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5.1 INDICES AND LAW OF INDICES In Form Three, we have learned about indices and law of indices. For the early of this chapter, we will only revise the concept about it. Law of indices 1.
a m a n = a m+n
am = a m n 2. n a m n mn nm 3. (a ) = a or a
4. 5. 6.
a x b x = (ab) x a0 = 1
a = ( a)
m n n m m n
or
a = (n a m )
5 x 2562 x = 0
5 x = 2562 x 5 x = 5 2( 6 2 x )
x 2 = 12 4 x x 2 + 4 x 12 = 0 ( x + 6)( x 2) = 0 x = 6 or x = 2
Example 2: Find the value of y that satisfies the equation ( 6 y ) 2 . Solution:
2
1 216
= 36
6 2 y.
6
2y
1
3y
6 .6 3 y = 6 2
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= 62
6 2 y + ( 3 y ) = 6 2
2y 3y = 2 y=2 y = 2
Example 3: Express
Solution:
Factorize 2m
x 3 x1 = 8 x 3 2 x . Show that 6 =
2 . 3
2 2 x +1 3 x 1 = 23 x 32 x
2 = 3 x.2 x 3 2 = (3 2) x 3 2 6 x = (proof) 3
EXERCISE 5.1 1. Express 5 2n 5 2n +1 + 5 2n 1 in the simplest terms. 2. Solve the following equations. (a) 2 3 x + 2 = 32 (b) 81x +1 27 2 x 3 = 0 (c) 9 x 1 33 x + 5 = 0 3. Solve the following equations. (a) 81x = 4 (b) 5 3 x = 2513 x 4. Given 3 4 p +1 27 p +1 =
5.2 LOGARITHMS AND LAW OF LOGARITHMS 1. Logarithms can be used to simplify the operations multiplication and division of large numbers. We can convert from index form to logarithmic form and vice versa. 2. If a x = y (this is in index form), then log a y = x (this is in logarithmic form) where a is known as base and x is index. 3. The logarithm to the base of 10 is known as the common logarithm. log a y = x is read as logarithm of y to the base a. For example, 10 2 = 100 can be converted into logarithmic form which is log 10 100 = 2 . (i) log 2 8 = 3 is 2 3 = 8 . (ii) log 10 0.1 = 1 is equal to log 10 ( (ii) log 10 0.000001 = 6 (iv) log 10 0 =
1 1 ) = 1 which is 10 1 = 10 10
ax = y
log a y = x
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m + log
n = log a ( mn )
10
Example:
log
10
100 + log
10 10
=5
2. log
a
m log
n = log a (
m ) n (
Example:
log
10
1000 log
10
100 = log
= 2
3. log
a
m n = n log
Example:
= 3 log = 31 =3
10
10
log a b = x
log c b = log 10 a x
log c b = x log 10 a
x= log c b log c a
1 2
Substitute
into
log a b =
log c b log c a
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log a b =
log c b log c a
Example 1: Evaluate (i) log 8 2 (ii) log 25 125 Solution: (i) log 8 2 =
log 2 2 log 2 8
= =
=
1 log 2 2 3 1 3 log 2 2
1 3
log 5 53 = log 5 5 2 =
=
Example 2: Given that log a 2 = x and log a 3 = y . Express the following in terms of x and/or y. (i) log 2 a (ii) log 2 3 Solution: (i) log 2 a =
3 log 5 5 2 log 5 5
3 2
log a a log a 2
1 x
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(ii) log 2 3 =
log a 3 log a 2
y x
EXERCISE 5.2.1 1. Express the following equations in index form. (a) log 3 p = 4 (a) y = 3 5 (b) log p 5 = 2 (b) 10 = 5 y (c) log 2 3 = x (c) m = n r 2. Express the following equations in logarithm form.
5.2.3 Solving problems involving laws of logarithms Example 1: Given log 4 3 = 0.7924 and log 4 7 = 1.404 . Without using the logarithm tables, calculate (i) log 4 1.75 (ii) log 7 48 Solution: (i) log 4 1.75 = log 4 ( )
7 4 = log 4 7 log 4 4
log 4 (4 2 3) = log 4 7 = =
=
= 1.9889
Example 2: Solve the following equations: (i) log 4 5 x log 4 (3 x 1) = 1 (ii) 4 log x 2 log x 8 = Solution: (i) log 4 5 x log 4 (3 x 1) = 1
1 2
log 4 (
5x ) =1 3x 1
5x = 41 3x 1 5 x = 4(3x 1) 5 x = 12 x 4 7x = 4 4 x= 7
(ii) 4 log x 2 log x 8 =
1 2
log x 2 4 log x 8 =
1 2
log x (
24 1 )= 8 2 16 1 log x ( ) = 8 2
1
2 = x2
( x ) 2 = (2) 2
x=4
Example 3: Given log k 12 + 2 log k 9 log k 36 = 1 . Find the value of k.
