GiaoTrinh Do Dien Dientu

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng
Chng 1
NHNG KHAI NIEM VE O LNG
1.1 nh ngha va phan loai phep o:
1.1.1 nh ngha:
S anh gia nh lng mot hay nhieu thong so cua cac oi tng nghien cu c
thc hien bang cach o cac ai lng vat ly ac trng cho cac thong so o.
o lng la mot qua trnh anh gia nh lng ai lng can o e co ket qua bang
so o so vi n v o.
Ket qua o lng la gia tr bang so cua ai lng can o AX, no bang t so cua ai
lng can o X va n v o X0. Ngha la AX ch ro ai lng o ln hn (hay nho hn)
bao nhieu lan n v cua no.
Vay qua trnh o co the viet di dang:
AX =
Hay
X
X0
X= AX.X0
(1.1)
Phng trnh (1.1) goi la phng trnh c ban cua phep o, no ch ro s so sanh ai
lng can o vi mau va cho ra ket qua bang so.
T o ta cung thay rang khong phai bat ky ai lng nao cung o c bi v
khong phai bat ky ai lng nao cung cho phep so sanh cac gia tr cua no. V the phai
o chung phai bien oi chung thanh ai lng khac co the so sanh c.
V du: e o ng suat c hoc ta phai bien oi chung thanh s thay oi ien tr cua
bo cam bien lc cang. Sau o mac cac bo cam bien nay vao mach cau va o ien ap
lech cau khi co tac ong cua ng suat can o.
Nganh khoa hoc chuyen nghien cu ve cac phng phap e o cac ai lng khac
nhau, nghien cu ve mau va n v o c goi la o lng hoc.
Nganh k thuat chuyen nghien cu va ap dung cac thanh qua cua o lng vao
phuc vu san xuat vao i song goi la k thuat o lng.
e thc hien qua trnh o lng ta phai biet chon cach o khac nhau phu thuoc
vao oi tng o.
1.1.2 Phan loai cac cach thc hien phep o

e thc hien mot phep o ngi ta co the s dung nhieu cach khac nhau, ta co the
phan biet cac cach sau ay:
a) o trc tiep: la cach o ma ket qua nhan c trc tiep t mot phep o duy
nhat.
Cach o nay cho ket qua ngay. Dung cu o c s dung thng tng ng vi
ai lng o.
V du: o ien ap Voltmet chang han tren mat Voltmet a khac o san bang
Volt. Thc te a so phep o eu s dung phng phap o nay.
b) o gian tiep: la cach o ma ket qua o c suy ra t s phoi hp ket qua cua
nhieu phep o dung cach o trc tiep.
V du: e o ien tr ta co the s dung nh luat Ohm R=U/I (thng hay s
dung khi phai o ien tr cua mot phu tai ang lam viec). Ta can o ap va dong
bang cach o trc tiep sau o tnh ra ien tr.
Cach o gian tiep thng mac phai sai so ln, la tong cac sai so cua cac phep
o trc tiep.
c) o hp bo: la cach o gan giong o gian tiep nhng so lng phep o theo cach
trc tiep nhieu hn va ket qua o nhan c thng phai thong qua giai mot
phng trnh (hay he phng trnh) ma cac thong so a biet chnh la cac so lieu o
c.
d) o thong ke: e am bao o chnh xac cua phep o nhieu khi ngi ta phai s
dung cach o thong ke. Tc la phai o nhieu lan sau o lay gia tr trung bnh. Cach
o nay ac biet hu hieu khi tn hieu o la ngau nhien hoac khi kiem tra o chnh
xac cua mot dung cu o.
1.2 Cac ac trng cua ky thuat o lng:

