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Bi 1: TNG QUAN V MNG

I. Khi nim v mng Mt mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi cc ng truyn vt l theo mt kin trc no Mc tiu chnh Chia s ti nguyn Tng hiu nng v tin cy Ba yu t cn thit c bn thit lp mng my tnh: Chia s thng tin v ti nguyn ng dn i n my tnh khc Quy nh v vic iu khin v truyn d liu Mt h thng mng khi c mt thng ip t ni chuyn (transmitters) gi n ni nhn (receivers), th thng ip ny s c chuyn thng qua knh (channel)

II.

Ba thnh phn c bn ca mng my tnh: Hai hay nhiu nt (nodes) mun chia s thng tin. Dy cp mng hay nhng knh truyn thng khc nh: v tinh, radio, ..(phng tin truyn thng media) H iu hnh mng: UNIX, Netware, Windows NT, Win98/2000. Cho php cc nt mng giao tip c vi nhau, cc nt mng phi giao tip vi nhau theo cng phng cch, cng ngn ng hay cn gi l cng giao thc (PROTOCOLS).

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Mt s thut ng thng gp Server: L my tnh m ti nguyn c dng chia s trn mng Client: l my tnh dng cc ti nguyn ca server Workstation: l PC c cu hnh mnh, h iu hnh mng chuyn dng v c cc c tnh nh: a nhim (multitasking), a x l (multiprocessing) v bo mt (security) Media: phng tin kt ni vt l gia cc my tnh vi nhau nh: cp mng (network cabling) Backbone: L trc chnh (xng sng) ca mng Segment: l h thng mng cp hai ni vo backbone Internetworking: l mng ca nhiu mng ring bit kt ni li vi nhau hay cn gi l lin mng. Gateways: l SW or HW (hay c hai) ni cc mng c kiu mng khc hn nhau. Mng my tnh c th phn b trong to nh, thnh ph, hay trong phm vi mt quc gia hay quc t. da vo v tr phn b ta c th chia ra cc kiu mng sau LAN (Local Area Network) - Mng cc b, kt ni cc my tnh trong mt khu vc bn knh hp thng thng khong vi trm mt. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao v d cp ng trc, cp xon, hay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b mt c quan/t chc...Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh WAN. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50-100 Mbit/s). WAN (Wide Area Network) - Mng din rng, kt ni my tnh trong ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gia trong cng mt chu lc. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l GAN
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GAN (Global Area Network) kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh.

Mng MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)

Phn loi mng theo din tch IV. Hnh thi mng (Network Topologies)

L s sp xp hnh hc ca cc nt v cp ni trong mng. C hai kiu hnh thi: vt l (physical) v l-gc (logical) Hnh thi vt l: Mi mt mng c v bi mt s m t ton b cu trc vt l ca mng. Cc hnh thi vt l bao gm: BUS: Kin trc mng dng BUS da trn mt ng cp mng chnh, ri kt ni cc my tnh n cp mng chnh theo s ni tip. Thng tin trong T p ny truyn theo dng qung b (Broadcast)
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Star: Mng kin trc hnh sao ni tt c cc my tnh vo mt thit b tp trung c gi l HUB, HUB c t ti trung tm ca mng. Mng hnh sao c u im l tin cy cao so vi mng Bus. y l Tp im im.

RING: Mng kin trc vng c to ra khi nhiu thit b mng ni vi nhau to thnh mt hnh trn. y ch l s m t logic ca mng kin trc vng.

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Hnh thi l gc: ng dn mng m tn hiu i theo c gi l hnh thi l gc. Hai hnh thi l gc thng dng l: Bus: pht ra v gi tn hiu n tt c cc thit b mng (a) Ring: pht ra v gi tn hiu trn mt ng dn ngc chiu kim ng h (b)

V.

Chin lc mng (Network Strategies)

C ba kiu quan h gia cc nt trong mng vi nhau: Mng phn cp (hierarchical): l h thng m my ch ( thng l my tnh ln-mainframe) iu khin, truyn thng v x l ton b. u cui (Terminal) ch nhp liu, hin th kt qu m khng x l g c.

Client-Server network: Nhim v c chia gia client v server m c cung cp bi dch v mng

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Mng ngang hng (peer to peer): mi my tnh trong mng u hot ng nh server v client, c chia s v s dng ti nguyn ca cc my tnh khc trong mng.

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BI 2: H iu hnh mng
Trong bi ny chng ta s nhn din nhng c tnh ca mt vi h iu hnh mng (Network Operating System NOS) v nhng clients truy cp n nhng h iu hnh mng Mc ch Nhn din ba h iu hnh c bn: Gii thiu ba h iu hnh ph bin nht hin nay: Microsoft Windows NT Server (2000 Server, 2003 server), Novell Netware, and UNIX Nhn din c tnh ca cc trm lm vic khc nhau: Lm th no kt ni cc clients nh: DOS, Windows, Macintosh n cc h iu hnh mng (dng cc tin ch km theo tch hp sn). Nhn din dch v th mc (Directory Services) ca WinNT v Novell Netware: GiI thiu m hnh DOMAIN ca WIN NT Directory Services v Novell Directory Services ca Novell Netware I. Cc khi nim Dch v mng (Network Services) c m ch rng: Mt thc th yu cu c dch v, v thc th khc cung cp dch v H iu hnh mng cha nhng ng dng m cc ng dng ny cung cp cc dch v trn mng. H iu hnh mng qun l cc ti nguyn ca mng , do n c th chia s thch ng gia cc ngi dng (users) trong mng Servers l cung cp cc dch v; clients l yu cu cc dch v; v Peers c th l Servers v clients Dch v mng (Network Services) c bn ca tt c NOS bao gm: file, message, print, security, routing, network administration, application, v database. Ngoi ra ta s so snh cc dch v v c im khc nhau ca ba NOS ph bin nht hin ny l: NT, Netware, v UNIX II. Windows NT c im NOS 32 bit c th chy trn nn INTEL (IBM Cyrix, AMD compatible) v RISC platform NOS a nhim m chia s thi gian CPU gia tt c cc tin trnh ang chy. Bo mt theo chun C2 ca B Quc Phng M. WinNT c th dng xy dng mt mng nh, intranet, internet server, mail Server Cc ng dng Win32 API (Application Program Interface), 16bit Windows, MSDOS c h tr trn nn Intel Cc phin bn: Windows NT Edition Win NT workstation: c thit k cho trm lm vic bn (desktop operating system) chy cc ng dng thng mi Win NT Server: chung cho NOS va v nh
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Win NT Enterprise: thit k cho h thng ln vi tin cy cao. WinNT Terminal Server: thit k cho cc dumb terminal, hay PC c cu hnh thp dng terminal emulation. Cc ng dng: BackOffice chy trn NT Server bao gm: Exchange Server: dch v email Proxy Server: tng la (Firewall v caching services) Internet Information Server (IIS): Internet & Intranet services Site Server: dch v qun l Intranet, internet, e-commerce SQL Server: qun l c s d liu quan h Cc dch v: NT Server bao gm: Gateway Service Tch hp Netware v NT v tin tch chuyn (migration) users v data t Novel ln NT Kh nng chu ng sai st (Fault tolerant) ca NT: disk mirroring, v disk strip with parity H tr: Internet, TCP/IP, Domain Name System (DNS) server, IIS v Front Page (HTML page editor) Phn chia mng: NT Server dng m hnh DOMAIN (vng) Mt domain l nhm logical cc my tnh, thit b trn mt mng (mt thc th n c nhng quy lut v quy trnh ring bit) Trn mt mng c mt hay nhiu domain, nhng domains c th c cu hnh chia s ti nguyn vi domains khc (v ngc li) Thnh vin ca domain c th l primary v backup domain controllers, servers hay clients workstations (users login n domain c quyn truy xut n tt c servers trong domain ). NT server c ci t nh l primary hay backup domain controllers. Ch mt primary domain controller tn ti trn domain. N cha domain accounts, user v group database. Nn c t nht mt backup domain controller c ci trn mt domain. N cha bn sao ca domain accounts database. Thay i primary domain controller accounts database, th tt c cc backup domain controllers cng thay I. Backup domain c th dng kim tra tnh hp l ca user account trc khi a n primary domain. Nhng domains theo m hnh phn tn nn c t nht mt backup domain controller ti mi a im, khi users login c th login ti LAN, nhm gim tt nghn ng truyn trn WAN NT c th dng nh mt workgroup Workgroup c dng trn mng peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer c thit k cho mng nh khng yu cu bo mt nh domains. Mi my tnh trong workgroup duy tr mt thng tin account ca chnh n v khng chia s vi h thng khc. Ti nguyn c truy cp khi a user v passw Ngi qun tr: NT SuperUser Nhm qun tr NOS phI cn c mt user c quyn truy xut cao nht c th truy xut mi th trn mng,
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User ny tm gi l superuser. Mi mt NOSes khc nhau s c tn superuser khc nhau. C th nh ngha thm users vI y quyn nh superuser. Users ny c dng trong trng hp khi b qun password ca superuser Superuser trn h thng NT gI l ADMINISTRATOR III. Novell Netware L h iu hnh mng kh ph bin. Workstation dng phn mm Novell client login v truy xut mng Netware Server cung cp v iu khin s truy xut ca cc workstation n ti nguyn mng bao gm: chia s my in (share printers), a (storage), ng truyn (communication device) Cc dch v: Novell cung cp cc dch v cho cc users trn mng nh: File-storage service: cho php users lu tr files trn a ca server Novell Directory Service (NDS): cung cp phng tin qun tr mng cho users v administrator qun l v truy xut ti nguyn Security services: chc chn rng d liu v ti nguyn trn mng ch nhng users c quyn truy xut chng. Netware 5.0 t bo mt C2 ca b quc phng M. Printer services: cho php users chia s my in trn mng Application services: cho php ngi qun tr ci t v thit lp cu hnh ng dng chy trn nn mng cc users trn mng c th truy xut chng d dng. Storage Management Services (SMS): cho php ngi qun tr sao lu v phc hi d liu c trn my ch v trm lm vic . D liu c sao lu trn bng t. Connectivity services: Cho php ngi qun tr bo m kt ni Internet v truy cp t xa Web Service: Cho php ngi qun tr tch hp Web-Servers v cc gii php trn mng Database Services: Cho php ngi qun tr a ra c gii php qun tr CSDL trn mng Communication Services: cho php dng h thng truyn thng v truyn thng ip ca nh cung cp th ba (third-party) nh: Groupwise, cc:Mail, SMTP Multiprotocol Routing (MPR): Cho php ni mng Novell n cc mng c nhn v cng cng dng cc dch v nh: T1, E1, Frame relay, ISDN Netware 3.x: dng bindery-based database qun l v duy tr users v groups. MI server s c d liu ring bit. C ngha l nu cn truy xut n 3 servers th cng cn 3 users account ring l. Netware 4.x: dng directory service based network. Novell Directory Services (NDS). NDS duy tr thng tin v tt c ti nguyn mng (nh servers, volumes, users, groups v printers) theo s phn cp cu trc d liu cy ging nh s t chc. Ngi Qun tr h thng c th t chc ti nguyn ca mng tu thuc vo cu trc ca workgroup .
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Netware 5.x: Default Netware 5.0 l TCP/IP, nhng versrion trc dng IPX/SPX. Netware 5.0 bao gm mt vi sn phm i km vi NOS l: 5 users version Oracle, Netscap Fastrack server, FTP Server, IPX/IP gateway, DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server, DNS Server and client, Netscap Navigator Novell Superusers Netware 5.x: C tn l ADMIN, user ny c added khi ln u tin server c ci ln tree. Netware 3.x: C tn l SUPERVISOR, mI server trn mng u phI c user SUPERVISOR IV. UNIX c im Nhiu c tnh v thun li ca UNIX bao gm : phn mm ng dng di ng (portable), nhiu ngi s dng (multiuser), a nhim (mutitasking), nhiu ng dng, cng c pht trin phn mm mnh. Mt l do chnh cho vic pht trin v ph bin ca UNIX l kh nng di ng ca n. UNIX c chy hu ht trn my tnh mini n mainframe Khng ging nh cc NOS khc,UNIX c vit bi C v mt ngn ng cp cao khc. Do chuyn UNIX n mt system mi c th lm quan h trong thi gian rt ngn. (recompile) Phn mm ng dng vit cho UNIX d dng di ng. ch cn mt thay i nh, ng dng UNIX-based c th thi hnh trn cc my tnh UNIX khc. UNIX c th lm chc nng nh l: workstation, Server, Peer-to-Peer network, workstation vi m hnh Client-Server hay mng phn cp. Cc ng dng: Nhiu ng dng tch hp sn, nh cung cp th 3 (thiry-party), v tin ch cho php UNIX ni vi cc h mng khc nh: VMS, MVS, netware, NT UNIX c y cc tin ch t email n cc trnh bin dch, c hn 300 chng trnh tin ch v lnh. Cc phin bn: Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu nh cung UNIX chnh nh: HP c HP-UX, IBM c AIX, SUN c Sun solaris Mt h iu hnh mng c lai t UNIX l LINUX. Linux l Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX (POSIX), l h iu hnh m c th thc thi trn nhiu phn ng khc nhau nh: PC Macintosh, SUN spart, Alpha system. Vi nh cung cp HDH LINUX l Red Hat, Caldera, Suse v Debian. Ngi qun tr: UNIX Superuser: trn HH Unix l root. User ny c ton quyn trn OS ngay c trn Server hay workstation V. Thng nht cc NOS
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Ngy nay nhiu networks tp hp 2 hay nhiu NOSes khc nhau thnh mt mt duy nht. Dng gii php tt c servers hot ng nh clients m c th giao tip vi mng khc. Gii php Windows NT server m cho php NT clients truy xut n netware server vi gateway Services, Clients service, file & print services, Directory service manager for NETWARE. NT server c sn UNIX printing support services. Novell c NDS for NT: cho php NT users truy cp c NT v Netware thng qua NDS vI mt ln login. Novell c File & print services for UNIX based clients. VI. NETWORK CLIENTS Clients l phn xuyn sut ca mng m ngi dng (users) trn truy cp n mng Cung cp s kt ni gia Server v ngi dng. Chn kiu client s nh hng rt ln n hiu nng (performance) ca mng client-server. Clients c th: MSDOS, Windows (Win 3.x, NT workstations, Win 9x), Macintosh, Netware clients Clients phi cn ci phn mm v protocol ln clients c th giao truy cp server trn mng. Nu cn truy cp n nhiu h iu hnh mng khc nhau th trn client phI ci nhiu phn mm clients 1. MS-DOS Clients DOS khng bao gm cc c tnh kt ni mng. Phn mm clients cn ci phi tu thuc vo NOS m ta cn kt ni, phn mm ny s ci ln DOS DOS thc thi chng trnh ch thc (real-mode), nn ti mt thi im ch c th np mt chng trnh (software client). L vn phc tp nu cn ni client vi hai NOS khc nhau. 2. Windows 3.x & 3.12 Windows 3.x c ci trn nn MSDOS Nhng gii hn ca DOS client c ci tin bi Windows 3.x Chng trnh Share.exe phi c np trc khi np Windows, ngn nga nhiu ng dng s dng chung mt file d liu. Windows 3.x dng ch real-mode (np mt network client ti mt thi im). Clients software trn windows bao gm: MS Network client, Novell Netware, Artisoft LANtatis. Mi client dng kt ni n mng ca chnh n (Netware ni n Netware server,.) 3. Windows for workgroup Windows for workgroup 3.12 cho php user thc thi chng trnh ch Protected mode
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C th load nhiu hn mt clients ti mt thi im. L mng peer-to-peer u tin cho php h thng lm chc nng va l server v clients 4. Windows 9x client Windows 9x h tr c ch thc (real-mode) v ch bo v (protected-mode). Client software c th ci t cu hnh, hay g b thng qua Network Control Panel. C th ci mt real-mode client ti mt thi im, v c th ci nhiu protected-mode client ti mt thi im Protected mode clients bao gm: MS client for Netware network, MS client for Microsoft network, Artisoft LANtatics, . 5. Macintosh clients Machintosh computers c ci sn phn mm client n mng appletalk. Phn mm ny cho php MAC kt ni vi mt my MAC khc trong mng. Cn ci t phn mm trn MAC v Server, MAC c th truy cp mng n Netware v Windows NT 6. LINUX Clients LINUX Workstation tr thnh ph bin nh l client. LINIX h tr TCP/IP, IPX, NetBEUI. C th truy xut n nhiu NOS khc nhau.

