Myanma Encyclopedia Part 1

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7[wfrsm;ukd uBmt7yf7yf7Sd rnfonfhuav;r~rESpf
oufbrJ aeEkid af y? *syefEidk if /H csuu
f q
kd vkAd g;uD;,m;
Ekid if w
H \dkrv
S nf; pUL/ 0g;/ xif7LS ;om; /a-uG/ 7F\HusaJG umf
ponfw\dkjzifh jyKvkyx
f m;onfh upm;p7mrsK;d pku
H dk uBm
tES\Htjym;ok\d t-uD;tus,f wify\dka7mif;cscahJ vonf?
upm;p7mvkyfief;onf pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief;jzpfonfh
twkid ;f upm;p7m jyKvyk af omolw\do
k nf rdrw
d \d.
k ukeu
f dk
wGiu
f s,pf mG a7mif;csEidk 7f eftwGuf upm;p7mrsm;ukyd rdk dk
aumif;rGeaf tmif wDxiG Ef idk 7f ef tjrJ-udK;pm;cJ-h uonf?
-udK;pm;onfh twkid ;f vnf; ,cktcg od_yH nmESi,
hf OS f
aom pufwyfupm;p7m tqef;tjym;rsm; ay:ayguf
vmayjyD? a7xJwiG f ckwaf rmif;Ekid af om oabm&kyu
f
av;rsm;/ oHywfjzifo
h mG ;aom armfawmfum;&kyu
f av;
rsm;/oHvrf;ay:wGif ywfajy;aomrD;7xm;&kyfuav;
rsm;/ avxJwGif ysH0JEkdifaom av,mOfysH&kyfuav;
rsm;rSm uav;oli,frsm;omru vl-uD;rsm;yif ESpjf cdKuf
oabmusp7mjzpfayonf?
uav;upm;p7m trsKd;rsKd;7Sd7mwGiftcsKd\rSm v=yf7Sm;
Ekdifjcif;r7Sdaom t&kyfaorsm;omjzpfonf? tcsKd\rSm
v=yf7Sm;Ekdif/ ckwfarmif;Ekdifaom t&kyf7Sifrsm;jzpfonf?
a7S;qefaomfvnf; rwdrfaumEkdifonhf 7FH\&kyfrsm;
apjcif;/ uav;wkd\. b0ESifh7if;ESD;apjcif;/7nf

7G,fcsuf7Sdjcif;/ t"d_g,f7Sdjcif;wkd\ jzpfavonf?( jref
rmuav; upm;enf;rsm;/t*vdyfupm;enf;rsm; 7= )
upm;p7mrsm; ?
?upm;p7mrsm;onf vlwpfrsK;d
ESiw
fh pfrsK;d wpfEidk if EH iS w
hf pfEidk if H uGv
J aJG umif;uGv
J rJG nf
jzpfaomfvnf;/ a7S;ya0+Duyif ay:aygufcahJ yonf?
ok\d 7mwGif vlw\dk.acwfonf trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJcJ o
hJ nfh
twkid ;f uav;upm;p7mrsm;onfvnf; acwftvku
d f
trsKd;rsKd; wkd;wufajymif;vJvmcJh-uayonf? txl;
ojzifph ufrE= iS o
hf _d yH nm xGe;f um;vmonfh tcgrSpI
uav;upm;p7mrsm;. tqift
h wef;rSm odoo
d mom
wkd;wufIvmcJhayonf? a7S;acwfvlwkd\onf 7FH\ESifh
jyKvkyaf omjrif;&ky/f EGm;&kyrf sm;/ 0g;yifusLyifrS jyKvkyf
aom ajyGuav;rsm;jzifh rdrdwkd\om;orD;rsm;. pdwf
aysmf7iF rf u
= dk zefw;D ay;cJ-h u.? t0wfpw
k rf sm;/opfwdk
t&kyfavmuY twef;pm;jrihfonhf oHywfpuf&kyfrsm;
22
upm;p7mrsm;
jrefrmhvuf7mjzpfaom bDvl;acgif;/ewfacgif;/,Ofrif;&kyf/oli,fawmf&kyf/zkd;b&kyf/jrif;&kyfponfrsm;
tcsKd\rSmrl uav;rsm;pdwful;m+f xufoefwkd;wuf

a7;twGuf zefw;D ay;I uav;rsm;uk,
d w
f idk f wyfqif
jyKvky7f aom upm;p7mrsm; jzpfayonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGifvnf; uav;upm;p7m jyKvkyfa7mif;
csolrsm;7Sdonf? OD;b&kyf(zkd;b&kyf) ypfwkdif;axmif
ESiw
hf uG rif;om;&ky/f rif;orD;&ky/f jrif;&ky/f usm; &kyrf sm;
wGif -udK;wyfxm;aom &kyfao;&kyfrsm;rSm ,ae\wkdif
atmifyifr&k;d Ekid af o;acs? t0wfp/ pULpwk\djzifh jyKvyk f
xm;aom bDv;l acgif;/ usm;acgif;ponfrsm; vnf;7Sd
onf? t&kyfrsKd;pkHukd rsm;aomtm;jzifh bk7m;wef
vuf7majrmufvSonhf *syefjrif;pD;ol7Jaumif;&kyf
uav;wkdif; rESpfoufbJraeEkdifonhyf v=yfjrif;&kyf
23
upm;p7mrsm;
upm;&Hk/tm;
upm;&kH/tm; ? ?tm;upm;&ku
H dk t*vyd v
f *dk sif
raeZD,rf[k ac:onf? *sifraeZD,rf qkdonfh
pum;onf *sirf aemh[al om *7dpum;rS qif;oufvmI
uk d , f w k H ; vk H ; [k t"d _ g,f 7 onf ? a7S ; acwf * 7d
vli,frsm;onf uk,
d v
f uf-uHch ikd af 7; oifwef;qif;csed f
wGif rdrw
d \dk0wfqifxm;aom t0wfrsm;ukcd sG wI
f upm;
-uonf? tm;upm;&kw
H iG f uk,
d v
f uf -uHch idk af 7;/ aygh
yg;zswfvwfa7;/ ukd,ft*gtpdwftykdif;rsm; tcsKd;
tqpfajyjypfa7; ponfwkd\twGuf avhusifhupm;Ekdif
aom yPnf;rsm;xm;7S7d .? rsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmif;
rsm;wGif upm;&kHrsm;xm;7SdjyD;v~if ausmif;om;vli,f
rsm;tm; ukd,fvufusef;rmzGH\jzdK;vmatmif enf;
vrf;wus oifjyay;avh7adS yonf? tm;upm;&krH sm;wGif
vufESifhqGJwuf7ef -udK;rsm;ESifh avSum;rsm;ukdvnf;
aumif; /uGi;f Ag;(7if;Ag;)/ wwef;Ag;/ ESpw
f ef;Ag;rsm;ukd
vnf ; aumif ; / 'rf A ,f A g;AJ a c: tav;rsm;ES i f h
tif;'D;,ef;uvyfac: wif;ykwfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;;/
vufo;D xk;d usifph 7m abmvk;H ESihf vufaxmuf ckejf yD;
upm;7aom jrif;Ag;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/upm;p7m
yPnf;trsK;d rsK;d ukd awG\jrifEidk af yonf?
tm;upm;avhusifh7mwGif ukd,fvuft*gtm;vkH;ukd
wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck tqifajyatmif v=y7f mS ;Ekid rf E= iS hf tHuu
dk f
tcsufusatmif v==yf7Sm;Ekdifr=onf ta7;t-uD;qkH;
7efukefwUodkvf tm;upm;&HktwGif; ESpfwef;Am;ay:Y uif;

