The End of the Revolt y y y Cario and Josefa Gabriela raised fresh troops in Abra and another battle

took place. The loyalist troops of 100 Spaniards and numerous Piddig soldiers were under Manuel Ignacio de Arza, Alcade of Cagayan. Once more the rebels lost, but Gabriela escaped. A few days later she was captured and executed. Her execution formally ended the Ilocos Revolt.

The Revolt in Cagayan y y y Took place in 1763 in Cagayan under Dabo and Marayac. The causes were like those of Pangasinan and Ilocos. The uprising was suppressed by Manuel Ignacio de Arza, Dabo, Marayac, and other prominent rebels were executed.

Revolts in Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas y y During 1763-1764, bands of rubbers infested the roads and highways, robbing the travelers and the town people in San Pablo, Tanawan, Rosario, and Pagsanjan. In Laguna, the alcalde submitted to the British rule and not to Anda. The gobernadorcillo of Pagsanjan refused to follow the alcalde, for he recognized Anda, not Rojo, as the governor of the Philippines. The alcalde mayor punished him, but he avenged by killing the alcalde. Similar disturbances took place in other parts of the Archipeago such as Cavite, Tondo, Camarines, Panay, Samar, Cebu, and Zamboanga.

Political and Social Revolts during the First Half of the 19th Century y During the first half of the 19th century several revolts, uprisings, or mutinies of poitical and social nature took place. Among them were those in:  Nueva Vizcaya in 1805  Ilocos in 1807 and 1814  Manila 1820  Novales mutiny in 1823  Hermano Pulis revolt in 1841  Samaniegos mutiny in 1843 All the revolts, failed. The revolt in Nueva Vizcaya was a protest against the abuses to connection with the collection of tribute. The revolts in Ilocos were a protest against the abuses in connection with the government monopoly of the manufacture and sale of tobacco and wine.

y y y

The Anti-Foreign Uprising in Manila y y At the beginning of 19th century, foreigners began to come to Manila for business and that means competition in trade for the Spaniards. In 1820, a ship from India brought cholera to Manila and a devastating followed.

The Spaniards used this event to drive away the foreigners and they told the natives that the foreigners caused the epidemic and poisoned the wells of Manila. These natives believed the report and attacked the foreigners.

The Novales Mutiny y y y y In 1821, Mexico revolted and became independent. In that year, Governor Juan Antonio Martinez brought Spanish military officers to replace Mexican officers whether they deserved it or not. The latter naturally resented the changes and plotted to overthrow the government, but the plot was discovered and the leaders were punished. The government suspected Andres Novales, a Mexican captain of the army, as the leader of the plot. They sent him to the South to fight the Moros. Novales returned to Manila in June, 1823 and induced about 8,000 dissatisfied soldiers to mutiny. They captured some of Spanish officials and imprisoned them. They also took possession of some government buildings except Fort Santiago. With the support of loyal Pampango soldiers, Governor Martinez fought and defeated the mutineers and executed their leaders.

The Mutiny of Samaniego y y y y y In 1841, a religious sect in Tayabas, called Confradia de San Jose, revolted. The revolt failed and its leader Apolinario de la Cruz, was executed. As a token of sympathy for their leader, the native soldiers of Tayabas mutinied. They made a secret understanding with the soldiers of Tayabas who were in Fort Santiago to attack that fort. Their leader was Samaniego. They attacked against the fort, but they failed. They were suppressed and Samaniego was executed.

Religious Revolts y y Religious revolts were those of Ilocos Norte in 1811 and of Southern Luzon in 1840-1841. The first was headed by Lungao, who wanted to drive away the friars and establish a new religion based on Paganism, but they failed.

The Revolt of Hermano Puli y y y Headed by Apolinario de la Cruz of Lucban, Tayabas, who was otherwise known as Hermano Puli. He wanted to be a priest but succeeded only in being a lay brother. He founded a brotherhood, the Confradia de San Jose, to which only Filipinos were accepted. He tried to get the recognition of civil and church authorities for his society, but he failed. In spite of the failure, he succeeded in enlisting 5,000 members. Their meetings were held at night in the mountains of Banahaw and San Cristobal. The Catholic did not confirm their practice and the government suspects that the society was more than a religious brotherhood. So, they ordered to arrest its leader. The society was forced to start a revolt and they proclaimed Hermano Puli as their king. They went to Laguna and Tayabas until Ilayang Isabang. The Alcalde Mayor of Tayabas and his soldiers attacked them and they defeat it.

Alarmed by the success of Puli, the Central Government of Manila sent reinforcement troops. The rebels were defeated and Hermano Puli was captured and executed on November 4, 1841. His death ended the confraternity. The Colorums in Banahaw Mountain today seem to be the successors of this society.

The Cavite Mutiny, 1872 y This was caused by the order of Governor Rafael Izquierdo to abolish certain privileges of the natives. These privileges were the exemption of the workers in the arsenal and barracks of Cavite from the payment of taxes and rendering of polo. The Filipino soldiers in Cavite headed by Sergeant La Madrid, sided with the workers. The Spanish believed that the revolt was aimed at obtaining the independence from Spain. The Filipinos believed that the revolt was instigated by the Spaniards themselves, especially friars, to provide pretext to block the ambition of Filipino nationalists. According to them, a Franciscan friar, posing as Father Jose Burgos, went to several towns in Cavite and aroused the people to revolt against Spain and establish an independent Philippines with Burgos as president. The revolt began in the evening of January 20, 1872, a fire signal in Manila would be the signal for the revolt to start but at the evening of January 20, theres a fiesta in Sampaloc, Manila and fireworks and rockets were displayed in the air. The Caviteos mistook these signals and uprising starts. The uprising was limited to Cavite and Manila remained peaceful. Two regiments were sent to Cavite and the mutiny was easily suppressed.

y y

Execution of Burgos, Gomez and Zamora y Following the suppression of the mutiny, the government ordered to arrest those connected with it. Some of those arrested testified that among the leaders of the plot were Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, La Madrid, Camerino, Antonio Regidor, Jose Ma. Basa, Maximo Paterno, and Saldua. Some testified that Father Burgos had gone about the province of Cavite telling the people to join him in a revolt against Spain in order to establish independent Philippines. The trial of Father Burgos was described by Antonio Regidor in the following manner: The counselors for the defense read their concise briefs, but the lawyer for P. Burgos limited himself to requesting pardon for his client, intimating that it was impossible to save him by some other way, in as much as burgos was by confession guiltyBurgos was surprised on hearing his lawyer speak in such a manner, and unable to restrain himself, he stood up facing the council of war and said: 'I have not confessed any guilt and I am not guilty; that is not my defense; that gentleman has changed; it'. The court declared him, guilty and sentenced him to die by the garrote. In Father Zamoras case, he was a victim of circumstances. His investigators claimed to have found a letter on his writing desk saying: Grand Union. Dont fail to come. Our friends are coming with good provisions of bullets and powder. Historian believes that the note was addressed to some friends whom he expected to come to his convent, but failed to do so. He left his note reminding them to bring some money for a game of cards which they were going to play in Sampaloc convent, during fiesta.

y y

y y

Father Gomezs conviction was probably due to reform propaganda which he conducted, especially through newspaper la Verdad. Like Burgos, Father Gomez and Zamora were declared guilty and sentenced to death by the garrote. The garroting took place at Bagumbayan on the morning of February 17, 1872, at a place where now stands a simple historical marker. It is near the Rizal monument.