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Bi 3: M hnh mng 7 tng OSI

I. Tng quan v m hnh mng OSI Cc tng trong m hnh OSI Tng Vt l Tng Lin kt d liu Tn Mng Tng Giao vn Tng Phin Tng Trnh din Tng ng dng Kin trc phn tng Gim phc tp Mi h thng gm nhiu tng (layer) Cc mng c cch phn tng khc nhau Cc h thng cng kin trc c s tng ging nhau. Mi tng cung cp cc dch v cho tng trn n Ch c tng tng ng trn cc h thng mi hiu c nhau. M hnh OSI l m hnh l tng nht!!! Gii thiu OSI Model M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) c pht trin vo nhng thp nin 1970s bi t chc tiu chun quc t (International Standards Organization ISO) OSI model c thit k cung cp mt cu trc v cch tip cn ph hp vi vic m t, hiu bit v trin khai mng. By lp c cu thnh cu trc m hnh OSI. By lp ny c sp xp th t t cao xung thp (Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link, v Physical M hnh OSI cung cp cho chng ta b hng dn thit k cho h thng truyn thng d liu, cng nh cung cp cho chng ta cc tiu chun m t cc lp khc nhau ca h thng truyn d liu tng tc vi nhau. Cc nh cung cp thit k mng (Cisco, Nortel, Siement,..) dng c tnh k thut ca OSI nh l tiu chun k thut cho vic thit k cc sn phm mng ca h. Qu trnh truyn thng l s di chuyn dng d liu (data flow) gia cc lp khc nhau c t lp trn xung v lp di ln. D liu bt u t lp Application v gi xung cc lp n lp Physical. My tnh s nhn d liu ti lp Physical v gi n ln n lp Application. Qu trnh s c lp li cho n khi d liu kt thc.

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10 nguyn tc ca OSI Hn ch s tng S dch v gia cc tng ti thiu Tch bit chc nng tng Cc chc nng tng t a vo mt tng Chn ranh gii tng theo kinh nghim tt C th m rng mt tng m khng nh hng tng khc Chun ha cc dch v tng D liu c x l khc nhau mi tng C th thay i dch v mt tng m khng nh hng tng khc Khng vt tng 3 nguyn tc chia tng con Ch chia khi thc s cn Cc tng con c giao din tt vi nhau C th gom cc tng con khi cn 07 lp OSI Model Mi mt lp ca m hnh OSI c mt nhim v nht nh cho php qu trnh truyn thng c chnh xc. Cc lp v mc ch ca n c m t phn sau

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Nhim v ca cc lp Mi lp thc hin mt chc nng khc bit nhau gia cc lp trn v di cho php truyn thng trn mng. Mt iu rt quan trng l cc lp ca OSI model ch thit k ra m hnh v khng thc hin cc tc v. Trong khi cc giao thc (Protocol) th thc hin tc v ph hp vi mi lp ca OSI. Cc giao thc c to ra bi cc chun. II. Tng tc cng chng giao thc (Same-Stack) Phn cp th bc ca cc giao thc trn my tnh m hnh thnh nn m hnh OSI c hiu nh l STACK (chng giao thc) Mi mt my tnh c mt chng giao thc. Protocols ca mi lp trong computers stack giao tip vi lp tng ng ca n trong computers stack khc. truyn thng, thng ip phi gi xung lp di ca chng giao thc gi i. Lp trong chng giao thc c gi lnh xung cc lp di n v phc v lnh t cc lp trn n. truyn thng n lp khc cc lp phi c a ch cu hnh trc. III. Tng tc khc chng giao thc (Inter-Stack) Khi cc lp trong hai chng giao thc giao tip vi nhau. Mi lp trong mt chng giao thc s giao tip vi bn tng ng trong chng giao thc khc Giao thc thc hin gi thng tin ca chnh n vi d liu m n cn gi. Thng tin thm vo c gi l header, bao gm thng tin v vi yu cu ca lp . Lp tng ng ca chng giao thc khc s nhn, c, v x l header (xem hnh). Khi mt lp gi header v d liu ca n n lp bn di, th lp bn di s gom tt c thng tin li thnh gi (packet) v km theo l header ca lp di . Khi gi d liu tin n ch ca n trong chng giao thc khc, th mi lp s phi g b phn thng tin c thm (bi cng lp) v x l thng tin c cha trong gi tin v chuyn ln lp trn. Khi gi tin n lp application, th d liu s ging nh ban u.
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IV.

n v d liu dch v (SDU) D liu c chuyn gia cc lp c hiu nh l n v d liu dch v (Service Data Unit), V d: d liu chuyn t lp 4 xung lp 3 c gi l Network Layer Service Data Unit. n v d liu dch v c hnh thnh t cc bits data, m c c cc tn khc nhau tu thuc vo lp cn ni chuyn, bn di l tn thng dng Bits: Physical Frames: Data Link Layer Datagrams and segments: Transport layer Messages: Application layer Packet: bao gm data v header c dng cho tt c cc lp n v d liu giao thc (PDU)

V.

