Principles of Radiation: Mechanism of Radiation from Thin Wires (using txn-line concepts)

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Radiation
Radiation is the net outward flow of electromagnetic energy from source Radiated power is carried by free space waves, with EM fields detached from source

Accelerating (or decelerating) electric charges must radiate (Classical theory of Radiation)
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Sources of Radiation
Hot Objects (charged particles in rapid motion) Stars (basis of astronomy) Collisions between charged particles (braking radiation Bremsstrahlung) Charged particles travelling faster than speed of light (Cherenkov radiation)

Electrons in atoms jumping from higher to lower energy states (Quantum theory)

Time-varying currents in conductors (Linear, Surface

and Volume Current Elements)

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Alternating Current Elements: The Basic Building Blocks of Antennas

Linear Current Element Surface Current Element Volume Current Element

I dl
J s ds

J dv

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Mechanism of Radiation from Thin Wires

Equivalence between Moving Charge and Current Element

dQ v = I dL
Fundamental Equation of Radiation from Thin Wires

dQ (dv/dt) = (dI/dt) dL

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Radiation from Single Wires

Steady current, straight wire No Radiation Time-harmonic current Radiation at the frequency of oscillation Pulsed current Radiation over broad frequency spectrum Current in curved, bent, discontinuous, terminated or truncated wire Causes radiation

a) Curved

b)bent

c) discontinuous

d) Terminated

e) truncated

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Radiation Mechanism: 2-Wire Configuration [1/4]

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Radiation Mechanism: 2-Wire Configuration [2/4]

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Radiation Mechanism: 2-Wire Configuration [3/4]

Imagine the charge pattern on conductors travelling right with the voltage wave. E field lines initially attached to charges on the conductors form closed loops once every half cycle at moments of charge polarity reversal. Free space wave thus formed is not attached to the line anymore and continues to exist even if source is switched off.
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Radiation Mechanism: 2-Wire Configuration [4/4]

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Radiation from /2 - Dipole

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Radiation from a vertical 3/2 Dipole

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Dipole Antenna

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Half-Wave Dipole Antenna

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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 /2 folded dipole = two centre-fed /2 dip oles,

co-located

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Half-Wave Folded Dipole Antenna

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Monopole Antenna

Ground Plane

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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Monopole Antenna

Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Jul 2011

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