jrD;aumufaxmifaeaom wUodkvfAvarmifwpfOD;
aqmif;7Sd qkid rf sm;ESiyhf aJG ps;wef;rsm;Y a7mif;csavh7-dS u

onf? ,ckacwfwGifrl upm;p7mrsm;ukd qkdifrsm;zGifh
vSpI
f yif a7mif;csae-ujy?D xkq
d idk rf sm;wGif upm;p7mrsm;
trsK;d pkv
H o
S nfjh yif a7S;acwf upm;p7mrsm;xuf rsm;pGm
tqifhtwef; jrifhvmonfukdvnf; awG\7ayonf?
uav;pD;pufb;D uav;rsm;/ armfawmfum;uav;rsm;
ESifh jrif;&kyfuav;rsm;rSm uav;wkdif; vdkcsifrufarm
avmufatmifyif aumif;rGe-f uayonf? xku
d o
hJ \dk upm;
p7mrsm;. tqift
h wef;wk;d wufI vmjyDreS af omfvnf;
EkdifiHjcm;xkwfukef tjzpfokd\um; ra7mufao;acs?
upm;p7mvkyif ef;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvky&f rHk sm;rS
ykdv~H-uGif;usefaeaom yPnf;tptersm;ukd okH; -u
onf? opfwo
dk pfptwGuf opf&o
Hk pfpufrsm;rS vnf;
aumif;/ t0wfprsm;twGuf pufcsKyfaomXmersm;rS
vnf;aumif; tajrmuftjrm; 0,f,l7ayonf?
,ckyifTr~ wk;d wufaeaom upm;p7mvkyif ef;onf
tem*wfumvwGif ,ckxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
wk;d wuf vmOD;rnfrmS ,krH mS ;zG,rf 7Sad cs?(yHpk H vnf;7=)
usef;rma7;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufvnf; ta7;-uD;.?

TyHkwGif taemufEkdifiHausmif;oltcsKd\ -udK;avScg; -udK;wef;
rsm;jzihf usef;rma7;avhusihfaepOf Tokd\awG\7onf?
24
upD
uqkefv
jzpf.? Tok\dvy= 7f mS ;Ekid 7f efrmS omrefvw

l \dktwGuf cuf
cJrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ tm;upm;&kw
H iG f qkid 7f myPn;fu7d
,mrsm;jzifh pepfwusavhusifhxm;oltzkd\rSmrl rnf
okd\r~cufcJjcif;r7Sday? tm;upm;enf;rsm;ukd avhusifh
ay;jcif;jzifh uk,
d .
f usef;rmr=uo
dk mr[kw/f pdwu
f sef;
rmr=uv
dk nf;7apEkid o
f nf? xk\da-umifyh if Ekid if w
H idk ;f vkv
d Ydk
txl;ojzifh ausmif;rsm;wGif tm;upm;&krH sm; xm;7Su
d m
vli,frsm;tm; tm;upm;enf;rsm;ukd pHepfwus
avhusio
hf ifjyay;vsu7f adS yonf?(ud,
k v
f uf-uH\cidk af 7;
vnf;7=)
upD ?
? aumfre= \f 7=?
vjrwfuqkefY aAm"dyifukd anmifa7 oGef;avmif;aepOf
uqkefv ? ?uqke[
f k ,ckta7;tac: jyKae
aomv.trnfukd yk*Hacwfxkd; ausmufpmwkd\wGif
ukqek [
f t
k a7;rsm;onf?
yk*aH cwfY tok;H wGif us,faom ukqek /f uqke[
f l
aom ta7;ESpfrsKd;wGif ukqkefonfrlvjzpfI ,if;rS
uqkeo
f \dk a7G\avsmonf[k ,lq7ayonf?
uk/ u.teufonf a7jzpfI/ qkef.teufrSm
oGe;f avmif;onf[k jzpfaoma-umifh uqkev
f udak 7oGe;f
v/ a7avmif;v [kaumuf,7l onf? ukqek /f uqkef
[laom v.tac:rSm tvGefa7S;usonfukdaxmuf
aomf jrefrmEkdifiHokd\omoema7mufonfh tcgrSpI
anmifa7oGe;f yGaJ wmf usif;yjcif;tavhvnf; wpfjydKif