L n v d liu c s dng trong phm vi mt tng ca giao thc. Cc tc v bn trong mt tng x l d liu trn cc n v ny Khi d liu chuyn sang tng khc, n c coi nh l mt n v d liu dch v ca tng mi, c thm cc thng tin iu khin (PCI) vo u to thnh PDU ca tng mi VI. Nhim v cc lp Application layer Lp ng dng bao gm phn mm mng m phc nI kt ngi dng n mng, cung cp nhng giao din ngI dng (user interface) v nhng c trng ca ng dng. Lp ng dng to ra mi trng sn sng dng giao din lp trnh ng dng - Application Program Interface (API) Lp ny khng ch l ng dng nn n khng bao gm cc phn mm ng dng nh spreadsheet (excel), Word. Tuy nhin n cho php phn mm ng dng dng dch v mng in n v gi nhn thng ip (messages).
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Cung cp dch v chuyn file, dch v mail, Terminal emulation, v cc dch v khc. Presentation layer M ho v gii m (Encode and decode data): m ho v gii m d liu gia cc my tnh trong mng. Xc nh kiu v cu trc ca d liu Nn v gii nn d liu Session layer Thit lp, duy tr v kt thc vic cc phin lm vic gia cc ng dng trong mng (vd: ng nhp login vo mt my xa) Qun l li xy ra lp trn nh: b nh t, cn khng gian a hon thnh giao dch, in n b lI. Transport layer Lp ny qun l vic chuyn d liu gia cc thit b (device) nh: kim tra li, phc hi v data flow control. N hon thnh vic chuyn cc d liu m khng c s trng lp hay sai st no. Lp ny cn thc hin ghp knh (Multiplexing) Network layer c bit trong h thng mng ln, h thng c nhiu hn mt ng dn cho vic duy chuyn thng tin t mt im ti im khc trong mng. mc ch chnh ca lp ny l xc nh ng dn vt l tt nht, ngun thng tin i theo t ngun n ch. Lp ghp v phn r packets nh tuyn v a ch ho packets Data Link layer Hu ht cc mng quy nh rng ti mt thi im ch c mt thit b chuyn thng tin trn knh truyn. Data Link Layer cung cp mt h thng m thng qua network devices c th chia s knh truyn. Chc nng ny c gi l Media Access Control (MAC) Data Link Layer c nhn din l duy nht cho mi my tnh trn mng bng cch nhn din a ch dng m ca cc mng (Network Interface Card NIC). a ch dng m (Pre-encoded address) ny c gi l MAC address, m c ghi sn trn NIC ti nh my sn xut NIC Data Link layer chun b d liu cho vic chuyn qua knh truyn. chuyn data n ch, Data link layer sp xp tnh hiu thnh nhng khi thng tin logic c gi l frames (khung). Khung ny s c chuyn n tng vt l, chc chn frames c chiu di thch hp vi tng vt l, Data link layer c th phn khc d liu n t cc lp trn n. nhn d liu ti ch, data link layer sp xp li cc d liu phn on trc v c gng tm v hiu chnh li trong qu trnh truyn xy ra ti tng vt l
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Data Link layer cn thit lp v duy tr kt ni gia cc thit b vi nhau trong khi truyn, iu ny c gi l Logical Link Control (LLC) Hai chc nng chnh ca Data Link Layer m ta thng quan tm c chia thnh hai lp nh l: MAC layer v LLC layer. Physical layer Physical layer cung cp cc giao tip in, c kh, my mc (hardwares). Ch nh cc phng tin kt ni cc thit b mng, Ch nh phng tin giao tip nh th no vi cc thit b mng, v d liu nh th no th c m ho thnh tn hiu in. Ch nh cc tn hiu no s c chuyn trn mng. VII. To kt ni (Making Connection) Physical v Data link layers cung cp kt ni cc b gia mt node vi cc thit b khc trong cng segment Network v Transport layers: cung cp cc dch v tng cng cho hai lp di nh: Remote connections or Internetwork connetions link hai nodes. Kiu kt ni ny cn c gI l end-to-end connection. Session layer: cung cp dch v tng cng cho bn lp di v cc logical connections, thit lp mt lin kt x l truyn thng gia cc nodes tch bit nhau.

H giao thc (Families of Protocols) Qu trnh truyn thng trn mng c thc hin thng qua giao thc (Protocols) Protocols c phn loi thnh cc loi vi cc c tnh chung nh sau: Lp Network & Transport cung cp loi giao thc nh: Reliability protocols: cung cp mt cch chc chn rng d liu c truyn. Connection protocols: c dng thit lp v duy tr kt ni cho cc lp pha trn. Routing Protocols: cung cp mt cch chc chn rng d liu c chuyn n ch Lp Application, Presentation, Session cung cp loi protocol nh: Terminal emulation protocols: cho php my tnh thc hin ging mt standard terminal m n c th truy xut n Host. File-access protocols: cho php nodes s dng cc files trn mng. V d clients ca mng khc nhau c th s dng kiu file v tn khc nhau. File access protocols cung cp mt phng tin chung truy xut mng. File Transfer protocols: chp files gia h thng lu tr mng v h thng lu tr khc Email protocols: cung cp vic chuyn v nhn e-mail
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Remote Action protocols: qu trnh x l c thc hin client node hay a server. Protocol yu cu cu hnh quan h gia client v server Network management protocols: cung cp cc cng c cho vic cu hnh v duy tr mng. Task to task protocols: cho php cc tin trnh phn mm truyn thng qua mng. Multiple session protocols cho php nhiu mng ni vi nhau.

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Bi 4: Tng Vt l (Physical layer)

I. Ni dung 1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng vt l 2. Cc chun cho giao din vt l 3. Phng tin truyn 3.1 Truyn qua cp 3.2 Truyn khng cp Vai tr v chc nng Cung cp cc phng tin lin kt vt l gia cc h thng L mi trng truyn tn hiu in, c, nh sng D liu truyn l BIT Tng vt l phi gii quyt kh khn g? Hai hay nhiu ni cng pht Khng n ng ni nhn Tn hiu ni gi v ni nhn khng ging nhau

II.

Gii php Chia mng ln thnh cc mng nh ch mt nt c th pht trong mt mng. Cc mng con ny c th thc hoc o Mi nt c mt a ch duy nht ton cu To cc tiu chun k thut m bo mi lin kt vt l nh in p pht, in p nhn, di phn on (cp) Chc nng: To giao din vt l gia my tnh v ng truyn To ng truyn tn hiu Chuyn i tn hiu trn ng truyn

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H thng A Cp Serial

MODEM Cp thoi

MODEM

H thngB

Cp Serial Cp quang

Cp UTP H thng A H thng B

H thng C

H thng B

B giao tip UTP

B giao tip cp quang

Mt thc th tng vt l l mt cu trc cho php h thng giao tip vi ng truyn vt l. Mt giao thc tng vt l thng nht phng php truyn gia cc thc th vt l, khng ph thuc vo ng truyn c th. III. Cc chun giao din vt l V24 hay RS-232-C Chng hn: My tnh MODEM 25 chn <15 m <20 Kbps C th dng Null MODEM gia 2 DTE i thnh EIA-232-D RS-449/422: 37 chn 3 Kbps 1000 m; 300 Kbps 10 m B X (X - series): X21, X21 Bis v X.211 IV. Cp xon i Twisted-pair cable (TP) l i dy ng xon vi nhau, v c cch in v bo v bi lp v bc bn ngoi. C hai loi cp chnh l: unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) v shielded twisted-pair -STP (STP c bc bi bn ngoi bng li kim loi)

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The Electronics Industries Association and the Telecommunications Industries Association's (EIA/TIA) 568 a ra 5 loi chun cho UTP cp Category Description Category 1 Traditional UTP telephone cable. Category 1 can transmit voice signals but not data. Most telephone cable installed prior to 1983 is Category 1. Category 2 UTP cable made up o four twisted-pair wires, certified for transmitting data up to 4 Mbps (megabits per second). Category 3 UTP cable made up of four twisted-pair wires, each twisted three times per foot. Category 3 is certified to transmit data up to 10 Mbps. Category 4 UTP cable made up of four twisted-pair wires, certified to transmit data up to 16 Mbps. Category 5 UTP cable made up of four twisted-pair wires, certified to transmit data up to 100 Mbps. IBM Cabling System IBM type Standard label Type 1 Shielded twisted pair Type 2 Voice and data cable Voice grade cable Not defined Fiber optic cable Data patch

Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6

Description Two pairs of 22 AWG (American Wire Gauge standard*) wires surrounded by braided wire shield. Two pairs of 22 AWG wires surrounded by braided shield used for data surrounded by four additional pairs of 26 AWG cables used for voice. Four, solid, unshielded twisted-pair 22 or 24 AWG wires. Two 62.5/125 micron multimode optical fibers. Two pairs of 26 AWG stranded wires with a dual
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Type 7 Type 8 Type 9

cable Not defined Carpet cable Plenum cable

foil and braided shield. Two shielded twisted pairs of 26 AWG cables housed in a flat jacket (designed to be run under carpets). Two shielded twisted-pair cables in a fire-safe jacket.

Twisted-pair Connectors Kiu chung c dng cho Twisted-pair Connectors l RJ-45 connector, n ging nh telephone plug (RJ-11) nhng ln hn. RJ-45 connector cha c 8 si cp, trong khi RJ-11 cha 4

Nhng mng Twisted-pair c th bao gm thm cc thnh phn (hardware) sau: Component Distribution rack and rack shelves Purpose Used to create more room for cables where floor space is at a premium, and to centralize and organize network connections. Expandable patch Support for multiple ports. Transmission speeds of 100 panel Mbps. Jack couplers (patch Single or double RJ-45 jacks that snap into patch panels, and cord) wallplates to connect two ports, such as the computer to the wallplate. They support data rates to 100 Mbps. Wall plates Supports two or more jack couplers.

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u im-nhc im (Advantages & Disadvantages) Advantages Disadvantages R Rt d nghe trm L sn phm cng Bandwidth thp ngh D ci t S u cp Hu ht hin nay ngi ta s dng s dy theo chun T568A/ T568B , chun ny c to bi EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunications Industry Association). Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wire color White/Green Green White/Orange Blue White/Blue Orange White/Brown Brown Ethernet Transmit+ TransmitReceive+ ----Receive----Trang 24/96

Token Ring ---Ground Transmit+ Receive+ ReceiveRecovery Ground ---

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V.

Cp ng trc

Gi l cp ng trc, ch c mt si dy ng c bao bc bi lp nha cch in v li thp. C hai kiu cp ng trc l: Thin (thinnet) cable v thick (thicknet)

Bn di l bng so snh thinnet cable v thick thicknet Thinnet coaxial cable Can carry a signal up to approximately 185 meters (607 feet). Is about 0.25 inches thick. Is flexible and easy to work with in connecting network computers. Thicknet coaxial cable Can carry a signal up to approximately 500 meters (1,640 feet). Is about 0.50 inches thick. Is thicker than thinnet and is used mainly as a "backbone" to connect thinnet networks together.

Coaxial connector - A British Naval Connector (BNC)-cn c gi l Bayonet Nut Connector, Bayonet Neill Concelman, or Bayonet Navy Connector, c dng cho thinnet coaxial cable - BNC T-Connector: c ba ng kt ni, hai ni n mng v mt cho transceiver device. - Terminator: l mt in tr 100 m, c gn cui ca ng dy cp.

