HEARSAY

re~~-I::q?~

When we want to pass on information but we do not knowwhether the information is true or not, or we do not want to say wherethe information came form ~tth~se verbs (which are called vei'~t.~.Icp.~, from, we can ~~g00~c~.!r?~~Yt,e 'thinking' or 'Gaying')~think, believe, re ort, consider, know, sa ,ex ect, resume,G
assume, acknow/edge, etc. + the infinitive.
Pi?VlC\f..;

Forms of the infinitive Simple to offer 1 to have offered Continuous to be offering to havebeen offering 5 Faselve to be offered to havebeen
offered
6

Present infinitive Past (perfect) infinitive

:3

Whenthe information is about a present srtuatton, we use the pattern: sb/sth + the passlve + present infinitive (1,2)
,e,;
WC\Y

The Queen is 'thought to be one of the richeet: peopie in the world. Mrs Smith is beiieved to be staying with iriende. The ship is said to be sinking as we epeek.

Whenthe information is about something in the past, we ueethe sb/sth + paselve + the perfect (past) infinitive. (4, 5)

The ehip le reported to bave eunk. The ship was reported to have been sinking.

Whenthe emphasle is on the object and not the subject, we use the paaslve form (present and past) (3,6)

The reeuite are rumoured to be faked. The reeuite are rumoured to have been faked.

Write all six forms of the hearsay construction, adding time expreeslone where euitable. Peopleeay/sald he (write) a book.

tle. He
r'- \

IS
IS'

~a,d to
,$(\id

I..v{\+e..::;
b.(

book
v,
c.-

f.-veJ'j

.lvJo

z::f" (S'.
LJ....,'

+;;:,
.11. ..(

LJ(\-\-:~
c

1::0.:,(.",
~,<J'

nO~"""J

r:Jf'Ol?~

rc \..i
\,1

oJ) () t-<;;'

~",,,c;'"

I,'

r: \

1'-

,.s: ~(), cl -le

ko..v<.

'Ive l-tkM ""

'

f:t:;oi~

(c JI )(.p,c!i'

\J

HEARSA Y exercises Rewrite the following sentences using the HEARSA Y construction.

1.
2.

3.
4.

5. 6.
7.

8. 9. 10.
11. 1 2.

13.
14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23. 24. 25.

26.
27.

28.
29.

30. 31. 32.

33.

34.
35.

36.

Don McCullin is one of the greatest war photographers. CONSIDERED He suffered from recurring nightmares after working in Vietnam. SAID The new president is amoderate. SAID He was an active trade unionist when he was young. KNOWN The rain will die out this afternoon. EXPECTED The escaped prisoner is heading for Scotland. REPORTED She has an income of over 100,000 euros. SUPPOSED Three people have been killed in an avalanche. BELlEVED They were skiing in the area when the avalanche started. PRESUMED The rival factions are heading for an agreement on the disputed territory. THOUGHT It appears that the outlook for tomorrow's weather is good. APPEARS It seems that Tom has been expelled from school. SEEMS The ousted dictator has left; the county. SEEMED It looks like she is enjoying life now that the trial is over. APPEARS It seemed that the spokesperecn was avoiding the journallst.s' questions. Everybody expected them to break ul' soon. People think that neither eide wanted war. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you. Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed. .Peoplesay that the company bid fifty million pou nds for the ehares, People say the late Mr Johnson was difficult to work with. Feople think the jewels were stolen by one of the guests. It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder. Apparently the ship did not eust.ain any damage. It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cables. There is a rumour that the escaped prisoner isliving in Spain. We believe that the government has prepared a plan. People say that Mre Turner was having business difficulties. It was thought that the treasure dates from the 13th century. The police believe that a professional thief stole the statue. Everyone thought that Helen had mlseed the train. We have found that the tyres are unsafe. Th~ inspectorsdiscovered that the petrol tank was dangerous. We've discovered that the brakes are badly worn. We think that the electrica I system is a fire hazard. We expect the repalrs to be very expensive indeed.

00DALAlAXfLfARY
r:..r:):;:
~-r ,:;;

V6R1SS

Pmperhes: veo -s L"" 3.P.Sg. L"" Pres. SLw:ple veo -Lvcg forl'\.\. L"" questLo""s e>.vcdvcege>.tLves - L""versLovitwo foYl'\.\.S - preseVl-t e>.Vldpe>.st -"'" h,'S'v
o""LtJ be>.reL""fL~tLve
i:J

'I

,..J \\C1

c'

!
.J

'-. r ,

,.

(+U&s...,;)

c;

i;

FlA.NCT10NS - PRl/vtARY AND S6CONDARY 1.

PR6S5NTAN~F~TUR5
1-.

certe>.Lvutyj
2.

StGlU(iI\ost-

posLtLve SLw:pLe co""tLVl-UolA..S wLLL

NegatLve
'1 S

+ Lv,fLv-v~hve

wLLL be + Pres."P!ArtLc,LpLe

wo",,'t + L""f. wo",,'t be + "PYes.PCl rtLGLpLe

2. probClbLLLtyj
C/AV\.'t

c;;

sLl'\.\.pLe
Co Vl-tLVl-UolA..S

r f"J '0<-t~f VlA.lA..St Lv,fL",,[tLve +

.9
1".:>

v..cust be

c.t:l",,'t be

+ LV~f~vl-[t~ve ~O ~4 +

1 .

t:<osLuve NegauVt :; wLLL VI!Ave + 1>.P. wov-v't VI!Ave + P.P. :;.. wov-v't VI!Ave bee"" + wLLL VI!Ave beev-v + "pyes.PClrtLc,Lple "pyes.pt:lrtLGLpLe vieJoja 1v-.ost. 807 V'kuSt VIGNe + P.1>. 41 CC10 ...'t ho.ve + P.P. VlA.ust VlClve bee"" + "PYes.PCl rtLcL pLe sVlouLv! hClve + 1>.P.
1S
{!I

~.". ;
PAST

e,

s
a.

CClv-v't VlClve bee"" + Pres.PClrtLc,LpLe

1-'"

"pyes.PClrtLcLpLe

"PYes.PClrtLc.LpLe
SViOL.tLdVl-'t

SLVlA.pLe
Co""tLVvUolA..S

+S:t.

snouL~

L""fL""LtLve 1;1

+ ~V0f.

{3
:22

sVloulv!v-v't VlClve+ pp20

sVlOuLvl veot VJClve bet""

sVlOuLv! be

,.'"
2.s ~~

Pres.PClrticLple

sVlOuLv!V\.'t be + "pyes'pClrtLcLpLe
3. possLbLLLtyj I'\.\.CltJ veot .,.: L""fL~tlve I'\.\.CltJ veot be V' lgVJtV'/t ..

sLVlA.-pLe
CO""UVI-UOIA..S sLl'\.\.pLe Co""UVvUOIA..S s[l'\.\.-ple

G;o1.

VU:fI

tJ + L""fL~tlve

sVlouLcl VlClve bee"" Pres. pClrtLcLpLe MoqvecAa,st .:(6 ~C!ij fwve + P.P. 30
~'1.o\.ClhClve bee"" VI u "PYrs. Pcl rtLcL P Le

+~
2.?-

+ Pres. PClrtLcLpLe 2.4

00 %
V'ACl!j veot h!A\fe
P.P. YI

!:I.

VlA.CltJbe + pres.PClrtLcLpLe

I'\.\.Cl veot VJClve beev-v 32 tJ

Pres.PClrtLc,LpLt

+ "PYes. PClrtLcL-pLe
V\.\.[gVltv-v't VJllve 3$ P.P.

5S"1-

I'\.\.Lgnt

L""fL""lHve

+
34

VKLg!rtt VlC1ve 4.f- P.P.

+
3G

3-;'
V\.\.[ght be

;>:."f

LvvfLvJ.tLve V\.\.LgVlt veot be

"pyes.PClrtLc.LpLe V'kLgVJt V\.Ot

38

"pyes.PClrtLcLple

V\.\.Lght VJC!ve bu"" "pyes.PClrtLc.lpLe

+
~!'

w.Lght

""ot VlClve beeV\.

pr-es.PClrtlcLpLe

40

So;r.

couLcl

~v-vfLvit[ve
1./.1

+ +

Lv,fL~hve I'\.\.Lght V\.Ot be

" 42.
trG

c.ouLd. VlClve

P.P.

43
co"{LoI nClve bee"" "pyes.PClrtLcLpLe

V\.\.Lgnt V\.Ot nClve 1>.1>.

+
4448

coVl-tLVvUOus

couLoI be

I'\.\.Lgnt V\.Ot hClve bet""

pves.PClrtLcLpLe

us

pves.pClrtLcLpLe

4-'7- +

"pyes.PClrtLcLpLe

II. S6GONDARY
PR5S5NT posLtLve I'\.\.lA..St stwvcg obLLgCltLO""; U~ persoV\t!L nave to - stvovcg (o'bLLgCltLo"" - LV\.\.per-soV\t!L 5:' AN~
F~TUR5

FlA.NCnONS
PAST postuve Negattve oILoI",,'t VJClveto cl to ( C\I:\;", .0 <. boci S;:k..c
ti.{~
'/C{~,L'J""o

Negauve

<&to
veot I1Clve to iI\-Ot I1INe to

obLLgCltLoil\-.) hClol to

obowel.GI..