wnf ; jzpf a y:vmonf [ k xif r S w f 7 avonf ?
wefcl;/ uqkefpaom q,fhESpfvwkd\wGif
uqkef/0gqkd/ 0gacgif/ oDwif;usGwf/ wefaqmifrkef;/
ewfawmf [lI ajcmufrsK;d aomtac:wk\drmS omoema7;
uk;d uG,f ,k-H unfa7;ESihf oufqidk af vonf? Tuqkef
v7moD wGif aet7Sdeftjyif;xefqkH; jzpfaoma-umifh
a7rsm; yifcef;ajcmufavh77dS um;/ jrwfpmG bk7m; yGiahf wmfrl
7m aAm"dyifudk 7nfrw
S u
f m aAm"dyif tyGm; awmfrsm;ukd
waysmfwyg; a7pifoeG ;f avmif;jcif;rsm; jyKcJ-h uojzifh
a7tkd;ukd,fpDESihf uqkefanmifa7yGJ qifEFJ-uol vSysKdjzLrsm;
25
uqkev
f jynhaf e\
uaZmfaygufjcif;
wufcsed w
f iG f a*gwrbk7m; tavmif;awmfonf onK
wm+fawmfudk 77Sad wmfrjl cif;?
4?r[moU7mZf 148ckuqkefvjynfhae\wGif rm
rif;wkd\. tif-uif;O,smOfY bk7m;7Sify7dedmefpH0if
awmfrjl cif;wk\d jzpfavonf?
xkduJhokd\bk7m;7Sif. tjzpfawmfpOfwGif xl;jcm;rSwf
om;xkdufaom Tuqkefvjynfhae\tm; bk7m;ae\[k
Ak<omoem0if taygif;wk\d u txGwt
f jrwf xm;-u
vsuf a*gwrbk7m;7Sio
f nf Tae\TtcgY onKw
a7Fm+fawmfukd 7awmfrl7ef tm;xkwf7mwGif trSDjyK
awmfrlaom aAm"dyiftm; a7oGef;avmif;jcif;paom
ukokdvfaumif;r=wkd\ukdjyK-uukefonf? (aAm"dyif
vnf;&=?) a7oGef;avmif;-uonfrSm uqkefvwGif
a77Sm;jywfvyfI nd|K;avsmftHhaom aAm"dyifukdvef;
qef;pkjd ynfap7eftwGujf zpfayonf?
xkdtavhtxonf Ak<omoem0ifwkd\wGif aysmuf
uG,fjcif;r7SdbJ ,ckxufwkdif ESpfpOftjrJ uqkef
vjynfhae\wGif anmifa7oGef;yGJrsm;jyKvkyfvsuf 7Sd-u
avonf?(Ak< &=)
rD;xGef;7efESihf rD;arF;7ef toHk;jyK7onhf unifqDqkdif
uaZmfaygufjcif; ? ? o-um;rS t,fvukad [m

(t7uf) jzpfvmjcif;/ t,fvukda[mrSwzef 7S7
um7nf(ykef;7nf)jzpfvmjcif;/opfoD;rsm; trSnfh
vGefIykyfokd;oGm;jcif;/aygifrkH\rsm;yGvmjcif;/ EGm;Ekd\csOf
oGm;jcif;paomtjzpfajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;ukd uaZmf
aygufjcif;[kac:.?pyspfoD;/yef;oD;paom toD;
rsm;rS7aomo-um;/aumufESHrsm;rS 7aomo-um;
rsm;xJokd\ waq;xnfhvkdufaomtcg uaZmfayguf
vmI t,fvukad [mESiu
hf mAGe'f ikd af tmufqu
dk f wk\d udk
7.? okd\aomfwaq;a-umifh wkduf&kduftm;jzifh Tokd\
ajymif;I t,fvukad [mjzpfvmonfr[kw?f waq;rS
jzpfay:vmaom tifZkdif;a-umifhf o-um;ESifhwuG
tjcm;yPnf;rsm;onf rlvtajcrSysufjym;um yPnf;
opf tjzpfokd\ ajymif;vJoGm;7onf? waq;rSmap;I
tjr|Kyf wufaeaomyPnf;jzpf.? ta7mifrmS tenf;
i,f0gI AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;yg0if.? waq;ukd
t7ufcsuf7m/ uaZmfazguf7m/ tcsOfazguf7mwkd\Y
rsm;pGm tok;H jyK-u7avonf?
EGm;Ekd\csOf/ axmywf/'defcJpaom yPnf;rsm;jzpfvm
jcif;. ta-umif;7if;rSmvnf; tyifavmuqkdif7m
yPnf;rsm;wGif t7if;cHaom Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsKd; tcsKd\rS
jzpfay:vmonfh tifZkdif;u EGm;Ekd\ukd tajcajymif;vJ
vjynfhae\Y usif;yaomyGJawmf tcg-uD;ukduqkef

anmifa7oGe;f yGaJ wmf[v
k nf; ac:prSwjf yKcJ-h uonf?
(uqkefvjynfhae\ &= ) xkdr~ru cef;ajcmufaom
tif;tkid /f a7uefw\dkrS ig;rsm;ukyd if a7rsm;7ma'o ok\d
a7F\ajymif;ay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ZD0dw'ge ig;vFwfyGJ
rsm;ukd ,ckxufwkdif jyKvkyfvsuf7Sd-uonf?
uqkev
f onfjrefrwpfq,fEh pS v
f wGi'f w
k ,
d vjzpfI
jy
d 7moDEiS hf wlno
D nf? rk;d OD;uscgeD; jzpfonft
h avsmuf
rk;d oHavoHrsm; pwif-um;7avonf?
uqkefvjynfhae\ ? ?uqkev
f jynfah e\onf Ak<om
oem0ifw\dk. ae\x;l ae\jrwf-uD;jzpfayonf? xkad e\.
xl;jcm;csufrsm;um;
1?bk7m;tavmif;awmf okar"m7Si7f aohonf Tb]
uBmY av;qlajrmufjzpfaom a*gwrtrnfjzifh
bk7m;pifppf {uefjzpfv
f rd rhf nf[k 'Dyu7mjrwfpmG bk7m;
xHrS ed,wAsm'dwu
f dk uqkev
f jynfah e\wiG f cH,jl cif;?
2?r[moU7mZf 68ckuqkefvjynfhae\wGif a*gwr
bk7m;tavmif;awmf od<rif;om;tm; zGm;jrifawmf
rljcif;?
3?r[moU7mZf 103ckuqkev
f jynfae\t&k+f
26
unifq
f q
D idk f
unifyif
atmif e,fumoabmh7GufajcmufwGif oifh&kH xnfhI
t7Gufcsif;acguftkyfjyD; v~if0g;ESD;jzifh vkHpGm 45
csufpnf;7onf? ,if;ukd unifqDwkdif/ unifqD
xkyf/ unifqDacsmif; [kac:onf?
unifqDwkdif. t7G,fyrm+rSm t7SnfokH;rdkufcef\/
vk;H ywf'*g;jym;cef\ 7So
d nf? unifqw
D pfyo
d mv~if t
wkid f 50cef\7Ekid o
f nf? unifqu
D dk eus,faumifrsm;
-uKd uw
f wfI 0g;usnu
f v
dk pHk mG ydw7f onf? tqk\drvkaH omf
ck0d ifaeaom eus,af umifxu
G I
f twkycf 7H avh7o
dS nf?
unifqD wpfwikd v
f ~if jym; 4050 cef\ay;I 0,f
,l7onf?7Srf;ESifh u7ifvlrsKd;wkd\ trsm;tjym; vkyf
ukid af 7mif;csavh7o
dS nf?
oGm;apjcif;yif jzpfonf? xkda-umifh uaZmfayguf