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Advantages and Disadvantage of coaxial cable Advantages D dng ci t v thit k Khng d nghe ln (hn cp Twisted pair) Khng t lm Sn phm cng ngh C khong cch kt ni xa hn twisted pair VI. Cp quang (Fiber Optic Cable) L cp m nhng tn hiu nh sng c truyn thng qua mt si dy rt nh lm bng cht do (plastic) hay si thu tinh (glass) c gi l li (core) Li ny c bao bc trong mt ng c lm bng thu tinh gi l lp sn ph (cladding). Tt c c bao bc bi lp cch in gi l jacket. Disadvantages tin cy khng cao C th b nghe ln t hn h thng twisted pair

c tnh: suy hao nh, dng cho khong cch ln Tc truyn cao. M hnh kt ni im-im (point to point) Phm vi trin khai a dng: LAN (vi km); WAN (hng chc km)

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Unbounded Media Unbounded media l phng tin truyn d liu khng thng qua dy cp. Unbounded media bao gm cc lin kt da trn cc tn hiu nh: Laser, tia hng ngoi (infrared), radio, Microwave, V d: tia hng ngoi c th ni cc my tnh hay cc thit b khc thnh mt h thng mng m khng dng cp. Mng ny gi l mng khng dy (wireless) ng dng - Kt ni tm thi trn mt mng LAN c sn - To mt backup trn mng LAN c sn - Cho php users lm vic xa v hay thng xuyn di chuyn (roaming about) - M rng mng khi h thng cp b gii hn Infrared transmission - Thng c s dng gia remote control v TV - Gii hn trong vng 30m - Tc truyn 10Mbps. - Dng trin khai wireless LAN Wireless Networks (2)

VII.

(a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN Laser transmission - Ngun pht Laser dng ngun nh sng cao chuyn d liu, v ngun thu s chuyn ngun sng thnh d liu. - Trin khai cho mng Point-to-point hay buiding-to-buiding: ni hai mng LAN, WAN - Chng vic trm d liu bt hp php
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Truyn d liu tc cao 100Mbps Chu nh hng bi thi tit

Radio transmission - Sng mang c pht ra mi ni - Tn s sng mang 900Mhz - Truyn d liu tc cao 2-6Mbps - Trin khai cho mng wireless LAN

Terrestrial Microwave - Khong cch xa: Chuyn Voice v Video - Khong cch ngn: tc cao gia cc to nh. - S dng dish antenna parabolic. - Sng pht vo khng gian theo hng nht nh, bng xung pht sng. - Tn s sng mang trn 4-6Ghz hay 21-23Ghz, tc truyn cao t 110Mbps - Trin khai mng WAN Elevation of antennas Maximum distance between points 10 meters (32 feet) 26.07 kilometers (16 miles) 100 meters (328 feet) 82.45 kilometers (51 miles) 500 meters (1,640 184.35 kilometers (114 miles)
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feet) Satellite Microwave - Khong cch xa: 22,300 miles - Mi trm trn tri t s dng dish antenna parabolic. - Sng pht vo khng gian theo hng nht nh, - Tn s sng mang khong 11-14Ghz, tc truyn cao t 1-10Mbps - Trin khai mng GAN

Communication Satellites (3)

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VIII. Truyn tn hiu - Lp vt l: tn hiu in, nng lng, sng in t - Ton hc: h nh phn, thp lc, thp phn - Cch truyn d liu: serial, parallel - Biu din thng tin: Truyn tnh hiu tng t, truyn tnh hiu s K thut truyn analog - M ho cc bit di dng sng - Truyn bng thng rng (broadband) trong h thng telephone/modem, Sng v tuyn (radio-wireless LAN), knh v tinh K thut truyn Digital - M ho cc bit di dng xung - Truyn bng c s (baseband) qua cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang

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Bng thng c s v bng thng rng (Baseband & Broadband) - Baseband transmission line ch truyn c 1 knh/line (bng c s) - Broadband transmission line truyn c nhiu knh/line (bng rng)

Frequency Division Multiplexing

(a) The original bandwidths. (b) The bandwidths raised in frequency. (b) The multiplexed channel. Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing

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Time Division Multiplexing Multiplexing T1 streams into higher carriers.

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Bi 5: Data Link Layer

I. Ni dung II. Chc nng lp Data link Kim li Cc phng thc lin kt d liu Cc giao thc lin kt chun

Chc nng - Cc dch v cung cp cho tng mng - Lp khung - Kim sot li truyn - Kim sot dng III. Cc dch v cung cp cho tng mng Dch v khng kt ni - khng bo nhn Gi khng bo trc Nhn khng bo li u nhc im? Dch v khng kt ni - bo nhn Gi khng bo trc, nhn c bo li Dch v hng kt ni - bo nhn Trc khi gi c hi (thit lp ng truyn) Nhn c phi tr li C 3 pha: Thit lp, truyn v b kt ni u nhc im? IV. Lp khung Cc bt nhn t tng vt l cn c to thnh lung cc bt. Phi ngt cc bt thnh cc chui bt l khung (frame) Bi ton to khung? 011111000111010101000110 c hiu l my khung? Tiu ch to khung? 4 phng php m k t Mi khung c 5 -9 k t Dng k t t bit (chm bt c bit) ng b STX (start of text), ETX (End of text), DLE C bt u v kt thc 01111110. D liu l 1111111 -> 11111011 Dng m Manchester

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V. Kim li Mt bt b sai? M sa li Bo li Mt khung b mt? nh thi khi truyn khung nh s cc khung M sa li V d: Cu sau c hiu th no Qu hng toi c cn sng xbnh bic C 4 s sau: 0000000000, 0000011111, 11111100000,1111111111 (tng ng 1,2,3,4) Nu my nhn c 0011111000 th l s my? Kh nng t sa li l my bt? M Hamming: bt kim 1,2,4,8,16 (2^n) To m hamming? Sa m p: Truyn theo ct M pht hin li: Parity bit (bt chn l), checksum 011010010 (Tng chn)

VI.

Kim sot dng

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Cn gi l ng b ( my gi v nhn khng b trn) Cc phng php chng trn cn gi l nghi thc lin kt Cc nghi thc lin kt n bt, khng hn ch Ngng v ch (Stop - and - Wait) Ca s trt (Sliding window) Trt 1 bt Quay lui n bit Lp li c chn lc 1. n bt, khng hn ch

2. Ngng v ch (stop and wait)

3. Ca s trt

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VII.

Cc giao thc lin kt chun

1. HDLC Xut pht t chun SDLC ca IBM dng trong mng SNA Pht trin thnh chun X.25 v LAPB Nghi thc ca s trt 3 bt

Cu trc Flag: 01111110 Address: a ch trm ch Control: nh danh, s th t Data: d liu c chiu di bt k Checksum: M kim li C ba loi khung l: thng tin, gim st v khng s
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Trng iu khin 3 loi khung

(a) Thng tin( information). (b) gim st (supervisory) . (c) Khng s.

2. Lin kt Internet SLIP C 0xc0. Nu d liu l 0xC0 th truyn 0xDB, 0xDC Khng c kh nng pht hin v sa li Ch h tr TCP/IP Phi c a ch IP trc khi truyn Khng th chng thc (an ninh mng?) PPP L ci tin ca SLIP,

VIII. Chia lp con trong lp lin kt d liu Tng Data Link thng c chia lm 2 tng con l tng con iu khin truy cp phng tin (Media Access Control- MAC) v iu khin kt ni l gc (Logical Link Control LLC) MAC thc thi cc chc nng c lin quan n lp Physical ca Data Link, chng hn nh iu sot vic thm nhp ng truyn v ghi d liu theo mt nh dng tn hiu hp l. Lp con trn ca Data Link l Logical Link Control (LLC) thc thi cc chc nng c lin quan n lp Network ca Data Link, chng hn nh cung cp v duy tr vic kt ni vi mng. 1. Chc nng MAC H thng truyn thng m c hn mt b phn truyn thm nhp vo cng knh truyn thng th mt th tc chun phi c thit lp ngn chn hoc x l s c ca nhng b phn truyn phc tp ang c pht thng ip vo phng tin truyn thng cng lc
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Nu cc tn hiu c truyn ng thi th xung t (collisions) xy ra. Xung t (collision) l hin tng mt d liu do cc tn hiu trn ln vo nhau v b hng khng truyn c. Ba phng php thm nhp knh truyn thng x l nhng s c ny l: phng php tranh chp (contention), kim sot vng (polling) v truyn m thng bo (token passing) Cc giao thc a truy nhp ALOHA CSMA Cc giao thc khng xung t Cc giao thc LAN v tuyn Radio Cellular Digital ALOHA Hot ng Truyn bt c khi no cn Nhn li thng bo v kim, nu hng th truyn li sau mt thi gian ngu nhin c im: C kh nng b xung t Hiu qu 18% Ci tin bng cch to khung thi gian c chiu di c nh (rnh) s nng hiu qu ln 36% Pure ALOHA

Pure ALOHA (2)

Li truyn vi khung sm a truy cp cm sng mang Carrier Sense Multiple Access Hot ng: 1. Nghe knh truyn xem c rnh khng 2. Nu bn, v 1
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3. Nu rnh, truyn mt khung 4. Nu c xung t, dng ch v v 1 c im: 1. Cn xung t, khi b xung t vn truyn ht khung 2. Thi gian lan ta (chiu di mng) c nh hng, k c khi thi gian lan ta l 0 3. Thng xung t l khi mt knh va dt truyn, hai knh khc cng bt u truyn! 4. Ci tin bng cch ch thm cht t bc 3 trc khi truyn

a truy cp cm sng mang c d xung t (CSMA/CD) Hot ng: 1. Nghe knh truyn xem c rnh khng 2. Nu bn, v 1 3. Nu rnh, truyn mt khung v d xung t 4. Nu c xung t, dng ngay lp tc v v 1 c im: 1. Cn xung t, khi b xung t ngng truyn ngay 2. c chun ha bng IEEE 802.3

CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Truy cp khng xung t Truyn theo trnh t c nh (Poll) Vo khong thi gian c nh th c truyn c im Mi trm ch c truyn 1/n thi gian Trm khng cn cng phi truyn 1/n!!!
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Khi s trm ln th hiu qu thp Ci tin bng cch ng k trc (Bitmap): Ch c mt chu k gi l khung ng k chia thnh n khong (n slots). Trm no cn truyn th nhi 1 vo slot tng ng ca khung ny. Sau khung ny, cc trm ng k truyn theo th t t nh n ln Collision-Free Protocols

Giao thc bit-map. Giao thc LAN v tuyn Cc phng vi kch thc 4 m x 4 m l mt (cell). Cc trm c bng thng 1-2 Mbps, c khong cch khc nhau. CSMA hon ton khng thch hp Trong a) A truyn sang B, C cng truyn sang B v b xung t Trong b) B truyn sang A, C khng dm truyn sang D v tng ng truyn bn

MACA (Multiple Access with Collission Avoidance) Hot ng A mun truyn th trc tin gi RTS vi chiu di khung d liu cn gi (ng k trc) B tr li bng khung CTS c chiu di khung d liu. A nhn CTS th bt u truyn c im Vn c th xung t khi 2 trm cng gi RTS!!! Ci tin MACAW: nu khng thy CTS th ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin gi li