Trong ky thuat o lng co cha cac ac trng sau ay: ai lng can o, ieu kien
o, phng phap o, thiet b o, ngi quan sat hoac cac thiet b thu nhan ket qua
o, ket qua o.
Cac ai lng nay la nhng yeu to can thiet khong the thieu c cua ky thuat o
lng.
1.2.1
ai lng o hay con goi la tn hieu o:
* Theo tnh chat thay oi cua ai lng o : co the chia chung thanh hai loai o la
ai lng o tien nh va ai lng o ngau nhien.
-ai lng o tien nh la ai lng o a biet trc quy luat thay oi theo thi
gian cua chung, nhng mot (hay nhieu) thong so cua chung cha biet can phai o .
V du: can phai o o ln (bien o) cua tn hieu hnh sin.
ai lng o tien nh thng la tn hieu mot chieu hay xoay chieu hnh sin hay
xung vuong. Cac thong so can o thng la bien o, tan so, goc pha, .
-ai lng o ngau nhien la ai lng o ma s thay oi theo thi gian khong theo
mot quy luat nao ca. Neu ta lay bat k gia tr nao cua tn hieu th ta eu nhan c ai
lng ngau nhien.
Ta thay rang trong thc te a so cac ai lng o eu la ngau nhien. Tuy nhien
mot chng mc nao o ta co the gia thiet rang suot trong thi gian tien hanh mot phep
o ai lng o phai khong oi hoac thay oi theo quy luat a biet trc, hoac tn hieu
thay oi cham.
V the neu ai lng o ngau nhien co tan so thay oi nhanh se khong the o c
bang cac phep o thong thng. Trong trng hp nay ta phai s dung mot phng
phap o ac biet o la o lng thong ke.
* Theo cach bien oi tn hieu o : ma ta co the chia thanh tn hieu o lien tuc( hay
tn hieu o tng t ) va tn hieu o ri rac ( hay la tn hieu o so ).
-Tn hieu o tng t tc la bien oi no thanh mot tn hieu khac tng t no.
ng vi tn hieu o nay ngi ta thng che tao cac dung cu o tng t, nh: mot
ampeke co kim ch tng ng vi cng o dong ien.
-Con tn hieu o so tc la bien oi t tn hieu tng t thanh tn hieu so. ng vi
tn hieu o nay ngi ta thng che tao cac dung cu o so.
* Theo ban chat cua ai lng o ma co the chia thanh:
- ai lng o nang lng: tc la ai lng o ma ban than no mang nang lng
nh: sc ien ong, ien ap, dong ien, cong suat, nang lng, t thong, cng o t
trng.
- Cac ai lng o thong so: o la cac thong so cua mach ien nh ien tr, ien
cam, ien dung, he so t trng.
- Cac ai lng o phu thuoc thi gian nh: chu ky, tan so, goc pha,
- Cac ai lng o khong ien, e o c bang phng phap ien, nhat thiet phai
bien oi chung thanh ien nh cac bo chuyen oi o lng s cap. Nh cac bo chuyen
oi nay ma ta nhan c tn hieu ien Y t le vi ai lng can o X tc la Y=f(X).
1.2.2 ieu kien can o:

Cac thong tin o lng bao gi cung gan chat vi moi trng sinh ra ai lng o.
Khi tien hanh phep o ta phai tnh en anh hng cua moi trng en ket qua o va
ngc lai khi s dung dung cu o phai khong c anh hng en oi tng o.
Ngoai ra can chu y en moi trng ben ngoai co the anh hng en ket qua cua
phep o. Nhng yeu to cua moi trng la: nhiet o, o am khong kh, t trng ben
ngoai, o rung, o lech ap suat cao thap so vi ap suat trung bnh, bui ban, Nhng
yeu to nay phai trong ieu kien chuan. ieu kien tieu chuan la ieu kien c quy
nh theo tieu chuan quoc gia, la khoang bien ong cua cac yeu to ben ngoai ma suot
trong khoang o dung cu o van bao am o chnh xac quy nh. oi vi moi dung cu
o eu co khoang tieu chuan cua no c ghi trong cac ac tnh k thuat cua no.
1.2.3 n v o:
e cho nhieu nc co the s dung mot he thong n v duy nhat ngi ta a thanh
lap he thong n v quoc te (SI) nam 1960 a c thong qua hoi ngh quoc te ve
mau va can. Trong he thong o cac n v c xac nh nh sau:
-n v chieu dai: met (m)
-n v khoi lng: kilogram (kg)
-n v thi gian: giay (s)
-n v cng o dong ien: ampe (A)
-n v nhiet o: Kelvin (0K)
-n v cng o sang: nen Candela (Cd)
-n v so lng vat chat: mol
o la bay n v c ban. Ngoai ra con co cac n v keo theo.
1.2.4 Thiet b o va phng phap o:
* Thiet b o: la thiet b k thuat dung e gia cong tn hieu mang thong tin o thanh
dang tien li cho ngi quan sat. Chung co nhng tnh chat o lng hoc, tc la nhng
tnh chat co anh hng en ket qua va sai so cua phep o.
Thiet b o lng gom nhieu loai o la: thiet b mau, cac chuyen oi o lng, cac
dung cu o lng, cac to hp thiet b o lng va cac he thong thong tin o lng. Moi
loai thiet b eu co chc nang rieng cua no.
* Cac phep o c thc hien bang cac phng phap o khac nhau phu thuoc vao
cac phng phap nhan thong tin o va nhieu yeu to khac nh ai lng o ln hay
nho, ieu kien o, sai so, yeu cau, Phng phap o co the co nhieu nhng ngi ta
a phan loai thanh hai loai o la: phng phap o bien oi thang, va phng phap o
so sanh.
1.2.5 Ngi quan sat:
o la ngi o va gia cong ket qua o. Nhiem vu cua ngi quan sat khi o la phai
nam c phng phap o; am hieu ve thiet b o ma mnh s dung; kiem tra ieu
kien o; phan oan ve khoang o e chon thiet b cho phu hp; chon dung cu o phu
hp vi sai so yeu cau va phu hp vi ieu kien moi trng xung quanh. Biet ieu
khien qua trnh o e co ket qua mong muon. Sau cung la nam c cac phng phap
gia cong ket qua e tien hanh gia cong (co the bang tay hay dung may tnh) so lieu
thu c sau khi o.
Biet xet oan ket qua o xem a at yeu cau hay cha co can thiet phai o lai hay
khong, hoac phai o nhieu lan theo phng phap o lng thong ke.
1.2.6 Ket qua o:
Ket qua o mot mc nao o co the coi la chnh xac. Mot gia tr nh vay c goi
la gia tr c lng cua ai lng o. Ngha la gia tr c xac nh bi thc nghiem
nh cac thiet b o. Gia tr nay gan vi gia tr thc ma mot ieu kien nao o co the
coi la thc.
e anh gia sai lech gia gia tr c lng va gia tr thc ngi ta s dung khai
niem sai so cua phep o. o la hieu gia gia tr thc va gia tr c lng. Sai so phep
o co mot vai tro rat quan trong trong k thuat o lng. No cho phep anh gia phap
o co at yeu cau hay khong.
Co nhieu nguyen nhan gay nen sai so:
Trc het la do phng phap o khong hoan thien. Sau o la do s bien ong cua
cac ieu kien ben ngoai vt ra ngoai nhng ieu kien tieu chuan c quy nh cho
dung cu o ma ta chon. Ngoai ra con nhng yeu to khac na nh do dung cu o khong
con am bao chnh xac na, do cach oc cua ngi quan sat hoac do cach at dung cu
o khong ung quy nh,
Ket qua o la nhng con so kem theo n v o hay nhng ng cong t ghi, ghi
lai qua trnh thay oi cua ai lng o theo thi gian.
Viec gia cong ket qua o phai theo mot thuat toan nhat nh bang may tnh hay
bang tay, e at ket qua mong muon.
1.3 Phng phap o