jcif;onf tifZkdif;rsm;u wkduf&kdufjzpfap/oG,f0kdufI
jzpfap/ yPnf;rsm;ukd rlvtajcrSysujf ym;apjyD;v~if u
aZmfaygufI yPnf;opftjzpfokd\ ajymif;vJapjcif;yif
jzpf.? vlcmuk,
d w
f iG ;f Yvnf; "mwfobm0tm;jzifh
tifZkdif;rsm; jzpfvmI xkdtifZkdif;rsm;onf vlwkd\
pm;vkdufaom tpm;tpmrsm;ukd a-unufaponf?
(waq;?AufwD;7D;,m;?t,fvukda[m?7=)
unifqDwkdif ? ?unifqw
D idk o
f nf jrefrmaus;7Gm
rsm;Y rD;xGef;7efESifhrD;arF;7eftokH;jyKaomyPnf;jzpf
onf?unifyifr7S aom unifqjD zifjh yKvkyx
f m;onf?
unifqDukd xkwf,lykHrSm awmawmifY aygufa7muf
aom vkH;ywf5awmifrS8awmif txd-uD;rm;onfh
unifyif-uD;wGif atmufajctjrpfrS txuf3awmif
uGmcef\Y jyuf2 awmif/ apmuf 2 awmifcef\ "g;ykqed f
ESihf xGi;f azmufI wGi;f *vkid 1f awmifcef\ tus,7f v~i/f
opfpopfaygufrsm;ukd z,f7Sif;I opfukdif;ajcmuf
rsm;jzifrh ;D wku
d 7f onf? wpfae\EiS w
hf pfnOfh wku
d af omfr;D
avmifjyD;wGi;f *vkid x
f o
J \dk unifqrD sm; ,kpd ;D usonfudk
cyf,7l onf?
tyif-uD;v~if 5 ydomrS ^ ydomtxd 77SdItyif
i,fv~if 2ydomrS 3 ydomtxd 77dSonf? 7aom
unifqDukd -uaomif;0g;usnfjzifhjzpfap/ usGJcsKdcGHjzifh
jzpfap xnf7h onf? ajrtk;d jzifh rxnf7h acs?
xkad emuf anmifom;/ aygufom;/ atmufcsi;f pm
om;/ usno
f m;/ o7ufom;/ opfyif tajcmuf taqG;
rsm;ukd xkacsI opfom;ysOaf y:wGif unifqED iS hf or
unifyif ? ?unifyifrsKd;wGifunifeD/ unifjzL/

unifysH/ unifukyf/ unifa-umifacs;/ unif0uf
awmif;[lI trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym;vsuf 7Sad oma-umifh tyif
ukdvnf;aumif;/ cGJpdwfjyD;unifom;ukdvnf;aumif;;
jrif&rHk ~jzifrh nfonfh unifyifrsK;d jzpfonfudk wduspmG
cGjJ cm;odEidk 7f ef cJ,Of;onf? txufjrefrmjynfY unif
eDyifrsm;ukd trsm;tjym; awG\7I atmufjrefrmjynfY
unifjzLyif rsKd;ukd trsm;tjym; awG\Ekdifonf? jcKHI
ajym7v~if unifyifwkd\onf tvGef-uD;rm;aom t
yifrsK;d jzpfonf? tcsK\donf tjrifah y 150 cef\/ yifpnfv;Hk
ywf 15 aycef\txd7w
dS wfonf? xku
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31
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41
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42
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43
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45
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wyfzGJ\toD;oD;wdk\vnf; z&dkz7JjydKuGJjyD;aomf tcsdK\
wyfom;rsm; wyfAdkvf rsm;rSm tdNd,okd\ygoGm;-uI
tcsK\d rmS rdrw
d \dkae7yfrsm;od\k jyefomG ;aexkid -f uonf?
1942 ck ZGefvtv,favmufwGif umuG,fa7;