Sb
l1aol to

S1
oILoI",,'t I1Clve to

52.

-,

<'\:>o.~
j

rd.",,,

.:~ j'J.)

.>
,.. ~ ~

00 qlvt

to ~fl\\td....
0.'

f'J\C'\\\hU .....

sl1ou[d - w..LLciobLf.gCltLOV\or- ClcivLc.e 54

sVlOuLdV\-'t

sVlOuLci nClve

+ P.P.
sc cf..o~
I

slt1ouLciV\-'t nClve

+ P.P.
S:y.
i

5S
w..aij V\-Ot 2. perw..LsSLOv\o.opUt'kMje wCls/wer-e ClUo0eci W

w.al::l
sg
C.RI/\, c.ouLci eRI/\,
G2. Glf

wClSV\-'t!wev-eV\-'t ClLLowecito
6''1

c.aV\-'t c.ouLcil/\,'t CClI/\,'t

C;o wasl/\,'t!wer-el/\,'t wasV\-'t!wer-el/\,'t

,

br;

v. wes/were ClLLowecito 62WCls/wer-e aLLoweci to GS 3. ClbLL~tH SlPo\ob~ (;!7- couLci - geVl-tr-al abLlLtij 68 WClS abLe to or- w..all\,Qgeci to - pClt"tLc.uLCir-ClbLLLtij OI/\,oVl-t oc.cClsLoV\- G~

aLLOweci to aLLoweci to

eoulc!V\-'t WClSV\-'t!we..-eV\-'t ClbLeto dLclV\-'t w..CllI\,Qge to

'0

-ji'!

wUl wUl

,,2'7G

woV\-'t woV\-'t-

~"o.i~ "/-. wLllLV'-0 Vl-t$S ~lf wouLc/ + LV\-T~3 5. c.lt1arac.terLstLc. bel-1avLou..- -\Job; ~t.v.o =1-9wouLc/ + LV\-f. '48'

wouLclV\-'t

+ LV\-f.

'9S
'95

pO",cll",~ .. wouLci V\-'t':f. LV\-f.

DAR.6 N66D

verbs dare aV\-ci //!-tedc.aV\- be wVl-St..-uc.teci as w..aLV\- verbs Cl~ as w..ociaL au)(LLLa,,-Les. Mocial PosLtLve NegatLve IVl-terrogatLve at.<)(lLLat"!1 c.OVl-Strnc.tLoV\-

!-te Vl-teciV\-'t go V\-OW. Ntecl he go V\-OW?

MaLV\- ver-b coV\-st..-uc.tLoV\!-te Vl-ttcis to go V\-OW. !-te cioesV\-'t Vl-teci to go V\-OW. DOes ne Vl-teci to go V\-OW?

Need l1as two past fo..-w..s: V\-teclV\-'t lt1ave + P.P. of tl1e w..aLV\- verb ciLciV\-'t Vl-teci to + tl-1e LV\-fLV'-ltLve e)(.@J you Vl-teciV\-'t have bouglt1t tlt1e b..-eaci. b) you ciLciV\-'t Vl-teci to bUij tlt1e b..-eacl. IV\-wlt1Lc.1t1ftlt1e two seVl-teVI-C-es tl-1e pe..-soV\- ac.tuaLlij bouglt1t tlt1e b..-eaci7 o

E)(Cl

ylA:p Ies :

Deg rees
i.

Of LLfQ,eLLv\Ooc{

Ce \'tI/! ~V\.ttj
R.[lI\,g VlLs 1I\,('('V1A.ber. wLll be C!t VlOV1A.eII\,OW. (I am surr he is at home) !-te DOII\,'t rLII\,g VlLs 1I\,('('V1A.ber. WoV\.'t be C!t VlOV1A.e. (I am surr he doesn't Jenow the answer) !-te !-te !-te !-te !-te wLll VlC!veftll\,LsVle~ reC!~L~ btJ II\,OW. (I am surz he finished reading) wLll Mt VlC!veft~sVte~reC!~LII\,g btJ II\,OW. (I am surr: he didn't finish reading wLll be ex:pec.tL~ C!c.C!lL (I am surz he is e,xpecting a caLL) WOII\,'t be ex:pec,H~ C!c.C!lL (I am surz he isn't e)(pectlng a caU)

::2.
3.

4. 5.

by now)

e. ;r.
1?

!-te wal VtC!ve beell\,ex"pecu~ C!wlL (I am sure he was expecHng a caLL) !-te wLll V\,Ot Vtt:lve beell\, ex"pecu~ C!c.C!ll. (I am surz he wasn't e,xpecting a caLL)

-------:
---------------

--

Ri,l/\,g I-1Lsl/\,uvvd:Jer. !-te w.ust

:10.

It's 1/\,0use Cls~Ll/\,g ToVVI-. !-te cal/\,'t ~MW answar.)

be Clt l-1ow.e IMW. (I am tl-1e al/\,swer.

alncast: sura

he is at home)

(I am aLmost surz he doesn't know the

i:1.
:12. 13. :14. 1.5. :1G>.

:1g.

13
:?D. zr..

za,
:23.

VVl-ust be expectL~ cl wLL. (I am alncast: surz he is e)(pecHng a caLL.) CClI/\,'t be ex:pecH~ cl wLL. (r am atncast: surz he isn't e;cpecting a caLL.) w.ust v,Clve beel/\, expec,t~~ cl wLL. (I am aLiUOstsure he was e)(pecting a caU.) cal/\,'t v,Clve beel/\, ex-pect~l/\,g cl wLL. (r am aLmost surz he wasn't e)(pecting a cati.) Ri,~ I-1LsI/\,uw.ber. !-te sv,ouLcI be Clt 1-10VVl-e. am pretty surz he is at hance.) (r DOI/\,'t rLl/\,g I-1Lsl/\,uVVl-ber. !-te sl-1ouLcll/\,'t be Clt 1-10VVl-e. am pretty sicn: he isn't at home.) (r !-te sv,ouLcI v,ave ftl/\,~sv,ecl reClclLl/\,g btJ IMW. (r am pretty sure he finished reading by now.) !-te sv,ouLcll/\,'t v,ave:ftMsv,ecl bij IMW. (r am pretty sun: he didn't finish reading by now.) !-te sl-1ouLcl be ex-pecHl/\,gCl cClLL. (r am pretty surr he is e)(pecting a caU.) !-te sv,ouLcll/\,'t v,Clve beel/\, expect~~ cl wLL. (r am pretty surs he wasn't e)(pecting a caU.)

!-te !-te !-te !-te !-te !-te

w.ust v,Clve ftMsv,ecl reaclLl/\,g btJ I/\,ow. (I am aLmost surz he finished reading by now.) cal/\,'t v,ave ftl/\,Lsv,ecl reClclL~ btJ I/\,OW. (r am alncast: surr he didn't finish reading by now.)

24.

!-te sv,ouLcI v,Clve beel/\, expecH~ cl wLL. (r am pretty surz he was e)(pecting a caLL.) !-te sl-1ouLcll/\,'t v,Clve beel/\, expecH~ cl wLL. (r am pretty surz he wasn't e)(pecting a caLL.)

25. 2G>.

2g. ~. 30. 3:1. 32.

Ri,~ I-1Lsl/\,uVVl-ber. !-te W.Cl!j be Clt l-1oVVl-e.(He is maybe at honce.) DOI/\,'t rLl/\,g I-1LsI/\,u VVl-be1".-te W.Cl!j Mt be at 1-10VVl-e. is not ! (rt that he is at honce.) !-te W.Cl!j v,ave ftMsl-1ecl reaclL~ btJ I/\,OW. (He maybe finished reading by now.) !-te w.a!j Mt v,ave ftl/\,~sv,ecl reacli.l/\,g btJ IMW. (He maybe didn't finish by now.)

==

!-te !-te !-te !-te

w.a!j be expecH~ a wLL. (He is maybe e)(pecting a caLL.) VVl-a!j Mt be expecH~ a w LL. (rt is not LikeLy that he is e)(pecting a caU.) w.a!::j v,ave beel".r expecH~ a wLL. (He was maybe e)(pecting a caLt.) W.CI!::jMt v,ave beel".r expectL~ a wLL. (He wasn'te)(pecting a caLL.)etc.

=s=

33

- 4$5 - tl-1e Li.~Li.l-1oocl i.s aLVVl-ost tl-1e SClVVl-eClS fOY-::2.5 - 32 al/\,cl i.t Ls WOITI-1y-ew.eVVl-bey-Ll/\,gtl-1Clt W.CI!::j -pos.sLbi.Li.t!::j, but vertJ

oftel/\, tl-1etJ Clre i.l/\,tey-cl-1Cll".rgeabLe bewuse

i.s VVl-ost-possi.bLe, w.~gv,t is cl bi.t tess -possi.bLe al".rcl couLcI ex-presses tl-1e wea~est tl-1e cli.ffey-el".rces Clre vertJ subtLe.

secoV'vdtll

ytJ

fUV'vct~OV'v$

obL~glilHoV\r .
4.3
50

5:1.
52.