1 2
1 2
Solution:
1 2
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1 2
(k ) = (27)
k = (3 27 ) 2 k =9
3 2
2 3
2 3
EXERCISE 5.2.2 1. Given log x p = 3 and log x q = 5 , find the values of: (a) log x pq (b) log x
p q
2. Given that log 2 p = x and log 2 q = y , express the following in terms of x or/and y. (a) log 2 (b) log 2
p q
( pq )2
4
3. Solve the equation log 3 (3t + 9) log 3 2t = 1 . 4. Given 2 log 3 4 + log 3 8 log 3 2 = log 3 w , find the value of w. 5.3 EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES AND LOGARITHMS 5.3.1 Solving equations involving indices Example 1: Solve 2k 2 = 32 Solution:
2k 2 = 32 k 2 = 16 k = 4
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mn m + 2n
Solution:
3m = 7 n
1 1
(3 m ) m = (7 n ) m
3=7 7 n = 63 p
n m
7 n = (7 3 2 ) p 7 n = 7 p 32 p
Substitute
1 2
into
7 = 7 (7 ) 2 p
n p
n m
7 n = 7 p (7
7 =7
n p+
2 np m
2 np m
p(m + 2n) = mn
p= mn (proof) m + 2n
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5.3.2 Solving equations involving logarithms Example 1: Solve (i) log 3 (5t 3) log 3 3t = 1 (ii)
9 log 3 x = 5 .
x 2 = log
2 log 3 x = log 3 5
log 3 x 2 = log 3 5
x2 = 5
x= 5 x>0 x= 5
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4(4 3 x ) = 4 2 y
41+3 x = 4 2 y 1 + 3x = 2 y
into
y = 4(5) 12 y = 20 12 y =8
Example 3: Show that Solution:
= 5
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= 5 = = = = =
5 log b a 5 + log b ab log b ab 5 log b a + 5 log b ab 5 log b a + 5 log b b log b ab 5(log b a + log b b) log b ab 5(log b ab) log b ab
Add logb b that is actually equal to 1 Factorize
= 5 (proof)
Example 4: A liquid cools from its original temperature of 80C to a temperature T C in x minutes. Given that
T = 80(0.88) X , find
(a) the temperature of the liquid after 10 minutes (b) the time taken for the liquid to cool down to 27C Solution: (a)
T = 80(0.88) X x = 10,
T = 80(0.88)10
= 22.28C
(b) T = 80(0.88) X
T = 27,
27 = 80(0.88) X log 27 = log 80(0.88) X log 27 = log 80 + log(0.88) X x log 0.88 = log 27 log 80 27 x log 0.88 = log( ) 80
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EXERCISE 5.3 1. Solve the equation 4 n + 3 = 7 n 1 . 2. Given 2 x = 7 , find the value of x. 3. Given that log 3 (1 y ) = 2[ log 3 x 1] . Express y in terms of x. 4. Find the value of x given that log
3
9 = x log
27 .
27 x 3x + 2
2. Solve the equation 3 4 2 x = 21 3. Solve the equation log x 2 + log 4 8 = 1 4. Given that log 3 2 = m and log 3 7 = n. Express each of the following in terms of m and / or n. (a) log 3 3.5 (b) log 4 7 5. (a) (b) Solve the equation
( 3)
2x 1
=1.
Mr. Ammar Fauzan invested RM 5,000 in a unit trust for his new born sons education in the future. The amount of the invested money will become RM 5,000 (1.09 ) n for a period of n
years. (i) Find the amount of his investment in the fifth year, correct to two decimal points. (ii) Find the minimum number of years required so that the amount of his investment is more than RM 20,000. 6. Find the value of x and of y that satisfy both the equations below.
3 2x =
9 27 2 y
q . pq
8. Given that p = log n x 3 and q = log x n , show that pq = 3 . 9. Given 2 log 5 ( x + 3) = 2 + log 5 x + log 5 3 , show that x 2 69 x + 9 = 0 .
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10. (a) Given that x = log 3 2 , find the value of 9 x . Hence find the value of 9 k given k = 2 + x . (b) Given log x 2 = 0.5022 , prove that log x 8 x = 2.5066 . 11. (a) Given that log x 2 = p and log x 7 = q , express log x (b) Solve the equation log 2 x + 2 = 3 log x 2 12. Without using a scientific calculator, find the value of 2 log 1.5 log 0.75 + log 3 13. Solve the equation 3 2 x 4 x + 2 = 96 14. Find the values of x given that log 2 x = log x 16 15. Simplify
56 in terms of p and q. 2 x
1 3
6 2 x+3 . 9 x +1 3 2 x
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