Tngquanvcchm.

A.Cchmcbn hay sdng:

1.h mthpphn.
hchng ta vnquendng.
nh 102=1*10^2+0*10^1+2*10^0.
2. hmnhphn
hnysdngsl 0 v 1 biudin.
vd.101=1*2^2+0*2^1+1*2^0
3.h mbtphn(ylhrtgncah 2)
hnysdngccst 0 n 7 (<8^1)
vd:210=2*8^2+1*8^1+0*8^0
4.h mthplcphn hay cngilhhexa(ylhrtgncah 2 v 8)
hnysdngccst 0 n 15 (<16^1) nhngt 10 ->15 cthaybngccch in
hoatngngl A,B,C,D,E,F.
VD:15BC=1*16^3+5*16^2+11*16^1+13.
B.cchchuyni qua ligiacchm.
Vhthpphnlhmchng ta vn hay
quensdngnntislyhnylmgcchuynicchcnli.
I.cccchchuynithngdng.
cch 1.dng phngphp chia vnhnlintip.
cch2.phngphpphntch.
cch 3.dng htrunggian.
cch 4.dng phngphplgarit.
cch 5. ngdngthpnhthc newton
cch 6. ngdngphnmm.
Vicch 1 tinghccbnaicngthori.
ccbctrnhby cchltngtnhau.hnhphnlnhnv chia cho 2, hbtphnlcho 8,
hhexalcho 16.
Vd: chuyn 25.04 sang hnhphn.
B1: tch 25.04=23+0.4
-Vi 25 ta thchinlintipphp chia cho 2 vlyphndtdilntrnnhsau:
25 chia 2 c 12 d 1
12 chia 2 c 6 d 0
6 chia 2 c 3 d 0
3 chia 2 uc 1 d 1
1 chia 2 c 0 d 1
lyccstdilntrn ta c 25
=11001 tngngvi
25=1*2^4+1*2^3+0*2^2+0*2^1+1*2^0.
-B2. Vi 0.4 ta thchinlintipphpnhnvi 2, rilyphnnguyn (0 hoc 1) t trnxung,
nhsau:
0.4 nhn 2 c 0.8 cphnnguynl 0
0.8 nhn 2 c 1.6 c phnnguynl 1 (bygi ta lytipphn<1,tc 0.6)

0.6 nhn 2 c 1.2 cphnnguyn l 1

0.2 nhn 2 c 0.4 cphnnguyn l 0 (bygi ta thydysny quay
litheochuktunhon.)
vy 0.4=0.(0110)tngngvi 0.4=(0*2^-1+1*2^-2+1*2^-33+0*2^4)=(0/2+1/2^2+1/2^3+1/2^4)
-B3. ghp 2 phntrnli ta c 25.04=11001.(0110)2
vicch chia vnhnlintipvi 2
nyrrnglchthchinmtcchckhthikhiscnchuynnmtrongphm vi hp.
Cnviccsmthsao.
biudinccsmtronghnhiphn, chnhlbntmhaisbcasdng .
khinimsb.
sb 1:ta oliccs 0 v 1 chonhau, vd: cs 1001=9 (tronghthpphn) csbl
0110
sb 2ylsmcas N (tc N), lysb 1 cngvi 1
tipvdtrn ta c: 0110+0001 
vys -9
cbiudinbng 0110+0001  hay 0110+0001 (Bit)
ccbnlu ltrongphpcngnhphn th:0+0=0, 1+1=10, 1+0=0 v 0+1=1.
VD: Biudins -10 tronghnhphn:
10=1010 B
Sb 1 ca 10: 0101 B (obtcastrn)
Cngthm 1
=0001 
=>Sb 2 ca 10: 0101+0001 B (tcl -10)
Cch 2. phngphpphntch.
vdchuyn 25 sang nhphn, btphn, vhexa.
sanghnhphn.
tac 25=1*2^4+1*2^3+0*2^2+0*2^1+1*2^0 =(11001 (2))
sang btphn.
25=3*8^1+1*8^0=31 (8)
sang hhexa.
25=1*16^1+9*16^0=19 (16)
cch 3. phngphpdnghtrunggian.
h 8 v 16 thcraldngrtgncah 2 vi 8=2^3 v 16=2^4 ltphp 3 bit v 4 bit cah 2.
thnhtihmcs 2 sang h 8 v 16.
phngphpnginlgpnhmcc bit tphi qua tri, vih 8 lgp 3 bit cnh 16 l 4 bit.
vd h 8.

chuyn 10011001 (2) sang h 8.