Wireless LAN Protocols (2) The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an RTS to B. (b) B responding with a CTS to A. Radio Cellular Digital
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GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (Global System for Mobile Communication) c thit k cho mng truyn thng s Khi u dng tn s 900 MHz, sau ny dng 1800 MHz C 124 knh song hp trong mt . Mi knh cha mt tn s lin kt ln (t trm di ng ti i pht) v knh xung (t tng i ti my di ng) l 200 KHz Mi knh li dng TDM tch lm 8 kt ni Trong mt a im c th ni 992 kt ni. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Khng dng FDM ln TDM!!! Mi my u pht ng thi trn cng tn s, cng thi im. Kt qu l cc tn hiu s b trn ln. (nhiu!) Tuy nhin nu cc tn hiu c m ha, th c th khi phc cc tn hiu thnh vin 2. Cc chun IEEE 802 Nm 1980, Institue of Electrical and Electronics Enggineers (IEEE) pht trin 1 b chun v cp mng, Topologies v lc media-access (Physical and Data Link layer standards) B tiu chun c t tn l 802 Cc tiu chun trn tng thch vi ANSI (American National Standards Institute) v sau c hiu chnh bi ISO v c bit bi tn gi IEEE 802.x Tn chun Lnh vc p dng IEEE 802.1 Cc hm khi thy giao tip trong WAN v LAN. IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) cho 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, v 802.6 IEEE 802.3 Contention-based standards. CSMA/CD IEEE 802.4 Token-passing standards for bus topologies. IEEE 802.5 Token-passing standards for star or ring topologies. IEEE 802.6 Distributed Queue Dual Bus standard for municipal area networks. IEEE 802.7 Installation and maintenance standards for broadband networks. IEEE 802.8 Optical-fiber standards. IEEE 802.9 Isochronous Ethernet standards for ISDN IEEE Network security or VLANs. 802.10 IX. Mi quan h gia cc giao thc v m hnh OSI

GSM

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c im IEEE 802.3 & Ethernet IEEE 802.3 l tiu chun cho ton b cc h thng CSMA/CD c tc t 110Mbps IEEE 802.3 c xy dng trn mng Ethernet ca Xerox nn c nhiu im tng ng, thng b dng ln. Tuy nhin, IEEE 802.3 bao gm nhng ci bin i vi cu trc data-packet ca Ethernet c. Hn th na, trong khi Ethernet m rng Physical v Data Link layer, IEEE 802.3 m rng Physical layer v ch phn thp ca Data Link layer (MAC); IEEE 802.2 cng cung cp nhng chc nng phn cao hn ca Data Link layer. 802.3 ch nh nhiu tu chn cu hnh Physical layer, nh bng c s (baseband), bng rng (broadband), nhiu loi truyn thng (media), cu trc lin kt (topologies), v data rates. 802.3 h tr 5 cu hnh thc hin khc nhau: 10BASE5; 10BASE2 (gi l thin-net hay cheaper-net); 10BASE-T; 10BASE-F v 10BROAD36 c trng ca IEEE 802.3 l: Tc (Megabits per second): s u tin 10BASE5 Kiu tn hiu (Baseband or Broadband): ch gia 10BASE5 Chiu di cp ca segment: s cui cng 10BASE5 M Manchester Medium Data Rate Topology Maximum (Mbps) segment length (m) 10BASE5 (thick coax) 10 Bus 500 10BASE2 (thin coax) 10 Bus 185 1BASE5 (UTP) 1 Star 500 10BASE-T (UTP) 10 Star 100 10BASE-F (optical fiber) 10 Star 500-2000 100BASE-T (twisted pair) 100 Star 100 10BROAD36 (broadband 10 Bus 3600 coax) Ethernet specifications
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Data Rate (in megabits/second) Maximum distance between stations (in meters) Maximum segment length (in meters) Type of media Media Access Control Topology Signaling technique (baseband)

10 500 500 Thick or thin coax, UTP, and duplex optical fiber Contention-based CSMA/CD Bus Manchester

S khc nhau gia IEEE 802.3 & Ethernet Ethernet h tr Physical and Data Link layer, trong khi IEEE 802.3 th h tr Physical layer v lp di ca Data Link layer (MAC sublayer). IEEE 802.2 h tr phn trn ca the Data Link layer (LLC) Ethernet h tr ch duy nht mt tc truyn, ch dng cp ng trc v Bus topology. IEEE 802.3 h tr a dng nhiu tc truyn, nhiu phng tin truyn v nhiu topology 10BASES5 l 1 cu hnh ca IEEE 802.3, rt ging nh Ethernet. 10BASE5 gi l Thicknet hay Thick Ethernet, s dng cp ng trc bo (coaxial cable). Network Interface Card 802.3 802.3 transceiver v T-Connector c im Thick coax cable (RG-6) : terminator 50-m u cui cp; Ti a 3 phn on Dng thit b thu nhn ngoi; Ti a 100 trm/on; Chiu di ti a 1,640 feet (500 meters)/on; Mi on phi ni t; T cp ti my ti a l 5 m Ti thiu l 2,5 m gia hai im kt ni c im Thin Coax cable Thin coax cable hay Thin Ethernet bao gm BNC, T-Connector, terminator, v RG58 cable, v c c tnh: terminator 50-m u cui cp; Ti a 3 phn on Dng thit b thu nhn trong; Ti a 30 trm/on; Chiu di ti a 1,000 feet (185 meters)/on; Mi on phi ni t; Ti thiu l 1,5 m gia hai im kt ni Twisted-pair Ethernet cable c nhng c tnh sau y: Ti a 1,024 trm lm vic Ti a 4 repeater Chiu di ti a 100m /on Nguyn Tc 5-4-3 Dng nguyn tc 5-4-3 khi thit k cu hnh mng coax hay UTP Ethernet
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Coax: 05 cable segments/network; cho php ni ti a 4 repeaters, 3 trong s 5 segments c th ni my tnh UTP: 05 cable segments/network; cho php ni ti a 4 HUBs (Cascading) hay mutiport repeaters. Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX: dng 2 pairs CAT5 UTP hay CAT1 STP cabling; 100Mbps rate; 100m distance; dng RJ-45 Connector; STP dng BD-9 connectors 100Base-T4: dng 4 pairs CAT3,4,5 UTP; 100Mbps rate; 100m distance; dng RJ-45 Connector; Fast Ethernet 100Base-FX: 2 cores 62.5/125micron multi/single mode fiber cable; multimode fiber media c ti a l 412m/segment. single- mode fiber media c ti a l 10,000m/segment. c im IEEE 802.4 IEEE 802.4 l chun Token Bus: Th bi dnh cho mng Bus V cu trc vt l l Bus Topology nhng hot ng logic l Ring Topology Trm c nh s v lp thnh mt vng trn Trm c s cao nht c pht u tin. Sau n cp quyn pht cho trm bn cnh v mt logic bng mt khung c bit gi l Token. Ch trm no c Token mi c pht Phng php ny khng c ng ! Giao thc phc tp v phi gii quyt bi ton thm, bt trm v mt token c im IEEE 802.5 IEEE 802.5 l giao thc cho mng TokenRing c hnh thi vt l v logic u l Ring Topology IEEE 802.5 c IBM pht trin Nu mng truyn vi tc R Mbps th mt bt c di 1/R Sec Token l mt khung c bit,3 bytes truyn vng trn. Khi mt mng cn truyn, n g Token ra khi mng bng cch o mt bt ti v tr tng ng Sau khng qu 10 mSec trm phi tr li Token ln mng S dng m Manchester Tc chun 4Mbps v 16Mbps c im IEEE 802.6 IEEE 802.5 l giao thc cho mng MAN c chiu di ln ti 10 Km Thi gian lan ta trn mng l rt ln, nn phi dng hai Bus song song (hai chiu) Cc trm truyn theo giao thc FIFO theo chiu xui c im IEEE 802.8 IEEE 802.8 l chun cho cp quang FDDI, hnh thi Ring Topology Pht bng LED hoc LASER Li truyn < 1 li /10 t bt Dng 2 si cp quang, 1 truyn theo chiu kim ng h, mt truyn ngc li Khng dng m Manchester S dng Token, mt trm ngay sau khi truyn d liu s t token ln mng

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BI 6: Tng Mng (Network Layer)

nh tuyn (Routing) xy ra tng mng I. Khi nim Mt lin mng rng ln, cn c nhiu hn 1 ng dn cho vic di chuyn thng tin t im ny n im khc trong mng. Mc ch c bn ca tng mng l phi la chn ng dn thng tin vt l no di chuyn t ngun ca n n ch ca n. Quyt nh chn ng dn v c gi l nh tuyn (routing) ng dn c th l khong cch gia 2 my tnh trong cng vn phng hay c th m rng trn a cu. Chc nng ca tng mng c v ging nh Data Link layer. C 2 layers u lin quan n vic di chuyn d liu n v tr chnh xc. S khc nhau l: Data Link layer th gi/nhn thng tin trong cng 1 segment, t mt nt ny ti nt khc. Network layer gi/nhn thng tin qua nhiu mng khc nhau, t mng ny ti mng khc Chc nng ca tng mng Chuyn thng tin n a ch chnh xc. Lp rp v tho ri cc packet. nh a ch (addresses v nh tuyn (routes) cc data packets. Quyt nh ng dn tt nht chuyn d liu thng qua mng.

II.

1. a ch logic

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Nh sn xut ci a ch thit b (MAC) vo nhng thit b trc khi xut xng. d qun tr mng, ngi qun tr gn mt a ch mng gi l a ch logic (logical address) thay v dng a ch cng MAC. y l a ch lin quan chnh n a ch logic ca mng (Network layer address). a ch mng phn bit mng ny vi mng khc, c nh tuyn cc packet i, tt c cc a ch logic phi l duy nht

2. a ch dch v (Service Address) Cc thit b c th thc hin nhiu chc nng cng lc. Nhng chc nng ny c bit nh entities (thc th) Mt thc th phi c 1 a ch duy nht n c th truyn d liu. a ch ny c hiu nh l 1 service address (a ch dch v ) The service address c ni vo cc a ch logic v vt l, lm cho 1 thc th c th truyn c. Mt dch v a ch c hiu nh 1 port hay socket address ( 1 cng hay cm a ch)

3. Service Address Trong trng hp 2 mng hot ng t hai mng khc nhau c th c cng a ch dch v; quy tc cho a ch duy nht cho vic truyn thng gia 2 qu trnh ny vn p dng bi v full address (a ch y ) bao gm: dch v, logic, v cc a ch thit b (vt l) c s dng (MAC).

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Service Address 4. Phn bit cc a ch a ch mng nhn dng mng ngun hoc mng n. a ch vt l nhn dng ngun hoc im n my tnh. a ch dch v nhn dng quy trnh c trng m ang thc hin 1 chng trnh trn ngun hoc im n my tnh.

5. Thit b kt ni lin mng L cc thit b mng dng lin kt cc cc mng li vi nhau. C 3 kiu thit b kt ni lin mng : Routers (b nh tuyn) Brouters (Bridge & Router) CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit).