I w.ust stucltJ for VVl-tJexClVVl-S. (because r Like to lear. and r want to itarn) I clOI".r't v,Clve to stucl!::j for VVl-tJexaVVl-S. (r have aLready passed thenc.) we v,Clcl to weClr ul/\,LforVVl-s wl-1el/\, I was cl I-1Lgl-1-scl-1ooL stuclel/\,t. (it was a rulct) Iii\- sOVVl-es.cl-1ooLs, stuclel/\,ts cI~cll".r't v,ave to wear ul/\,i.foy-w.s. (their ruLes were different)

"..
.::.-=--.:.

53. 54 55 56.

I VllNe to stlAdtJ

for

VlA-tJe)(&lVlA-s.(because [f ( don't;, ('Li begrounded

by my parent5)

ST

Yw sVlolALd dr~ve c&lrefIALLtJ. (r don't want you to get hurt; but its up to you) YOIA SVlolALdl/\,'t dri.ve recRJessLtJ. (for the same reasons as [n 5-1) YOIA SVlolALd VI&lve &ldded SO~ VlA-Ore sug&lr ~I/\,tVle WRe. (r Like them sweeten sVie SVlOIALdl/\,'t VlClve ape~d tVle Letter. ([t wasn't addressed to her)

peY-vVlLs.sLo~
SIJ.

I VlA-&ltJLeClvetVle office.

(as soan: as (f!n[sh

work)

53 YOIA ~tJ
GO.

6i. 62. 63. 64.

GS.

Ii\,Ot t&lRe VlA-tJC&lr. (r w[u need [t) The stlAdel/\,ts; were &lLLowed to LeClveschool, before the bett. (the teachergave thenc psrncissian) The stlAdel/\,ts; werel/\,'t aLLowed to Leave sCVlooL before tVie bett (because they had one more ctass) YOIA c&ll/\,pClr~ Viere. (this [s a park[ng area) YW CCll/\,'t pClr~ here. (this arza [s pedestdanfzecl) CoIALd IVICIve &l ClAp of coffee, pLeClse? (poLite way of asfe[J.1fjfor pef7/Ujss[on) you cOIALdVl-'t Leave worR eG!Y"LtJ.(poLite way o{saytng No)

AbLLLttj
66.

sVie CClI/\,ml/\, fast.

I CClI/\,'t ml/\, fast. I cwLd

(she [s a professfof/l-C?LthLete) a

6r
6i?

( am

a teacha; not a nocner )

(r was abl to run fast untiL ( grew up and gotLazy.) 63 I ol/\,ce VlA-Cl~ged to ml/\, fClster tVl&l1/\,cl VlA-IACVI tJ0lAl/\,ger WO~I/\,. (but that was onLy becauss my Life depended on that)
70

ml/\, fClst wViel/\, I W&lS tJolAl/\,g (qlA~te tJwl/\,g)

I couLdl/\,'t

speCl~ 5'l/\,gL[sVi fLlAel/\,tLtJ wViel/\, I W&lS b. ([t came ncuch tatsr) VlA-ClI/\,Clgeto olAtrlAl/\, tViC!t LCldtJ frOVlA- b.3 ever C!gC!~I/\,.

r~

I WClSI/\,'t ClbLe to I d[dl/\,'t

wLLLL~g ~e.s.s
T2

wL.LL tJw

Vidp VlA-e ~tVi tVIose VleC!vtJ bC!gs? (Are you w[LL[ng?) w

r3.
74

!-te ~s Ii\,Ot C! gel/\,tLeVlA-C!1/\, C!VI-dVlClS li\,O VlA-C!I/\,~rs; VIeWOVl-'t VieLp Vley W~tVl tViose VleavtJ bC!gs.

wVie~ver
!-te wwLdI/\,'t

rs

sVie C!sRed Vi~VlA- VieLp, Vie wouLd gLC!dLtJ heLp Vler. (He was a gentleman) for hdp Vler W~tVl HlOse VleC!vt') hC!gs. (He wasn't w[U[J.1fj.)

clrlIArIActerL.stLe- belrlIAvLour
tVie bLol/\,des. (this [s somethiJ.1fj he aLways aaes) . we C!LL~Ii\,OW tVlC!t VieWOVl-'t dClli\,Ce w[tVi Vier. (rUs typ[caL of hine) ri? !-te wOIALd C!LwC!tJs teLL tVie sC!VlA-ejOReS C!bolAt tVle bLol/\,des. (this [s somtthiJ.1fj he aLways d[d) 7:). we C!LL~~w tViC!t VIe wOIALdl/\,'t dali\,Ce w~tVi Vier (because it: wouLd besooo not L[ke hine).
C!bwt

r6

!-te w[LL C!LwC!tJs tdL tVie sC!VlA-e jo~es

.1'

.--,

,.r-"-.

_+_--------__:__:__:_-__;__;_::____.____;_----v\fi'C\::.
\<="

-4c-:\cO'

\...I

He.se~dS\,"'~e. ne~T s..",pte -~~~--=~I~-------+--~==~---+~------~-- J' ~e

----------------t------------------,-----

ej

~!."

-:/'_j;"

NO\).)
---->.f--'-\e=-s""e.'-'-\.,'' -'-\+ __

To~ot'tow
~

/1 ,.,/...

,,-'''\\_"_"f\'--c;

K.; Wl-c. I hl.'\fej(A.h~~

--."-~

~eSTEtbAJ
::fC\s+

l\{v\C~'l''\d)

'Pd +.ed-

0.v\
,J

A.

:,:

,-,

I
<J' G.cceoirn #,(.
',\\"iW.i'OA

!
-rr-;

40

~lfi

r"'""-.,

"BR6AKFAST MO NfB)LOC1vt6
,.(1'( -}q

*-

2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15
16 17

18
19

20
21

22
23

24 25 26
27 28

29

r w~sl1 t;J0u'd eto sovv..etViLI16 about tl1at tap ~~ tVie S~~R,. DY~p, etn.p, etrf.p, Lt's chivLk\@ V\t\.e t'OUl!'vet be!11i. tf- QW 0 ('d asReet tl1e pLuvv..ber to V\t\.tvwt ~t wne~ l1e CClV\t\.t see Clbout tl1e tl1e to V pLpes! yes, u !AOUV\t\.CI!Aeu ViLetebel1~~ tl1C1t1:lCl1:leY.Ho_Lo.ue..,k:fl:I.V.P-+tD.t.u,l.111~eet w cl wC!sVieY L~ U ,- r ,"oJ-rJ.z-:vaLL OUy vv..C!rrLeet Lfe.. r Viqpe ~ou'ye Pyouet of JjOUyseL . L f wLsVi 'PClula woulet~'t Reep le~vL~@J!ltU!ld.Cig.IlZ~1i'\, he..R,gcnel!'v tClble. stLLL, we SViCl~'t ViC!vel1erV\t\.ucl1 l0ll'vget'. ~~ be tLvv..eto w~sVi net' gooet lucR,. f eto~'t R,li'vOw.No sooV\.tr ViClS tl1C1~ Cll!'vOtney ViClSto follow suLt. It's V\..CIture,-1 suppose. 111ere 's oV\.t g~yL got neYseLf V\t\.ClrrLeet Ii'vOtl1LII'v0 e CCl~ eto Clbout Lt. 111el!'vLt'LL !:le tL.vu.e -{CJ!f-l,,(;$ to tkw..~&ut-lad..~.:.. w It's I!'VO gooet YustlLII'v0 k:j0UYpapey - I R,Ii'vOW oU't'e LLstell'vi.lI'v9. k:j A~k:jwt!k:j, Reg Ls all t'Lgl1t. Moye brClw~ tl1C1~ byaL~, Lf tjou ClSR,V\t\.e, ut Vieetotes o~ our b 'Paula. I WLsl1 the~~.~ tVieLY Vl-\L~s about tVie wVie~ CI~ t e wl1en: I vlDpe Vie etotsvY't tClRe ner too taY -f~.es.tw..~ I wLsn Reg Viaet~'t brought tl1et oaf 0.:f-CLf-r.ie1lMLC2{ l1et'e ViLS LCI~t~gVit. !-te was SCltlLII'v9 cl few tl1LII'v0SL~ veytl quesHoV\..CIble taste, r tViougl1t. you sl10uLet l1ave put tjout'foot etow~. I wLsVi tl0u l1C1et. -tOVl-tStLtj, tl1et'e were tLMes WL-\PIIL I \Al1.~hed-he ! t ~~yt-ln wp,{Lri swall "\AI J1A.,ep. Do~'t WOR-Clt v\t\.t over tVie top of tj out' pClpey LLR-e u tl1at! LoO~L~ Clt Me ClStl1ougl1 tl0u l1aet V\.tvey seeVk v\t\.tbefot't! l l10pe tjou wo~'t get too cill..1C,,r~.-'lt:..1?IiIULC!'s weddLVl<@. NeVer l1C1veI felt so eMbCln"asseet as I ctLcto~ tl1e LClst occasw~. r sL~eyeLtj Viope tjou cto~'t M~~ a ~_ ouyseL wLtl1aLL tVie lLttLe fILbbertf.gf.bbets L~ Reg's fClMLlk:j. It's tLV\t\.t kloU yeaLLseet tl1C1tsLllk:j bel1avwut' lLRe tl1C1t, wl1LcI1 MClk:j seeV\A.. ULte I1C1YVvtLess k:jou, MClIu$ V'!M:eel cl fruMp CI~ cl ViCls-bee~. Do~'t q to f cougkl liRe tl1C1t - I elOji\,'t lLRe Lt. C\.c-h~1A...TI1eye's 'PClulCl, slClV\t\.v1A.L~Cll"ouv\;dupstt:lLrs. ~-l,.ct-b&~Jao_ t cLose cl elOOY! stLll, we sl1a ~'t l1C1vel1ey MUCI1 lOll'v0ey. !~eJ1ili;lp.J::ape. tlllli?, .... a.bau.t wb~V!e _ q,I1LLel a Ye goL~e t'e~ ..: Lf Q~i9..RauL.a....k,~. at sVie WCl~eel ~sVie's cl LwClk:js bee~ l~R,e tl1at, tnougVi. rt's bee~ OV\.t-(Mj. aftet' ClV\.Otl1et', wLtl1 l1eY. lt's tLMe l-30u weye off to WOyR,. you'lL MLsS k:j0UY tt'aL~ Lf tjou eto~'t get cl V\t\.oveo~.!~ .~~ ~~~~~~SO ~gY~~ DOI!'v'tfoyget tlour- case, Avwt taRe tl0ur- V\A..Cle[.t lQOR.s as Lf weatl1et"s of, to tur-~ V\..CIst~:It's cl gooctjob I Loo~ Clftey tl0u. Ar-e~'t tjou gOLII'v9to gLve V\A..e Iztss? cl

