substances combine to form a single product, e.g. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 (decomposition)

2Mg + O2 2MgO (combination)

8. (a) Decomposition reaction.
heat (b) 2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s)

+ SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide

Ferrous sulphate

Ferric oxide

9. (a) Oxidation is a process of addition of oxygen to a substance or removal of hydrogen from a substance, e.g. 2Cu + O2 2CuO. Copper is getting oxidised to CuO, as oxygen is added to copper. (b) It is the process of removal of oxygen from a substance or addition of hydrogen to a substance, e.g.

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Copper oxide is reduced to copper as it involves removal of oxygen.

C H E M I C A L

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29

WORKSHEET-44
1. (a) Substance getting oxidised H2 to H2O Substance getting reduced CuO to Cu (b) Substance getting oxidised HCl to Cl2 Substance getting reduced MnO2 to MnCl2 (c) Substance getting oxidised H2S to S (d) Substance getting oxidised Na to Na+ Substance getting reduced O2 to O
2

Substance getting reduced SO2 to S

2. Exothermic reactions. Those reactions which proceed with the evolution of heat energy are called exothermic reactions, e.g., burning of fuels, respiration. Endothermic reactions. Those reactions which proceed with the absorption of heat energy are called endothermic reactions, e.g., decomposition of calcium carbonate using heat energy. 3. Decomposition of calcium carbonate gives calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide obtained is used in the manufacture of cement. 4. The oxidation of oil and fats present in food materials to form products that have bad odour and taste is called rancidity. 5. Oil and fat containing food items are generally flushed with nitrogen to prevent the oxidation of oil and fats. Nitrogen being an inert gas does not react with oils and fats, prevents the oxidation of oils and fats and thus, they last longer without turning rancid. 6. The two different methods used to prevent the food from getting rancid are: (1) Keep food in air tight containers. (2) Addition of anti-oxidants to foods containing fats and oil. 7. Reaction (i) and (iii) are possible (i) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
Zinc (Blue)

ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zinc sulphate (Colourless) Copper

Copper sulphate

Zinc is more reactive than copper, therefore, it can displace copper from copper sulphate solution. (iii) Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Fe(s) Zn is more reactive than Fe, therefore, it can displace iron from ferrous sulphate solution. Reaction (ii) is not possible as iron is less reactive than zinc, hence, it cannot displace Zn. 8. Decomposition of calcium carbonate using heat energy. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Electrolysis of water using electric current.
2H2O 2H2 + O2 current
Electric

Decomposition of silver chloride using light.

2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2

Sunlight

30

S C I E N C E X

9. Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously are called redox reactions, e.g. Oxidation (loss of hydrogen) MnO2 + 4HCl (conc.) MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O Reduction (loss of oxygen) MnO2 is getting reduced to MnCl2. HCl is getting oxidised to Cl2.

WORKSHEET-45
1. The two important methods to prevent iron objects from rusting are: (1) Application of paint, oil/grease on the iron objects. (2) Galvanization of iron objects. In this process iron is coated with a layer of zinc by dipping the iron object in molten zinc. 2. (a) The gases evolved at anode and cathode are oxygen and hydrogen. (b) On electrolysis, water decomposes to form hydrogen and oxygen gas in the ratio of 2 : 1 by volume according to the equation given below:
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) current
electric

The gas collected in double volume is hydrogen. (c) Test for oxygen. If we bring a burning splinter near the mouth of test tube containing oxygen gas it burns more brightly. Test for hydrogen. On bringing a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tube containing hydrogen, the gas burns with a pop sound. 3. (a) Decomposition reaction. (b) 2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) (c) Reddish brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide along with oxygen gas is evolved. (d) The colour of the substance changes from white to yellow due to formation of lead oxide. (e) Lead oxide which is yellow coloured.

WORKSHEET-46
1. (a) Decomposition reaction of a single reactant. Iron sulphate decomposes under the effect of heat to form more than one product. (b) 2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) (c) The colour of ferrous sulphate changes from green to reddish brown as it undergoes decomposition on heating and changes into ferric oxide which is reddish brown in colour. (d) The pungent smelling gases formed are sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. Odour of burning sulphur is experienced.
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2.

Materials Required. Two test tubes, test tube stands, copper sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution. Procedure. Take two test tubes. In one of the test tubes, take about 15 ml of copper sulphate solution and in the another test tube take about 15 ml of iron sulphate solution. Immerse a clean copper coin in iron sulphate solution and an iron nail in copper sulphate solution and wait for few minutes. Observation. After few minutes we will observe that the colour of copper sulphate solution changes from blue to green, while no change takes place in iron sulphate solution. Conclusion. Iron is more reactive than copper as it displaces copper from its salt solution. Chemical equation: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Cu + FeSO4 No reaction.

WORKSHEET-47
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (b)

1. (d)

2. (c)

3. Silver chloride turns grey in sunlight because silver chloride decomposes in the presence of sunlight to form grey-silver. 4. (a) When quicklime is mixed with water, (i) A vigorous reaction takes place. (ii) Lot of heat energy is released and water starts boiling even without heating. (b) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 5. This is because iron is a more reactive metal than copper. Iron thus displaces copper from its salt solution due to which iron metal gets used up leading to holes in the vessel.

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6. (a) The oxidation of oil and fats present in food materials to form products that have bad odour and taste is called rancidity. (b) Three different methods used to prevent the food from getting rancid are: 1. Keep food in air-tight containers. 2. Addition of anti-oxidants to foods containing fats and oil. 3. Flushing of food items with nitrogen or refrigeration of food items. 7. (a) When lead nitrate crystals are heated strongly, it decomposes to form lead oxide, and gases oxygen and nitrogen dioxide are evolved. Observation. (a) Reddish-brown fumes of NO2 gas are evolved. (b) Yellow residue of lead oxide is left behind. (c) Crackling sound is heard.
(b) 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO(s) + 4NO2 (g) + 2O2 (g)

8. (a) X is magnesium and Y is magnesium oxide. (b) MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 (c) Mg is cleaned with a sand paper before burning to evolve the oxide layer formed on its surface due to its contact with air. This oxide layer slows down the process of combustion. 9. (a) A is zinc, B is iron and C is copper sulphate solution. (b) Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) (c) Single displacement reaction. (d) Redox Reaction.

C H E M I C A L

R E A C T

I O N S A N D E Q U A T I O N S

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5
1. (b)

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

WORKSHEET-52
2. (d ) 3. (b) 4. (d) 14. (a) 24. (c) 5. (c) 15. (c) 25. (c) 6. (b) 16. (b) 26. (c) 7. (c) 17. (d) 8. (d) 18. (b) 9. (c) 19. (c) 10. (a) 20. (b)

11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c)

WORKSHEET-53
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 14. (c) 24. (d) 5. (b) 15. (c) 6. (c) 16. (b) 7. (c) 17. (d) 8. (b) 18. (c) 9. (c) 19. (d) 10. (c) 20. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a)

WORKSHEET-54
1. The acid present in lemon juice is citric acid. 2. Olfactory indicator. 3. An acidic solution turns blue litmus paper red while their is no effect on blue litmus paper by a basic solution. 4. Dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2]. 5. Plaster of Paris. The chemical name of the compound is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. Formula is CaSO4. 6. Sodium carbonate. 7. Hydrogen gas. 8. Strong acid: Hydrochloric acid Weak acid : Acetic acid 9. The salts of sulphuric acid are called sulphates, e.g., calcium sulphate. 10. For the healthy growth of the plant the pH of the soil should be neither too alkaline nor highly acidic. 11. Dilute hydrochloric acid. 12. Methanoic acid. 13. Antacids, e.g., magnesium hydroxide. 14. When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain. 15. On dilution of an acid solution, the concentration of H+ ions decreases per unit volume. 16. Methyl orange gives yellow colour in basic medium while phenolphthalein gives pink colour. 17. HCl solution shows acidic properties as it contains H+ ions, which is responsible for the acidic nature.

1 H O. 2 2

34

S C I E N C E X

18. Calcium oxychloride commonly known as bleaching power. Formula is : CaOCl2. 19. Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of a salt in its crystalline form, e.g., copper sulphate has five water molecules of crystallisation. 20. Alkali, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 21. On electrolysis of brine, chlorine gas is released at anode and hydrogen gas at cathode. 22. Acidic salt : Ammonium chloride Basic salt : Sodium acetate

WORKSHEET-55
1. Baking soda. 2. Acidic oxide : Basic oxide : Carbon dioxide Sodium oxide

3. Those substances which give different colour in different medium and thus indicate the presence of acid or base in a solution are called acid-base indicators. 4. Natural indicator : Litmus Synthetic indicator : Phenolphthalein 5. The chemical name of washing soda is sodium carbonate, FormulaNa2CO3.10H2O. It is used for removing permanent hardness of water. 6. The chemical name of bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride. It is prepared by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O 7. The nature of the solution can be tested by making use of an indicator. We can make use of blue litmus paper. Dip a blue paper in both the solutions provided to you. The solution that changes blue litmus to red is acidic in nature. The other solution which has no effect on the blue litmus paper is distilled water. 8. A solution that contains H+ ions show acidic properties and turns blue litmus paper red. Since dry HCl does not ionise to produce H+ ions, it does not show acidic properties and their is no effect on the litmus paper. 9. The concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) decreases per unit volume on diluting an acid, i.e., the solution becomes less acidic on dilution. 10. On eating spicy food, excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is produced in our stomach. This excess acid produced leads to burning sensation. This can be neutralised by taking antacids which are mild bases like magnesium hydroxide. 11. First dip the red litmus paper provided to you in all the three test tubes. The solution that turns red litmus blue is a basic solution. Then dip the blue litmus paper in the remaining two solutions. The solution that turns blue litmus red is acidic solution and the solution that has no effect on red or blue litmus paper is neutral. 12. (a) Neutralisation reaction. (b) The solution is initially pink in colour as phenolphthalein gives pink colour in basic medium. On adding acid to sodium hydroxide solution, neutralisation reaction takes place with the formation of sodium chloride which is a neutral salt and thus, the colour fades away.
A C I D S, B A S E S A N D S A L T S

35

WORKSHEET-56
1. When sodium hydrogencarbonate is made to react with dilute hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide gas is evolved. NaHCO3 + HCI(aq) NaCl + CO2 + H2O Test: Pass the gas evolved through limewater. Limewater turns milky indicating the gas evolved is carbon dioxide. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
Limewater Calcium carbonate

2. (a) Olfactory indicators. (b) For example, clove oil. It gives different odour in different medium, i.e., acidic and basic medium. 3. On adding methyl orange to test tubes A and C containing NaOH and Mg(OH)2, yellow colour is produced while pink colour is produced in test tube B containing acetic acid. 4. (a) Hydrogen gas. (b) Bring a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tube containing hydrogen gas. It burns with a pop sound. (c) It is lighter than air. (d) The above gas is collected by downward displacement of water, as it is insoluble in water. 5. If few pieces of granulated zinc is warmed with 5 ml of NaOH solution, hydrogen gas is evolved along with the formation of sodium zincate.
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2ZnO2

H2

(sodium zincate)

6. The black colour of copper oxide changes to bluish green because copper oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form copper (II) chloride which is bluish green. A neutralisation reaction takes place between copper oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid. CuO + 2HCI CuCl2 + H2O 7. Curd and sour substances are not stored in brass and copper vessels as they are acidic in nature. The acids present in them may react with metals to form toxic compounds which are unfit for human consumption. 8. Although alcohol and glucose contain hydrogen but they do not ionise in solution to produce H+ ions, which are responsible for the acidic properties of a substance. On the other hand, HCl and HNO3 furnish H+ ions in solution and thus, show acidic property. 9. (a) Concentration of solution with pH 6 = 106 M and pH 8 = 108 M The solution containing pH of 6 has higher hydrogen ion concentration than the solution with pH 8. (b) Solution of pH 6 is acidic in nature. 10. The solution is basic in nature as it turns red litmus blue. The pH of this solution will be more than 7.

36

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WORKSHEET-57
1. The concentration of hydrogen ions is directly related to the acidic nature of the solution. Higher is the concentration of H+ ions in the solution, more acidic is the solution. 2. The student will add concentrated sulphuric acid slowly to water taken in a beaker along the sides of the beaker. This is because the addition of acid to water is highly exothermic in nature and if water is added to conc. H2SO4' the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash and cause burns. Even the glass apparatus can break. Thus, add acid to water. 3. (a) Lemon juice (b) Distilled water (d) Tomato juice 2 (As it is strongly acidic) 7 (As it is neutral) 4 (As it is mildly acidic)

(c) Sodium hydroxide 14 (As it basic in nature) 4. When we eat chocolates and sweets, some of it sticks to our teeth. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar present in the mouth which destroys our tooth enamel. This excess acid can be neutralised by using toothpaste which is basic in nature and thus, prevents tooth decay. 5. Pickles are acidic in nature. If they are stored in metal containers, the acids present in pickles will react with metal containers to form poisonous salts which are unfit for human consumption. 6. Copper sulphate crystals are blue in colour due to presence of five molecules of water of crystallisation. On heating strongly copper sulphate crystal loses five molecules of water of crystallisation and turns anhydrous, which is white in colour.
CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O

(Blue)

(White)

7. When plaster of Paris is mixed with water, it sets into a hard mass due to the formation of gypsum. CaSO4.

1 1 H2O + 1 H2O CaSO4. 2H2O 2 2

(Gypsum)

(Plaster of Paris)

8. The stain of curry contains turmeric due to which it is yellow coloured. Turmeric is a natural indicator. When soap is applied on it, it turns to reddish brown, as soap is basic in nature and turmeric gives brown colour in basic medium. The colour changes back to yellow when water is applied. 9. (a) Sodium oxide and potassium oxide. (b) Alkalies.