Xmeudk tdN,
d jynf qif;rvm;jrdK\wiG f jyefvnfz\JG pnf;
&k;H xkid af vonf? jydKuyJG supf ;D vmaom -unf;wyfz\Jt
G oD;
oD;udkvnf; jyefvnfpkaqmif;jyD;aomf jrefrmjynfokd\
jyef0ifwkdufcdkuf7ef -udK;pm;-ujyefonf? a7wyfESihf
avwyftzGJ\0if t7m&Sd t7mcHrsm;udkrl/ tdNd,a7wyf
ESihf jAdwdo~ bk7ifhavwyfrawmfwkd\wGif toD;toD;
xnho
f iG ;f ay;cJah vonf?
1945 ck rwfvwGif 7efuek af ejynfawmfukd jAdwo
d ~
wyfrsm; jyefvnford ;f ydu
k jf yD;aemuf ppftyk cf sKyfa7;u
tkycf sKyfaecJah oma-umifh umuG,af 7;Xmeudk 1945 ck
Ed0k ifbmv 23 7ufae\wiG f rSom qif;rvm;jrKd \rS 7efuek f
aejynfawmfo\kd ajymif;a7F\cahJ vonf?
jrefrmjynfukd jyefvnford ;f ydu
k jf yD;aemuf 1946 ck
pufwifbmv 28 7ufae\wiG f Edik if aH 7; tajctaerSm
txl; v=y&f mS ;vsuf&adS oma-umifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
tm; yxrt-udrf jrefrmvlrsKd; bk7ifcH/ twkdifyifcH
t7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf umuG,fa7;XmewGif cef\tyfcJhav
onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; umuG,fa7; twkdifyifcH
t7m&S-d uD;tjzpf aqmif7u
G af epOf Edik if jH cm;a7;Xmeudk
cGx
J w
k 7f ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkycf o
hJ nf?
'*g;ESiafh iGpULrsm; xkwv
f yk af 7;udrk l b@ma7;ESifh
tcGefawmf0ef-uD;Xmeodk\ ajymif;jyD;om;jzpfI &Srf;
jynfe,f awmifwef;a'orsm;/ rzGH\jzdK;ao;aome,f
y,frsm; tkycf sKyaf 7;udPrsm;udrk l awmifwef; a'oqdik 7f m
tkycf sKyfa7;Xmeod\k vFt
J yfjyD; jzpfavonf?
umuG,fa7;Xmeonf xkdtcsdefrSpI wkdif;jynfum
uG,af 7;udPrsm;udk vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; wm0ef,jl yD;v~if
tenf;i,f&adS om c7pf,ef*+
kd ;f tkycf sKyaf 7;udPrsm;udk
qufvufvyk u
f ikd cf o
hJ nf? 194^ck Zlvikd v
f 19 7ufae\
wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf-uHjcif;cH7I Adkvfr;csKyf
vufsmudk twkid yf ifcH t7m&S-d uD;tjzpf cef\tyfavonf?
194^ ck 'Zifbmv 24 7ufae\wiG f jrefrmjynf t
aysmfwrf;avwyfESihf taysmfwrf;a7wyf tzGJ\tpnf;
rsm;udk jrefrmavwyfrawmfESihf jrefrma7wyfrawmf
tjzpfodk\ ajymif;jyD;v~if udk,fydkif ppfav,mOfysHrsm;
ESihf oabmrsm;udk0,f,lum pwifzGJ\pnf;cJhavonf?
a7wyfrawmfwGif yxrqHk; tvHwifoabmrSm
,lADtuf (p) ar,k oabm jzpfonf?
1948 ck Z0g7D 47uf we*aEGae\wiG f Edik if aH wmf
tvHudkvFifhwifjyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa7; ausnmonfh
ae\rpS I 1935 ckEpS f jrefrmjynftufOya'onf ouf
155
umuG,af 7mif
wrf;ukefqHk;cJhjyD;v~if EdkifiHawmfzGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'rsm;udk jy}mef;ausnmcJah vonf?
xdkae\rSpI umuG,fa7;XmewGif EdkifiHawmf umuG,f
a7;udP wpfcw
k nf;udo
k m pDrH cef\ccJG ahJ vonf? jrefrm
-unf;wyfrawmf/jrefrm a7wyfrawmf/ jrefrm avwyfr
awmfrsm;onf yGihfopfpyef;rsm;uJhodk\ iGm;iGm;pGihfpGihf
udk,fhtvH udk,fhwHqdyfrsm;jzifh wvlvl ay:xGufvm
awmhonf? jrefrmhumuG,fa7; wyfrawmf toD;
oD;wk\duv
dk nf; jrefrmhom;aumif; 7wemrsm; OD;pD;jy;D v~if
Edik if aH wmfumuG,af 7;/ wk;d wufa7;/ zG\HjzdK;a7;/ om,m
a7; yef;wkid rf sm;od\ka7mufatmif jrefrmhtvdt
k wdik ;f jyK
jyifcsJ\xGif-uEdkifayawmhonf? jrefrmhom;aumif;7w
emrsm; onfvnf; a&S;a&S;uuJhodk\ jAdwdo~bk7ifhtpdk;
7. tusKd;ukdoma&S;&SKI umuG,f7jcif;udPrsm;rS
usw
G v
f w
G jf yD;jzpf7um; ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef wufv~r;f
um trsKd;/ bmom/ omoemrsm;ukd apmifah &Smuf 7ef
wnf;[laom rGejf rwfaom 0W7m;rsm;ukd xrf;aqmif
-u7awmh o nf ? (jref r mh w yf r awmf 7= ? )
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH t
ajccH Oyat7 umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;XmetwGuf vdt
k yf
aom Oyarsm;udk ygvDrefvw
F af wmf 27yfwiG f trsm;
qNt7a7;qGJvsuf pDrHcef\cGJonf? ta7;-uD;aom
udPt7yf7yfrsm;udk wpfO;D wnf;aombk7ifcH trde\ftpm;
tpd;k 70ef-uD;tzG\J o\kd wifI trde\f rsm;udk emcH-uonf?
umuG,fa7;XmetwGuf pDrHcef\cGJ7ef umuG,fa7;
twdik yf ifcH t7m&St
d pm; umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;[lI yxr
t-udraf y:aygufco
hJ nf? ,if;XmeatmufwiG f -unf;
wyfrawmfXmecsKy&f ;kH / a7wyfrawmfXmecsKy&f ;kH / avwyf
rawmf&Hk;rsm; xm;&Sdavonf?
1948ck {jyDv 87ufae\wiG f jrefrmEdik if aH wmfppf&;kH
umuG,af 7;Xme atmufwiG &f adS om XmetoD;toD;wk\d
udk aeom;wus taumiftxnfaz:jyD;v~if ppf&Hk;
tjrJwrf; twGi;f 0efXme[lI trnfajymif; cJah vonf?
umuG,fa7mif ? ?obm0onf awmae wd7>mef
rsm;tm; toufab;tM7m,frSumuG,fEkdifap7ef
,if;wk.
\d taoG;ta7mifEiS fh awm.obm0ta7mifrsm;
udk qifwl,dk;rSm; jzpfavmufatmif zefwD; ay;xm;
onf? ,if;od\k 7efo\l ab;tM7m,frS uif;vGwaf p7ef
obm0u zefwD; ay;xm;aom ta7mifrsm;udk
umuG,af 7mif[I
l od7monf?
tpm&SmxGu-f uonfh iSurf sm;teuf tcsK\donf t
pmjzpfonfh aygufzwfrsm;udk rjrifEdkifavmufatmif