Router Routers l b nh tuyn hot ng tng mng S dng thng tin a ch mng chuyn d liu thng qua ng dn tt nht n ch ca n. Router ni cc mng khc nhau. Mi mng c a ch ring duy nht ni cc mng khc nhau, routers phi bit cc a ch mng Brouter Routers ph thuc vo giao thc tng mng (Network layer communication protocol) Chng ch kt ni cc mng s dng cc giao thc kt ni quen thuc. Nu router pht hin ra 1 ng truyn d liu ang s dng 1 giao thc kt ni khng quen thuc, th ng truyn s b ngt Brouter l lai gia Router v Bridges. Chc nng brouters ging nh routers, chuyn tip cc ng truyn d liu gia nhng mng khng cng mt giao thc Khi bt gp 1 n v d liu s dng 1 giao thc kt ni khng quen thuc, th chng hot ng nh 1 cu ni v gi tip d liu n phn on k tip bng cch s dng 1 a ch vt l Brouters c s dng cho cc mng m trn c h tr nhiu communication protocol m khng h tr cho routing, nh NetBEUI v DECnetLAT. Thun li ca brouters l c chc nng nh routers cng vi tnh a dng ca bridges. iu bt li ni chung l phc tp v t hn nhiu so vi cc thit b internetworking khc. CSU/DSU CSU/DSU hot ng ging nh 1 modem; tuy nhin, n l thit b digital-todigital Truyn cc tn hiu s v m bo cht lng v quy cch truyn v kt ni cc WANs.
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CSU/DSU ni router dng kt ni V.35 hay cn gi l truyn tin ng b (Synchrous Serial Interface)

6. Hat ng ca Routers Cc thit b trong cc mng khc nhau mun kt ni th phi dng routers Cc routers giao tip vi nhau qua giao thc nh tuyn Router phi nhn bit a ch ca thit b v ng dn n thit b bit thit b cn tn ti khng, router phi dng a ch mm (phn bit a ch MAC) Packet Routing Ch nh ng i ca packet t ngun n ch Cc thut ton routing l mt phn ca phn mm network layer

Nt A nm trong N2 v mun truyn d liu sang nt B trong N4 Router 2 & 3: same network layer protocol N2 & N4 are ethernet N3 Token Ring

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Bng nh tuyn (Route Tables) Bng nh tuyn l CSDL c to bng giao thc tm kim ng i N cha v tr mng m router c th nhn bit trc c. Router dng bng nh tuyn chuyn packets n mng khc hay router khc.

Router gi 1 packet n router khc cho n khi packet c bn nhn nhn c C th ch nh cc hops m packets c th i qua t ngi gi n ngi nhn

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Bng nh tuyn cho Router A ch 140.240.0.0 192.233.66.0 136.54.0.0 126.0.0.0 Nt k 140.240.20.254 192.233.66.253 192.233.66.254 192.233.66.254 Kiu Direct Direct Remote Remote Gi 1 1 2 3 Giao din 1 2 2 2

Bng nh tuyn cho Router B ch 192.233.66.0 140.240.0.0 136.54.0.0 126.0.0.0 Nt k 192.233.66.254 192.233.66.253 136.54.20.254 136.54.15.254 Kiu Direct Remote Direct Remote Gi 1 2 1 2 Giao din 1 1 2 2

III. Cc giao thc nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn cung cp cho router vi kh nng pht hin ng dn v dch v, cc thng bo li, tr ng truyn v bo tr bng nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch hot ng lp mng v n khng tc ng g n lp vt l v lin kt d liu Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch quan tm cc mng c kt ni ni nh th no. Cc giao thc lp mng Routable protocols: TCP/IP, IPX/SPX Nonroutable: DLC, NetBEUI Protocol Is unroutable because NetBIOS It does not have a Network layer. It communicates by using a Session layer protocol. NetBEUI It is an extension of NetBIOS that is designed to carry data within only small- or medium-sized LANs. SNA All of its routes are pre-defined. LAT It does not have a pure Network layer. It was designed
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to cross only a single network and lacks a header field for the logical network address. nh tuyn tnh (Static route) nh tuyn tnh l ng dn c xc nh cu hnh bng tay Ngi qun tr mng to ra bng nh tuyn Bo mt nh tuyn tnh l qun l tp trung cu hnh nh tuyn ng (Dynamic Route) Cho cc mng ln vi nhiu routers Cu hnh t ng mi khi thm hay bt router Tm ng dn ti u Khng cn qun l nhiu cu hnh Khng bo mt bng nh tuyn tnh Cng kt ni mc nh (Default gateways) Mi mng c nh danh mng (Network ID) duy nht trong lin mng (internetwork) Routers trong lin mng dng nhng nh danh mng xc nh ni routers gi thng ip n Router c th ch nh default gateway cc my ch trong mng c th gi thng ip ra ngoi mng Default gateways

IV. THIT B TRUYN D LIU The OSI Reference Models

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1. Gii thiu thit b mng Nhng thit b ni mng kt ni cc phn on (segments) khc nhau bi cc phng tin mng (cp ng, si quang, sng radio) to nn mt mng hay lin mng (Internetwork) Mt phn on l mt phn ca phng tin truyn mng, c xc nh l mt a ch mng c bit, n cung cp cho my ch v cc clients trn internet vic truy xut ti nhng ngun ti nguyn trn mng ni mng cc phn on vi nhau mt mng ln, ta phi cn chn la mt hay nhiu thit b mng. Cc thit b ni mng phi xc nh c l kt ni cc phn on trn cng mt mng hay khc mng gn a ch cho ng. Cc thit b mng thng thng l: Repeater (B khuych i tn hiu), HUB hay Concentrators (B tp kt trung tm), Bridges (cu ni), Switch (B chuyn mch), Router (B nh tuyn), Gateways (Cng ra vo) cc thit b c th kt ni vi nhau, th chng phi c gn km phng tin truyn thng. Thit b mng nh: NIC, Connector, HUB, Modem, cc thit b gn v ni vi my tnh truyn thng tin qua cp.

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2. Network Interface Board Bo giao din mng gn vo my vi tnh, c c 1 ng truyn thng tin. Cung cp mt tnh hiu in cn thit to nn mt kt ni Vt l v logic

a s bo th c ci vo my, tuy nhin vn cn li 1 vi loi c gn bn ngoi my tnh chuyn i phng tin truyn thng. Mi my tnh trn mng phi c 1 bo giao din mng ring ca n. Cc loi bo giao din mng bao gm: Card giao din mng (NIC) Cc b chuyn i bn ngoi (transceivers) Transceiver l 1 thnh phn c bn ca NIC, m cho php NIC c th gi v nhn d liu trn n Transceiver c dng trong trng hp khi kiu ni mng khng tng thch nh: RJ-45 BNC hay BNC RJ-45 hay RJ-45 Fiber Card giao tip mng (NICs) l nhng bo mch c nhim v chuyn cc tn hiu in ca 1 my tnh n thng qua phng tin truyn thng (transmission media). Phn ln cc my tnh khng c NIC. NICs c th bao gm 1 hay nhiu loi cng truyn thng (xem hnh). NIC c sn internal transceiver, tuy nhin trong trng hp cn thit phi cn external transceiver gn vo NIC chuyn i sang kiu cable v connector khc.
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Transmission media connector ni mt thit b mng n cable. Mi mt kiu cable s tng thch vi mt kiu transmission media. NIC ng vai tr kt ni vt l gia my tnh v cp Gi v nhn d liu t network (my tnh khc) Chuyn d liu thnh bytes my tnh c th hiu NIC c gn n slot ca my tnh gi l BUS Gn cp mng thng qua connector

Mi NIC c mt a ch phn cng duy nht gi l MAC (Media Access Cotrol) address. MAC Address dng phn bit n vi NIC khc trong mng. MAC Address c gn ti nh my sn xut NIC. MAC Address l mt s 6 bytes hexadecimal; v d: 00-A0-8F-CA-3C-25 Nhn bit MAC bng lnh IPCONFIG /ALL

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3. Modem My tnh dng xung in gi tn hiu d liu thng qua cc phng tin nh: Micro wave, Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN, TelCo Modem chuyn tnh hiu s t my tnh sang tnh hiu analog (trn ng PSTN) v ngc li.

4. Repeater Mc tiu chnh ca cc repeater l khc phc nhng nh hng ca s suy gim. Cc repeater lm vic lp Physical ca m hnh OSI cung cp s ci to nhanh cc tn hiu. Dng ni 2 trm trong 1phn on.

5. Amplifier Repeater khng n gin l nhng b khuych i, l b phc hi cc tn hiu.

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6. Bridges Bridge c s dng kt ni cc phn on trong cng mng vi nhau. N s dng 1 a ch ca 1 nt nhn th quyt nh tn hiu no nn c chuyn n phn on khc. Chc nng chnh l lm gim lu lng truyn trn mng

7.

HUB L thnh phn trung tm ca mng hnh sao. HUB l thit b ni tt cc thit b mng v phn on li vi nhau. HUB nhn cc tn hiu t mt thit b (trn 1 port) v gi chng n tt c cc ports khc ca HUB, nhng ch c 1 port l nghe (nhn vo). Chia s tc
3Com

8. Switch Ging HUB, ni a phn on ca mt mng li vi nhau. Lm ng kt ni trc tip gia thit b pht v nhn. Thit b pht ch gi cc gi n mt thit b nhn. Tc c lp

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9. Router Router l thit b nh tuyn ni a phn on ca cc mng khc nhau li vi nhau thnh lin mng Kt ni hai hay nhiu mng LAN thnh mng WAN

Router

Switch

HUB

10. Gateways (cng kt ni) Gateway l s kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm ni hai mi trng mng khc nhau C ch hot ng rt phc tp, v phi thc hin phin dch nhiu lp ca m hnh OSI ni mi trng mng LAN vi mi trng my tnh ln ta phi cn c gateways

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BI 7: Tng giao vn I. Chc nng tng giao vn Cung cp cc tnh nng tin cy (cht lng dch v) iu khin dng d liu iu khin tc nghn T chc d liu thnh cc phn on (segments) lp di v tng hp cc phn on thnh thng ip (message) lp trn L tng giao tip gia ba tng bn trn (phn mm) vi ba tng bn di (phn cng), che cc nh hng khi tng mng c thay i.

Cht lng dch v Cht lng dch v c nh gi bng

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tr kt ni: tng thi gian cn thit cho mt kt ni (khng tnh khi truyn d liu). tr ngn phc v tt hn Xc sut h hng khi thit lp kt ni: do tc nghn mng, ng truyn bn Thng lng (bng thng) l s bytes truyn v nhn trong 1 giy tr truyn d liu: Thi gian t lc gi ti lc nhn d liu T l sai thng d: S thng ip b mt An ninh mng: Bo mt thng tin Tham s n hi: t ngt khi gp trc trc Cc hm nguyn thy

Berkeley Sockets

The socket primitives for TCP II. Hot ng ca tng giao vn nh a ch Thit lp mt kt ni Kt thc mt kt ni Kim sot dng v nh b nh m Dn knh (a hp) Phc hi v

1. nh a ch
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Tng giao vn dng a ch xc nh cc im giao vn gi l TSAP (Transport Service Access Point) bao gm mt a ch tng mng NSAP (Network Service Access Point) v mt ch s cng cc b. a ch giao vn cho php cc kt ni tng mng vn chuyn d liu cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau

Addressing

2. Thit lp mt kt ni Mt thc th giao vn gi TPDU CONNECTION REQUEST n my ch My ch tr li bng CONNECTION ACCEPT Cc vn ny sinh l mt gi tin, tr, v trng lp ngoi mun. V d: Mt yu cu chuyn khon i theo hai ng to thnh hai yu cu khc nhau sau mt thi gian tr!!!

