Chemistry101

Chapter5

GASPRESSUREANDITSMEASUREMENT
Terminology:
Pressure(P) theForce(F)exertedperunitArea(A)ofsurface
ForceF
P= =
AreaA
Force(F)

theMass(m)timestheConstantAccelerationofGravity(g)
F=mxg

Itfollows:

m
kg 2
F mxg
s
= kg
P= =
=
2
A
A
m
ms2

SIunitofPressureisthePascal(Pa)

1Pa=

kg
ms2

AtmosphericPressure:
Atmosphericpressureisthepressureofairactingagainstobjectsintheair.
AirPressure(AtmosphericPressure)actsinalldirections(justlikewaterpressure).
HowlargeistheAtmosphericPressure?

Whatistheheightof thewatercolumnitcansupport?

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Atsealevel:
10.28m
AtmosphericPressure
supportsawatercolumn
10.28m high.
Athigheraltitudes:
AtmosphericPressure
isless
Thewatercolumn
supportedislower.
Heightofwatercolumn
isproportionalto
atmosphericpressure
Heightofwatercolumn
couldbeusedtomeasure
atmosphericpressure.
However,thisis
impractical,sincethe
columnistoohigh!
Couldanotherliquid
beusedthatresults
inashortercolumn?
Water(d=1.00g/mL)
(transmitsairpressure)

Atsealevel
0.760m
Atmosphericpressure
supportsaHgcolumn
760.0mmhigh
(lowerathigher
altitudes)

Mercury
(d=13.53g/mL)

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Question:
Ifatmosphericpressuresupportsawatercolumn10.298mhigh,atsealevel,whatistheheight
ofamercury columnitcouldsupport?
(dofwater=1.00g/mL
Water
Hw =10.2

8m

dw =1.00g/mL

dofHg=13.53g/mL)
Mercury
HHg =?????(shouldbemuchlessthan10.298m)
dHg =13.53g/mL

1.00g/mL
HHg =10.28mx =0.760m=760.mm
13.53g/mL
TheBarometer:
ItwasinventedbyTorricelli
ItisaninstrumentusedtomeasureAtmosphericPressure
ItexpressesAtmosphericPressureintermsoftheheightofthemercurycolumn
supported.
AtmosphericPressuredependson:
1.Altitude
Thehigherthealtitude,thelowertheatmosphericpressure
2.Temperature
Thehigherthetemperature,thelowertheatmosphericpressure
3.Humidity (moisturecontentofair)
Themorehumidtheair,thelowertheatmosphericpressure
StandardAtmosphericPressureisdefinedastheAtmosphericPressureofair
atsealevel,
at00C,
with0%moisturecontent(100%dryair)
ThisatmosphericpressurewouldsupportaHgcolumn760.0mmhigh.
Standard
Atmospheric =760.0mmHg=760.0torr=1.000atmosphere(atm)
pressure

Chemistry101

Chapter5

MEASURINGTHEPRESSUREOFGASESINCLOSEDCONTAINERS
1.TheClosedTubeManometer

Nopressureexerted

Pressureofenclosedgas=differenceinheight= Dh

Chemistry101

Chapter5

2.TheOpen TubeManometer

Pgas= Patm

Pgas< Patm
Pgas= Patm Dh

Pgas> Patm
Pgas= Patm + Dh

Chemistry101

Chapter5

THEGASLAWS
Assumethefollowingmeasurementsareobtained:

Pgas=760.mmHg
Vgas=100.mL

Pgas=1520mmHg
Vgas=50.0mL
Pisdoubled
Vishalved

PxV

NOTE:

76,000(mmHg)(mL)

76,000(mmHg)(mL)

Pgas=2280.mmHg
Vgas=33.3mL

Pistripled
Visonethird

76,000(mmHg)(mL)

1.VolumeandPressureareinverselyproportional
2.TheproductofthePressureanftheVolumeisconstant.

Chemistry101

Chapter5

BOYLESLAW
TherelationshipbetweenpressureandvolumeiscalledBoylesLaw.
Atconstanttemperature,thevolumeofafixedamountofgasisinverselyproportional
toitspressure.
BoylesLawcanbeinterpretedandusedboth MathematicallyandGraphically.
Mathematically:

PV=constant

OR

P1
V2
=
P2
V1

OR

P1V1 =P2 V2

Graphically:
Assumethefollowingdataareobtained:
P
(atm)
0.50

V
(mL)
20.