rsupf ad rSmuf-u7jcif;rSm/ obm0u xkad ygufzwfrsm;udk
olw\dk&7dS m opfuikd ;f rsm;. ta7mifEiS w
fh al tmif zefw;D
xm;aoma-umifhyif jzpfonf? ig;rsm;wGif ta-u;
rsm; jymvJv
h hJ &Sad eonfrmS vnf; xdek nf;wlyifjzpfonf?
wpfcgwpf7YH rl obm0uzefw;D ay;onfh ta7mifrsm;
a-umif y if w d 7 d > mef r sm;onf om;aumif r sm;ud k
zrf;,lpm;aomufEikd -f uonf?usm;. ta7mifpif;rsm;
onf awmeuf-uD;xJwGif awm.obm0ta7mifESihf
qifwal eojzifh tcsK\d om;aumifrsm;onf usm;udk vk;H
vH;k rjrif7aoma-umifh usm;. zrf;qD;pm;aomufjcif;
cH-uonf?jrpfwGif;&Sd rdausmif;wkd\. ta7mifonf
vnf; a7wGif arsmaeaomopfwHk;uJhokd\ xifa,mif
xifrSm;jzpfapaoma-umifh om;aumifrsm;r-um c+
rdausmif;pm jzpf-u7onf?
ab;tM7m,f tpOf0ef;7Hvsu&f o
dS nfh oW0grsm;udk
obm0onf ,if;wk\d aexdik 7f m ywf0ef;usifEiS fh wlnD
Edik o
f r~ wlnaD tmif zefw;D ay;onf? txl;ojzifh rdrd
ud,
k u
f kd rdrd rumuG,Ef ikd o
f nfh oW0grsK;d udk obm0
onf ta7mifrsm;jzifh ydI
k umuG,af y;wwfayonf?
xkda-umifh -uD;Edkifi,fn|Of; wd7>mefavmutwGif;Y
ae-u7aom tm;EGJ\oW0grsm;onf wm&Snf touf
&Siaf eEdik -f ujcif; jzpfayonf?
yifv,fY ul;oGm;aeaom a7oW0guav;rsm;
onf xkwfcsif;aygufjrifEdkifaom udk,frsm; &Sdwwf
-uI xdo
k W0g uav;rsm;udak 7xJwiG f aumif;aumif;
rjrifEikd af cs? -udK;jym;yHo
k !mef&o
dS nfh i&SOihf ,frsm;onf
zefuo
hJ \kd -unfvifonfh ta7mifrsm; &S-d uonf? ig;rsm;
onf 7efoEl iS q
fh ikd rf v
d ~if xGuaf jy;&Hrk v
S I
JG tjcm; ckcH
umuG,fp7mr&Sday? xkda-umifh ausmay:wGif jym
vJhvJh ta7mifuav; udkomv~if tm;udk;tm;xm;jyK
-u7.? xkdta7mifa-umifh a7eufodk\a7mufoGm;aom
tcg ,if;wd\k ukd rjrifEidk af vmufatmif jzpfomG ;onf?
oJuMm7&Sd oW0grsm;udk -unfhjyefv~ifvnf; ,if;
wk\.
d ta7mifrsm;udk ajr-u;D ta7mif od\rk [kwf oJta7mif
ESiq
fh ifw&l ;kd rSm;awG\7onf? Tod\kjzpf7jcif;rSm 7eforl sm;
. tM7m,frS umuG,af y;onft
h aejzihf obm0uzef
wD;ay;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf? opf7u
G rf sm;udk pm;aomuf
I aexkid -f uonfh yd;k aumifuav;rsm;rSmvnf; obm0
tavsmufyif olw\adk exkid 7f ma'o&Sd ta7mifrsm;ESifh wlap
7eftpdrf;a7mifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdrf;ajymuf
uav;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; &Sw
d wf-uonf? uGi;f jyif
156
umuG,af 7mif
obm0umuG,fa7mif. xl;qef;aom om"ursm;

(1) opfukdif;ESihf opfajcmufykd; (2) opf7GufajcmufESihf ajr0yfiSuf (3) rdausmif;ukd opfwHk;xifrdaom awm0uf
(4) opf7GufESihf vdyfjym (5) xdwfvef\pOf rnf;eufoGm;aom eufaqmig;
157
umcsif;
umqmAsefum t,f
wGif aexdik -f uonfo