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Cch khc phc Gim thi gian tr ca cc mng con t mt b m t nhy cho cc gi tin nh nhn thi gian cho cc gi tin 3. Kt thc mt kt ni C hai cch chm dt: i xng (gn i xng): Khi mt bn ch ng ngt, kt ni s ngt. C kh nng mt d liu. i xng: C hai chiu ring bit v kt thc c lp. Mt host c th nhn d liu sau khi gi TPDU DISCONNECT. Tuy nhin khi c hai chiu ring bit th kh t chc v qun l.

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4. Kim sot dng v nh b nh m Kim sot dng tng t nh trong tng lin kt d liu, nhng theo phng php khc. C hai tng u dng ca s trt, nhng tng giao vn c nhiu kt ni, v cc kt ni c th thay i cht lng dch v nn phi c b m ln bn gi v bn nhn B m thng dng l hng i vng

(a) Chained fixed-size buffers. (b) Chained variable-sized buffers. (c) One large circular buffer per connection. 5. Dn knh (a hp) Dn knh l a nhiu loi thng ip ln cng mt kt ni, nh th ta c mt knh truyn tht hot ng nh nhiu knh truyn o. Nh gim c gi thnh C hai dng dn knh l dn knh ln v dn knh xung. Khi dn knh xung ta c th t c tc truyn thng vt bng thng n nht.

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(a) Upward multiplexing. (b) Downward multiplexing. 6. Phc hi v Cc v l trng hp mt d liu tng giao vn. Chng hn client ang download th server khi ng li !? Cc thng tin trng thi b mt, server khng bit truyn g cho ai. Giao thc tng giao vn gi mt TPDU qung b ti cc client cng b tnh trng v yu cu thng bo trng thi (ca client). Nu client thy cn truyn li th gi mt yu cu. Cc giao thc giao vn Transport LayerProtocol TCP - UDP Description (Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol) Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Responsible for guaranteeing delivery of data packets in sequence. (Sequenced Packet Exchange) Part of Novell's IPX/SPX protocol suite. Responsible for guaranteeing delivery of data packets in sequence. Part of the Microsoft version of Novell's IPX/SPX protocol suite. Responsible for guaranteeing delivery of data packets in sequence. (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is responsible for establishing the communication session, and NetBEUI is responsible for providing the data-transport services. (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) Responsible for establishing the communication session and providing datatransport services in Apple computers.
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SPX

NWLink

NetBEUI

ATP

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NBP

(Name Binding Protocol) Responsible for establishing the communication session and providing data-transport services in Apple computers.

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BI 8: Tng phin, trnh din v ng dng I. Cc tng phin,trnh din v ng dng c m t nh cc tng ring bit Cc giao thc thc t n gin cc tng ny bng cch ct bt hoc gom nhm Cc gio trnh cng ngh thng coi cc tng ny nh mt tng ng dng duy nht, ph hp quan im mng Internet Tng phin

1. Chc nng tng phin Thit lp v duy tr kt ni lgc gi l phin cn gi l hi thoi (dialog) Chuyn d liu Gii phng kt ni Qun l li lp trn ng b kt ni 2. Hot ng ca tng phin Ba phng php truyn trong phin lm vic: simplex (n cng) full-duplex (song cng) half-duplex (bn song cng) Simplex: ti mt thi im 1 thit b pht chuyn tn hiu n tt c thit b nhn. Thit b nhn khng th pht v ngc li. Channel ch lm mt chiu

. Full-duplex: Dng hai channel va nhn v gi cng lc

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Haft-duplex: c mt channel, nhng cc thit b ch c th hoc truyn hoc nhn trn mt knh

II. Tng trnh din 1. Chc nng tng trnh din m bo cc dng d liu khc nhau M ho v gii m d liu Nn v gii nn d liu 2. Hot ng ca tng trnh din S dng c php truyn C php truyn l cch biu din d liu trong qu trnh truyn thng C php truyn c thit lp trong giai on thit lp lin kt III. Tng ng dng 1. Chc nng tng ng dng: Lp ng dng bao gm phn mm mng phc v ni kt ngi dng n mng, cung cp nhng giao din ngi dng (user interface) v nhng c trng ca ng dng. Lp ng dng to ra mi trng sn sng dng Application Program Interface (API)
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2. Cc giao thc tng ng dng Giao thc bo mt Bo mt Chng thc Khng bc b Kim sot tnh trung thc Domain Name System L mt s tn vng dng phn cp nh x cc a ch logic vi cc tn gi nh Cc quy nh v tn vng, khng gian tn nh hutech.edu.vn, huflit.edu.vn... SNMP- giao thc qun l mng n gin Cc nt c qun l Cc trm qun l Cc thng tin qun l Giao thc qun l Th in t Usenet World Wide Web Multimedia (a phng tin)

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BI 9:Tng quan TCP/IP I. c im Tn gi y : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP/IP c pht trin bi Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) vo nhng nm 1970 . Nm 1983 TCP/IP c p dng vo mng my tnh Internet ton cu. Hai protocol chnh: TCP: Thit lp kt ni gia cc h thng (inter-system communication) IP: truyn d liu (Tranfers data ) Cc c tnh ca TCP/IP c lp v hnh thi ca mng c lp v phn cng ca mng L chun giao thc m M hnh a ch Internet ton cu Nn tng client/server Chun giao thc ng dng mnh II. OSI & DOD Communication Model OSI model by lp ca mng my tnh c xy dng bi ISO TCP/IP c pht trin bi Department of Defense (DOD). hiu r hn v TCP/IP, ta s so snh m hnh OSI v DOD DOD layer Process/ Application Description Provides the user interface and enables users to run applications that access services on a TCP/IP network: file transfer (FTP), terminal emulation (Telnet), electronic mail (SMTP), and network management (SNMP). Establishes and maintains concurrent connections between applications on different hosts. This layer can provide reliable transport (TCP) and unreliable transport (UDP). Handles communication from one machine to another and is therefore responsible for routing packets optimally between different hosts or different networks. This layer is represented by the following protocols: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). Receives and transmits IP datagrams between hosts, and is usually represented by a device driver. The most common protocols are Ethernet, Token Ring, and Token Bus. Corresponding OSI layers Application, Presentation, and Session Transport

Host-to-Host

Internet

Network

Network Access

Physical and Data Link

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So snh hai m hnh

III. B giao thc TCP/IP

1. TCP header

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2. IP Protocol Cho php packet routing, phn r v re-assembly of transport layer protocol, or Transport protocol Data Units (TPDU) Mi TPDU nh l khung v c header cha thng tin nh hnh v IP mang packet theo sut network v thng qua cc routers. IPv4 v IPv6: 32 bt v 128 bt. 3. Datagram format

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IV. Domain Name System (DNS) DNS ni cha CSDL v vic gn hay chuyn i tn my ch thnh a ch IP (IP Address) trn Internet DNS bao gm hai dch v DNS hierarchy: tn tha thun v quyn c phn b DNS name service: gn tn min vi a ch IP 1. DNS architecture

2. DNS Hierarchy C cu trc hnh cy v root top Mi node trn cy i din mt domain

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3. Cc tn vng nh trc Internet domains INT (International) GOV (Government) MIL (Military) COM (Commercial) EDU (Educational) NET (Network) ORG (Organizations) XX Used by International organizations and organizations created by international treaties. U.S. government agencies. The U.S. military. Corporations. Educational institutions. Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Miscellaneous other organizations. Countries. Two-letter codes for each country. For example, NZ (New Zealand) and GR (Greece).

4. Quy c v DNS DNS Name: phi duy nht, khng IN HOA, 255 k t, label khng vt qu 63 k tFull domain name for ROCH domain l roch.go.com ng k domain: n ISP hay visit http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/Domain_Registratio n/ Network_Information_Centers/ Host address: a ch host l duy nht cho mi computer trn network segment. Vd: mi nh c mt s nh, nhng cng tn ng. Tng t a ch host duy nht nhng cng network
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V. Phn lp IP address

a ch mng cc b (khng dng lin mng): nu c mt mng ring khng ng k a ch c th t chc a ch nh Class A: 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 Class B: 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 Class C: 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 Default gateway addressing: im truy nhp ca phn on kt ni n tt c mng t xa Quy tc nh a ch cc my Network class A (16777214) B (65534) C (254 hosts) Starting host address net. 0.0.1 net.net. 0.1 net.net.net. 1 Ending host address net. 255.255.254 net.net. 255.254 net.net.net. 254

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VI. Tm hiu v Subnet chia mng ln thnh cc mng nh (nhiu mng hn na) p dng gii thut Routing tt hn (nhanh hn) Khi dng subnet mask ta c th phn chia mng thnh hai hay nhiu mng nh hn 256 my!

Subnet mask lp C Khi dng a ch IP lp C c 256 a ch. Subnet mask tng ng 255.255.255.0 hay dng nh phn 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 chng hn mng 203.162.16.x c min a ch nh sau a ch mng: 203.162.16.0 Cc a ch dng cho cc nt : 203.162.16.1 - 203.162.16.254 a ch qung b: 203.162.16.255 Khi mun chia i mng ny, dng subnetmask 255.255.255.128. Hay dng nh phn: 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 chng hn mng 203.162.16.x c 2 mng con t 203.162.16.0 - 203.162.16.127 v 203.162.16.128 - 203.162.16.255. C th mng con th nht c min a ch nh sau a ch mng: 203.162.16.0 Cc a ch dng cho cc nt : t 203.162.16.1 n 203.162.16.126
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a ch qung b: 203.162.16.127 Mng con th hai c min a ch nh sau a ch mng: 203.162.16.128 Cc a ch dng cho cc nt : t 203.162.16.129 n 203.162.16.254 a ch qung b: 203.162.16.255 Khi mun chia bn mng ny, dng subnetmask 255.255.255.192. Hay dng nh phn: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 Hy tnh cc subnet mask v cc min a ch cho cc mng con

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Bi 10: Cc giao thc ca TCP/IP I. ARP - Address Resolution Protocol

1. Chc nng: nh x cc a ch Internet ln a ch vt l Cung cp phng tin nh x c nh qun l mng T ng cp nht cc nh x IP - MAC trn mng ARP - Address Resolution Protocol 2. Hot ng Ch bng tay: ARP s <IP Addr> <MAC Addr> Ch t ng: My ngun pht mt thng ip yu cu MAC address ca mt IP address. Tt c cc my nhn c thng ip ny nhng ch my c IP c hi mi tr li bng cch s dng MAC address ca mnh gi ti my yu cu. Hot ng qung b (Broadcast) l rt tn km! Gii php? Cc my trung gian u lu cc thng tin dng v sau. Cc thng tin ny c th b lc hu? Gii php? II. RARP-Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 1. Chc nng: Gn mt a ch cng (MAC address) cho mt hay nhiu IP Cho php mt thit b mng kim nhiu a ch logic Cho php cp a ch logic sau khi kt ni mng Cho php tm mt a ch IP th ba 2. Hot ng: Tng t ARP S dng Frame 28 bytes, Mt my c yu cu s truyn mt RARP frame. Tt c cc my u nhn c nhng ch my c thm quyn cung cp dch v RARP mi tr li. Nh vy c th s c nhiu thng ip tr li Cc my ch RARP lm h thng tin cy hn. Nhng c th gy qu ti khi nhiu my cng tr li? Gii php? My ch chnh tr li, my d phng ch ln 2 My d phng ch mt khong thi gian ngn III. IP Internet Protocol Pht chuyn phi kt ni (connectionless) Dch v khng c tin cy do vic pht chuyn khng m bo Cc gi d liu c x l c lp vi cc gi khc. Cc gi c gi bng cc cc tuyn khc nhau N lc ti a nh tuyn IP Datagram Cc quy tc chuyn d liu khng c tin cy nh dng IP datagram

