Layered Space-Time Coding/Decoding

STBCs don't have any multiplexing gain but they possessed a diversity order of ideally MTMR for improving the link quality by combating deep fades . LST codes provide Multiplexing Gain by transmitting independent data streams from each Antenna at the Transmitter side achieving multiplexing gain of order .

Encoding types
Vertical encoding Horizontal encoding (D-BLAST)

(V-BLAST)

Horizontal Encoding

Diagonal Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (D-BLAST) scheme

Vertical Encoding (V-BLAST)

Layered Space-Time Decoders (Receivers)

Minimum mean square error(MMSE) Maximum likelihood decoder (ML decoder)

Minimum mean square with successive interference cancellation (MMSE_SIC)

Minimum mean square error with ordered successive interference cancellation (MMSE_ OSIC)

a) Ml Decoder :
Optimal decoding (zero power losses as ) Provides MR diversity . AS MT increases complexity of the receiver increases. b) Zero-Forcing Receiver: It behaves like a linear filter and separates the data streams and thereafter independently decodes each stream.

Where matrix H.

is the pseudo inverse of the non-square

c) MMSE Receiver:
Noise is enhanced so we minimize error : Solving :

d)Successive cancellation receiver (SIC):

As a result of multiplexing ,MSI exits. to improve the performance , (SIC) algorithm is usually combined with V-BLAST receivers. this nonlinear detection scheme first detects the first row of the signal and then cancels its effect from the overall received signal vector. It then proceeds to the next row To reduce BER more and more we have to decode the received signals according to their strength (SNR like SC deversity) OSIC. OSIC :improves the quality of the decision and reduces the chances of error propagation.

V-BLAST decoding with ZF and OSIC