h W0grsm;. ta7mifrmS rl obm0
tavsmuf tndK 7ihaf 7mif jzpf-u.? xko
d W0grsK;d &Srd eS ;f
udk,if;wkd\aexdkif7mae7mrS xGufcGmaomtcgusrS
awG\jrifo&d EdS ikd af vonf?
tcsKd\ oW0grsKd;onf 0yfIaewwf-uonf? xkd
oW0grsKd;onf0yfIaeonft
h cg aoaeouJo
h \kd xif
rSw7f ojzifh awG\onft
h cgaumufIyif ,lrw
d wfonf?
oW0grsm;onf Ekd;aeonfhtcgrsm;wGif wdrf;a&Smif
Ekid -f uojzifh oW0grsm;onf ab;tM7m,f rrsm;vSaomf
vnf; tem;,laeonft
h cgYjzpfap/ tdyaf eonft
h cg
Yjzpfap/ ydI
k ab;tM7m,frsm;onf? xkad -umihf obm0
ta7mifrsm;onf oW0grsm;udk xkt
d cgrsm;Y ydI
k um
uG,af y;Edik 7f ef ta7;-uD;ayonf?
obm0tavsmufjzpfay:onf umuG,fa7mif.
oWdonf txl;ojzihf iSufrsm;wGif ydkrdkxif&Sm; ay:
vGifonf? Orsm;udk 0yfIaepOf 7efolrjrifEdkif7efrSm
ta7;-uD;ojzifh iSufrrsm;wGifiSufzdkuJhokd\ajymifvuf
aom ta7mifrsm;r&SdbJ ywf0ef;usifrS ta7mifrsm;
om&Sd-uonf? iSufzdkrsm;onf 7efolESihfawG\-uHKonfh
tcg ckcHEdkif-ujyD;v~if ysHajy;vkdu ysHajy;Edkif-uaom
a-umifh rdrdudk,fa7;twGuf aumif;pGmumuG,fEdkif
-uonf? iSufrrsm;rSm Orsm;udk 0yfay;7onfhwm0ef
&Sdojzihftzdkrsm;uJhodk\ awmufyonfh ta7mifrsm;
om &Scd v
hJ ~if tcsKd\w7d >mefw\kd . 7efrjl cif;udk rkcscH-u
7ayrnf? tcsKd\iSufzdkrsm;Yvnf;iSufrrsm;uJhodk\yif
obm0ta7mifrsm; &Sdwwf-uonf? tb,fa-umifh
qdak omf xkid u
S zf rkd sm;onf iSurf rsm;uJo
h \kd yif Orsm;udk
0yfay;wwf-uaoma-umihfjzpf.? tcsKd\7efolrsm;
onf xdkiSufrsKd;udk &SmazGI pm;aomufEdkif-ujcif;rSm
teH\cEH ikd -f ujcif;a-umihjf zpfonf?
cgwd\k.ta7mifrsm;rSm olw\kd usupf m;7muGi;f rsm;rS
jrufajcmufrsm;. ta7mifuJhokd\&Sd-uonf? pEkduf-uD;
wkd\. ta7mifrsm;rSm bm0tavsmufyif awmrS
opf7Gufajcmufrsm;. ta7mifuJhodk\&Sd-uonf? tcsKd\
aom wd7>mefrsm;onf rdrw
d \dk.ta7mifrsm;udk obm
0tavsmuf 7moDuv
kd u
kd I
f ajymif;vJwwf-u7m/ ESi;f
usaoma'orsm;Y aexdkif-uonfh wd7>mefwkd\.
ta7mifonf aqmif;OwkY tjzLa7mifodk\ ajymif;vJ
oGm;wwfavonf?
umcsif; ? ?umcsif;onf a&S;usaom jrefrmuAsm
tzGJ\tEGJ\wpfrsKd;jzpfonf? xdkuAsmrSm oDcsif;oabm
vnf; ouf0ifI/ yif;,acwfwGif 'dkif;rsm;umrsm;

udk udik af qmifum ppf[efcif;usi;f ucke,
f if; oDqakd vh
&So
d jzifh umoDcsi;f umcsi;f [kac:qkjd cif;jzpfonf?
jrefrm*0ifwGif umcsif;tenf;i,fr~om awG\7
onf? jynfrif;rsufEmS &Snf vufxuf a7;om;cJah om
tHk\umrnf; -unf;um&dku-udK;/ ysOfaxmifrdk; tpcsD
umcsi;f wpfyk /f oU7mZf 6^4 ckEpS f yif;, wpfp;D &Sif
oD[olrif;vufxuf a7;om;cJah om cg;ywfawmfrmS
a7Fjcnfp/kH rdi= ;f vH;k a7F0wfv/kH rvHo
kH mcsrf;at; tpcsD
umcsi;f wpfy'k f tjyif oU7mZf ^04 ckEpS f jrifpikd ;f ig;pD;
&SifausmfpGmrif;udk,fwkdif oDqdkuckefcJhaom warmif;
warmif;/ wd\kwarmif;onf/ warmif; baumif; om;
avm/ baumif; baumif; tpcsD umcsif;ESihfwm
0wom ewf7mG avm/ ewf7mG avm/ [kww
f nf;o~icf si;f
o~ifcsif; tpcsDaom umcsif;wk\d uo
kd mv~if ,cktcg
awG\7awmhonf?
yif;,acwfveG jf yD;aemuf tif;0acwf uke;f abmif
acwfrsm;wGifumcsif;rsm;pyfqkdonfudk rawG\7acs?
umcsif;wGif tJt+f
wkd\wGifuJhokd\ 7moDyef;
rmvf jrdK\jytajctae
rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pyf
qdkavh&Sdonf/ umudk
udik I
f u7aom oDcsif;
jzpfaomfvnf; 7Jwif;
7J c sif ; tzG J \ tEG J \ rsm;
avmuf ppfpw
d f ppfaoG;
Zmwdrefudk Edl;aqmf
*smukd;rkd;. zcif
aom oDcsif;rsKd;um;
vl0D 'g umqmAsefum
r[kwaf cs?
umcsi;f . um7ef pepfrmS av;vH;k pyf r[kwaf omf
vnf; av;vHk;pyfrS qufyGm;aom pepfyif jzpfonf?
vl;wm;rsm;wGif 7wkn|yfouJhodk\ umcsif;wGifvnf;
oHaygufny| I
f pyfqadk vh&o
dS nf?
umqmAsefumt,f (c7pf 1^551^98) ? ?vl0D
'gumqmAsefumonf aumfpDum;usGef;om; aqG-uD;
rsK;d -uD;rS qif;oufojl zpfonf? 1^55 ckEpS w
f iG f aumf
pDum;usGef;Y zGm;jrifI i,fpOfuyif jyifopfa7wyf
wGif 0ifa7muf tr=xrf;cJo
h nf? 1^98 ckEpS w
f iG f jAw
d o
d ~
a7a-umif;AdkvfcsKyf e,fvqif.oabmwyfESihf jyif
opf a7wyfw\dk,OS jf ydKiw
f u
kd cf u
kd cf 7hJ aomEdik ;f jrpfwu
dk yf YGJ
158
umqmAsefum t,f
umwDa,; a*s
jyifopfa7a-umif;Adv
k cf sKyf. oabmjzpfonfh vmtd7k D
,ifh oabmudk u_Dweftjzpf OD;pD;tkycf sKyfc7hJ onf?
umqmAseu
f monf txufyg wku
d yf YJG ol. 10ESpf
t7G,f om;uav; *smudk;rdk;udk olESihftwl oabm
ay:okd\ac:vmcJhonf?wkdufyGJwGif e,fvqif. o
abmwyfuta7;omI jyifopf oabmrsm;rSm t
quftjywf ypfcwfjcif;cH77m/ jyifopfoabm wyfut
kd yk f
csKyfol a7a-umif;AdkvfcsKyfA&l;0D;rSm usnfoifhusqHk;I
umqmAseu
f mrSmvnf; '+f7m7 oGm;avonf? ok\d7m
wGif umqmAsefumonfjyifopfoabmwyfudk uGyf
uJum qufvufI wku
d jf rJwu
dk af e.? pd;k 7drpf 7m jzpf
vmaomtcsdefwGif ol. om;uav;*smudk;rdk;tm;
ukef;ywf wae7modk\ydk\jyD;v~if ighom; onfae7mu
b,frS roGm;ESihf[k rSmxm;cJhavonf? vmtdk7D,ifh
oabm-uD;rSm e,fvqif.a7wyfu 0J,mn|yI
f ypf
cwfjcif;a-umifh aemufqHk;wGifrD;pGJavmifavawmh
onf? odk\aomf umqmAsefumonfxdktcsdefxd
tav~mrh ay;ao;bJ qufvufI wku
d cf u
kd ,
f if;usq;kH
oGm;avonf?
ol.om;uav; *smud;k rd;k um; zcif.rSmxm;csuf
udk rysurf uGuv
f u
kd ef mayonf? oabmuke;f ywfwpfck
vH;k od\kr;D wjznfjznf; ul;pufawmufavmifvm aomf
vnf;/ ol.cifxrH S tcGirhf 7ojzihf xm;cJah omae7mrS
pdefavm7ihfjrpfukd pwifawG\7Sdol Zuf umwDa,;
ajcwpfvSrf;r~ ra7F\bJ/ aemufqHk;Yoabmay:&Sd