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Version(4 bt): Phin bn IPv4 hay IPv6 IHL (4 bt): di phn u ca Datagram TOS Type of Service (8 bt): Kiu dch v Total Length(16 bt): di Datagram tnh theo octet (byte). di ca data c tnh nh th no? Identification (16 bt): s nguyn duy nht xc nh datagram dng ti lp u nhn. Cc fragment ca mt datagram c cng s ny Flags(3 bt): iu khin phn on Fragmentation offset (13 bt): V tr tng i ca fragment trong datagram, tnh theo 8 octet. Cc fragment n my nhn khng cn theo ng th t Time to live (8 bit): Thi gian sng tnh theo giy. Khi qua mt nt, router s gim TTL i 1 v khi ht hn (TTL=0), datagram khng c truyn i tip Protocol (8 bit): Cc giao thc no c s dng d liu ca datagram Header checksum(16 bit): phn 16 bt cui ca tng cc trung phn u. Ti sao khng tnh lun cho phn d liu? Source IP address v Destination Address (32 bt): a chmy gi v my nhn datagram. Khng thay i khi i qua cc router. IP option (24 bit ti 40 byte): Khng bt buc c , c th thay i di ty theo la chn. Mi la chn di 1 octet m chn Cc octet cn li l d liu cho la chn Padding: cc bt 0 b cho s chn cc octet. nh tuyn IP datagram L tin trnh chn la ng truyn d liu v cc b nh tuyn trung gian. Vic truyn cc gi qua cc mng trung gian l bi ton phc tp da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn. C hai cch nh tuyn: Pht chuyn trc tip v pht chuyn khng trc tip. Pht chuyn trc tip thc hin gia hai my c cng mng vt l thng qua dch v ARP. y cng l bc cui cng ca pht chuyn gin tip
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Pht chuyn gin tip phi xc nh b nh tuyn gn nht. B nh tuyn ny s c gn thm a ch b nh tuyn k tip cho ti khi no ti mng ch th pht chuyn trc tip.

IV. ICMP- Internet Control Message Protocol 1. Chc nng: Cung cp thng bo li cho thit b gi khi php hin s c. Cc thit b khi gp s c khng bao gi thng bo ti b s c Phi c mt c ch c bit thng tin cho cc thit b ban u bit phn mng b s c. Cc thng bo ny ch c ngha trong ni b giao thc IP.

2. Hot ng: Pht chuyn thng ip ICMP trong IP datagram nh dng thng ip ICMP Header (vng TYPE 8 bit, CODE 8 bit v CHECKSUM 16 bit) Mt my gi ICMP ECHO REQUEST My nhn c gi tr ICMP ECHO REPLY Nu my gi i sau nhn c phn hi th ng truyn tt. Mt tin trnh c lp dng thc hin l PING Nu mt thit b khng gi tip c n chuyn tr ngc li thng bo li Khng th n V. UDP User Datagram Protocol 1. Chc nng: Cung cp dch v pht chuyn khng kt ni, khng tin cy S dng dch v ca IP chuyn cc gi, nhng thm vo kh nng phn bit nhiu ch n bn trong mt my (tin trnh) Vic phn bit tin trnh thng qua s hiu cng tin cy phi do tng ng dng m bo

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2. Hot ng: nh dng d liu USER DATAGRAM UDP source port/DestPort :16 bit Lenth: di UDP datagram CheckSum: Tng, nhng t khi c tnh Gom cc UDP datagram t nhiu tin trnh chuyn xung tng IP Tng IP thm cc Header vo cc UDP datagram ri gi i. Qu trnh ny l a hp- gii a hp

VI. TCP- Transmission Control Protocol 1. Chc nng: Cung cp phng thc giao vn tin cy nh hng dng d liu Kt ni mch o (virtual circuit) m d liu Kt ni hai chiu (song cng) 2. Hot ng: nh dng TCP Datagram Dng phng thc bo nhn. Nu ht mt khong thi gian m khng thy bo nhn th truyn li. Vn l c th trng lp d liu do tr hon lu trn mng

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BO CO THC HNH MNG MY TNH Bi 1 : THIT K MNG MY TNH BNG VISIO H tn sinh vin:................................................................................................................................ M s: ................................................................................................................................................ Nhm: Ni dung: 1. Cng vic : Tm hiu VISIO 2000 Visio 2000 l phn mm m t h thng vi nhiu cng c mnh, rt thch hp khi lm ti, d n. Sinh vin cn tm hiu cc cng c ca Visio c th s dng thnh tho. Cc hp cng c gi l Stencil. C nhiu Stencil trong Menu File -> Stencils. - Hy cho bit cng dng ca 5 Stencil - Hy to lu IF

2.

Hy to lu FOR

Thit k Mng my tnh bng Visio. Hy dng Visio thit k mng my tnh theo yu cu m gio vin cung cp. Mt c quan mun xy dng mng my tnh cho hai phng Kinh doanh v K thut. Phng Kinh doanh c 08 my tnh cn ni mng chia s 03 my in. Khng cn my ch d liu nhng cn ni Internet. Phng c 09 ngi v c din tch 8m x 10m. Phng K thut c 10 ngi, 8 my trm, 01 my ch d liu v 01 my in, din tch 8m x 12m. Hai phng ny khng cn trao i d liu vi nhau, nhng mun dng chung ng Internet. Hy v s chc nng (s logic) v s vt l (S mt bng trin khai) Di y l 2 s v d - dng trong trng hp khc

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BO CO THC HNH MNG MY TNH Bi 2 : Bm cp UTP CAT 5 H tn sinh vin:................................................................................................................................ M s: ................................................................................................................................................ Nhm: Ni dung: 1. Cng vic : Tm hiu Cp UTP. Cc chun v s khc nhau gia cc chun. Cp thng v cp cho Sinh vin tm kim trn mng cc trang Web ch dn v cc vn nu trn hoc c ti liu do gio vin cung cp Mu sc, th t, chc nng tng si cp 2. Bm cp thng Sinh vin s dng 01 cp UTP Cat5 v bm cp theo s EIA 568B Sau khi bm cp, dng b kim th. Nu tt, ni cp gia my tnh v hub kim tra ln cui v np gio vin 3. Bm cp cho Bm cp , kim th v np cho gio vin in vo bo co v gi email cho gio vin

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BO CO THC HNH MNG MY TNH Bi 3 : CU HNH MNG NGANG HNG H tn sinh vin:................................................................................................................................ M s: ................................................................................................................................................ Nhm: Ni dung: a. Vo mng o bng tin ch VirtualMachineWare: Xem hng dn s dng b. S dng Windows Help v cc tin ch, Ti liu Window 2000 server thc hin cc tc v sau, ghi cc bc cn thc hin nh: Start -> Control panel -> System ->.... c. Hiu chnh tn my thnh Serverxxx (xxx l m s SV) tn group thnh THUCHANHxxxyyy (xxx l m s SV1, yyy l m s SV2). Kim tra kh nng thng mng bng My Network Place d. Tm hiu cch khai bo cc thng s mng cho my Server, ci t b sung a ch IP. Mng o c a ch IP l 203.106.3.xx. xx l s my. Ping gia 2 my e. S dng User Manager trong Computer manager to 2 ngi s dng Userxxx mt khu: Hutech5120256 v Useryyy mt khu KhoaCNTT5120791. f. To 2 nhm (group) sau : Giaovien v Sinhvien g. Userxxx thuc nhm Giaovien, Useryyy thuc nhm Sinhvien h. Nhm Giaovien c quyn ng nhp cc b vo my ch, nhm Sinhvien th khng (log on locally) . i. To 03 th mc C:\Userxxx v C:\Useryyy v C:\Giaovien. Cp quyn truy nhp nh sau: Gio vin ton quyn trn C:\Userxxx, C:\Giaovien, ch c trn C:\Useryyy Sinh vin ton quyn trn C:\Userxxx, ch c trn C:\Useryyy, v khng c vo C:\Giaovien

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BO CO THC HNH MNG MY TNH Bi 4 : Tin ch mng ca Windows 2000 Server H tn sinh vin:................................................................................................................................ M s: ................................................................................................................................................ Nhm: Ni dung: 1. Ci t v tm hiu tin ch Network Monitoring : Xem hng dn trong Huongdanbai4.doc 2. Ci t v tm hiu v DHCP DHCP l g, ci t nh th no Khai bo cc a ch IP c th cp t ng u, nh th no Cp IP cho mt my theo phn cng nh th no To mt DHCP server cp cc a ch IP cho cc my trm trong khong 203.106.3.192 ti 203.106.3.240 3. Ci t v tm hiu v DNS sevice DNS l g, ci t nh th no Khai bo cc tn v IP u, nh th no Cu hnh DNS vi vng xxx.hutech.edu.vn xxx l ba s cui trong m sinhvin Khai bo tn cho my ca bn l sinhvienxxx Th dng lnh ping sinhvienxxx

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Hng dan s dung VMWare (bai 3) Bc 1: Bnh thng tren o D:\ a co th muc D:\Windows 2000 Server e chay chng trnh WMWare. Neu gap loi, sinh vien co the chep th muc goc C:\Windows 2000 Server sang o D:\ (khoang 4 phut). Nhap up vao file Windows 2000 Server.vmx

Nhap vao ay e chay VMWAre Bc 2: Neu khong thay man hnh sau th ve bc 4

Neu dung cau hnh cu

bc 3

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Ch en file anh VMWAre

bc 4:

Cau hnh lai VMWAre

bc 5: Khi ong WMWare

Nhap vao ay e khi ong Windows bo qua thong bao sau Trang 87/96

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Nhap vao ay e bo qua loi

Mat khau e trong

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Hng dan thc hanh bai 4: Cai at NetworkMonitor Bc 1: Chep th muc goc C:\Windows 2000 Server sang o D:\ (khoang 4 phut). Chep file Windows2000.iso t ftp://192.168.16.1/mangnangcao vao th muc va tao (6 phut). Nhap up vao file Windows 2000 Server.vmx trong th muc va chep sang
Bc 2:

Nhap vao ay e cai at VMWAre lan au

Bc 3: Chon file anh

Ch en file anh VMWAre trong o D:\

Bc 4:

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Cau hnh lai VMWAre

Bc 5: cai CD-ROM

Chon CD-ROM ao

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Chon file anh CD-ROM

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Bi ging Mng my tnh

Chon Start -> Control Panel -> Add/Remove Programs -> Add/Remove Windows Components (xem hnh)

Chon Managenment and Monitor Tools -> Network Monitor Tool

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bc 8: Run Network Monitor: Start -> All Programs ->Administrative Tools -> NetworkMonitor e chon card mang: Chon Menu Capture -> Network

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Bc 9: Bat cac thong tin tren mang Capture -> start

Capture -> Stop and View

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