""~~~i

~co

h~

i. 2.
. 3.

4-. S. G.

y-.
g.

To wVioV\t\.LStl1e V\A..oli'vOLogue aetetr-essect? 'It' (lL~ i) yefers to ... wl1at, ClCCOt'elLII'v9 tl1e speClRer-, sVlOulel tl1e per-so~ she LSSpeClR-L~ to be asVJaV\t\.eetof? to !-tow VVt.CI~tjetC!ugl1teys etoes tl1e speCl~Y l1C1ve? 'TVie~' (lL~ g) V\t\.ea~s '" wl1C1t two CyLtLeLSV\A..S tl1e speCl~y V\t\.a~ of Reg, Clvwtwl1tj etoes she bClsLcalltl etoes ClppY'oveof 11~VVt.. 'TVie cI1Ll[i{ye~' (l~~ 23-24-) Clre... WViC!t LS Lt tVtC!t 'PC!uLa CCl~li'vOtV\A..C!Re l1er V\A..L~et up Clbout? WVtat eVLeteV\,Ce~s tViere LI!'v VVt.ol!'vOlogue r-espo~se btl tVie persol!'v ClctctYesseet? tVte of sUV\A..VVt.ar-tzetl1e pClssage fr-oVVt.Viusbavwt's pOL~t of view.

Ta. hk1pothe.sLze - to w..C!1u SappOSLtt.ov..s,assuli\.tptt.ol/\,S, to sptculate

H-yP0TIt6-?IZINCi (WISH-6S) 9(('tpo.r<!-ctJicc __ ~--~~ ?

UAA~-h

about ul/\,r-eal(,sHcer Lw..agLIi\.C!'1::1

CiVl~'lC-

sttuatt.oV'vs c-oli\.tpare the usage of P elst sLV\-<..-pLe these two seVl-tevu,es: LV'v
n) Sht wishes sht ~ how to pLtiy ttnvtfs. b) She ~ how to pLtiy t:ennis wht/l'lshe wns o/IUy five.

tl1e two seVl-tevu,es cloe.s the subject nave elI/\, uV'vfuLfLLLecl clY"eelV\-<..? WI1Lcn of tl1e two seVl-tevu,es Y"efers to tne pre.seVl-t? WI1Lcn of tl1e two seVl-tevu,es CClV'vjou fLV'vLShwLtn ... , but sh aoesn: 't? ! TY"al/\,slate tl1e sell'vtevu,es to C-roatLa V'v.
IVI-

WhLCI1 of

1..

H-!jpothe.sLzL~ about the preseM

aVl>d-(umre

WLsne.s about tnt pre.seVl-t aWil tV!e futuY"e aY"ee.xpY"e.ssecl wLtn tl1e foLloWLII'v0 e.x-presst.oV'vs aWil cOlI'vStruct!.oV'vs: ~~~-~ wLsl1

If oV'vL!j

As Lf / As tl10ugn It's t!.V\-<..e wouLcI ratlt1eY"

\-1 LU ""

..n,'e \-\lG \\ I~ - bi Q \je.s ~ ". ll%h l(onLy celV've.xpY"e.ss Cl) state - SLvu.-pLe 'Past - I wished I Lived in Ny (but ( don/tj . b) C!ctt.oV'v/ evell'vt - wouLc! - I wish you wouLd give it: to me. rf OYvly you wouLd givt it to me. wl1eV'v we e.xpY"e.ss a wLsn o.boiAt ouxseLve.s - we cio VI-Otuse wouLd, but tJould If olll-Lt:jl couLcI speaK:. FY"evu,lt1.(we C;.aV'v vu.alu tne v:~slt1 cOVV\.ttrne)
l(onLy aVl-c!COVl-stY"uctt.oV'v Ltl1 wi-?h are usecl for actt.oV'vs tl1o.t are LV\-<..pY"obabLe V!appeV'v. wlt1eVl- Lt W to LS pY"obabLe thClt the o.ctt.oV'v/ evell'vt wLLL taK:.e pLace, we se the cOl/\,strnctt.oVl- WLtlt1hope - I hope t:j0(,( feeL / wLLL feel better toV\-<..Orrow.
~O

0\(\<

~o.lG{L'~

As if/AS thou@h - 'Past sLvu.pLe teVl-se - .she behaves as if / as though she were a queen (blAt she LSVl-'t) Its Chf@h)time-+ the Lg~Vl-Ltk Dr sLV\-<..-pLe 'Past- Its time to go. (we) !t's tLV\-<..e we weVl-t. Dr It's tLVV\.tfor us o. + sLV\-<..ple'Pas - It's t!.vu.e thet:j weV'vt (sb etse) wo(,(LcI Y"CitheY" + bare LvtffVl-~ti.ve ~ I w~z.,ddrtl~her go home t~af/l:st~y here. K:: ~ ~\Jblec-1
I O~

C-O\, b'

I"\<-1to

(~C

rncI(Jv

b,i>

IJ+'

+ YClst SLV\-<..-pLe \.'

wouLcI

Y"ather t:j0(,( wel/\,t noV\-<..e. etse) (sb

z, H-!j'Pot\l1e.s~z~~ C!bout the 'Past

'Past 'PeY"fect - I wish / If onLy / ! wouLd rathsr she hadn /t gone thers. Wo(,(LcI LLIu - + perfect iwfinitive - ( wouLd Lilet to have Lived thsn: I would have Liletd to htlve
Lived then:

---

(NVf;R.S(ON

"f::..t

7Dtt"

:1... Ques.tl..OV\..$ - Av
2.

+ s + MV + O/c,oV1ApleV1AeV\..t

r~ .-J:o

().

1'\

cOV1Apcm::jHve t~e ... t~e COV\..$tructl.oll'v

The JWisier the chiiarsn: were.,the tess was he pLeased. (vt.OYV1AC1L possLbLe!) WO
3.

5xcLClV1ACltortjsell'vteV\..Ce.s- Clrcl1C1Lc, poetw

How green was my vaLLey!

4. a) After
ONLy

tl1e foLLowLV\..gCldverbLClL eLeV1AeV\..ts lt tl1e beg~lIW\ill'v0 of tl1e seV\..teV\..ce: C

N5V5R, ... THAN
LU01/\

CldverbLClLexpressLoV\..s wLtl1: NO, NOT" ... l?>UT ALSO, NO SOON5R

NOWH5RE,

N5ITH5R,
('qse

NOT,

NOT

b) CldverbLClLexpre.ssl.oV\..s of lI'vt0.r lI'vtgClHoV\..: SCARC5LY,

'~'" ~(t:.~.
,~CC

{ VYI ~'e ~ --L t:00e8 PV4 ~..l.Cl' Not until he tases everuthing wiLLhe stop gambLing. ~ \illll 't '-'ar 0","v t.\::'" ""vY'i UL' , Never have I se{n'Wo this. I owe. ~ <!-Je! ~ "\\ fVI d,o ~ .: No sooMrdid he enter the 1"00/11(. than: the fighting began.'1hc +~v\"'0~., =, .soo,;, GJ ~ ~~_ Not onLu has shephoned hine. but atsa visited.him in his studio.Shr.. h?.l,,'- o"'\~ yk"'~ [",;" ).~ u "eN:;, \""t+to "~~ov-":t.O lA,.," I

In JW case wiLLyou be e)(cused. .]Ju

'+

bc

e:kV.J.y:Q

,/1

1'.