Co hai phng phap o khac nhau tuy thuoc vao o chnh xac yeu cau, ieu kien
th nghiem va thiet b hien co,
1.3.1 Phng phap o bien oi thang:
La phng phap o co s o cau truc theo bien oi thang, ngha la khong co khau
phan hoi, hnh 1.1a:
X
Tap
X Nx
ai
lng X0 N0
o
lien
tuc
0
1 2 3 4 5
a)
X
X0
Bien
oi
ADC
X0
Nx
N0
So sanh
so
Nx/N0
b)
Hnh 1.1: Qua trnh bien oi thang
Trc tien ai lng can o X c a qua mot hay nhieu khau bien oi va cuoi
cung c bien oi thanh so Nx. Con n v cua ai lng o X0 cung c bien oi
thanh so N0 (v du nh khac o tren mat dung cu tng t). Qua trnh nay c goi la
qua trnh khac o theo mau N0 c ghi nh lai (hnh 1.1a).
Sau o dien ra qua trnh so sanh gia ai lng can o vi n v cua chung. Qua
trnh nay c thc hien bang mot phep chia Nx/N0. Ket qua o c the hien:
X=
NX
X0
N0
Qua trnh o nh vay c goi la qua trnh bien oi thang. Thiet b o thc hien
qua trnh c goi la thiet b o bien oi thang (hnh 1.1b)
1.3.2 Phng phap o kieu so sanh:
hoi
La phng phap o co s o cau truc theo kieu mach vong ngha la co khau phan
N
Nk
Xk
Tn hieu lien tuc
Xk
a)
X
So
sanh
Nk
Bien
oi
ADC
Nk
ADC
b)
Hnh 1.2: Qua trnh o kieu so sanh
Trc tien ai lng o X va ai lng mau X0 c bien oi thanh mot ai lng
vat ly nao o (v du dong hay ap chang han) thuan tien cho viec so sanh. Qua trnh so
sanh c dien ra suot trong qua trnh o. Khi hai ai lng bang nhau ta oc ket qua
mau se suy ra gia tr ai lng can o. Qua trnh o nh vay goi la qua trnh o kieu
so sanh (hay thiet b bu).
Tn hieu X c so sanh vi mot tn hieu Xk t le vi ai lng mau X0. Qua bo so
sanh ta co:
X X k = X
Tuy thuoc vao cach so sanh ma ta co cac phng phap sau:

So sanh can bang : phep so sanh ma ai lng can o X va ai lng mau X0
sau khi bien oi thanh Xk c so sanh vi nhau sao cho luon co: X = 0 , khi o:
X=Xk=NKX0
1.
Phng phap nay s dung e o trong trng hp cau can bang

2. So sanh khong can bang:
Neu ai lng Xk la mot ai lng khong oi, luc o ta co:
X X k = X
Ngha la ket qua cua phep o c anh gia theo ai lng X . Tc biet trc Xk,
o X co the suy ra X.
Phng phap nay s dung e o cac ai lng khong ien.
3. So sanh khong ong thi:
Viec so sanh c thc hien theo cach sau: au tien di tac ong cua ai lng o
X gay ra mot trang thai nao o trong thiet b o. Sau o thay X bang ai lng mau
Xk, bang cach thay oi ai lng mau Xk sao cho trong thiet b o cung gay ra ung
trang thai o nh khi X tac ong, trong ieu kien o ro rang X=Xk.
Phng phap nay chnh xac v khi thay Xk bang X ta gi nguyen moi trang thai cua
thiet b o va loai c moi anh hng cua ieu kien ben ngoai en ket qua o.
4. So sanh ong thi:
La phep so sanh cung luc nhieu iem cua ai lng o X va cua mau Xk. Can c
vao cac iem trung nhau ma tm ra ai lng can o.
Phng phap nay dung e th nghiem cac ac tnh cua cac cam bien, hay cua thiet
b o e anh gia sai so cua chung.
1.4 Phan loai cac thiet b o:

Thiet b o la s the hien phng phap o bang cac khau chc nang cu the: vi s
phat trien cua k thuat ien t, ngay nay cac khau chc nang cua thiet b o c che
tao hang loat va c thng pham hoa.
Chia thiet b o thanh nhieu loai tuy theo chc nang cua no. Gom cac loai chu yeu
la: mau, dung cu o ien, cac chuyen oi o lng, he thong thong tin o lng.
10
1. Mau: la thiet b o e khoi phuc mot ai lng vat l nhat nh. Nhng mau
dung cu o phai at cap chnh xac rat cao t 0,001% en 0,1% tuy theo tng cap, tng
loai.
2. Dung cu o lng ien: dung cu o lng bang ien e gia cong cac thong tin
o lng, tc la tn hieu ien co quan he ham vi cac ai lng vat l can o.
3. Chuyen oi o lng: loai thiet b e gia cong tn hieu thong tin o lng e
tien cho viec truyen, bien oi, gia cong tiep theo, cat gi nhng khong cho ra ket qua
trc tiep.
Co hai loai chuyen oi: chuyen oi cac ai lng ien thanh cac ai lng ien
khac va chuyen oi cac ai lng khong ien thanh cac ai lng ien
4. He thong thong tin o lng: la to hp cac thiet b o va nhng thiet b phu e
t ong thu thap so lieu t nhieu nguon khac nhau, truyen cac thong tin o lng qua
khoang cach theo kenh lien lac va chuyen no ve mot dang e tien cho viec o va ieu
khien.
1.5 Cac ac tnh c ban cua thiet b o:

Dung cu o co nhieu loai tuy theo chc nang cua chung, nhng bao gi cung co
nhng ac tnh c ban nh nhau.
1. Sai so cua dung cu o: nguyen nhan gay ra sai so cua dung cu o la nhng
nguyen nhan do chnh phng phap o gay ra hoac mot nguyen nhan nao ay co tnh
quy luat. Cung co the la do cac yeu to bien ong ngau nhien ma ra. Phan lam hai loai:
Sai so he thong: goi la sai so c ban, la sai so ma gia tr cua no luon khong oi
hay thay oi co quy luat sai so nay ve nguyen tac co the loai tr c.
Sai so ngau nhien: la sai so ma gia tr cua no thay oi rat ngau nhien do cac
bien ong cua moi trng ben ngoai (nh nhiet o, ap suat, ), sai so nay con goi la
sai so phu.
Tieu chuan e anh gia o chnh xac cua dung cu o la cap chnh xac.
2. o nhay: c tnh theo cong thc
S=
d
= F (x)
dx
Neu F(x) khong oi th quan he vao-ra la tuyen tnh, luc o thang o se c khac
o eu.
3. ien tr cua dung cu o va cong suat tieu thu:
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a) ien tr vao: mi dng c o co ien tr vao cua no. ien tr o co the ln hay
nho tuy thuoc tnh chat cua oi tng o.
ien tr vao phai ln khi ma tn hieu ra cua khau trc o (cua bo chuyen oi s
cap chang han) di dang ap, ngha la dong vao phai nho va cong suat tieu thu phai t
nhat.
b) ien tr ra: ien tr ra cua dung cu o xac nh cong suat co the truyen tai cho
chuyen oi tiep theo. ien tr ra cang nho th cong suat cang ln.
e mach o co hieu qua ngi ta co gang lam phu hp tr khang ra cua chuyen
oi trc vi tr khang vao cua chuyen oi tiep sau o.
4. o tac ong nhanh:
o tac ong nhanh cua dung cu o chnh la thi gian e xac lap ket qua o tren ch
th.
oi vi dung cu tng t, thi gian nay khoang 4s.
Con dung cu so co the o c hang nghn iem o trong mot giay.
S dung may tnh co the o va ghi lai vi toc o nhanh hn nhieu. M ra kha nang
thc hien cac phep o lng thong ke.
5. o tin cay:
o tin cay cua dung cu o phu thuoc nhieu yeu to:
-
o tin cay cua cac linh kien cua dung cu o
Ket cau cua dung cu o khong qua phc tap
ieu kien lam viec cua dung cu o co phu hp vi tieu chuan hay khong.
1.6 Sai so cua phep o va cach trnh bay ket qua o

o lng la s so sanh ai lng cha biet (ai lng o) vi ai lng c chuan
hoa (ai lng mau hoac ai lng chuan). Nh vay cong viec o lng la noi thiet b
o vao he thong c khao sat ket qua o cac ai lng can thiet tren thiet b o.
Trong thc te kho xac nh tr so thc cac ai lng o. V vay tr so c o cho
bi thiet b o c goi la tr so tin cay c. Bat ky ai lng o nao cung b anh
hng nhieu thong so. Do o ket qua o t khi phan anh ung tr so tin cay c. Cho
nen co nhieu he so anh hng trong o lng lien quan en thiet b o. Ngoai ra co
nhng he so khac lien quan en con ngi s dung thiet b o. Nh vay o chnh xac
cua thiet b o c dien ta bi hnh thc sai so.
12
Cac loai sai so:

e=Yn-Xn
* Sai so tuyet oi:
e: sai so tuyet oi.