WORKSHEET-58
1. The process of electrolytic decomposition of aqueous solution of brine to produce sodium hydroxide, chlorine gas at anode and hydrogen gas at cathode is called chlor-alkali process. It is so called due to the formation of its products. Sodium hydroxide which is an alkali and chlor represent chlorine gas. 2. The formation of H+ ions is responsible for the acidic properties of the substance. Since acids cannot furnish H+ ions in the absence of water, they cannot show acidic properties.
A C I D S, B A S E S A N D S A L T S

37

3. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added in a test tube containing few pieces of marble, a colourless gas with brisk effervescence is evolved. The gas evolved is carbon dioxide. On passing the evolved gas through limewater, it turns milky due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate. CaCO3
(Marble)

2HCl(aq) CaCl2 CO2 CaCO3

+ +

CO2 + H2O H2 O

Ca(OH)2 +
(Limewater)

(White precipitate)

4. Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.

1 H O) has a strong tendency to absorb moisture and gets converted 2 2 into gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) which sets into a hard mass. Thus, to prevent its contact with moisture, it is stored in moisture proof container.

5. Distilled water is pure water which does not contain any dissolved salts or gases. Rainwater contains dissolved gases like CO2 and SO2 which, in turn, produce acids like carbonic acid (H2CO3), sulphurous acid (H2SO3) and dissociate into ions. Formation of ions in rain is responsible for the conduction of electricity in rain water while due to absence of ions in distilled water, it does not conduct electricity. 6. Lower is the pH of the substance, higher is its acidic strength. Therefore, a substance having pH of 2.4 has higher acidic strength while pH of 6.8 has lowest acidic strength. Thus, the increasing acidic strength is : B > A > C. 7. Antacids are mild non-corrosive bases which are used to neutralise the excess acidity in the stomach, e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) and milk of magnesia [Mg(OH)2].

WORKSHEET-59
1. Acidic salts Basic salts Neutral salts : : : AlCl3, ZnSO4, CuSO4 CH3COONa, NaHCO3, Na2CO3 NaCl, KNO3

2. (a) On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses its water molecules and gets converted into plaster of Paris. (b) On mixing plaster of Paris with water, it changes into gypsum again. 3. ! Take about 1 g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube and set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. ! Add some concentrated sulphuric acid to the test tube. ! We will observe that a pungent smelling gas (HCl) is evolved. ! Test the gas evolved with dry and wet blue litmus paper. ! We will observe that their is no effect on dry blue litmus paper while the moist blue litmus paper turns red indicating that dry HCl gas does not show acidic character whereas HCl solution is acidic.

38

S C I E N C E X

4. (a) When baking soda is used for baking purposes, on heating at high temperature it decomposes and evolves carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas evolved helps the cake to rise and makes it soft and spongy. (b) Sodium bicarbonate is used in soda-acid fire extinguisher. It reacts with acid to evolve, carbon dioxide gas which is a non-supporter of combustion and is heavier than air. Thus, it settles on the burning substance and cuts off the supply of oxygen and extinguishes it. 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O (c) Its pH is more than 7. 5. pH is a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of the solution. The pH of a solution is expressed in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. Higher is the hydrogen ion concentration, lower is the pH. pH of a neutral solution is 7. pH of an acidic solution is less than 7 and lies between 1-7 while pH of a basic solution is greater than 7 and lies between 714. 6. The strength of an acidic or basic solution depends on the number of H+ ions and OH ions + produced. Higher is the concentration of the H ions, more acidic is the solution and vice versa. Similarly higher is the concentration of OH ions, more basic is the solution. This can be done by measuring the pH of the solution. If the pH of the solution is less than 7, it is acidic in nature and if the pH of the solution is more than 7 it is basic in nature. 7. Metallic oxide is basic in nature. Take a small piece of magnesium ribbon and burn it in air. White powder of magnesium oxide is formed. Dissolve this white powder in water by heating. Now check it with both red and blue litmus papers. We will observe that red litmus turns blue indicating that metallic oxides are basic oxides.
2Mg + O2

2MgO

MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

8. The reaction of granulated zinc with dilute HCl will be faster than that with dilute acetic acid. This is because HCl being a stronger acid will furnish greater concentration of H+ ions as compared to CH3COOH which is a weaker acid.
Zn + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 + H2

Zn + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2 Zn + H2

WORKSHEET-60
1. (a) Plaster of Paris is manufactured by the controlled heating of gypsum at 373 K.

CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4. 373K

Gypsum

Plaster of Paris

1 1 H O + 1 H2O 2 2 2

(b)

CaSO4.

Plaster of Paris

1 1 H2O + 1 H2O CaSO4.2H2O 2 2

Gypsum

Mixing of plaster of Paris with appropriate quantities of water results into formation of hard mass called gypsum.
A C I D S, B A S E S A N D S A L T S

39

(c) 1. It is used to set the fractured bones in right position. 2. It is used for making toys. (d) In plaster of Paris, there are two formula units of calcium sulphate that share one molecule of water, i.e., (CaSO4)2.H2O. Hence, one formula unit will have written as CaSO4.

1 molecule of water and is 2

1 H O. 2 2

2. (a) The colour of copper sulphate crystals is blue before heating. (b) Copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallisation. When we heat the crystals, this water is removed and the salt turns white. (c) When 2 or 3 drops of water is added to the crystals, they become blue again.
(d) CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O

(Blue)

(White)

CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O

(White)

(Blue)

3. (a) On conversion of milk into curd, its pH will decrease and will become less than 6. The pH decreases as curd is more acidic than milk due to the presence of lactic acid. More acidic is the substance, lesser is its pH. (b) (i) Milk is acidic in nature and turns more acidic and is sour to taste if kept for few hours, due to the formation of lactic acid. To prevent the formation of lactic acid and spoiling of milk, baking soda is added. Baking soda being alkaline in nature prevents it to become more acidic. (ii) This is due to the presence of baking soda in milk which is alkaline in nature and prevent the milk from turning into lactic acid which is present in curd and thus, delays its setting. (c) 1. It is used as an ingredient in antacids. 2. It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers. (d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is an essential ingredient in antacids due to its alkaline nature. Being alkaline, it neutralizes excess acid in the stomach and provide relief.

WORKSHEET-61
1. (a) Solution D with pH7 is neutral. (b) Solution C with pH11 is strongly alkaline. (c) Solution B with pH1 is strongly acidic. (d) Solution A with pH4 is weakly acidic. (e) Solution E with pH9 is weakly alkaline.

40

S C I E N C E X

2.

Aim: To show that hydrochloric acid solution conducts electric current. Materials Required: 100 ml beaker, 6 volt battery, bulb, switch, rubber corks, dilute hydrochloric acid. Procedure: Fix two nails on the corks and connect the nails to the two terminals of the 6 V battery through a bulb and a switch as shown in the figure.

Now pour about 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid in the beaker and switch on the current. We will observe that bulb starts glowing indicating that the solution conducts electric current.

Conclusion: Aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid conducts electricity due to the presence of ions which conduct electricity.

WORKSHEET-62
1. (a) 2. (d ) 3. (a) 4. (c) 14. (b) 5. (b) 15. (b) 6. (d) 16. (b) 7. (a) 17. (b) 8. (b) 18. (d) 9. (a) 19. (c) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c)

WORKSHEET-63
1. (b) 2. (b ) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a)

WORKSHEET-64
1. (d) 2. (b ) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)

1. (c)

2. (b)

3. The concentration of OH ions increases in the solution. 4. (a) Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present is one formula unit of the salt, e.g., ferrous sulphate (FeSO4. 7H2O) has 7 molecules of water of crystallisation. (b) Copper sulphate crystals are associated with 5 molecules of water of crystallisation and are blue is colour. On heating, they lose 5 molecules of water of crystallisation and thus turn white.
A C I D S, B A S E S A N D S A L T S

41

5. (a) CaSO4. H2O

(b) CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4. 1 2 H2O + 3 2 H2O 373 K

(c) It is used in hospitals for setting fractured bones in the right position. 6. (a) NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, MgCl2. (b) Zinc being more reactive than hydrogen can displace hydrogen from acids but nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent and thus the hydrogen gas evolved is oxidised to water. 7. Take solutions of glucose, alcohol, HCl and H2SO4. Place the cork with fixed two nails in 100 mL beaker. Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volts battery through a bulb and a switch. On pouring dil. HCl and H2SO4 in the beaker in the state of flowing current, we see bulb will start glowing. On the other hand, glucose and alcohols do not conduct electricity when above process would be applied with both of them. 8. (a) Gas evolved at cathode is hydrogen and at anode is chlorine. (b) Uses: Hydrogen is used in the manufacture of fertilizer such as ammonia. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC. (c) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g) 9. (a) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and its common name is baking soda. (b) This is because it is a mild base and can thus neutralise excess acid in the stomach. (c) X can react with sulphuric acid in the fire extinguisher and release carbon dioxide gas which is heavier than air and non-supporter of combustion and thus can extinguish fire. (d) No, we cannot make use of baking soda, because decomposition of it. On heating, it produces sodium carbonate which will make the cake taste bitter.

42

S C I E N C E X

6
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. (d) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (b) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d)

METALS AND NON-METALS

WORKSHEET-69
Iodine Silver Gallium Basic Copper Hydrogen Aluminium Gangue Carbonate ores Using carbon AgNO3 solution and copper metal Silver sulphide Pure metal is made the anode 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. (c) (d) (c) (d) (b) (c) (c) (b) (a) (d) (c) (c) (a) Calcium All of these Diamond Al2O3 Magnesium Silver Molten state Cu and Zn Sulphide ores Mercury Applying a coating of zinc Copper carbonate Calcium

WORKSHEET-70
(c) Zinc is more reactive than tin 2. (a) Blue to green 4. (b) Electrolytic reduction (b) Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3 (c) Cinnabar 6. (b) Oxides (c) Sodium chloride 8. (b) Al < Cu < Ag Sodium and potassium 10. Gold and silver Gold and silver The property of the metal by virtue of which it can be beaten into thin sheets upon hammering is called malleability. It is the ability of the metals to be drawn into thin wires. Acidic oxide: carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide Basic oxide: calcium oxide, magnesium oxide Amphoteric: aluminium oxide, zinc oxide An alkali is a highly soluble base in water. Those bases that dissolve easily in water form alkalies. Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) Sodium and potassium Hydrogen Hydrogen A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition whereas, an ore is a mineral from which a metal is extracted profitably and economically. Gold and platinum

15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

M E T A L S A N D N O N M E T A L S

43

WORKSHEET-71
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) Aluminium and copper Silver and copper Lead and mercury Liquid metal: Mercury Liquid non-metal: Bromine (e) Gallium and caesium ( f ) Iodine (g) Graphite (h) Lithium and sodium (i) Gallium and caesium (j) Gold (k) Gold, platinum and silver Reduction Oxides and sulphides Roasting Calcination A moderately reactive metal oxide is converted into metal by the process of reduction, using coke as a reducing agent. Aluminium, calcium Al is getting oxidised to Al2O3. MnO2 is getting reduced to Mn. Electrolytic reduction Electrolytic refining The two important conditions necessary for the process of corrosion to take place are: (a) Presence of air, (b) Presence of moisture Stainless steel is composed of iron, chromium and nickel.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

WORKSHEET-72
1. The important methods to prevent rusting of iron are: Painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising, chrome plating and alloying. 2. An amalgam is an alloy in which one of the metals is mercury. 3. 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g). 4. Alloys are homogeneous mixture of a metal with a metal or a non-metal. 5. Metals which displace hydrogen from dilute acids are: calcium, magnesium. Metals which do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids are: copper, silver. 6. Sodium and potassium. 7. Zinc. 8. Gold and platinum. 9. A reaction between aluminium and iron oxide to produce aluminium oxide and iron with the liberation of heat energy and producing iron in molten state is called thermite reaction. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat

44

S C I E N C E X

10. Bauxite, Al2O3 11. Alloys do not get oxidised or burn readily at high temperature. Thus, they are used in electrical heating devices. 12. Large amount of unwanted impurities such as soil, sand etc., associated with the ore are collectively called gangue. 13. 24 carat gold is extremely soft gold and is thus, not suitable for making jewellery. 22 carat gold is used, as it is hard. Gold is alloyed with Ag or Cu to make it hard. 14. Pure iron is extremely soft and stretches easily when hot. On mixing smaller amount of carbon (0.05%), it becomes hard and strong. 15. Magnesium and manganese 16. Mercury(Hg) is the only metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature. 17. (a) (b) 3Fe + 4H2O Ca + 2H2O 2K + 2H2O (c) Na2O + H2O (d) 2Cu + O2

Fe3O4 + 4H2 2KOH + H2 2CuO

Ca(OH)2 + H2 2NaOH

WORKSHEET-73
1. Alloys are made by mixing the metals in their molten state. It is prepared by first melting the primary metal and then dissolving the other metal in definite proportions. It is then cooled to room temperature. 2. Electric wires are made up of metals, which are good conductors of electricity. To prevent electric shock on touching them, they are coated with polyvinyl chloride which is a bad conductor of electricity. 3. Those metal oxides which can react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are called amphoteric oxide, e.g., Al2O3 and ZnO. Al2O3 can react with both acid (HCl) and base (NaOH) as shown below: Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O; Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 4. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid. When cake is baked in a oven, due to the high temperature in the oven baking soda (NaHCO3) decomposes and carbon dioxide gas is evolved. This gas evolved makes the cake soft and spongy. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 5. Sodium metal is a highly reactive metal which vigorously reacts with oxygen present in air if kept in open and catches fire. Thus, to prevent its reactivity and prevent accidental fires it is kept immersed in kerosene oil. 6. Aluminium and zinc are reactive metals which on exposure to air form an oxide layer on its surface. This oxide layer acts as a protective layer and prevents the metal beneath its surface from oxidation. 7. Hydrogen gas is evolved when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal. Fe + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4 + H2 8. Copper metal is used for making electric wires as it is: (a) good conductor of electricity. (b) highly ductile, so it can be drawn into wires.