,rf;wku
d af ygufu7JG mwGit
f oufq;kH &H;= cJ.
h ? xkad -uuGJ
rSwf om;zG,t
f jzpf tysufum; 1^98 ck -o*kwv
f 1
7uf ae\wiG f jzpfymG ;cJah vonf?
umqmAsefum om;tz. tjzpftysufudk uAsm
vum trsm;tjym;zGJ\EGJ\cJh-uonf? ,if;wkd\teuf
rPuf[,fref;. umqmAsefum uAsmudk vlord sm;
-uayonf?
umwD a ,;a*s(c7pf 1 491155^) ? ?ajrmuf
tar7duwdu
k Yf jyifopf udv
k ekd eD ,fopfrsm; pwifxl
axmifEdkif7ef tajccsay;cJholum; Zuf umwDa,;
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185
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uDrm;tmwmwyf
xkdtcg ynm&SdwpfOD;u udoma*gwrDtm; oif.

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aom trsKd; tdrfrS rkefnif;qDukd 7atmif7Sm,lcJhv~if
touf7iS af tmif jyKvkyaf y;rnf[k rde\f awmfro
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awmfoRw jzpfvmonftxd EdkifiHESihfvlrsKd;twGuf tajrmftjrif-uD;pGmjzihf pGrf;vGef;wrH aqmif&GufcJholjzpf.?
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uD;rm; tmwmwyf(c7pf 18811938) ? ?wl7uD

wkd\. zcif[k teufxifonfh tmwmwyftrnfudk
cH,laom rGwfpwmzguDrm;onf 1881 ckESpfwGif
*7dEikd if H q,fvekd ;D um;jrdK\wiG f zGm;jrifonf? ol.zcif
rSmtaumuft7m&Sd wpfO;D jzpfI/ rGwpf wmzg zGm;jrifjyD;
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jynfh0jcif;/ jynfh0ol[k teuf7.?
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aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfojzihf -uD;av;aom tjypf'+f
rsm;rS uif;vGwcf ahJ vonf? Tok\djzifh r-umc+ zrf;
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cH7jyD;aemuf 'rufpuyfjrdK\o\dkS yd\k xm;jcif;cH7avonf?
'rufpuyfwGifvnf; 1905 ckESpfYv~dK\0Sufaom
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186
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jyif q,fvdkeD;um;odk\yif jyefydk\jcif;cH7avonf? okd\ aqmifI twkduftcHjyKcJhonf? odk\7mwGif *smref-o
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ief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufvsufyif&Sd.?
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dk rf sm;udk acsre= ;f 7ef tm;xkwaf vonf?
wl7uDwyfrsm;udt
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rSpI rGwfpwmzg uDrm; yg&Sm;[lI wGifavonf?
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187
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xHa7mufvm-uaom rsKd;cspftrwfrsm;onf 1920
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188
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rsm;/ tdwt
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v
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7Sad om ae7mrsm;wGijf zpfap/ 7Sad eaomtcg ,ifaumif
211
(1) rkdufu&kdpukyfrSefajymif;jzihf-unhfrSomjrifEkdifonf (2) ul;pufwwfaoma7m*gykd;rsm;onf (3) touf&SLaomav (4) pm; aomtpm

(5) aomufaoma7 (6) tom;aygufjyJaomae7mrsm;rS vl.ukd,fcmxJokd\0ifa7mufEkdifonf?
onf xkdrpifay:wGif vmem;-uonf? ul;pufwwf

aoma7m*gykd;rsm;ukd ,ifaumifonf ajcaxmufwGif
,lomG ;um teD; tem;7Sd tpmay:wGief m;I csxm;cJh
onf? xkt
d pmukd pm;rd olw\dk wiG f a7m*gpJu
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ta7jym;csi;f xd7mrSu;l pufjcif;
umvom;a7m*guJo
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ta7jym;csi;f xd7mrS ul;pufEidk .
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jzifn
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d muG,Ef idk f aomf
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f nf? ajcaxmufY jzpfaomayG;
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ul;pufEidk af vonf?
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h \dak om yk;d aumifrsm;
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rawmfwq ul;pufomG ;Ekid af yonf? olw\dw
k iG f xkad 7m*g
212
ul;yg; a*s/tuf(z)
onf rwnfjrJacs? acG;&l;a7m*g/ a'gifo

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213
ul;yg; a*s/tuf(z)
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