S5t:!-DOM,
w\r\011

RAR5LY, st-,
wc;5

l?>AR5LY,

HARDLY,

LlTTL5. he
~i~ ~

HardLy did she kJWw what: she was doing LittLe does he care abaut: het: 'r\(., ~((~ ".L+fe.
SeL~V1A dLd tl1e teClcl1ers "BUTI! wl1eV\..t~e cl pI"'OV\..OuV\.., rClt~er gLve ~V\.. studeV\..ts' to Cldver!:Js-HARDLY,
Ylo\M.I

doi,,'('

iA<?Oli4-

\'0,
CI~

,
'\ 'N'-

'\"e[,c),o,. ~~

'
rOMe
v

,,\.,,'

pressur-e

to postpOll'vt "BAR5LY

tl1e

rests

SCARC5LY

V1Aod~ftj cl vt.OuV\..Dr
---------

tl1C1V\.. ver-b, ~V\..versl.oV\.. 05S--j:' ..bf"'O-r:cV<.r-;- cl D i

I'\""h

HardLy ~ ba 'I;:t Cf!me. se-arceLy ten eepg were on the canceri:

c)
CldverbLClL expres$Lov\"$ w~tl1 ONLY

onLu after an operation was he abLe to waLk. t1e w~ VI \,tk, +o . -"",e.0 c.-f'-(J, . u , ( w,f( -rC\..-", " " onLy whs: she is convinced that he stopped drinJeing, wiLLshe taJee hin bacJe."o." ' e..\\

cO

Cldver-bLClL eX't'we.ssLoV\..$w~tl1

So ncuch did he Loveher that we pitied hine. t+e.eoced such

e)

so

ClV\..d SUCH
J

;,G
ftt'1

<~ ..;cL,

Jt '"

...;"-

cd

~'~~

was herjoy that shejumped

of pLClce

at: over the ptace.

JJ

vJc,S

.svok

Cldverb~L expre.ssl.ov\"$

There stoed the nicest man IVe ever sse: !nside the raonc were a fewoLd tha irs. p., fc..w OGd
5.
IV\.. oV\..ci~tLoV\..CILs c

v!Ao..; (S

we.::, c

i IH:::U

~V\C

iOO "",,-

\{\

Ae-

flX$t coV\..d~t[oV\..CIL wLtl1

shouLd.- ShouLd you confide in ncs. I wiLLteU you my secrzts. (r-ranwat WO,' If you shouLd e-onfide in me ... J

second conditfonaL with wCl$/wer-e to: Were you to beconc the president, we wouLd be very proud. (r-rarncat. WO: If you were to become the president ... J third conditionaL. Had you done what:you had to do, I wouLd have congratuLated you. (r-ramca: WO: If you had done whai: you had to do, ... J

After studtjt""0 gral"ol.l"oI.ar(l1tjpotl1esLzL~ a~ t~vtrsi.o~), u~erlt~e t~tl1e l;RcAKFAS-rt MO N OLO'1 l-\.c all e.xal"ol.pltsof I1ljpDtl1estzt""0 a~ t~VtY5i.o~tl~ do tl1t followt~ wr~tses: : R.epl1rase tl1e se~el'\,Ces wttk tl1e words gLve~. i. f-te d~esV\.'t ~v\.ow tl1e C!V\.swero everl:jtkLV\.g, but tkat's. kow ke tC!l~. t he fvteu; +h.c ~~\J.Jc:...1 -le eV1j+l\\lA f-tetC!l~: AS \~ z. The clLclV\.'tleave tkeLr V\.twaclclres.s. I wts~ '., 11\01,1' te+f h~ r t>..e..vJ CAdd. t-~. ,1 . 3. I clo~'t R,V\.owtf tjou ltR,e tke -pveseV\.t I have bougkt tj0u. I hope .ti1::.c k :ue-Se.<A.-+ \ 'no.;1e ~iAT \'\-<xJ -4-. f-te k $V\.'t vealltj betv\' clvag0ecl thyougk a keclge bacR,wayds., but tkat's how he f-teLoo~ <AS if he htl<J leeP-- 4{Cf"'lqd -l-(,\ow, (;" o\. hedJC s. DLel ou clelLvertke l"oI.esst:1geI gave ljou? \I V CJ I kope !~Q\' Oe ~,ueje."l f\e.. \Y'e_~S'.qo.e. \ ~e JOu. G. I elLclrt te~ key wl1eV\.she was kere !:)esteYcla~! V IwLsh I \I-'I"'+o&.\ h~ U1hcM Shc. wC,S ke.Jc.. J-. The locR, Ls s.tyLR,LV1-0 aVl-cltkat's OUy sLgVl-t:1l go. to v .\-o ,,!Q. It's HI'\I.t \ lS. The ~VlLlclyeV\. tke styeet wt SCytt:1V1<\,the tops of tkeLy voLces. LV\. at I wLsh I, e CM &:h ~ ;, H, c -str e. . t wou cd. '" I..j.. S cA Ul VV). It's ow pt:1st ouv HVI<\,e goLVl-g,t:1V\.el fOY we've stLLl heye. It's HVI<\,t ,-.Je (e-U' '.",'~ t 1.0. Tht:1tfs.the doctoy'S Ct:1y utsLele; s.Ol'\l.toV\.tLs.ru. -peykaps. o Ittoo~ I (i.;' '1 ~ '>oMegA e iS I ii. f-te'J;rV\.'t co~ceV\.tYCltefoy aV\. houy OI"so; tVlat's hLs trouble. 'fo~ltj he. (o,,, ce",.j,J't>.+< -tOr CVV' ~(.)v(or .sO 1.~. He k' sV\.'t wov\. the pyLze alYeaeltj, but tkt:1t's how ke's acH""0. f-te's actL g c, \ \ r:: hI: c;1re.\j v.JOu +lo" cpr le 1.3, DO!:) u ~V\.OWw~at l:j0u are cloLV1-0 wLth the televLsLoV\.set? I kope r",ovJ LU\'V"(. 'lOV ~lc doi,,? vv ..t.... .li.c 4.(.v 5,1 Je+1.4. I elo,~V\.Ow wVlat tj0u are cl~LVI-0' tkt ttle.Jr.sLoV\. set. wLth IwLs.k~\J\ew ,.uhAt \10.1 ,Jele. 601J\''> wr\i, ~.-tv ~ 1.5, I elLclr't R,V\.ow tl'lt:1t'Progva~VI<\,ewas o~ V\.LqJl'It. ,:>-I.o~a""w.t \ 045 CM fc, c+ h'9'~+I wLsk 1: ~qd I:::.t,..OWVi..- i . \ ~ J

loo

RepnYAst tACn stV\.Ul'\.C.e,begL~~""0 wttn tl1e L.t~erLtuo! worel Dr -pl1rast. Not tl~l rtqL.tLre t~veY5i.o~. 1.. Tl1e!:) LotSlA.alll:j clowV\.to the couV\.tY!:j OV\.frLc!C!!:jS. go (JIA H ;~\\ ..:.b\e" '>-', uoJ1. .... en doc.-'IA , lo ,f1,..e ('ou!",/.,J,j. ~. The!:) stt:1krtV\. L.oVl-clblV\. wetR,e~S 'o'v.l!:j ov\. rare OCVR?Wv.s. at t1t~ 0'1 ("'Ire. oCcc,..s'Ol-1 J' 00 -l 11e..., lA.~\ ',,,, ,,()~ O,,, uFefev-&-. e elclest soV\. ~ offers. to ~o tl1e Wt:1sl1t~ ul" 3. Sei200W1 d<X"-I k,c. dd e.s+ .so~ orLe -lo do I:/Ac wc. .. l.li.<::] "I" d 4. A V\.tLgkbour g,I6LteuV\.tr'qlecte~l!9 L~vLtecl thel"ol.to a Local pt:1rtl:j. QuilG u"'e')(rr.e~e\4 . '" Ile-, o l,b:>'-lf l'ttiVI~ -tt..q,v, -To "" ~<""'l.( ,I, LJ I. '.' F""'-, s. you sU k~1"oI. k!'s oest wYJe~tYJk~S Are {ilOk~ WYOIt\,{il, at W~&V\ f1t,'V1(5'S ""t~J?I'~3 Wlt:)V,Q I l:;;;,>' Jer? t.,r'""" c1 '" c,.-s toe.rt-, b:AC\( u,X::'ld~. you eee kLI-1.<. kLs best Q~l!:j wheV\:\hLV\.~s Clre{iloL~ wYOk\:0. at n. I. \'jO'~'" 0"""",-\ vJv,C",fltt('Y-l-S ",,-,<:VvJIO<-<q do 'fau -.k'''t''' 1.''''-'' c;-l 4,'-4: b:>-J~ v v v J-. I v,t:1cl cC!yceLIj set foot outsLde tke dooy wneV\.tkere was a trel'\l.t~ousclt:1-p of s tv,uV\.cley.