M E T A L S A N D N O N M E T A L S

45

9. Calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium react with hot and cold water to evolve hydrogen gas. The bubbles of the gas evolved stick to the surface of the metal and thus, being lighter floats on the surface. 10. Sodium and potassium. Sodium and potassium are highly reactive metal which react vigorously with cold water to evolve hydrogen gas. The reaction is highly violent and exothermic and the evolved gas catches fire. 11. Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. Thus, when a metal reacts with nitric acid, the H2 gas produced is oxidised to water by nitric acid and it itself gets reduced to any of the oxides of nitrogen (NO2, N2O).

WORKSHEET-74

1. It is a series of metals in which the metals are arranged in a vertical column in the decreasing order of their reactivity. Potassium the most reactive metal is placed at the top while gold the least reactive metal is placed at the bottom. 2. (a) Hydrogen, (b) Downward displacement of water, (c) Insoluble in water, (d) Lighter than air. 3. (a) Copper (b) Iron (c) Manganese (d) Copper 4. When a piece of granulated zinc is added to ferrous sulphate solution, the colour of solution changes from green to colourless and the surface of zinc metal becomes dull and black. Zinc being a more reactive metal displaces iron from its salt solution and due to formation of zinc sulphate the solution turns colourless. Zn + FeSO4 ZnSO4 + Fe Type of reaction: Displacement reaction. 5. Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions which are held together strongly due to strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Thus, large amount of heat energy is required to overcome interionic interaction raising its melting point. 6. The condition required for the conduction of electricity in the presence of free ions/electrons. In solid state the ions are held tightly while in molten state the heat energy overcomes the electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ion. Thus, ions move freely and conduct electricity. In aqueous solution also the ionic compound in water contain ions to conduct electricity. 7. Ionic compounds consist of oppositely charged ions which are held strongly to each other by electrostatic forces of attractions and thus the compound exists as solid and becomes hard and brittle. 8. Metal sulphides and carbonates are converted into metal oxide prior to reduction because it is easier to extract metal from its oxide form than from any other form of the ore.

WORKSHEET-75
1. Carbonate ores are calcined, i.e., they are heated in the absence of oxygen to convert into their oxide form, e.g. ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 Carbonate ore of zinc gets converted into its oxide form on calcination.

46

S C I E N C E X

2. Roasting is a process of heating an ore in sufficient supply of oxygen to convert into their oxide form. Sulphide ores are roasted to convert into their oxide form, e.g.

2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2 3. Reaction between aluminium metal and iron oxide producing aluminium oxide and iron metal in molten state due to exothermic nature of the reaction is called thermite reaction. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat Application: Molten iron obtained is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. 4. (a) Carbon cannot be used to reduce the oxides of highly reactive metals, as highly reactive metals are highly stable and have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. Thus, carbon cannot reduce them. (b) Highly reactive metals such as sodium, calcium, aluminium can be used as reducing agents as they can displace metals of lower reactivity from their compounds, e.g. 3MnO2 + 4Al 3Mn + 2Al2O3 + Heat
5. Roasting Calcination 1. Roasting is a process of heating an ore in 1. Calcination is a process of heating an the presence of oxygen. ore in the absence of oxygen. 2. It is used to convert the sulphide ore to 2. It is used to convert carbonate ore into their oxide form, e.g., their oxide form, e.g., 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2 ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2

6. Acidic oxides are formed by the combination of non-metal with oxygen. A non-metallic oxide on dissolution in water forms acid that turns blue litmus red indicating its acidic nature, e.g., C + O2 CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3
(Carbonic acid) turns blue litmus red.

7. Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery because of the following reasons: (a) They are highly lustrous metals which are resistant to corrosion. (b) They are highly malleable and ductile, so can be transformed into any shape/design. 8. Aluminium metal although a highly reactive metal is used for making cooking utensils because aluminium on exposure to air forms a thin layer of oxide (Al2O3) on its surface which acts as a protective layer and prevents the metal beneath its surface from further oxidation. 9. Copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel because copper is a better conductor of heat than steel. 10. Chemical formula of washing soda is Na2CO3.10H2O. It is obtained from baking soda by first heating it strongly which gives sodium carbonate and then followed by the recrystallization of sodium carbonate which gives washing soda. 2NaHCO3
Baking soda

Heat

Na2CO3

+ CO2

+ H2 O

Sodium carbonate

Na2CO3 + 10 H2O

Na2CO3.10H2O
Washing soda

Industrial use: It is used for softening of hard water.

M E T A L S A N D N O N M E T A L S

47

WORKSHEET-76
1. (a) Bronze metal is an alloy of copper and tin. (b) It is because of the corrosion of copper metal that it turns green. The green colour is due to the formation of basic copper carbonate. 2. The electrostatic force of attraction that holds the oppositely charged ions together in a compound is called ionic bond, e.g., ionic bond is formed between sodium ion and chloride ion in sodium chloride. . Na (2, 8, 1) 3. Sodium (Na) Oxygen (O) Magnesium (Mg) +
.. . Cl : Na+ :Cl: ..

(2, 8, 7) 11Na2, 8, 1
8O

2, 6 8, 2

12Mg2,

4. (a) Sodium oxide: 11Na 2, 8, 1; 8O 2, 6

+ . Na + O : Na 2 : O: Na2O . Na Magnesium oxide: 12Mg 2, 8, 2; 8O 2, 6

: :

Mg: + O: Mg
: :

(b) The ions present in sodium oxide are: The ions present in magnesium oxide are: 5. Sodium chloride: 11Na 2,8,1 Na Na+ + e (2,8,1) (2,8) Cl Cl + e (2,8,7) (2,8,8) + + Cl NaCl Na Calcium oxide: 20Ca 2,8,8,2 Ca Ca2+ + 2e (2,8,8,2) (2,8,8) O2 O + 2e (2,6) (2,8) 2+ + O2 CaO Ca

: :

2+

: O: : :

MgO
(Na+) (Mg2+) and and (O2)
Oxide ion

Sodium ion Magnesium ion

(O2)
Oxide ion

48

S C I E N C E X

6. In the electrolytic refining of metal M, impure metal M acts as an anode, pure metal M acts as a cathode while the soluble salt of metal M acts as an electrolyte. 7. Sodium, potassium and lithium are highly reactive metals which react vigorously with oxygen and water to evolve hydrogen gas. The reaction is highly violent and exothermic and so the evolved gas catches fire. Thus, to prevent its reactivity with oxygen and water, it is stored under oil. 8. Copper metal slowly reacts with water, carbon dioxide and oxygen present in air to form basic copper carbonate which is green in colour and gets deposited on the surface of metal. Lemon juice and tamarind contain weak acids which reacts with basic copper carbonate to form soluble salts. The salts gets removed and the metal restores its shine.

WORKSHEET-77
1. (a) (i) There will be no effect on dry litmus paper. (ii) Moist litmus paper will turn red due to the formation of sulphurous acid. (b) S + O2 SO2 SO2 + H2O H2SO3 . 2. Sodium Na Chlorine (11Na 2,8,1) (17Cl 2,8,7) They form a bond by a complete transfer of electron from sodium to chlorine atom as shown below:
Na

. Cl : Na+ Cl : : :

: :

(2,8,1) (2,8,7) The bond formed is called Ionic/Electrovalent bond. The compound formed has high melting point as it consists of sodium ion and chloride ion which are held strongly by the electrostatic forces of attraction. Thus, a large amount of heat energy is required to break the inter-ionic attraction resulting in high melting point. 3. (a) By heating alone, e.g.
2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2 (Cinnabar) 2HgO 2Hg + O2

(b) By using coke as reducing agent. Sometimes reactive metals such as Na, Mg and Al can also be used. (c) Oxides of highly reactive metals are subjected to process of electrolytic reduction. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Metals Metals react with oxygen to form oxides which are basic in nature. Active metals displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Active metals displace hydrogen from water. Metals are electropositive in nature (electron donars). 1. 2. 3. 4. Non-metals Non-metals react with oxygen to form oxides which are neutral or acidic. Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from water. Non-metals are electronegative in nature (electron acceptors).

M E T A L S A N D N O N M E T A L S

49

5. For an electrolytic refining of metal M Anode : Impure metal M Cathode : Pure metal M Electrotyte : Solution of soluble salt of metal M

6. Alloys are homogeneous mixture of a metal with a metal or a non-metal. An alloy is generally preferred to pure metal because of the following properties: (1) Alloys are generally harder than the pure metal, e.g., gold is extremely soft metal but when alloyed with Ag/Cu becomes hard. (2) They are corrosion resistant. e.g. stainless steel an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium and nickel does not get corroded and the lustre lasts longer. (3) They have low melting points than the pure metals, e.g., solder an alloy of lead and tin has a much lower melting point than pure metals.

WORKSHEET-78
1. Distinction between metals and non-metals: (a) (i) Using a hammer. We can distinguish between metals and non-metals as metals will form thin sheets upon hammering while non-metals do not. (ii) Using a bulb, wire, battery and switch. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. On inserting a metal wire (say copper) between the clips A and B the bulb glows while inserting a non-metal (sulphur powder) the bulb does not glow. Conclusion. Metals conduct electricity while non-metals do not.

(b) The above tests can be used to distinguish between metals and non-metals exception: Hammering can not be used for soft metals like Na and K. Also, graphite a non-metal conducts electricity. 2. Use Alloy (i) For soldering joint solder (ii) For cutlery Stainless steel (iii) For aircraft parts Duralumin (iv) For making statues Bronze (v) For surgical instruments Stainless steel 3. (a) No, we cannot store copper sulphate solution in a vessel made up of zinc, as zinc is a more reactive metal than copper and will displace copper from its salt solution. This will result into the formation of holes into the container.

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(b) On adding zinc to ferrous sulphate solution, we will observe that after some time the light green colour of ferrous sulphate solution fades away and the surface of zinc become dull and black. A more reactive metal zinc displaces iron from its salt solution. Zn + FeSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Fe 4. The solution used was aqua regia which consists of 3 parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid and one part of conc. nitric acid. It is able to dissolve gold and thus the weight of the gold ornaments decreases. Since the outer layer of gold gets dissolved, the bangles sparkle like new but the weight decreases. 5. (a) Those metal oxides which show both acidic as well as basic behaviour are called amphoteric oxides. They react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water. Amphoteric oxides: Al2O3, ZnO. (b) Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids as they have 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons and are themselves electron acceptors. Thus, they cannot provide electron to H+ of acid to convert it into hydrogen gas. 6. (i) This is because zinc is more reactive than copper and thus, will displace copper from its salt solution. (ii) This occurs due to phenomenon of corrosion. Silver metal reacts with sulphur compounds present in air to form silver sulphide which is black. (iii) A metal sulphide is converted to its oxide form as it is easy to extract metal from its oxide form than from its sulphide ore.

WORKSHEET-79
1. Iron is more reactive than copper. Thus, when iron is immersed in copper sulphate solution, it displaces copper from its salt solution and forms Iron sulphate which is green in colour. Thus, due to the displacement reaction taking place, colour change is observed. Fe + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu
Blue Green

2. (a) Corrosion is useful in case of metals such as Al, Zn, Mg. These metals form a thin layer of oxide on exposure to air, which acts as a protection layer and prevents the metal beneath its surface from corrosion. (b) Iron is a metal that is highly prone to rusting. On exposure to moist air, a reddish brown powdery substance is formed on its surface called rust and metal gets wasted away layer by layer. 3. Galvanization is a process of protecting iron metal from rusting by coating it with a layer of zinc, by dipping it in molten zinc. Application: Iron pipes carrying water are generally galvanised to protect it from rusting. These pipes are called as GI pipes (Galvanised iron). 4. Reaction (i) is possible, as Zn is more reactive than copper and thus, displaces it from its salt solution. Reaction (ii) is not possible as iron is less reactive than zinc so it can not displace zinc from its salt solution. Reaction (iii) is possible as Zn is more reactive than iron. Zn thus, displaces iron from its salt solution (FeSO4). 5. (a) Oxide formed is amphoteric in nature. (b) The metal X is zinc and the formula of its oxide is ZnO. (c) ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O
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6. (a) ! Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. ! Place the metal to be tested in the circuit between terminals A and B. ! We will observe that the bulb glows indicating that metals are good conductors of electricity.