tac 10011001=10 011 001
c 10(2)=2, 011(2)=3, 001(2)=1
vy 10011001 (2)=231(8)
tngtvih 16 nhnglnhm 4 bit.
cscaphngphpnylnhthno.
ta c 10011001=2^7+2^4+2^3+2^0
pdngphngphpsau:
b1.vi mi x >, =3 ->2^x=2^3n*2^(x-3n)=8^n*2^(x-3n)
b2. gpcchngtccnglythacs 8 livinhauvsuyrah 8.
vilu lh 8 sdngccst 0->7<8^1.
vdtrn ta c:
b1.2^7+2^4+2^3+2^0=2*(2^3)^2+2*2^3+2^3+2^0
b2.ch l 2^3=8 v n^0=8^0
th: 2*(2^3)^2+2*2^3+2^3+2^0=2*8^2+8^1(2+1)+8^0
=2*8^2+3*8^1+1*8^0=231 (8)
sang h 16 cnglmtngt, viphngphp:
b1.vi mi x >, =4 ->2^x=2^4n*2^(x-3n)=8^n*2^(x-4n)
b2. gpcchngtccnglythacs 8 livinhauvsuyrah 8.
vilu lh 8 sdngccst 0->15<16^1.
Cnchuynhmcs 8 v 16 sang h 2 thlmngclinhtrn.

Cch 4 dngphngphplogait.
ylphngphprthiuquvinhngslstnhin, ncthchuyncbtksno sang
cch 2,8,16 mtcchclp.
Ta nhlimtchtv log nhsau:
a^M=N < = >loga M=N
vd 16=2^4 <=>log2 16=4.
chng ta sngdngcinyxcnhsmtlnnnhca 1 scnchuynvhnhphn.
trongmytnhbticaccbn, trongmytnhbtiaschc log ca 10 v e (lg, vln) nn ta
phiicsvmttrong 2 htrn. Vdtilm log 10 nhsau:
gid ta cntnh log2 16=? Ta sicschon:
cngthc: logb M=loga M/loga b
.
=>: logb M=lgM/lgb=>log2 M=lgM/lg2.
vi log2 16=lg16/lg2, bnthaotctrnmytnhnschoktqu =4.
Bygivimtslnhnthsao?
vd1.1027(10)=?(2)
ta c M=1027=>log2 1027=lg1027/lg2=10.00422

Ta lyktqulphnnguynvthlmphptnhxem 2^10=baonhiu? ktquthtngin

2^10=1024. vyl ta dcmtsutintrongdysnhphnri, xcnhccskhc ta
lmnhsau:
ly 1027-1024=3=2^1+2^0(lunnhrng 2^0=1)
Bygi ta xpsptrttcadysnhphnli: csmlnnht =10.
1027=2^10+..2^1+2^0=1*2^10+0*2^9+0*2^8+0*
2^7+0*2^6+0*2^5+0*2^4+0*2^3+0*2^2+1*2^1+1*2^0.
chuyn sang hnhphn ta c: 1027(10)=10000000011(2)
Vih 8.
tac log 8 1027=3.33474
c 8^3=512, tmhsca 8^3.ly 1027 chia cho 8^3 cphnnguynl 2 ->hsca
8^3=2.
c 2*8^3=1024
m1027-1024=3<8^1->1027=1024+3=2*8^3+0*8^2+0*8^1+3*8^0=2003 (8)
vd2 trongh 16.
231618(10)=?(16)
+ta c log 16 231618=4.4553, lyphnnguyn ta c 4 ->tmhsca 16^4(hst 0
n 15), trong 10 ->15 <=>A,B,C,D,E,F.
c 231618 /16^4=3.5342 lyphnnguync 3 ->c 3*16^4
+231618-3*16^4=35010 ->log 16 35010 =3.77386 ->lyphnnguync 3 >tmhsca 16^3:
35010/16^3=8.54ly phnnguync 8 ->c 8*16^3
+35010-8*16^3=2242 ->log 16 2242=2.782 ->tmhsca 16^2:
2242/16^2=8.75 ->c 8*16^2
+2242-8*16^2=194 ->log 16 194=1.89 ->tmhsca 16^1:
194/16^1=12.125 ->c 12*16^1 hay C*16^1.
+194-12*16^1=2=2*16^0<16^1 (dngquytrnhtnhton)
nyghpccktqutmc trnlivinhau:
ta s c:231618=3*16^4+8*16^3+8*16^2+12*16^1+2*16^0 =388C2 (16)=388C2 H.
Cch5 ,ngdngcngthc newton phntch,
khngnnpdngvrtddnnsais.
ta co 10=(2^3+2^1) ->10^n=(2^3+2^1)^n.
pdngcinygiiccstrongphm vi hpvi n<=2 thhiuqu, cn n>=3
thkhpdng.
vdchuyn 105 sang nhiphn.
105=10^2+5*10^0=(2^3+2^1)^2+5*10^0
vi 5*10^0=2^2+1*2^0. vncnlilphn (2^3+2^1)^2
pdngcngthc newton (a+b)^2=a^2+2ab+b^2.

->(2^3+2^1)^2=2^6+2*2^3*2^1+2^2=2^6+2^5+2^2
vilu l: (a^x)y=a^xyva^x*a^y=a^(x+y).
suy ra:105 (10)=(2^6+2^5+2^2)+2^2+2^0=2^6+2^5+2^3+2^0=1101001 (2)