6'

!..'J-

.sc",,(cet\\

~A

~+

(00-+ out-s,Ac.

tv\c

Mys Sl"ol.~tk hC!@Ll:jevtr:pt:1sses t:1elal:j cOl"ol.pletel!:)ft!lt1bf Acc~elev.ts. Wo.(de~ e..vd CXX":' MU .s1\tJ't1'1 rc;'ss tl&"J COW1,,*Id'J j. I .!Jttl& tkougkt a !:jet:1y t:1goHIt:1t I woulel be sLttLI'I.0 keye to~a!:j.
"

s.

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tytj to Vl<\,t:1R,e caYf'ey Laugh C!~t:1t~. Mys. wid? I -fi -I-a ,v,e;"'. f.11.J ('" aV\. opportuVI-Lt!:joccu,~ to few l'eq>le. -.!;.I":J"c/"~

pr[

G,u.z,l,

1..,.
i~.
10

-tv", t-te gave tkt tl"ol.-pyessLoV\., cl few peq>ke, tkat ke dLel V\.O WOy~.~. to c, A-vl peoerC( he QC;'-V( c\,v' (VI'I)I('>5'. '"
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you wtll

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Vl<\,a!U Vl<\,uchrogy'e!;s uV\.tLlt;Jou COV\feV\.trCltel:j0l1reffom. p

coV\(e.~,-k'''''k 1{o",dc,'1 01
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I COl6kcl ee UOu at I-1.<.tJ s house eLthev O~ MOVl<clfll;J OV\.Tl1esclC!!'j. Dr

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I coulel go wttktjou

=.

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OvI

to tke races V\.tLther OVI< OMfll:j vyor ov\.TuesclC!!:j. M )t\ov.dt>.." lA 0\ GIA -rve~ d.0I 1.\ c00'd I ep
(?<('e-t.s

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H,

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REPORTED SPEECH
li!

We can report

statements,

"'!> l-tj&

HrpO

v, E:-C>\

questions

and cOlIundnds.

1. STATEj'vIENTS
Direct speech - Ann: I'll buy a Playstation. Reported speech - A1l1l said that she would buv a Plav station.

~~

\ve introduce an indirect sentence with a le.- pot {;{\q verb. , s.t p(M Most frequent reporting verbs are SOt,-\ -and __ Tuo:.-,-,,~ The difference between them is: V to som~body + that clause /~ ~ something __ -'-'kf}.J""'somebody something ___ -'(~~;I;,,somebody + that clause

.scu

>

Examples:

1. 2. 3. 4.

He __ He He He

-",-SO\=.:.;(d~__
~;

5.

kt!d
-h:-O.d

to me that he would love me forever. the truth, me the truth. me that he would love me forever.
;:;.::...c..h.:....'...!ft--'_

The main rule in reporting Present Simple ~past Present Continuous Past simple ~past Past conti.nuous Present perfect Present perfect Past perfect \Vill~\voul ~past perfect ~past

what people said is a tense __ continuous continuous perfect

simple

perfect

simple ~past

simple Slr,,~"1 ho<ve Civd \~"," ''''e"" to go~-

,r, ~h !Of S;,j<>"S' &,..,<;1,

.!bd

sl...t
"t

?.od t{,,1'd

: ..

'U6
So.'i

<~~.t:':t
SL1e

c-.

conti.nuous ~past

perfect continuous-e

~
Ju

t;v:\:J

jl\

1-" S; "4c

~e..s-.:;~(/(\,~::d..,
,et,<.- vQ~

simple and continuous have nowhere Am/is/aregoingto~was/weregoingto,Ti"

-e.
II.

'Y'i'<tl''''''''o

;:7"Aj

'0".::1
wc,~

""""J<:-

J<

$4,,{

v">'''J I". 'CJ

"t(~,,<<-

-...(Q\vv

Example.s;. o, I .11 ( V 'd: .NI l~, \} ~ ,I(l' v1 91o.V;VQ 0,1"-" -. t V

JI,

%!1A.' ,.
r
I _

,d

",f h..c.!
i"o",/.~ 1

GuMI!

j'MIOIbt

et

eJ,?'j.

Vo"J

S"'V'c:h .,JC{('c/
,),,<1.

+~o.+-

;Sp(J\

t"-o",,O
-,

,I)

-s1A!Z I/t'\,J-e~ ~Q.J' ;.iJ "IMqw."'-I+. ... /!!.t..e"1 ( lo V s\)ccef t-t,o<,v. :1"-'<"
V r

01:-,;)

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~;", i

0V,.('('.

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VJ
6j

g,:' ," \

. q o'
\!

+o
I"

cl ~CitlCCt-. )f..i:J U fJ("I'

tJ
Q

,.sc,r--oi< .Jo,'d
l

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Shc

hevd

.f-o

SVVlO"'.

'!'. (

.,~J.. tJ-' '11WI

M(.r.\:he.

o.e. . Jq( Ciltl sc.,d

+ML

".

+'(,"',

1-.

~hc
\.1

i-'<> j.-,,,,

.f'c4od

+v

id

Other changes

pC<l,Q>J J de>; ({

'JI ~

bee,.v. (/0 D' . ", S'r.e /-..&,-<1 '. ~,,+,,

(!.le",;"N . (,

r :-:

"'!~"'I
,-, '
;",0 (
'. ,

today ~ tomorrow

that day (often omitted) ~the next / the following day / the day after

yesterday ~ the previous day / the day before this evening, week, etc, ~tl1at evening, wee, ete.
here +s-there now ~then / at that moment / at that time ago -e-before / previously l IIJ,,,,,\:e.ci re !J00
i-.CWQ 'Z...i.toU/.(' 0,"',>
-!>
L.. , '"

.sl'l.<"

".JC..<A~d

'V

~')O """<>--e

<..i;

!o.e-to/~

(J

this -e-that / the / it ("Listen to this!" - He told me to listen to hira / to what he was going to say and not: He told me to listen to that)
0"0 6-

that -e-that / the / it these ~those I, you, we ~he/ she, I, they them, his/her my, their, his/hers, speech? to still be true. mine, theirs me, us, my ~hirn/her,

your, our, mine, yours, ours ~

When does the verb not change in reported a) when the situation in question Example:
d

has not changed and is known to the reporter

~IClI""I'

r\J
Jj

(J>

c-.("C.

"~

'\

'tv)

\/

o:r(

c.

b)

';X:'hen reporting verb is in the present tense this also shows that the original statement is still true as we the
lec.w
bClvq.(,o.~

report it. "\ . .$c;, d1 ~ct\\'.l ,+ shc Example: SO\ (r,\<, i .1C\\Je bovJ t,t cl Io.W..l(, I c) ';X:'iththe Past perfect tenses and some modal verbs (see the end of the page).

<J

p,.

(\CJJ<:.

II. QUESTIONS 111echanges to tenses and time references etc. for reporting questions are the same as for reporti.ng statements. There are two types of questions: . ith w (\vn_ I.~~ "'h"~ )LVf)""r~ a)"',"1... q,uest:1on~ b" \"~1l- eginning wrt wh -wor d s \ w nen, W~ , ).w .. :.. , W~\j .. \'\~k" (:;:J 'V p l[mlAl ,.'N ....... -). ----...... b) 'r: es-No quest:1ons- quest:1onsto which the answer IS either 'J.R..J: or ts:~ . a) To report a wh- questions, we. (step 1) repeat the wh- word, (step 2) use the pattern subject-vetb. NOT verbsubject and (step 3) apply the tense shift. \V'here are you going? \V'hat have .you done? \V'hydid you Ieave her? (CONTINUE WITH EXAi'vIPLES He asked me VJ~e,(C I He asked me uJ~.q +- \ He asked me \.,1 YI \I I OF YOUR O\Th') 0
(if'U I) c;

.1

, U ha d v <:::lo ~
d f' eJ-t

"bI'

'"

o '

t..e.-(,

b) To report a Yes/No questi.on we (step 1) introduce a reported question with the words If/Whether, (step 2) use the pattern subject-vetb. NOT verb-subject and (step 3) apply the teuse shift. Have you seen that Inew advert? He asked me \ f { "'0.,J ~ .l- ,",,,,, '--- "ON ad" (I<1./:-. Do you like het? He asked me It:: le:...'!:.ed lo, !.J. '. Are you his brother? He asked me ; .f' (\ Il C;:.J Ir. '\\ ~{-O+ h,c,J (CONTINUE ';X:1THEXAMPLES OF YOUR OWN) An exception to the word order rule that has to be applied in reported questions is the following: If the original question begins with \V'Hi\T, WHICH or WHO followed by BE + COi'vIPLEMENT, we can put the complement before OR after the verb BE in areported questi.on. Example: '\V'ho is the winner? (tbe )ViI/neris a complement). She asked vJhc> -t-k 'N ,I'rei wc::; ~ '
wl>lo """"..\ ~ 1<),'''''''''::..1