P
(atm)
0.50

1/V
(mL1)
0.05

1.0

10.

1.0

0.10

2.0

5.0

2.0

0.20

VisinverselyproportionaltoP

1/VisproportionaltoP

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Examples:
1. Agasinaclosedtubemanometerhasameasuredpressureof0.047atm. Calculatethe
pressureinmmHg.
760.0mmHg
?mmHg=0.047atm x = 36mmHg
1.000atm
2. Youhaveatankorargongasat19.8atmpressureat190C.Thevolumeofargoninthetank
is50.0L. Whatwouldbethevolumeofthisgasifyouallowedittoexpandtothepressure
ofthesurroundingair(0.974atm)? Assumethetemperatureremainsconstant.
Initial
P1 =19.8atm
V1 =50.0L

Final
P2 =0.974atm
V2 =?

P1 V1 =P2V2

P1V1
(19.8atm)(50.0L)
V2 = = =1020L
P2
(0.974atm)

3. Thepressureofasampleofgaswithavolumeof125mLisdecreasedfrom2.50atmto1.50atm.
Whatisthenewvolume?

Chemistry101

Chapter5

VOLUMETEMPERATURERELATIONSHIPFORGASES
Gasescontractwhencooledandexpandwhenheated
Itfollows:

TheVolumeof agasincreaseswithtemperature

V(L)

a=intercept

100

300temperature(0C)

200

Thisisalinearrelationship.
Theequationforalinearrelationshipis:

y = a+ b x
V = a +b t
volume

intercept
slope
temperature
Tosimplifytheequation,thegraphcanbeextrapolatedtothetemperatureatwhichthevolume
ofthegasbecomes0.

Chemistry101

Chapter5

V(L)

extrapolation
a=intercept
3000C 2000C

1000C0+1000C2000C3000C

2730C
t=2730C

Vgas=O

V=a+bt becomes:

0=a+(2730C)b

273b=a

V=a+btcannowberewritten:

V=273b+bt=b(273+t)

= bT

NOTE:

at

AbsoluteTemperature

10

Chemistry101

Chapter5

APlotOfVolume(V)asafunctionofAbsoluteTemperature(T)

V(L)

Absolutetemperature(K)
0K
(2730C)

V=bT

OR

V
=b=constant
T
11

Chemistry101

Chapter5

CHARLESLAW
Therelationshipoftemperatureandvolumein gasesiscalledCharlesLaw.
TheVolumeoccupiedbyagasisdirectlyproportionaltotheAbsoluteTemperature.

V1
T1
=
V2

T2

OR

V1
V2
=
T1

T2
ORV2 =V1 x

T2

T1

Examples:
1. Anexperimentcallsfor5.83Lofsulfurdioxidegas(SO2)at0 Cand1.00atmospheres. What
wouldbethevolumeofthisgasat25 Cand1.00atm? (Note:thepressuredoesnotchange)
Initial
t1 =0 C
T1 =0 C+273=273K
V1 =5.83L

Final
t2 =25 C
T2 =25 C+273=298K
V2 =?

Temperatureincreases
Volumemustincrease

298K
V2 =5.83Lx =6.36L
273K

OR

V1 T2 (5.83L)(298K)
V2 == = 6.36L
T1
(273K)

2. Asampleofnitrogengaswithavolumeof10.0Lhasatemperatureof 78C.Whatisthevolume
ofthisgasat25Catconstantpressure?

12

Chemistry101

Chapter5

CombinedGasLaw
BoylesLawandCharlesLawcanbecombinedandexpressedinasinglestatement.
TheVolumeofagas:

BoylesLaw

isinverselyproportionaltoitsPressure

isdirectlyproportionaltoitsAbsoluteTemperature

1
Va
P

CharlesLaw

Foragivenamountofgas,thiscanbewrittenasasingleequation:

Whentemperatureisconstant: (T1 =T2 =T)

T=ct

P1V1

P2V2

=
P1V1
=
T1

P2V2

T2

P=ct
T1

Whenpressureisconstant:

(P1 =P2 =P)

PV1
PV2
=
T2

V1
V2
=
T1
T2
CharlesLaw

Alternately:

V2 =V1x

P1V1 =P2V2
Boyleslaw

P1
T
x 2
P2
T1

13

VaT

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Examples:
1. Abacterialcultureisolatedfromsewageproduced41.3mLofmethanegas (CH4)at31 Cand
753mmHgpressure. Whatisthevolumeofthemethanegasat0 Cand760.0mmHg?
Initial
V1 =41.3mL
t1 =31 C
T1 =304K
P1 =753mmHg

Final
V2 =?
t2 =0 C
T2 =273K
P2 =760.0mmHg

V2 =V1 xTemperatureRatioxPressureRatio
T V

V2

P- V

273K
753mmHg
=41.3mLx x =36.7mL
304K760.0mmHg

OR
P1V1 T2
(753mmHg)(41.3mL)(273K)
V2 === 36.7mL
T1 P2
(304K)(760.0mmHg)
2. Thepressureof1.50Lofagasisdoubledanditsabsolutetemperature
isincreased3times.Whatwillthefinalvolumeofthegasbe?

3. AsampleofCl2 occupies8.50Lat80 Cand745mmHg. Whatvolumewillitoccupyat30C

and1.20atm?

14

Chemistry101

Chapter5

RELATIONSHIPBETWEENVOLUMEANDAMOUNTOFGAS
NOTE:

VolumeofgasisexpressedinLormL(V)
Amountofgasisexpressedinnumberofmolesofgas(n)

Considerequalvolumesofthreedifferentgasesatthesametemperatureandpressure:

1LHe

1LH2

1LO2

SameVolume,Sametemperature,SamePressure
Whichcubecontainsthelargestnumberofmolecules?
Thethreecubescontainthesamenumberofmolecules!
Reasons:
1. Thevolumeofagasisdeterminedbytheintermoleculardistances
Intermoleculardistances:

dependonVolumeandPressure(thesame)
donotdependonthetypeofgas

2. Thevolumeoccupiedbythemoleculesisnotthesameinthethreesamplesofgas.
However,thevolumeoccupiedbythemoleculesisnegligiblecomparedtotheintermolecular
distances(moleculesofgasareveryfarapartfromeachother)

15

Chemistry101

Chapter5

AVOGADROSLAW
Equalvolumesofdifferentgasesatthesametemperatureandpressure,containthesamenumberof
molecules.
Consequences:
1. Equalnumberofdifferentgaseousmolecules(equalnumberofmolesofgas),atthesametemperature
andpressure,occupyequalvolumes.
2. 1moleofanygas(6.02x1023 gaseousmolecules)occupiesthesamevolumeunderthesame
conditionsoftemperatureandpressure.
At0oCand760.0torr(1.000atm),1mol ofanygasoccupies22.4L
Vm =MolarGasVolume=22.4L
00C(273K)and760.0torr(760.0mmHg,or1.000atm)arereferredtoas:
STP(StandardTemperatureandPressure)
Vm =22.4LatSTP(O0Cand760.0torr)
3. TheVolumeofagasisdirectlyproportionaltothenumberofgaseousmoleculesitcontains
(numberofmolesofgas)
V=Volumeofgas
n=Numberofmolesofgas

Van

or

V=an

directly
proportional

constant

16

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Examples:
1. 1molofgasoccupies22.4LatSTP.Whatisthevolumeat20.00Cand749mmHg?
Initial

Final

V1 =22.4L
T1 =00C
T1 =273K
P1 =760.0mmHg

V2 =?
t2 =20.00C
T2 = 293K
P2 =749mmHg

V2 =V1 xTemperatureRatioxPressureRatio
T- V-
P V-

Vf

293K
760.0mmHg
=22.4Lx x =24.4L
273K
749mmHg

2. Asampleofoxygengaswithamassof 46.0giscontainedina175mLflexiblecontainerata
particulartemperatureandpressure.If10.0gofthegasleaksout,whatisthevolumeofthe
containeratthesametemperatureandpressure?

3. Apropane(C3H8)tankisopenedand30.0LofgasatSTPisreleased.Whatisthemassofthe
gasreleased?

17

Chemistry101

Chapter5

TheIdealGasLaw
The3relationshipsthathavebeenderivedforgasescanbecombinedintoasingleequation.