(b)

(i) Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. Thus, when a metal reacts with nitric acid, the H2 gas produced is oxidised to water by nitric acid and it itself gets reduced to any of the oxides of nitrogen (NO2, N2O). (ii) Sodium metal is a highly reactive metal which vigorously reacts with oxygen present in air if kept in open and catches fire. Thus, to prevent its reactivity and prevent accidental fires it is kept immersed in kerosene oil. (iii) The reaction of Fe2O3 with aluminium is a highly exothermic reaction. In this reaction, aluminium reduces iron oxide to produce iron metal with the evolution of lot of heat. Due to this heat, iron metal is produced in molten state. The molten iron is poured between the broken iron pieces to join them.

WORKSHEET-80
1. (a)

In this method the impure copper metal is made the anode and a thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode. A solution of the metal salt, i.e., copper sulphate is used as an electrolyte. On passing electric current through the electrolyte, Cu2+ ions from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte and an equivalent amount of Cu from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode. Reaction at cathode: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Reaction at anode: Cu Cu2+ + 2e (Oxidation) (b) It is the insoluble impurities which settles at the bottom of the anode during electrolytic refining. (c) (1) It is used for making electrical wires as it is highly ductile and good conductor of heat. (2) Being good conductor of heat, it can be used for making utensils.

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 2. (a) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

(Red hot) (Steam)

(b) Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O (c) K2O + H2O 2KOH (d) Zn + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 + H2 (e) 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 3. (a) Silver metal when exposed to atmospheric conditions reacts with sulphur compounds present in air to form a black coating of silver sulphide on its surface. Thus, it gets tarnished. (b) Zinc being a more reactive metal than copper displaces copper from its salt solution and forms zinc sulphate. Due to the formation of zinc sulphate the blue colour fades away. Zn + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu (c) Bells are made up of metals, as metals are sonorous in nature, i.e., they produce a ringing sound on striking a hard surface. (d) Ionic compounds consist of oppositely charged ions which are held firmly by the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between their ions, making them exist in crystalline form (solids). (e) Highly reactive metal oxides are extremely stable. They have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. Thus, carbon cannot reduce them.

WORKSHEET-81
1. (a) Due to the process of corrosion, metals acquire dull surface on exposure to moist air. (b) The important conditions necessary for the process of rusting to take place are: (i) Presence of oxygen/air (ii) Presence of moisture. (c)

Observation. After few days we will observe that iron nails in test tube A form a reddish brown coat on its surface, which is called rust, while iron nails in test tube B and C remain free from rust. Conclusion. Presence of both air and water is necessary for the process of corrosion. (d) 1. By application of paint/oil or grease on the surface of metal. 2. By galvanization of iron.
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2. (a) Displacement reaction. (b)

Aim. To show that iron is more reactive than copper. Requirements. Iron nail, copper wire, copper sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution, test tubes, test tube stand. Method. Dip an iron nail in copper sulphate solution and a copper wire in iron (II) sulphate solution and wait for some time. Observation. The colour of copper sulphate solution changes from blue to green and a reddish coat is seen on the iron nail while no change takes place in iron sulphate solution. Conclusion. Iron is more reactive than copper and thus displaces it from its salt solution. (c) In a displacement reaction a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution, e.g., Zn + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu while in a double displacement reaction their is an exchange of ions between the reactants, e.g. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl + NaNO3(aq)

WORKSHEET-82

1. (a)

ZnCO3 (Ore of zinc) Concentration of ore Calcination (Conversion of ore to oxide form) ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 Oxide ore of the metal Reduction using coke as reducing agent ZnO + C Zn + CO Purification of metal

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(b)

Cinnabar ore (HgS)

Concentration of ore

Roasting (Conversion of ore into oxide form) 2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2

2HgO 2Hg + O2

Mercury metal Refining

WORKSHEET-83
1. (d) 7. (c) 1. (a) 7. (c) 2. (b) 8. (d) 2. (c) 8. (a) 3. (c) 9. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 10. (d) 5. (d) 11. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d)

WORKSHEET-84
4. (b) 6. (d)

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. For an electrolytic refining of metal M Anode : Impure metal M Cathode : Pure metal M Electrolyte : Solution of soluble salt of metal M. 4. (a) On adding zinc to ferrous sulphate solution, we will observe that after sometime the light green colour of ferrous sulphate solution fades away and the surface of zinc become dull and black. A more reactive metal zinc displaces iron from its salt solution. (b) Single displacement reaction. 5. (a) (b)

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6. (a) Reaction between aluminium metal and iron oxide producing aluminium oxide and iron metal in molten state due to exothermic nature of the reaction is called thermite reaction. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat (b) Application. Molten iron obtained is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. 7. (a) Although, silver is a noble metal, yet it reacts with sulphur compounds present in air to form silver sulphide which is black in colour and gets tarnished. (b) Carbonates and sulphide ores are usually converted into metal oxide prior to reduction because it is easier to extract metal from its oxide form than from any other form of the ore. (c) The presence of free ions/electrons shows the property of conduction of electricity. In solid state, ions are held tightly result in not move freely and also not conduct electricity. 8. (a) Metal M is reduced using coke, e.g., haematite, an ore of iron, is reduced using coke. 2Fe + 3CO Fe2O3 + 3C (b) Metal N which is high up in the reactivity series, is separated from its chlorides by electrolytic reduction, e.g., sodium is obtained at cathode by the electrolytic reduction of molten sodium chloride. 9. (a) Carbonate ore. (b) ZnCO3 (Ore of zinc)

Concentration of ore

Calcination (Conversion of ore to oxide form)

ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2

Oxide ore of the metal

Reduction using coke as reducing agent ZnO + C Zn + CO Purification of metal

Heat (c) 2HgS (s) + 3O2(g) 2HgO + 2SO2(g) Heat 2HgO (s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

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SOLUTIONS TO PULLOUT WORKSHEETS

BIOLOGY

LIFE PROCESSES
WORKSHEET-89
2. (b) Lipase 4. (c) Excretion 6. (b) Mitochondrion 8. (b) Two chambers 10. (b) Breakdown of starch into sugars 12. (a) Right ventricle 14. (a) Clotting

1. (d) All of these 3. (a) Trypsin 5. (a) Transport of water 7. (b) Capillaries 9. (b) Mucus 11. (c) Absorb carbon dioxide 13. (c) Transpiration 15. (b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould

16. (c) They convert CO2 and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight. 17. (a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food. 18. Nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth, reproduction. 19. Maintenance processes like nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth, reproduction needed to sustain and maintain life by preventing damage and keeping the body in a healthy state. 20. Veins. 21. Starch and O2. 22. Fungus derives its nutrition either by parasitic or saprophytic manner while tapeworm is only parasitic. 23. Starch and glycogen. 24. (a) Fungisaprophytic (b) Amoebaanimal like 25. Small intestine is the longest part, 6 metres long. 26. Transpiration. Loss of excessive water through evaporation from the aerial parts of the plant like leaves. 27. Translocation. 28. Water reabsorption occurs through villi, undigested food is stored in rectum and thrown out through anus. Exit is regulated by anal sphincter.

WORKSHEET-90
1. Saliva contains enzyme amylase which breaks down starch to maltose. 2. Birds and mammals have high energy needs as they need energy to maintain a constant body temperature (warm blooded animals or endotherms). 3. The mechanism by which organisms obtain O2 from environment and release CO2. 4. Phloem. 5. Cytoplasm. 6. It occurs through the pores-stomata on the leaves as well as through the surface of stem, roots and leaves.

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7. C6H12O6 pyruvate 2C2H5OH

Glucose

Ethyl alcohol

+ 2CO2 + Energy
Carbon dioxide

8. Leaves of green plants prepare the food which is needed in all parts of plants, including roots. This food has to be transported to all parts of the plants in the dissolved formtranslocation. 9. Water, urea, uric acid, salts. 10. Glomerulus. 11. Water and minerals dissolved in it move up to leaves from root through tracheids and vessels which are two kinds of elements of xylem. 12. Xylem. 13. Transpiration: loss of water in vapour form from leaves of plants. Due to transpiration, deficit of water is created in the leaves pulling water and minerals upwards through xylem elementsascent of sap. 14. Autotrophs obtain CO2 from atmosphere through diffusion. Plants have stomata to take it in. N2 cannot be taken in as by the autotrophs. Plants can absorb it in the form of nitrates and nitrites.
15. 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 Chlorophyll
light

Glucose

16. The breakdown of food in cells to release energy. All kind of food is broken down through oxidation-reduction reaction and its chemical energy is converted into a universal source of chemical energyATP, Adenosine Tri Phosphate. 17. Contraction and expansion of alimentary canal to push the food forward. 18. ATP, Adenosine Tri Phosphate. 19. Glycolysis. 20. Digestive enzymes breakdown complex molecules of food into simpler ones so that they can be absorbed by blood. 21. Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. 22. They are chemically proteinaceous biocatalysts, which increase or decrease the rate of a biochemical reaction. 23. Iodine in salt helps in making the hormone thyroxin by thyroid gland. It not only prevents the disease goitre but also helps in regulating metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. 24. Anaemia. 25. It occurs in chloroplasts in palisade cells or tissues in green parts of leaves in plants. 26. It kills germs in food and provides acidic medium for the action of pepsin enzyme to digest the proteins in stomach.

WORKSHEET-91
1. Energy is needed to carry out all life processes. Living beings use carbon based (organic) molecules from their surroundings to derive energy, though some of them can prepare them from inorganic compounds. They also use them for growth, reproduction and repair in their body. 2. No, the plant will not stay healthy for a long time. The reasons are: (a) It will not be able to exchange O2 and CO2, hence respiration will be affected adversely. (b) Photosynthesis will also be affected as CO2 will not be available. (c) Transpiration will not take place hence, there will be no ascent of sap, hence no water absorption from the soil.
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3. The transport system of an animal moves substances to where they are needed in the body. Even the smallest animal must have the means of transporting substances around its body. Oxygen and food molecules must move to all the cells, and the waste products must be removed from the cells and expelled into the environment. It occurs through diffusion mainly. In a multicellular organism, all cells are not in contact with the surroundings hence, diffusion will be insufficient for it. A variety of fluid systems, called vascular systems, help such transport in most members of the animal kingdom. 4. Amount of O2 dissolved in water is less than O2 present in air. Therefore, rate of breathing in aquatic animals is faster than that in terrestrial animals. 5. Translocation. Transport of organic food from the leaves to the other parts of the plants through the sieve tubes of phloem tissue is called translocation. Importance. It is an essential process as every part of the plant requires food for energy, building and maintenance. (a) Sugar is synthesized in the leaves. (b) Hormones are synthesized in the growing parts of roots and shoots. 6. (a) Blood vessels transport the blood between heart and various organs. (b) Blood platelets help in blood clotting thus, saving its loss. (c) Lymph carries digested fats, fights infection, drains excessive extracellular fluid back into the blood. (d) Heart pumps blood with enough force into the major arteries so that it reaches every part of the body. 7. Small intestine receives bile juice from liver, which has bile salts. They emulsify them that break large fat drops to fine droplets. It also receives pancreatic juice from pancreas. Lipase enzyme from pancreas breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Thus, fats are digested in small intestine in our body.
8. Respiration 1. It is a biochemical process. 3. Energy is released. 4. It occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria. Breathing 1. It is a physical process. 3. No energy released. 4. Occur in respiratory organs.

2. O2 reacts with food and energy is released. 2. Only exchange of gases.

9.

Aerobic respiration 1. Presence of air required. 2. Occur in two steps: 1st glycolysis in cytoplasm, 2nd in mitochondria. 3. Glucose completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. 4. Large amount of energy produced. 5. Examplesman, higher plants.

Anaerobic respiration 1. Presence of air not required. 2. Complete process occurs in cytoplasm. 3. Glucose incompletely oxidized to either an organic acid or alcohol with CO2. 4. Less energy produced. 5. Examples yeast, lactobacillus.

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10. Respiration in plants works like this: (a) All parts of plants like roots, stem, leaves, etc. respire individually. (b) There is little transport of gases from one part to another. (c) Respiration occurs at much slower rate.

WORKSHEET-92
1. There are two conducting tissues in transport system of plants, first is xylem and second is phloem. (a) Water and minerals dissolved in it move up to leaves from root through tracheids and vessels which are two kinds of elements of xylem. (b) Prepared food are transported through sieve tubes of phloem. 2. Arteries. They carry blood away from the heart (arteriole: small arterial branch). They have thick and flexible walls to endure higher pressure of blood. Veins. They convey blood towards the heart (venule: small vessel that carries blood from capillaries to veins). They have thinner wall but there are valves in them at regular distance to prevent back flow of blood especially when blood is returning back to heart from lower organs. 3. Stomata

4. Pulse. Pulse is contraction and expansion of heart felt in major arteries at specific locations in our body. We can measure it with the help of a stethoscope or just by feeling radial or carotid artery. 5. (a) They throw away oxygen and water vapour through stomata. (b) Some wastes like gums, oil and resins may be stored in stem, leaves and bark and shed off from time to time. 6. Blood pressure. The pressure felt by the arterial wall due to presence of blood in it. It is measured by sphygmomanometer. It is more when ventricles contract, it is less when ventricles relax. 7. The graphical representation of electrical changes during heartbeat is known as Electrocardiogram (ECG). Instrument used for detection of heartbeat is Electrocardiograph. 8. It is regulated by: (a) The amount of excess water (b) The amount of dissolved waste in blood.