III. COl\f1\L\NDS We report a command by a reporting verb and to + itlfitlitive (if the command was positive) or not to + it!fitlitive if the command was negative. . Examples: Many modal verbs do not change when they are reported. Those that CAN change are: can changes to could ar lIJOU!d be able to lvill changes to wotild needn't changes to didn't need to ar didn't baoe to ar nouldn't bave to. must changes to had to or tuasf nere to when it is used to express an obligati.on placed on someone by another person, to had to when it is used to express and obligati.on placed on oneself, but doe s not change when it is used to make assumptions, You must go now. She said I had to/was to leave irnrnediately. She must be rich. She said she mtist be rich. mestn't changes to Ivas/1JJerenot to. may changes to might (or could !fit is used to expresspermission]. ((I may corne to the party. )) She said she might come to the party. (rY ou may smoke here. )) She said Ive cou/d smoke there. ';X:1len reporting conditionals there are two rules: a) first report the main sentence and then the dependent one. b) apply the tense shift for zero and first conditi.onal; second, third and rnixed conditionals remain the same. rf you heat ice, it melts. She said that ice MJ.kd iJ' .j'?~ ~~.':<;~.. ,I.'::" .., , . rf you study a lot, you will have good results. She said that .. "1>' ~.OY:~4'f':-~~ /~f~.~ .. i\;,;l. p .lIOv' ~~uol~"coJo. If ;ou came, you wo uld hav a goo d tim Slle sat th a tJ"'" ,-w wo,.P-l. hA~('C"\oo.:-i v id J....'M( ......... '*' \.,-;1 ICV ' lave trm.e. ~.'y:-'! , .. ,.:-t , ~v.v.CQ,Me . c V 'J If you had come, you would have had a good time: She 5< cl that ": , : '" .

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.:t>if' h;", HC
1N'O..J~a

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REPORTED 5PEECH
Rewrite these sentences as indirect speech.
1.
The man asked me: 'How do you change people's attitude6?'
Th..e.
Ih?\(AOIfW Me.. h..ot..V

o\rd

':jr c..~\C'v;qe reo~fJ

.?\{. .

?vd!Js

2.

_p \ 4f"2<>t'-TIV

My husband told me: 'lf you want to keep your job, work hard.'

l~
3.

Ltu~be~ J

~
-

nA(.

b
t -

vJO i I:::
. \',

~CI

rei,.?,

LA) "'" (.1

f eJ

~<::-,

~'r'ft\c.,..,.... ... --..

... \~

.\!\)

Helen's siater asks HelJn: 'Do you have manyfriends

I () -

here?' ,'f/""(.; f
f

\~

IS

.5'iSLc..r

0S i:r

tl..e C4t

;f

~r (

V
e..-,!..erj

ho.,S

e~.ds ? de

4.

The applicant asked the secret.ary: 'Can I subrnlt; alate application?' Tka ~

~'u\"\'d

cwW

+ht

~~

if

he

covlGd

Subl!""'+-

'"

te, 4:

Off

c<'\,c\"

5.

Tom asked John: 'Where did ,)!ouget t.hls hat'?'

TO!IV
6.

0':

'r-",,-;

-:j01. t,

\.VfleA

IM..

"'DJ

The pre6ident wanted to know: 'Are you going to vote for me'?'

.; L..e 7.

Itf(?.Ji~+-

"VOe'A

ted

~f

t~( WL.,fc

U/O

The man told U6:'There i6 no cause for alarrn. Go down the 6tair6 without panicking.' The V'CI., T:c,(!.j 05 .ft.o\,L ~c{)Je.,s; vO Ce; <se: for Ql1~ 1"'"" )~~+ we ~
O

cf?c'.I./\

*C

-s~,rs
nnt she

r:

vJ\f-fr.OIJ

pCtllIO)::A'IAQ(

0 ci

&,"

<4r.~ ~l:>c4lJ,J '/--o ..

8. Tom's 6i6ter 6aY6: 'I often help my brother with his hom2work.'
~ Sot(j5.

of~

h~eFs
.ctl'le.
tJJ~

he.(

~(.)f-h?\

'.J,6-v, t;."

o~-.,v~J'\::.

9.

When she came, Sue sald: Tm sorry I was late yest.erday.'

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C ("Ir.

c ) &Je

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f1"c,,t

~'-'

CfJ

-s k

h0d

(le..f.e

f{.Q

d.C\J.

eetoce
else to do.'

10. They told U6:'Fam Is not coming. She has 60mething

Th()

l~d

vS

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?Ol.~"

Oi

V\tO+

COlNl(CJ

y~+u /,v<.!.rf

C\h;;\

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h.~d

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:(J

{~x

11. SU6an told them: 'Ileft my umbrella here yeet.erday.' S:-v<;a. ""
12.

tofd f?'fJ-;,v...

{"[..,O,

t ~ 4.
~e.

k.Ad

~f-

kr

dee;

+M"

le..

;/-L--re oI.c~\ be,{f.>/c

V

William 6aY6: 'I think it i6 going to rain tonight.'

CV;CUo..V'l
13.

)~S

t~C)t.L

~\i/\\:::.f

C.\- .s

'fJOil'J

f-~

I asked: 'What time d teA-0 ?'.,s. t V Lv~ Ir

film 6tart, Peter'?'

h~L

~VtA

S-.f.e,.. d.cd

14.

Maria asked the examiner: 'When will I know the re6ult6?'

15.

I asked the saleeman: 'How does the photocopier work?' ( c\ s 1c..e4 tl,t~ -st4CcsVv='-" ~ow j H1l.. Pit-dO fvc0f Henrytold Tom: 'Pa55 me the salt, please.'
1 1~ ftCN'

'''"-1

vOI.J: ed,

16.

1-. Ii _I tOUCl.

-(

OW1

k-..

' <.-', \

~S

h; /V\

H e,

Scd+

17.

Jane 5aid: 'It doe5n't look ae if /'11 be arriving until after eight.'

:ir. \)(;10\(,
VI

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r -s"e
~

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(;

1_;("

18.

Tom told me: 'lf ou come on time, teil them 1'11be late.'
"lO\M

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I~C

+o

{dQ

+v..~
..., Mi!-.

1:e..

wov~,

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Co.s+ C;
I

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,o

19.

Pam asked me: 'How much does tihis pullover C05t?'

:PO',,", clS:~e.d

""c

how

~--v'c-t.

'he-tJ

.}(.c\t-

r"Uove..r
p ~,(/\ I. -

20.

The man wanted to know: 'Does thi5 train go to Gatwick Airport?'

l' r ~

~~.......

\..fJP'\..:....e..,p

-: ,

~...c

~,OVwl

C
I

e-t J t '\.C\::,

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crt-vh-Ok:.

I~'

kr';

Retell this aialogue.

MARY: I am eure you have heard of Marion Taylor. TOM: Who is she'? MARY: She is the girl who was kidnapped by aliens in 1993. TOM: How do you know that for 5ure? MARY: She had a camera when they captured her and managed to make sorne photos of the allens. TOM: I don't believe ito lt; ls hard to believe eornetihinq like that. How old wae ehe at the time? MARY: I don't know, but I don't think her age i5 lrnportarrt .. TOM: If she had been a little girl she could have imagined the whole etory, MARY: I heard she was fond of science fiction films. Maybe ehe really imagined it all. TOM: of couree she did. She just; wanted to attract attention.
. uM

Mary eald .. r.~0.t ~~~ ;v.C?~... ~<{.\~ ~ ~'f: h~.~~ '?.f.. h0. \.1'.9~ .. :: ~J(~!; .ef . Tom asked ~.~~ I..>J.~.q : ...... H0.(i{J.~ Mrr. .. ~ ..... V'! Mary eald that M.T ~S. ", t0.~.... . !"!~?..~I{q. ~f~ ~~i.:t;l{l'?f<,4 'l(j ..~0~~ .. \ 0. ..'~~ 5 ?>. Tom asked. .. ,hf:'-~~~.r?N l-:0.4 fhe; .. J:':9.U:f'.. :.~.~ .. ~o~ ~(J.r.c . Mary eald .. :1:1'0.t H.r:. ~~\<;I ~,:,d ~ S-~;(I1\~.q ':'-! ~.CM -!.~!!.~~s..r-:c;-.c;(.. ;::t.-p.(-y(~J... ~'?;I cl '''~ .hv:;! ~Ii""'<'t.~u! t:o r:-:'.\~ p..0r.:.tp.s '?~.. {-'0P .. ~.0;~ . Tom 5aid ..'/'("'0 r..h,t. lI\t?d .. hQr b?u~?d. !.L.. .. '.' ,

t(~ ..

-h.-,,,,,f

~h.(.

and he adde: .~.t-;.

He asked ....

;i(I;-~t::r .tj~"
.I~

.$P.~t}..i~~ .. ~~~

.. T.".c....

: ...................

Mary 5aid ..

.-n~'~.~T ..

Q ....