1. TheVolumeofagasisinverselyproportional toitsPressure

1
V= k
P

BoylesLaw

Constant

2. TheVolumeofagasisdirectlyproportional toitsAbsoluteTemperature

V= b T

CharlesLaw

Constant
3. TheVolumeofagasisdirectlyproportionaltothenumberofmoles,n

V= a n

AvogadrosLaw

Constant

Tn
Itfollows: V
P

Tn
V=R
P

MolarGas
Constant
(ProportionalityConstant)

18

PV=nRT
IdealGas
Equation

Chemistry101

Chapter5

TheIdealGasLaw
TodeterminethevalueofR(MolarGasConstant),considerexactly1molofgasatSTP.

P=1.00atm
T=273K
n=1.00mol
V=22.4L
R=?

PV=n RT

PV(1.00atm)(22.4L)
R = =
nT(1.00mol)(273K)

L.atm
R=0.0821
K.mol

Examples:
1. Whatisthepressureina50.0Ltankthatcontains3.03kgofoxygen gasat230C?

V=50.0L
1molO2
n=3,030gx =94.69molO2
32.00gO2
T=230C+273=296K
L.atm
R=0.0821
K.mol
P=?

nRT
P=
V

L atm
)(296 K)
K mol
=46.0atm
50.0 L

(94.69 mol)(0.0821
P=

PV=nRT

19

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Examples:
2. Whatisthedensityofcarbondioxidegas(ing/L)atSTP?

m
d=
V

For1molofCO2,atSTP:
m=12.01g+32.00g=44.01g
V=22.4L

44.01g
d= =1.96g/L
22.4L
3. Whatisthedensity ofcarbondioxidegas(ing/L)at220Cand751mmHg?

m
d =
V

For1molofCO2,at220Cand751mmHg:
m=12.01g+32.00g=44.01g
V=?L
nRT
V=
P

PV=nRT
d=

44.01g
24.51L

L atm
)(295 K )
K mol
=24.51L
1.000 atm
(751 mmHg x
760.0 mmHg

(1.00 mol)(0.0821
V=

d=1.80g/L

20

Chemistry101

Chapter5

Examples:
4. Thedensityofagasat90.0Cand753mmHgis1.585g/L. WhatistheMolecular
Weight ofthegas?

1.585g
d=
1.000L

PV=n RT

PV
n =
RT

implies

m=1.585g
V=1.000L

1 atm
753 mmHg (
)x1.000 L
760 mmHg
n =
=0.03325mol
L atm
(0.0821
)x363 K
K mol

P=753mmHg
T=363K
g
?
mol
n=?

1.585g
MolecularWeight==47.7g/mol
0.03325moles

21

Chemistry101

Chapter5

STOICHIOMETRYPROBLEMSINVOLVINGGASVOLUMES
Whendoingstoichiometrycalculationswithgasesasreactantsorproducts,use
volume,temperatureandpressuredatatoobtainmolesofgasusingtheidealgaslaw.
Subsequentlyusemolarratiosinabalancedchemicalequationtoperform
stoichiometriccalculationsasdonepreviously.
Examples:
1. Magnesium reactswithhydrochloricacidtoproducemagnesiumchlorideandhydrogengas.
Calculatethevolumeofhydrogen(inL),producedat280Cand665mmHg,from0.0420mol
magnesiumandexcesshydrochloricacid.
Mg(s) +
0.0420mol

2HCl(aq)

MgCl2(aq)

H2(g)
?moles

?L
Part1:Stoichiometry
1molH2
?molesH2 =0.0420molMgx =0.0420molH2
1 molMg
Part2:IdealGasLaw
n=0.0420molH2
T=301K
P=665mmHg
V=?

nRT
V=
P

pV =nRT

L atm
)(301 K)
K mol
=1.19L
1 atm
665 mmHg x
760 mmHg

(0.0420 mol)(0.0821
V=

22

Chemistry101

Chapter5

2. CalculatethevolumeofCO2 atSTPthatcanbeformedfromthedecompositionof152gofCaCO3,
asshownbelow.
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s)+CO2 (g)

3. Whatvolumeofoxygengasat27Cand746mmHgwouldbegeneratedbydecompositionof125g
ofa50.0%bymasssolutionofhydrogenperoxide,asshownbelow?Ignoreanywatervapor
present.
2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O(l)+O2 (g)

23