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9. When both the kidneys of a person stop working for some reason, in order to clean the blood of metabolic wastes and to maintain normal levels of water and mineral ions in the body fluids, an artificial kidney is employed. The procedure used in artificial kidney in place of normal is called dialysis. 10. CO2 and water are needed for the photosynthesis. CO2 enters the leaf through stoma present on its surface. These pores open in day time in most of plants though in desert plants they open at night to reduce the loss of water. Water is absorbed by roots from the soil along with other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium. 11. Nutrition in animals are heterotrophicholozoic. It has five steps: 1. Ingestiontaking in food 2. Digestionbreaking it into smaller components 3. Absorptiontaking in the digested food 4. Assimilationutilising the absorbed food to produce energy or for growth, repair and reproduction. 5. Egestionthrowing out undigested food.

WORKSHEET-93
1. (a) (ii) (b) (i) (c) (iv) (d) (iii) 2. Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutritionphotosynthesis (a) Chlorophyll (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Water (d) Light By-product are starch and oxygen. 3. Autotrophs can use simple inorganic molecules like water and carbon dioxide while complex organic molecules are used by heterotrophic organisms such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates. 4. Plants exchange gases through stomata. Large intercellular spaces ensure that each cell is in contact with air. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged here. They can also do it through their surface on stem, roots etc. 5. Auricle (a) Upper, thin walled chambers. (b) Receive blood from veins. (c) Push blood into the ventricles. Ventricle (a) Lower, thick walled chambers. (b) Receive blood from the auricles. (c) Push blood into the arteries.

6. There are fine hair and mucus in the inner lining of nose which filter the incoming air of germs and dust. Moreover, the air attains the optimum temperature before reaching the lungs.

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7. (a) Xylemminerals and water in plants. (b) Phloemdissolved food and hormones in plants. (c) Pulmonary veinoxygenated blood from lungs to left auricle of heart in humans. (d) Vena cavadeoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to right auricle of the heart in human. 8. (a) (iv), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (ii) 9. (a) (i), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (iii) 10. (a) Protein (b) Starch (c) Protein (d) Fats

WORKSHEET-94
1. All respiratory systems have some important features: (a) Large surface area. (b) Thin and delicate surface for diffusion and exchange of gases. It is generally located in protected inner part of body. (c) Rich blood supply to respiratory organ Since all of them are present in alveoli, hence it is perfectly designed for exchange of gases. 2. Fats are first emulsified with the help of bile salts followed by their breakdown in fatty acids and glycerol due to the action of lipase. All these events take place in first part of small intestineduodenum. 3. The food prepared by plant may be sucrose, amino acids or other materials. It is done with the help of living cellssieve tubes and companion cell of phloem tissueby utilizing energy of ATP. The movement occurs both upwards and downwards from the place of formation (leaves) to place of use (growing buds) depending upon the situation. 4. Salivary glands, liver, pancreas. Salivary glands. There are three pairs of salivary glands. Saliva contains an enzyme salivary amylase which converts starch to maltose. Liver. Largest gland of body weighs 1.5 kg. It produces bile juice which is stored in gall bladder. Bile juice (1) neutralizes the acid, (2) makes food alkaline, (3) emulsify fat. Pancreas. Second largest gland. Secrete pancreatic juice Pancreatic juice contains trypsin to digest protein, amylase to digest polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) and lipase to break down fats to fatty acid and glycerol. 5. (a) The two vena cava (superior and inferior) bring deoxygenated blood to human heart. (b) Right atrium receives this blood. (c) When the right atrium contracts, this blood is poured into the right ventricle and when the right ventricle contracts, it pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery which carries it to the lungs for oxygenation.
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6. Blood is liquid connective tissue. It is chiefly formed of two components: 1. Fluid matrix or plasma. Which is pale in colour and transports substance like dissolved carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, urea etc. has mainly water, some proteins like albumin, fibrinogen (blood clotting protein) and many other substances to be transported. 2. Cellular elements are of three types: (a) Red blood corpuscles (R.B.C.) or erythrocytes, which transport O2 and CO2. They are enucleated, disc shaped, full of a red coloured protein pigment, haemoglobin. (b) White blood corpuscles (W.B.C.) or leucocytes, which fight disease-causing agent. They are larger, nucleated and are of different types. (c) Blood platelets or thrombocytes, which help in blood clotting. They are fragments of some larger cells hence, do not have nucleus. 7. Nutrition in Amoeba. It occurs through phagocytosis. It captures food by pseudopodia (ingestion) ingested food, enclosed in cell membrane is called food vacuole.

WORKSHEET-95
1. DiagramHuman digestive system.

2. (a) Food is crushed into small pieces by the teeth. (b) It mixes with saliva and the enzyme amylase (found in saliva) breaks down starch into sugars. (c) Tongue helps in thorough mixing of food with saliva.

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3. (a) Pulmonary vein (b) Left atrium (c) When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is poured into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts the blood is pumped into the aorta, the largest artery which distributes it to all the parts of the body through its finer branches or arterioles. 4. Exchange of gases in tissues: (a) Most of oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in blood. On reaching the tissues, it gets diffused into the cells as it is in higher concentration than in the cells. (b) The carbon dioxide, which is formed in the cells, gets accumulated there in higher concentration as compared to in the blood, now diffused into the blood. (c) The CO2 mosly dissolved in blood plasma reaches the lungs, from where it is expelled during exhalation. 5. (a) At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up the ions. This creates a difference in concentration of these ions between the roots and the soil. (b) Water, therefore, moves into the root to eliminate the difference. (c) There is a steady movement of water through a continuous system of water conducting channels from roots to leaves. (d) Transpirational pull is operational mainly during day as stomata are open. Though at night it is mainly root pressure which helps in pushing the water up. Transpiration also helps in cooling of plant tissues. 6. (a) Photosynthesis (b) Autotrophs (c) Chloroplast (d) Guard cells (e) Heterotrophs (f) Pepsin 7. A circulatory system is a vascular system (i.e. with tubes or vessels) in which the transport fluid moves rhythmically in a particular direction, since it is propelled by a muscular pumping structure. The circulatory system is divided into two parts: the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels, and the lymphatic system, which consists of lymph nodes and lymph organs. Each component serves a specific purpose. For example, the cardiovascular system is responsible for the transportation of oxygen, hormones and waste material, while the lymphatic system protects the body against infections. In the human being, many substances like nutrients, oxygen, CO2, hormones, waste products are to be transported from one place to other. For example, materials like glucose, fatty acids and oxygen have to be transported to each and every cell of the body where energy is required. Similarly, hormones are to be transported to the target organs. Also the waste products like urea etc. are to be transported to kidneys where they are thrown out of the body. The most important part of the entire circulatory system is, of course, the heart. The heart is a four-chambered double pump that pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs that then provide oxygen to the entire body starting from, once again, the heart.

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WORKSHEET-96
1. Mechanism of Inhalation. The thoracic cavity expands when diaphragm and rib muscles contract. The thorax moves upwards and outwards, increasing the volume inside thoracic cavity. The air pressure in the cavity decreases, hence the air rushes into the lungs through nostrils, trachea and bronchi. Mechanism of Exhalation. Exchange of gases between alveolar sacs and blood occurs and air having CO2 enters the alveoli. The thoracic cavity comes back to its original size as diaphragm muscles relax. Air containing CO2 is exhaled out through bronchi, trachea and nostrils. 2. (a) Anchoring the plant. (b) Source of water and minerals. (c) Availability of oxygen for respiration of root cells. (d) Symbiotic association with microbes. 3. Respiration in human beings takes place through the respiratory system which has a pair of lungs located to thorax, passages through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. In human beings: (a) Nostrils: they are lined with fine hair and mucus to filter the air of dust and germs. (b) Pharynx [ throat]: common passage for air and food. (c) Larynx: voice box with vocal cords to produce sound. It has a loose cartilage in men which protrudes out and is called Adams apple. (d) Trachea: windpipe, 11 cm long, guarded by 16-20 incomplete rings of cartilage which prevent it from collapsing. (e) Bronchi: trachea divides into two bronchi at lower end. The bronchi divide into bronchioles which enters into lungs. (f) Lungs, bronchioles and alveoli: bronchi on entering the lung, branch continuously as bronchioles to finally terminate into balloon like thin structures called alveoli. They are richly supplied with blood capillaries. Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange.

4. Heart is the pumping organ in our circulatory system. It has four chambers, two upper, thin walled and small chambersatria, while lower two are larger and thick walledventricles. The right atrium receives blood from the vena cava and pumps the blood into the right ventricle. Blood is sent to lungs, where it is oxygenated. Then it is sent through the right and left pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped to the left ventricle. The blood then travels to the ascending aorta where it leaves the heart and delivers oxygen to different parts of the body.

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Ventricles are thick walled as they have to generate pressure in the pumped blood. Valves are present between atria and ventricles to prevent back flow of blood. Such a flow in which blood enters the heart twice is called double circulation. It helps in keeping the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.

WORKSHEET-97
1. Heart. Heart lies in the middle of the chest cavity, between the lungs. It has four chambers, two upper, thin walled and small chambersatria, while lower two are larger and thick walledventricles. The right atrium receives blood from the vena cava and pumps the blood into the right ventricle. Blood is sent to lungs, where it is oxygenated. Then, it is sent through the right and left pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped to the left ventricle. The blood then travels to the ascending aorta where it leaves the heart and delivers oxygen to different parts of the body. Ventricles are thick walled as they have to generate pressure in the pumped blood. Valves are present between atria and ventricles to prevent backflow of blood.

2.

The right atrium receives blood from the vena cava and pumps the blood into the right ventricle. Blood is sent to lungs, where it is oxygenated. Then it is sent through the right and left pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped to the left ventricle. The blood then travels to the ascending aorta where it leaves the heart and delivers oxygen to different parts of the body.

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Vena cava from upper and lower body right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries to lungs lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta arteries to all organs of upper and lower body Such a flow is called double circulation. 3. (a) Autotrophic nutrition. Organism makes its own food (organic compounds) from simple (inorganic) raw material i.e., plants and some bacteria. Heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms depend on other living organisms for their food i.e., fungi, animals. Mode of heterotrophic nutrition depends upon type and availability of food.

(b)

WORKSHEET-98
1. Within the kidney are small functional units called nephrons, which are made up of glomerulus, Bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henles, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. Steps of urine formation Each kidney is made of millions of nephron. Each nephron has a hollow cup like Bowmans capsule and a long tubule system following it. Arteriole branching from renal artery make bunches of capillaries, one of which is called a Glomerulus. The first step in the filtration process is when the blood enters the glomerulus, where it is then pumped through the porous walls into the Bowmans space. This filtered plasma is mainly water, various salts, urea and glucose. The glomerular filtrate then passes through the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule so that useful substances are reabsorbed by blood present in the capillaries around them.

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The liquid is concentrated and collected in collecting duct. It is now called urine and poured in ureters to be carried to urinary bladder. Urine is passed out through urethra, when the urinary bladder is full and due to pressure there is an urge to do so. Sphincter muscles regulate this process. Osmoregulation and excretion are intimately related, these processes together maintain homeostasis (i.e. staying the same), and are performed by the same set of organs. The kidney is the major organ of osmoregulation and excretion in vertebrates. 2. The kidneys (renal glands) lie high in the abdominal cavity on both sides of the vertebral column. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make room for the liver. Each kidney is bean shaped and the concave portion faces medially where the renal artery and vein and ureters attach. The kidney collects and transports urine from the kidney to ureters. The kidneys regulate: 1. 2. 3. 4. The volume of blood plasma (blood pressure). The concentration of waste products in the blood [excretion]. _ The concentration of electrolytes such as Na+, K+, HCO3 and other ions [osmoregulation]. The pH of plasma.

3. (a) Transpiration is the process of removal of water vapours from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through stomata in the leaves. (b) There are two conducting tissues of plants. First is xylem and second is phloem . Tracheids and vessels which are two kinds of elements of xylem. (c) Tracheids are found in all vascular plants. They are spindle shaped, have only pits and are not very efficient. (d) Vessels are found in flowering plants, are tube like, have perforation plates and pits making them more efficient. (e) When loss of water vapour occurs from leaves of plants due to transpiration, deficit of water is created in the leaves. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction force which pulls water from the xylem cells. ( f ) Water and minerals dissolved in it move up to leaves from root through tracheids and vessels, pulling water and minerals upwards through xylem elementsascent of sap.Thus transpiration helps in upward movement of water from roots to leaves. (g) The roots of a plant absorb water and dissolve substances from the soil, which is needed by the aerial parts of the plants. As such these substances are to be transported from roots up to stem, leaves and flowers.
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WORKSHEET-99
1. (b) 11. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)

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1. (c) 2. (c ) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c)

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1. (d) 2. (d ) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c)

WORKSHEET-102
1. (d) 2. (b ) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c)

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1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d)

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1. (b) 2. (c ) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c)

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1. (d) 2. (d ) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d)

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1. (d) 2. (c ) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c)

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1. (a) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. The swelling of paired kidney-shaped cells [called guard cells] due to absorption of water causes opening of stomatal pores while shrinking of guard cells closes the pores. 4. Gastric glands in stomach release hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin and mucus. Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin. 5. Autotroph ! They prepare their own food [complex organic matter] from inorganic raw material. chain. e.g., green plants. Heterotroph ! They depend on other organism for their food. decomposers. e.g., human being, cuscuta, mushroom.
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2. (d ) 3. (b)

4. (a)

5. (d)

6. (d)

7. (a)

8. (d)

9. (b)

! They are also termed as producers in a food ! They are consumers, parasites or

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6. No,this plant will not remain healthy for a long time because: (a) It will not get oxygen for respiration. (b) It will not get carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. (c) Upward movement of water and minerals would be hampered due to lack of transpiration. 7. (a) Photosynthesis (b) Nitrogen (c) Chloroplast. 8. Nephron

9. (a) walls.