: J..'.4:,:.~
!:-f.,f 0~

~~<?~~ . ~~~ ....

and she added that

.t~iI{"'f9f~,~

.. S.~p.

<?-.i,d,l'\'1:' .. :

~:'r-.~

Tom sald .. :: .:.:

.... ~,,:,.1

mr. ~'. ;';

M.J, ~ ~9.~~d

~~.vf.~

i.'Y1q.Cy.'}~J

-:!':~ ~ .....

......... i.?f.ll..

.~~.<<. -F: ....

.!.(. ~.(.~

Mary said .. ~.~cd: ~.0.c: ~ She also said .. J0.~ Tom agreed and sald t:1--.<:'.~

0'H c,c ~!'.r.( \ , r-i--.{I; '(d(LVo: :'~ ~.";.rd h.0. i: H.T ~. f.~ .. qf. ~F. f:~.f .".ef. . ~tAt U'!:eI.)-'. !t;\';'.I.r:~~ !t .. 0!:e : . f;.,.':: ~0d.,~. !\~.~ ~ .. 0.-ffJ.Qy!-- . -f\-{te.v. r.0:'. .

,.

lndirect

speech

Indirect speech

Indirect speech: statements

Note applying to all indirect speecn exercises

When the speaker says you, and the person spoken to is not identified, it is good practice for the student to assume that the remark was made to himself. you will the n become I1me ar we/us. (Answers in the key will be given In fIrst person forms.) 'You can phone from the office,' he said.

He said I could phone from his office.

This must not, of course, be dane when the person identified: 'You can phone from my office, Ann,' he said. spoken to is

He told Ann that she could phone from his office.

Note that when you stands for one, it is reported unchanged: . 'You can't bathe in the rivers,' he said, 'they're full of piranhas.' He sa id that you couldn 'I bathe in the riuers as they were full of

piranhos.
Put the following statements into indirect speech.

1 Tm going out now, but 1'11 be in by nine,' he said. (Omit now.) 2 Tm working in a restaurant, and don 't much care for it.' she said. 3 'I cari't live on my basic salary.' said Peter. 'I'II have to offer to do overtime. ' 4 'My young brother wants to be a tax inspector,' said Mary. 'I can't think why. None of my family has ever been a tax inspector.' 5 'We're waiting for the school bus,' said the children. 'It's late again.' 6 'I've made aterrible mistake!' said Peter. 'You're always making terrible mistakes,' I said. 'You should be used to it by now.' 7 'We make f450 a week,' said one of the men, 'and send most of it home to our wives.' 8 'It's lonely being away from our families,' said another, 'but we earn ,three times as much in this factory as we would in our own country.' 9 'We've been here for two and a half years,' said the man who had spoken first, 'and were going to stay another six months.' 10 'I've got a job on an oil-rig ,' said Paul. "That'll be very hard work,' I said. 'I know it'll be hard,' he replied, 'but I don't mind hard work, and it'll be agood experience.'

11 'The ice will soan be hard enough to skate on,' said Tom. 'I'lIlook for my skates when I gethome,' Ann said. Tm living with my parents at present,' she said, 'but I hope to have a flat of my own soan.' 13 Tm leaving tomorrow,' she said, 'by the 4.30 from Victoria.' 'We'lI come and see. you off,' we said. 14' 'L've just bought a car,' said Peter, 'but it's not insured yet so I can't ! take you for a drive.' 15 'I'd like to speak to Susan,' said Mary, 'but I'rn bathing the babies I and they will drown if Ileave them alorie in the bath while I go to the phone.' 16 Mary has just received a postcard from Ann, beginning, Tm coming ! up to London next week. I hope you and Jack will meet me for lunch lane day.' tImagine that Mary is reading this card to Jack. Begin: Ann says ... ) , 17 \ 'Nothing ever happens in the village.' shesaid. 'Ir's like a dead vi11age. All the young people have drifted away to the towns.' 18 'I've missed my train,' said Bill.. 'Now 1'11 be late for work and my boss will be furious. ' 'We'1I wait for you if you're late,' they said. 'They are supposed to be landing at London airport,' I said. 'But if -.l=""-I;,'he fog gets any thicker the plane may be diverted.' 'If you lend me the chainsaw,' said Mary, '1'11 bring it back the day after tomorrow.' 22 'I hate getting up on dark mornings,' grumbled Peter. 'It is horrible.' agreed his wife, 'but the mornings will be lighter soan and then it won't be quite so bad.' 23 'The sales are starting tomorrow,' said the typist. 'As soan as we \ /finish work the whole typing pool is going to make a dash for the I \shops.' , 'I hope you'Il all get what you want,' I said. ) 24 ,'I wish I had something to eat,' said Peter. I' 'You've only just had lunch,' said his sister. 'I don't know how you can be hungry again so soan.' 25 'If you're short of money 1 can lend you f50,'said my aunt, 'and you can take your time about paying it back.' 26 'I usually take my dog out for a walk when I come home from work,' he said. 27) 'I have a message for your brother,' I said. 'He isn't at home,' said Ann. 'He left two days ago.' 28 'I bought this bag in Milan,' I said. 'You shouldn't have bought that colour.' said Peter. 'It doesn't go with your coat.' 29 'I must hurry. My father is always furious ifany of us are late for ) meals,' she said. 30; 'If you want to smoke you'll have to go upstairs.' said the bus V conductor.

'12'

Indirect speech: questions

Indirect speech: questioris

A new student Paui has co me to the college and the other students are asking him' questions. Imagine that he reports these questions later to an English friend: 1 Bill asked what countryJ. came from. l~What country do you come f~~~;?' said Bill. 2 iHow long hav~ you been here?' s~id ~nn. 3 'Are you working as well as studymg? asked Peter. 4 ('Have you gat a work permit?' Bill wanted to know. 'What are you going to study?' asked Ann. 6 'Have you eiirolled for more than one elass?' said Peter. 7 'Do you want te buy any second-hand books?' said Bill. 8 'Have you seen the library?' asked Ann. 9 "Do you play rugby?' said Peter. la i'WiII you have time to play regularly?' he went on. 'l1'Did you play for your school team?' said Bill. 12 'Are you interested in acting?' asked Ann. 13 'Would you like to join our Drama Group?' she said. . 14 'What do you think of the canteen coffee?' asked Peter .

Put ~he following into indirect speech. The first ten questions require no change of order: . . He said, 'What is happening?' He asked what was happening. 1 'What happened to Mr Budd?' said one of the men. 2 'Which of his sans inherited his estate?' asked another ;Who is ?oing to livei~ the big house?' enquired a third. 4 ,Wh~t will happen to his racehorses?' asked sameone else. 5 Which team has won?' asked Ann. 6 'Which team won the previous match?' said Bill. 7 'Who is playing next week?' he asked. 8 ;Who will be umpiring that match?' asked Tom. 9 Who wants a lift home?' said Ann. 'Who hasjust dropped a no note?' lasked. -rr :Wnere is the ticket office?' asked Mrs Jones. 12 ,What shall I do with my heavy luggage?' she said. (Use should.) 13 What platform does the train leave from?' asked Bill. 14 'When does it arrive in York?' he asked. /" . 15 'When was the timetable changed?' lasked. 16 'Why has the 2.30 train been cancelled?' said Ann 17 :How much does ~ day return to Bath cost?' Mrs J~nes asked. 18 ,Why does the price go tip so often?' she wondered. 19 ,How can I get from the station to the airport?' said Bill. O When are you cam ing back?' I asked them. . ?s a retu~n ticket cheaper than two singles?' said my aunt. ~ Do puppies travel free?' asked a dog owner -,

bI

m
,

23 'Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?' she asked. 24 'Does this train stop at York?' asked Bill. 25 'Can you telephone from inter-city trains?' said the businessman. 'Does the 2.40 have a restaurant car?' he enquired. 27 'Can you get coffee on the train?' asked my aunt. 28 'Do they bring it round on a trolley?' she said. 29 'Are there smoking compartments?' said the man with the pipe. 'Have you reserved a seat?' I asked him. . Extra exercise: read the last twenty questions, using one of the following prefaces: I wonder/I'd like to knowlDo you know?/Have you any idea?ICan you teIl me? 11 'Do you know where the ticket office is?' 12 'I wonder iohat I should do with my heauy luggage. '

Mary and Tom, with their san, John, aged 11, have recently come to this area. Mary wants to find a school for John and asks her neighbour Mrs Smith about the local school. . , (a) Later, Mrs Smith reports these questions to her husband: 'Is it a mixed school?' She asked il it was a mixed school. . (b) Alternatively, supply suitable answers to Mary'squestions and the n imagine that Mary reports tI1e conversation (her questions andMrs Smith's answers) to her husband Tom: . 36 'Were your boys happy there?' 'Yes, they were.' I asked il her boys had been happy there and she said that they had. 15 'How long has it been a mixed school?' 16 'Do you like the headmaster?' 17. 'Is he a scientist ar an arts graduate?' 18 'How many children are there in the school?'. 19 'How big are the elasses?' .~2;_~~!.~_!~e~~}.a_s~.es~t!~~_IE~d?' .

I
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