Artery 1. Have thick, elastic and muscular 2. Lumen is narrow. 3. Carry blood from heart to all body parts. 4. Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).

Vein 1. Have thin, non-elastic and walls. 2. Lumen is wide. 3. Carry blood from all body parts to heart. 4. Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).

(b) The blood circulation in human heart is called double circulation because the blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle of the bodyonce through the right half in the form of deoxygenated blood and once through the left half in the form of oxygenated blood. (c) In four chambered heart, left half is completely separated from right half by septa. This prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals.
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CONTROL AND COORDINATION

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1. (d) All of these 2. (d) All of these 3. (b) Synapse 4. (d) All of these 5. (d) All of these 6. (b) Receiving instructions from all parts of body and integrating it. 7. (b) Peripheral nervous system 8. (a) Cranium 9. (d) Cytokinin 10. (c) Cells shrinking and swelling due to electrochemical signal to change in amount of water. 11. (d) 13. (c) 15. (b) 1. (c) 2. (b ) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 12. (a) 14. (d) 16. (d)

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6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b)

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1. (c) 2. (c ) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)

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1. Nervous system and endocrine system. 2. Pons. 3. Nervous tissue and endocrine (glandular) tissue. 4. Pituitary secretes growth hormone, which controls the growth of bones and muscles increasing height during childhood. 5. The type of movement which shows growth at the point of receiving stimulus. For example, shoot growing towards light. 6. Gibberellins. 7. Testosterone and oestrogen in males and females respectively. 8. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. 9. Nerve cell or neuron. 10. Thyroxine regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

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11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Chemotropism is growth of a plant part towards or away from a chemical stimulus. Pancreas. Trypsin. Thyroid secreting thyroxine. It is located in the neck region. Non-directional growth, for example, folding and drooping of leaves of touch-me-not plant. All information from the environment is detected by specialized tips of some nerve cells. They are receptors located in our sense organs. 16. Movement on the touch-sensitive plant. 17. Insulin and glucagon. Insulin lowers the level of blood sugar. Glucagon raises the level of blood sugar. 18. (a) Voluntary action 1. It involves conscious thinking by the brain, e.g., walking. 2. Voluntary actions are controlled by our forebrain. Involuntary action 1. It is the action in response to some change in the environment without thinking about it, e.g., reflex action. 2. Involuntary actions are controlled by our spinal cord, midbrain and hindbrain through peripheral nervous system, e.g., peristalsis.

(b) Involuntary actions are beating of heart, salivation in the mouth on viewing a tasty food.

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1. Phototropism is directional movement of plant part towards or away from light, e.g., shoot grows towards light. Geotropism is movement of plant parts in response to gravitational pull, e.g., growth of roots downwards while shoot grows away from gravity. 2. Receptors are specialized tips of some nerve cells located usually in our sense organs. The receptors for taste are gustatory receptors while those detecting smell are olfactory receptors. 3. Plant movements dependent on growth are directional that is point of movement is same as point of receiving stimulus. For example, roots of a seedling grow along gravity while its stem grows towards sunlight. Plant movements independent of growth are non directional that is point of movement is not the same as point of receiving stimulus. For example, folding up and drooping of leaves of touch-me-not plant. 4. (a) Auxin (b) Gibberellin (c) Cytokinin (d) Abscisic acid 5. (a) Pineal gland (b) Pituitary gland (c) Thyroid (d) Thymus 6. (a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (ii) 7. Growth hormone is responsible for growth of muscles and bones. If level of growth hormone during childhood is low, height may not increase causing dwarfism. If opposite happens, height will increase abnormally causing gigantism. 8. Reflex action. It is a sudden and involuntary action in response to change in the environment, e.g., withdrawing hand from a hot object. These actions occur without thinking about them. Reflex arc. The pathway of quick transmission of nerve impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc. It is a connection between input nerve (sensory nerve) and the output nerve (motor nerve) and it is formed in the spinal cord as shown below:
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Stimulus Receptor organ Sensory nerve Spinal cord Motor nerve Effector organ Action 9. Three major regions of human brain are: (a) Forebrain which includes celebral hemispheres (cerebrum). (b) Midbrain. (c) Hindbrain which includes pons, cerebellum and medulla. Cerebellum. 10. A living organism has to respond to changes in its surroundings to (a) protect itself (b) gain advantage from present situation. Systems of control and coordination help an organism to respond properly to these situations. 11. (a) Oestrogen 12. (a) Pituitary (b) Growth hormone(c) Insulin (b) Pancreas (c) Adrenal (d) Thyroxine (d) Testes

WORKSHEET-118
1. Chemical coordination in animals occurs through chemicals called hormones which are secreted by endocrine glands. Endocrine glands are ductless glands which pour their secretions directly into the blood which transports them to the target organs or tissue where action occurs, e.g., during an emergency situation like frightening/overexcitement, adrenaline, a hormone is secreted by the adrenal gland into the blood which transports it to target organs including heart. As a result, the heart beats faster resulting in supply of more oxygen to our muscles. Breathing rate also increases due to faster contraction of diaphragm and rib muscles. All these responses together enable the animal body to deal with the situation. 2. Chemical coordination occurs in plants with the help of plant hormones. They are synthesized at places away from point of action and simply diffuse in the area of action. Thus, they help in coordinating growth, development responses to the environment. 3. Secretion of oestrogen from ovaries stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty (10-12 years) in females. Secretion of hormone testosterone from testis stimulates secondary sexual characteristics during puberty (13-14 years) in males. Feedback mechanism. It regulates timing and amount of hormone to be released in the body, e.g., rise in sugar level in the blood is detected by pancreas, hence insulin secretion is increased. But when sugar level falls, its secretion decreases.

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4. (a)

(b) Labels to be indicated on above diagram are cerebrum and cerebellum. (c) Cerebellum controls posture, balance of body and accurate voluntary movements.

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1. (a) (i) Phototropism. Growth dependent movement in which a part of plant moves toward or away from direction of light stimulus. For example, shoot is positively phototropic and roots are negatively phototropic. (ii) Geotropism. Growth dependent movement in which a part of plant moves towards or away from direction of gravitational pull. For example, roots are positively geotropic and shoot is negatively geotropic. ! Fill a conical flask with water. ! Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh. ! Keep two or three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh. ! Take a cardboard box which is open from one side. ! Keep the flask in the box in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming from a window.

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! After two or three days, you will notice that the shoots bend towards light and roots away from light. ! Now turn the flask so that the shoots are away from light and the roots towards light. Leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few days. (b) (i) Auxin. This hormone is responsible for elongation. It causes bending of shoot towards light and twining of tendrils around a support. (ii) Abscisic acid. It inhibits growth of plant parts to save them during unfavourable conditions. For example wilting and falling of leaves, flowers. 2. Information from the environment is detected by dendritic tip of a neuron located in the sense organ. A chemical reaction sets off here and it creates an electrical impulse which travels from dendrite to cell body and then along the axon to its endings where it sets off the release of some chemicals. The chemicals cross the synapse and set off a similar electrical impulse in dendrites of next neuron. Another synapse at the end of its axon delivers the impulse to the other cells like muscle cells/glands (effector organs) which react to perform the action. OR (a)

(b) (i) Dendrite (ii) Axon

WORKSHEET-120
1. Feedback mechanism is a way of controlling the wastage. It controls timing and amount of hormone produced. For example, production of hormones. It regulates timing and amount of hormone to be released in the body, e.g., rise in sugar in the blood is detected by pancreas, hence, insulin secretion is increased. But when sugar falls, its secretion decreases. 2. Synapse. A gap junction point between nerve endings of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron. Transmission of information impluse: (a) The information is acquired at the end of the dendrites tip of the neuron. (b) A chemical reaction is set off which creates an electrical impulse. (c) The electrical impulse travels from the dendrites to the cell body and then along the axon to its end. (d) At the axon endings, the electrical impulse sets off release of some chemicals which cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in the dendrites of next neuron. At neuromuscular junction, similar events occur in order to transmit the information.

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3. Brain and spinal cord constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems. Brain box and vertebral column protect the components of central nervous system. 4. Some plants like pea plants climb up other plants and fences by means of their tendrils. These tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in contact with any such support, auxins are produced by root tip and shoot tip and diffuse to part of the plant away from support and cause the cells to grow longer, the part of the tendril in contact with the support grow causing the tendril to circle the object of support and cling to it.

1. (b).

2. (a).

3. When an electrical signal reaches the end of axon of one neuron, it releases certain chemical substances that cross the synapse and move towards the dendrite of next neuron generating another electrical signal. 4. (a) Adrenal 5. (a) Auxin (b) Pancreas (b) Gibberellin (c) Pituitary (c) Cytokinin (d) Ovaries. (d) Abscisic acid.

6. Electrochemical messages called nerve impulses transfer the information from receptors present in various organs or from sense organs of CNS through nerves. The orders from CNS are conveyed via nerves to the muscles or glands (effectors). Glands produce secretion (like hormones) which, in turn, control many metabolic activities. 7. Reflex arc (a) Sensory neuron (b) Spinal cord (CNS) (c) Motor neuron (d) Effector = Muscle in arm. 8. Central nervous systemBrain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous systemcranial, spinal and visceral nerves The components of central nervous system protected brain box ,vertebral column and fluid filled balloon like structure formed from meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. 9. (a) Oestrogen. It regulates production of ova from ovaries, secondary sexual characters in females and health of reproductive organs. (b) Insulin. It regulates blood sugar by lowering its level. (c) Adrenaline. It increases heart rate and supply of blood to various organs and helps the body to cope with emergency situations. (d) Growth hormone. It regulates growth and development of bones and muscles. (e) Testosterone. It controls the changes of body features associated with puberty in male.
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SOLUTIONS TO

PRACTICE PAPERS

PRACTICE PAPER-I
1. Veins. 2. D.C. has constant magnitude and same direction. A.C. vary in magnitude and direction. 3. Since, resistance (R), =

V I

R1 > R2 > R3

Hence, R1 is maximum and R3 is minimum. 4. The oxidation of oil and fats present in food materials to form products that have bad odour and taste is called rancidity. 5. All three metals are highly reactive. They react vigorously with oxygen and water to evolve hydrogen gas. The reaction is highly violent and exothermic, so the evolved gas catches fire easily. Thus, to prevent its reactivity with oxygen and water, it is stored under oil. 6. Thyroxine, an iodine containing hormone which regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats thereby regulating growth. Due to deficiency of iodine in our food, i.e., deficiency of thyroxine, goitre-swelling of neck due to enlargement of thyroid gland occurs. 7. Some of the criteria for selecting a good fuel are: (a) easy availability; (b) low cost; (c) no problem in storing and transport; (d) a high calorific value; (e) low content of non-combustibles (In other words, the residue left after combustion should be as low as possible.) and (f) no combustion products that are poisonous or environmental pollutants. 8. The purpose behind the use of reflector in solar devices is to focus the sunrays to achieve higher temperatures. 9. It is in the form of co-centric circles on the plane of the paper. 10. Tungsten is preferred because; (a) It has high resistance and high melting point. (b) It glows on heating. 11. When ferrous sulphate crystals are heated, following observations are made: (a) The colour of crystals changes from green to reddish brown due to formation of iron (III) oxide. (b) Pungent smelling gases sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide are evolved. 12. (a) Copper, corrosion (b) Basic copper carbonate.
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13. (a) Substance getting oxidised H2 to H2O Substance getting reduced CuO to Cu (b) Substance getting oxidised Na to Na+ Substance getting reduced O2 to O2 14. On eating spicy food, excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is produced in our stomach. This excess acid produced leads to burning sensation. This can be neutralised by taking antacids which are mild bases like magnesium hydroxide. 15. Phototropism. It is tropic movement in the direction of light or away from it, e.g., shoots bend towards light while roots grow away from it. Hence, shoots are positively phototropic and root is negatively phototropic. Geotropism. Roots grow downward the earth, hence they are positively geotropic whereas stem grows upward, away from earth, hence it is negatively geotropic. Abscisic acid. 16. Receptors are special nerve cells in animals, which can perceive certain stimuli. For example, photoreceptors perceive light, whereas phonoreceptors perceive sound. Cerebellum helps in maintaining balance and posture of body. 17.

18. It is a process of providing an alternative path to excessive charge that may sometimes leak of the body of a high voltage metallic appliance. The colour of earth wire is green. One end of this wire is connected to the appliance and the other is earthed. Earth is always at zero potential, therefore, any extra charge successfully reaches earth without affecting appliances thus, preventing shocks. 19. (a) To find effective resistance, first we find resultant of series combination Rs = 1 + 1 = 2 Now, 2 and 2 are in series, so their effective resistance will be

1 1 1 = + Rp 2 2
(b) Rp = 1 I =

V Rp

I = 4 = 4 A. 1
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(c)

V1 = I Rp = 4 1 = 4 volts.

20. ! Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using some adhesive material. ! Place a bar magnet in the centre of it. ! Sprinkle some iron filings uniformly around the bar magnet. A salt-sprinkler may be used for this purpose.

! Now, tap the board gently. 21. (a) By heating alone, e.g.
2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2

(Cinnabar)

2HgO 2Hg + O2

(b) By using coke as reducing agent. Sometimes, reactive metals such as Na, Mg and Al can also be used, e.g., ZnO + C Zn + CO (c) Oxides of highly reactive metals are subjected to process of electrolytic reduction. NaCl (Molten) Na+ + Cl Reaction at cathode Na+ + e Na At anode 22. (a) Hydrogen gas. (b) Bring a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tube containing hydrogen gas. It burns with a pop sound and the burning splinter extinguishes. (c) It is lighter than air. (d) The above gas is collected by downward displacement of water, as it is insoluble in water. Cl e Cl Cl + Cl Cl2

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23.

In this method, the impure copper metal forms the anode and a thin strip of pure metal forms the cathode. A solution of the metal salt, i.e., copper sulphate is used as an electrolyte. On passing electric current through the electrolyte, Cu2+ ions from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte and an equivalent amount of Cu from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode. Reaction at cathode: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Reaction at anode: Cu Cu2+ + 2e (Oxidation) 24. (a) Magnetic field. It is the region around a magnet within which another magnet or a magnetic substance experiences force of attraction due to it. Direction of magnetic field lines can be determined by: (i) using a compass, where needle points. (ii) by drawing tangent to field lines at that point. (b) Right hand thumb rule. If we stretch thumb of right hand and fold the fingers, then thumb indicates the direction of current and folded fingers indicate the direction of induced magnetic field.

25. (a) The two vital functions of kidneys are: ! Excretion of nitrogenous wastes. ! Osmoregulation regulation of water and salt content in blood.

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(b) Diagram of urinary system of human being.

26. (a) Double decomposition reaction. (b) Oxidation reaction. (c) Decomposition reaction. (d) Single displacement reaction (e) Combination reaction. 27. (c) 33. (a) 39. (d) 28. (d) 34. (c) 40. (a) 29. (a) 35. (a) 41. (d) "" 30. (a) 36. (a) 31. (a) 37. (d) 32. (c) 38. (b)

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PRACTICE PAPER-II
1. Nastic movements. 2. SI unit for resistance is ohms, . SI unit for resistivity is ohm-metre, m. 3. 1 volt = 1 joule/1 coulomb. Potential or potential difference. 4. Substance getting oxidised HCl to Cl2 Substance getting reduced MnO2 to MnCl2 5. An amalgam is an alloy in which one of the metals is mercury. 6. Transpiration is the process of removal of water vapours from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through stomata in the leaves. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction force which pulls water from the xylem cells. This transpiration helps in upward movement of water from roots to leaves. 7.
R 2 R1 1 l2 l1 100 = 100 R1 A l1

% increase = 25%

Resistivity is a constant, therefore, it will not increase. 8. Electric motor has split rings whereas electric generator has slip ring commutator. Electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy whereas electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. 9. I would use renewable and pollution free sources of energy to heat my food. Because, it would not disturb the ecological balance as well as it would be reproduced in nature by cyclic process when it would be used once. 10. There are many controversies associated with the construction of hydroelectric power plants like Narmada dam. For example, when dams are built on rivers, large land areas get submerged. This may cause many problems like submergence of agricultural and residential land, destruction of large ecosystems, production of polluting gas methane from submerged vegetation, etc. 11. When lead nitrate crystals are heated, following observations are made: (a) The colour of crystals changes from white to yellow due to formation of lead oxide. (b) Reddish brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are evolved. (c) Crackling sound is heard.

12. (a) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 (b) Na2O + H2O 2NaOH

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13. (a) On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses its water molecules and gets converted into plaster of Paris.
CaSO4 . 2H2O CaSO4 . 373 K

H2O + 1 1 2 H2O

(b) On mixing plaster of Paris with water, it changes into gypsum again. 14. (a) The substance 'X' is calcium oxide and its chemical formula is CaO. (b) When calcium oxide is mixed with water, a highly vigorous and exothermic reaction takes place, it forms slaked lime. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Quicklime slaked lime

15. The main events occurring in the small intestine are as follows: (a) Bile emulsifies fat present in the food ( emulsification means breaking of fat molecules into smaller globules). (b) Pancreatic juice containing trypsin for digesting proteins and pancreatic amylase for starch act upon the food. (c) Bicarbonate ions secreted by duodenal wall make the medium alkaline because it is required for the action of pancreatic enzymes. (d) Enzymes produced in intestinal juice complete the digestive process. (e) Digested food, amino acids and sugar are absorbed by the blood capillaries present in the villi of intestine. (f) Digested fats are absorbed by lymph vessels present in the villi of intestine. 16. (a) The role of mucus is to protect the stomach lining from the action of acid and pepsin. (b) The two vital functions of human kidneys are: (i) Excretion. Removal of toxic wastes like urea and uric acid. (ii) Osmoregulation. It is the process of maintaining the right amount of water and proper ionic balance in body. It is done by controlling the amount of water and salts reabsorbed by nephron tubules. 17. Fuse is a safety device made up of a high resistance with low melting point, which works on principle of heating effect of electric current. No, because a fuse will not work effectively if used this way. Commonly used is alloys of copper and tin. 18. (a) The galvanometer shows a deflection. (b) The galvanometer shows deflection in other direction. (c) No deflection in galvanometer. 19. (a) Key open, then R = 12 , V = 6 V (b) Key closed, then R = 6 , V = 6 V I= I=

V = 0.5 A. R V = 1 A. R

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20. (a) A transformer works on the principle, the varying magnetic field induces emf and varying electric field induces magnetic behaviour. (b) Whenever magnetic field associated with a conductor, changes an emf is induced in it. (c) D. C. has constant magnitude and same direction whereas A.C. varies in magnitude and direction. 21. (a) Metal sulphides and carbonates are converted into metal oxide prior to reduction because it is easier to extract metal from its oxide form than from any other form of the ore. (b) Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions which are held together strongly due to strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Thus, large amount of heat energy is required to overcome interionic interaction raising its melting point. (c) Carbon cannot be used to reduce the oxides of highly reactive metals, as highly reactive metal oxides are highly stable and have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. Thus, carbon cannot reduce them. 22. On conversion of milk into curd, its pH will decrease and will become less than 6. The pH decreases as curd is more acidic than milk due to the presence of lactic acid. More acidic is the substance, lesser is its pH. 23.

Materials Required. Two test tubes, test tube stands, copper sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution. Procedure. Take two test tubes. In one of the test tubes, take about 15 ml of copper sulphate solution and in the another test tube, take about 15 ml of iron sulphate solution. Immerse a clean copper coin in iron sulphate solution and an iron nail in copper sulphate solution and wait for few minutes. Observation. After few minutes, we will observe that the colour of copper sulphate solution changes from blue to green, while no change takes place in iron sulphate solution. Conclusion. Iron is more reactive than copper as it displaces copper from its salt solution. Chemical equation: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Cu + FeSO4 No reaction.

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24. (a) Diagram of a neuron

(b) (i) Cerebrum is responsible for intelligence and memory. (ii) Adjustment of movement of posture is controlled by cerebellum. (c) Diabetes. Diabetes is caused by rise in sugar concentration in the blood due to deficiency of insulin which lowers the blood sugar level. 25. (a)

(b) Both copper and aluminium wires are good conductor of electricity and heat because of its metallic characters. Both have also high resistivity. Due to which, they are used for electricity transmission.
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26. (a) The substance 'X' is sodium chloride (NaCl) (b) The process is called chlor-alkali. (c) Chlorine is liberated at anode. (d) Sodium hydroxide is used in soap industry. Chlorine is used as a bleaching agent. Hydrogen is used in the manufacture of ammonia gas. 27. (b) 33. (d) 39. (b) 28. (c) 34. (c) 40. (d) 29. (d) 35. (d) 41. (c) "" 30. (b) 36. (c) 31. (b) 37. (b) 32. (c) 38. (b)

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PRACTICE PAPER-III
1. The mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the environment and release carbon dioxide is called breathing. 2. Under physical conditions of temperature and pressure remaining constant, the electric current flowing through a wire is directly proportional to applied potential difference, i.e., I V. 3. Magnetic field intensity is directly proportional to current and inversely to radius. So, double with current and twice when radius is halved. 4. Metals which displace hydrogen from dilute acids are: calcium, magnesium. Metals which do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids are: copper, silver. 5. (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O. 6. They can throw gases and excess water through stomata through diffusion. They can store wastes like gums and resins in old xylem tissue[wood]. 7. (a) Silver is a better conductor. 8. Alloys are preferred because; (a) In alloys, resistance does not vary much with increase of temperature. 9. (b) They do not get oxidised on heating. (b) Silver.

10. Coal and oil are the fuels used to produce heat energy to convert water to steam which, in turn, rotates (mechanical energy) the turbines in power plant. Transmission of electricity is more efficient than transporting of coal and petroleum over the same distance. Being near them, expense of transport can be reduced. 11. When dilute sulphuric acid is poured on zinc granules, bubbles of hydrogen gas are evolved from the surface of zinc metal and the reaction mixture becomes hot. Zn + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 + H2
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12. The black colour of copper oxide changes to bluish-green because copper oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form copper (II) chloride which is bluish-green. A neutralisation reaction takes place between copper oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid. CuO + 2HCI CuCl2 + H2O 13. Hydrogen gas is evolved when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal. Fe + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4 (aq) + H2 14. (a) Decomposition reaction.
heat (b) 2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s)

+ SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide

Ferrous sulphate

Ferric oxide

15. (a) Central nervous system in humans consists of: (i) Brain (ii) Spinal cord Brain is broadly divided into three regions named forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. (i) Forebrain. It includes cerebrum and olfactory lobes. Cerebrum consists of sensory areas called occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and frontal lobe. Midbrain. It plays some role in involuntary action. Hindbrain. It consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata. (ii) Spinal cord. Cylindrical structure, beginning form medulla oblongata and extending downwards, lying inside the backbone. (b) Functions of cerebrum are:
# # #

Responsible for visual reception Controls muscular activity Controls auditory reception.

Responsible for touch, smell and regulates body temperature. 16. Reflex action. It is an unconscious and involuntary response of effectors (muscles and glands) to stimulus. In reflex action, a message from receptors is relayed by sensory nerves to the spinal cord, which sends information for response via motor nerves to effectors. The pathway is called reflex arc. Flow Diagram of It: Stimulus receptor sensory nerve spinal chord motor nerve affector action 17.

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18. (a) The strength of magnetic field increases. (b) The strength of magnetic field increases. (c) The polarity or direction of field lines reverses. 19. (a) Total resistance will be 4 times its original, i.e., 4 . (b) It will be 2.5 . (c) Since R

l A l 6 = 1.5 . = 4 4

Resultant (R) =

20. (a) P = VI = 2.5 750 103 = 1875 103 = 1.875 watt (b) R = V/I = 2.5/750 103 = 3.33 (c) E = P t = 1.875 4 = 7.5 Wh = 7.5 103 kWh. 21. (c) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4 (Double displacement) (d) 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 (Displacement reaction) 22. (a) 'X' is sodium hydrogencarbonate and its chemical formula is NaHCO3. (b) 2NaCl + 2H2O + 2CO2 2NaHCO3 + 2HCl (c) When this compound is heated strongly, it decomposes forming sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide.
Heat 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

23. (a) Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.

1 H O) has a strong tendency to absorb moisture and gets 2 2 converted into gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) which sets into a hard mass. Thus, to prevent its contact with moisture, it is stored in moisture proof container. (b) Distilled water is pure water which does not contain any dissolved salts or gases. Rainwater contains dissolved gases like CO2 and SO 2 which, in turn, produce acids like carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), sulphurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ) and dissociate into ions. Formation of ions in rain is responsible for the conduction of electricity in rainwater while due to absence of ions in distilled water, it does not conduct electricity.
(c) Antacids are mild non-corrosive bases which are used to neutralise the excess acidity in the stomach, e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) and milk of magnesia [Mg(OH)2].

24. (a) (i) salivary amylase. It is an enzyme present in the saliva, secreted by salivary glands. It digests starch into maltose thereby starting the digestion of carbohydrate in the buccal cavity. (ii) Villi. They increase the surface area for absorption of digested food into the blood. (iii) Pepsin. It is a digestive enzyme secreted by gastric glands. It is responsible for the digestion of proteins in stomach .

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(b) When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is poured into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, the blood is pumped into the aorta and the largest artery which distributes it to all the parts of the body through arteries. 25. (a) Formula used V = IR RCE = 2 + 4 = 6 (b) (c) I= IAB = ICE = (d) P.D2 = P4 =

V ; R = 3 ; V = 3 V I = 1 A R
3 VAB 1 = = A 6 R AB 2 3 VCE 1 = = A 6 R CE 2

1 2=1V 2 1 4=2V 2

26. (a) When a piece of magnesium is dropped into test tube containing dil. HCl, the reaction would be most vigorous, as it is the most reactive of the three metals. (b) Mg + 2HCl (dil.) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Zn + 2HCl (dil.) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Fe + 2HCl (dil.) FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) (c) Mg > Zn > Fe. 27. (d) 33. (b) 39. (b) 28. (d) 34. (b) 40. (c) 29. (a) 35. (c) 41. (b) "" 30. (d) 36. (c) 31. (d) 37. (c) 32. (d) 38. (c)

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PRACTICE PAPER-IV
1. Auxin and cytokinins. 2. Heat energy = I2 Rt = (5)2 (20) 30 = 25 20 30 = 15000 J. 3. Whenever magnetic field associated with a conductor changes, an emf is induced in it. 4. Oil and fat containing food items are generally flushed with nitrogen to prevent the oxidation of oil and fats. Nitrogen being an inert gas does not react with oils and fats, prevents the oxidation of oils and fats and thus, they last longer without turning rancid. 5. Magnesium and manganese. 6. Human heart is four chambered. The two upper chambers are called atria which receive blood from large veins while the two lower chambers are called ventricles. Between left atrium and left ventricle as well as between right atrium and right ventricle, valve are present which allow blood to flow only from atrium to ventricle. 7. Energy = Power Time TV set = ETV = 250 watt 1 hr = 250 Wh = 0.25 kWh. Toaster = Etoaster = 1200 watt

10 hr = 200 Wh = 0.20 kWh. 60

ETV > Etoaster 8. (a) Wind energy. It can be established only in those areas where wind blows at a higher speed than 15 km/hour to maintain the required speed of the turbine. (b) Tides. The locations where dams to harness this energy can be built are limited. 9. (a) CNG is non-renewable while hydrogen is renewable fuel. (b) Hydrogen on burning produces only water vapours while CNG on burning produces greenhouse gases which may lead to global warming hence, hydrogen is a cleaner fuel than CNG. 10. R= =
l A

= 3.14 107 m. 11. (a) Calamine (ZnCO3) (b) (i) Concentration of ore (ii) Calcination. To convert carbonate ore to oxide form by heating it in the absence of oxygen. ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 (iii) Coke using as reducing agent. Conversion of oxide ore into oxide form. ZnO + C Zn + CO (iv) Refining of metal.
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RA 22 0.1 10 3 0.1 103 = 10 l 7 1

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12. (a) Magnesium being a reactive metal combines with oxygen of air to form a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface which slows down the process of combustion. Hence, it should be cleaned with a sand paper before burning to remove the oxide layer formed on its surface. (b) The reaction which involves the formation of an insoluble substance is called precipitation reaction. A precipitate is generally obtained when aqueous solutions of two substances are mixed together, e.g., mixing of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate forms an insoluble precipitate of silver chloride. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl + NaNO3(aq) CuO + 2HCI CuCl2 + H2O 13. (a) 3H2 + N2 2NH3 (Combination reaction) (b) 2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2 (Redox reaction) 14. (a) Silver bromide
Sunlight (b) 2AgBr 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)

(c) Photochemical decomposition reaction. 15. No, the plant will not stay healthy for a long time. The reasons are: (a) It will not be able to exchange O2 and CO2, hence respiration will be affected adversely. (b) Photosynthesis will also be affected as CO2 will not be available. (c) Transpiration will not take place hence, there will be no ascent of sap, and no water absorption from the soil. 16.

17. F = BIL, where B = Magnetic field, I = Current and L = Distance. Force is maximum when magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of coil. 18.

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19. It is 220 V A.C. with 50 Hz frequency. 50 Hz specify frequency of alternating current. Household circuits have parallel arrangement because if something goes wrong with one appliance, other should not be effective. Also in parallel arrangement, all appliances get same voltage input. 20. Fractional distillation. Products obtained which can be used as fuels are paraffin wax, fuel oil, petrol, kerosene, diesel and natural gas. 21. (a) This is because zinc is more reactive than copper and thus, will displace it from its salt solution. (b) This occurs due to phenomenon of corrosion. Silver metal reacts with sulphur compounds present in air to form silver sulphide which is black. (c) A metal sulphide is converted to oxide form, as it is easy to extract metal from its oxide form than any other form of the ore. 22. (a) Sodium carbonate and its chemical formula is Na2CO3. 10H2O (b) Ten molecules. (c) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(1) + CO2 (g) Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl(dil.)
23. (a) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

(Red hot) (Steam) (c) K2O + H2O 2KOH 24. Given, Similarly, As we know, = (b) Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O

l1 1 Where l1 = length of first wire = l2 2 l2 = length of second wire

l2 = 2l1

2 d1 = diameter of first wire d1 = 3 d2 = diameter of second wire d2

d2 =

3 d1 2

Rd 2 RA = 4l l
V1 = IR V1 =

I 4 l1 d12 I 4 l2 d22

.......................... (i)

Similarly,

V2 =

........................ (ii)

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Now, putting the values of l2 and d2 in equation (ii), we get =

I 4 2l1 9d 2 1 4
I 32 l1 9 d12
............................. (iii)

Now, from equations (i) and (iii), we get

V1 I 4l1 9 d12 = 2 V2 d1 I 32 l1
= 9 : 8.

25. The plants show two different types of movements. They are: Tropic movements. Movements depend on growth. They are directional movements in which growth is involved, are either towards the stimulus or away from it, e.g., when seed germinates, root grows downwards and stem grows upwards. Nastic movements. They are non-directional movements, i.e, neither towards nor away from the stimulus in which no growth is involved, e.g., folding up and drooping of leaves of touch-me-not plant (sensitive plant) on touching. Human brain. Brain is protected inside a bony box or skull. Further, it is also protected by a shock absorbing fluid-filled balloon made of three membranes (meninges). It has three major parts. These are:

(a) Forebrain. It is the main thinking part, having areas for impulses from sensory receptors, i.e., hearing, smell, sight, etc., and reparate areas of association where sensory information is interpreted and motor areas to control voluntary muscles. (b) Midbrain. Plays some role in hearing, sight and involuntary actions. (c) Hindbrain. Three main parts of hindbrain are: ! Cerebellum. Which controls posture, balance of body and accurate voluntary movements. ! Pons. Regulates respiration. ! Medulla oblongata. It control involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, etc.

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26. (a) Limewater turns milky when CO2 is passed through limewater. (b) Na2CO3 + 2HCl (dil.) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (1) + CO2(g) (c) When the evolved gas is passed through limewater, limewater turns milky. Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (1) Limewater Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate Water

(d) When sodium hydroxide is taken in test tube A, it neutralises dil. hydrochloric acid, forming salt sodium chloride and water. 2NaOH + 2HCl(dil.) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 27. (d) 33. (b) 39. (d) 28. (b) 34. (d) 40. (b) 29. (d) 35. (c) 41. (c) 30. (d) 36. (c) 31. (b) 37. (b) 32. (b) 38. (b) ""

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PRACTICE PAPER-V
1. Transport of food from leaves to other parts of the plant is called translocation. 2. Resistance of a conductor increases with increase in temperature. 3. 1 volt = 1 joule/1 coulomb. Potential or potential difference. 4. Iron objects acquire reddish brown coating on exposure to moist air, due to formation of hydrated oxide of iron formed by rusting of iron. Chemical process responsible for the formation of reddish coating is rusting and the red coat formed is hydrated oxide of iron/rust. 5. When copper is heated in oxygen of air, copper gets oxidised to copper oxide which is black is colour. 6. A nerve impulse is an electrochemical signal travelling through a neuron. Transmission of information impulse. Information from the environment is detected by dendritic tip of a neuron located in the sense organ. A chemical reaction sets off here and it creates an electrical impulse which travels from dendrite to cell body and then along the axon to its endings where it sets off the release of some chemicals. The chemicals cross the synapse and set off a similar electrical impulse in dendrites of next neuron. Another synapse at the end of its axon delivers the impulse to the other cells like muscles cells/glands (effector organs) which react to perform the action. 7. No two magnetic field lines are found to intersect each other because if they did, these would be two directions at one point which is not possible. 8. (d) The direction of force is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field and current is given by Fleming's left hand rule. As we know, the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of motion of electrons. The force is, therefore, directed into the page. 9. Some of the criteria for selecting a good fuel are: (a) easy availability; (b) low cost; (c) no problem in storing and transport; (d) a high calorific value; (e) low content of non-combustibles (In other words, the residue left after combustion should be as low as possible.) and (f) no combustion products that are poisonous or environmental pollutants. 10. There are many controversies associated with the construction of hydroelectric power plants like Narmada dam. For example, when dams are built on rivers, large land areas get submerged. This may cause many problems like submergence of agricultural and residential land, destruction of large ecosystems, production of polluting gas methane from submerged vegetation, etc.

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11. (a) When baking soda is used for baking purposes, on heating at high temperature, it decomposes and evolves carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas evolved helps the cake to rise and makes it soft and spongy. (b) Its pH is more than 7. 12. (a) In test tube A hizzing occurs more vigorously because HCl is stronger acid than acetic acid and thus a faster reaction takes place with HCl. (b) Mg (s) + 2HCl (dil.) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Mg (s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2 Mg (aq) + H2 (g) 13. (a) Oxide formed is amphoteric in nature. (b) The metal X is zinc and the formula of its oxide is ZnO. 14. (a) Sodium oxide, potassium oxide. (b) Alkalies. 15. This is because the blood flows twice through the heart before it is pumped throughout the body. Double circulation consists of the following events: (a) Deoxygenated blood from large veins called vena cava pours into the right atrium when muscles of all four chambers of heart are relaxed. This comes from the tissues. (b) Pulmonary veins from lungs pour oxygenated blood into the left atrium. (c) Atria contract and blood is poured into the respective ventricles. Right ventricle has deoxygenated blood and left ventricle has oxygenated blood. (d) Now, the ventricles contract and right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery and left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of blood through aorta. (e) Thus, deoxygenated blood comes to heart, oxygenated in the lungs and again comes back to the heart and then sent to all other parts. 16. Mechanism of inhalation: (a) The diaphragm and rib muscles contract which make the thorax move upwards and outwards. (b) The volume inside the thoracic cavity increases, i.e., it expands. (a) Air pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases. Thus, air from outside rushes into the lungs/alveoli through nostrils, tracheae and bronchi. 17.

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18.

19. (a) Effective resistance (R) = 100 + 200 = 300 . (b) I =

V 12 = = .04 A R 300

(c) Potential difference (P.D.) = P.D100 = Similary, P.D200 =

1 100 = 50 V. 2 1 200 2

= 100 V. 20. (a) Compressed Natural Gas. (b) When the resistance is doubled, the current gets halved. 21. (a) Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. Thus, when a metal reacts with nitric acid, the H2 gas produced is oxidised to water by nitric acid and it itself gets reduced to any of the oxides of nitrogen (NO2, N2O). (b) Sodium metal is a highly reactive metal which vigorously reacts with oxygen present in air if kept in open and catches fire. Thus, to prevent its reactivity and prevent accidental fires it is kept immersed in kerosene oil. (c) The reaction of Fe2O3 with aluminium is a highly exothermic reaction. In this reaction, aluminium reduces iron oxide to produce iron metal with the evolution of lot of heat. Due to this heat, iron metal is produced in molten state. The molten iron is poured between the broken iron pieces to join them. 22. (a) Lower is the pH of the substance, higher is its acidic strength. Therefore, a substance having pH of 2.4 has higher acidic strength while pH of 6.8 has lowest acidic strength. Thus, the increasing acidic strength is B > A > C.

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(b) Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.

1 H O) has a strong tendency to absorb moisture and gets 2 2 converted into gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) which sets into a hard mass. Thus, to prevent its contact with moisture, it is stored in moisture proof container.

(c) The formation of H+ ions is responsible for the acidic properties of the substance. Since acids cannot furnish H+ ions in the absence of water, they cannot show acidic properties. 23. (a) Insoluble product is lead iodide, which is yellow-coloured. (b) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq ) PbI2 + 2KNO3 (aq) 24. Resistivity is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross-section. As we know, or R= R=
l A

l4 d 2

or

R=

1.2 10 9 1.2 4 3.14 (4 10 3 )2 1.2 10 9 1.2 4 3.14 16 10 6

0.3 10 3 1.2 3.14 0.36 10 3 3.14

= .11 103 . 25. (a) Endocrine glands. The glands which do not have ducts to pass their secretions called hormones, so they are also called ductless glands. (b) The two endocrine glands present in the human brain are pituitary and hypothalamus. (c) Functions of the hormones: (i) Tropic hormones. Regulate the secretions of hormones of the other endocrine glands. Tropic hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland. (ii) Vasopressin. It is a hormone of pituitary gland which regulates water and electrolytic balance in the body. (iii) Adrenaline. Regulates blood pressure and heartbeat rate. (iv) Insulin. Lowers the blood glucose. (d) Two characteristics of hormones are: (i) They are poured directly into the blood which transports them during its circulation. (ii) They act on specific tissue/organ called target organ.

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26. (a)

ZnCO3 (Ore of zinc) Concentration of ore Calcination for conversion of ore to oxide form by heating it in the absence of oxygen. ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 Oxide ore of the metal Reduction using coke as reducing agent ZnO + C Zn + CO Refining of metal to obtain pure metal

(b)

Cinnabar ore (HgS)

Concentration of ore

Roasting for conversion of ore into oxide form by heating it in the presence of oxygen

2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2 2HgO 2Hg + O2

Mercury metal

Refining of the metal to obtain pure metal 27. (c) 33. (d) 39. (a) 28. (d) 34. (c) 40. (a) 29. (b) 35. (b) 41. (c) "" 30. (d) 36. (c) 31. (a) 37. (c) 32. (c) 38. (c)

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