Yn: tr so tin cay c
Xn: tr so o c
* Sai so tng oi (tnh theo phan %):
er =
o chnh xac tng oi:
A = 1
o chnh xac tnh theo phan %:

Tnh chnh xac: 1
Yn X n
x100%
Yn
Yn X n
Yn
a=100%-er = (Ax100%)
Xn X n
Xn
X n : tr so trung bnh cua n lan o.
Sai so chu quan: do loi lam cua ngi s dung thiet b o va phu thuoc vao viec
oc sai ket qua, hoac ghi sai, hoac s dung sai khong ung qui trnh hoat ong.
Sai so he thong: sai so he thong phu thuoc vao thiet b o, ieu kien moi trng
phu thuoc vao ket qua o.
Sai so do thiet b o: cac phan t cua thiet b o, co sai so do cong nghe che tao, s
lao hoa do s dung. e lam giam sai so nay bang cach bao tr nh ky cho thiet b o.
Sai so do anh hng ieu kien moi trng: cu the nh nhiet o tang cao, ap suat
tang, o am tang, ien trng hoac t trng tang eu anh hng en sai so cua thiet
b o lng. Giam sai so nay bang cach gi sao cho ieu kien moi trng t thay oi
hoac bo chnh oi vi nhiet o va o am. Sai so he thong eu co anh hng khac
nhau: trang thai tnh va trang thai ong.
trang thai tnh: sai so he thong phu thuoc vao gii han cua thiet b o hoac quy
luat vat ly cho phoi s hoat ong cua no.
trang thai ong: sai so he thong do s khong ap ng theo toc o thay oi nhanh
theo ai lng o.
Sai so ngau nhien: ngoai s hien dien sai so do chu quan trong cach thc o va sai
so he thong th con lai la sai so ngau nhien.
13
Thong thng sai so ngau nhien c thu thap t mot so ln nhng anh hng nho
c tnh toan trong o lng co o chnh xac cao. Sai so ngau nhien thng c
phan tch bang phng phap thong ke.
Chng 2
C CAU O
2.1 C cau o t ien:
2.1.1 Cau tao:
C cau o t ien gom co 2 phan: phan tnh va phan ong, xem hnh 2.1.
- Phan tnh gom nam cham vnh cu,mach t,cc t va loi hnh thanh mach t khep
kn. Gia cc t va loi co khe h eu goi la khe h lam viec, trong o khung quay
chuyen ong.
Hnh 2.1: Cau tao c cau o t ien.

- Phan ong gom khung quay lam bang vat lieu nhom hnh ch nhat, quan day
ong boc lp cach ien nho, khoi lng khung quay cang nho cang tot e sao cho
moment quan tnh cang nho, khung quay c gan tren truc quay tren truc quay co lo
xo phan keo kim ch th ve v tr ban au khi het thao tac o, kim ch th , bo phan can
du, oi trong pha sau kim ch th giup cho trong tam cua kim ch th nam tren truc
quay.
14
Chng 2 : C cu o
2.1.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

Khi co dong ien chay qua khung quay (phan ong) di tac dung cua nam cham
vnh cu, khung quay lech khoi v tr ban au mot goc d. Khi dong ien qua khung
quay oi chieu, momen quay oi dau, kim quay theo chieu ngc lai.
2.1.3 ng dung:
#u iem:
9 T trng cua c cau do nam cham vnh cu tao ra manh, t b anh hng
cua t trng ben ngoai.
9 Cong suat tieu thu nho: 25 W en 200 W phu thuoc dong ien Imax.
9 o chnh xac cao vi cap chnh xac la 0.5%.
9 V goc quay tuyen tnh nen thang chia co khoang chia eu.
#Khuyet iem:
9 Cuon day cua khung quay thng chu ng qua tai nho nen tranh dung cho
dong ien qua mc i qua.
9 Ch s dung dong ien DC.
9 oi vi khung day xoan de h hong khi b chan ong manh hoac di chuyen
qua mc gii han.
#ng dung:
9 C cau o t ien c s dung trong cac may o dong ien, ien ap van
nang, trong lnh vc o lng oi vi c cau ch th kim.
9 ien ke gng quay.
2.2 C cau o ien t:

2.2.1 Cau tao:
Gom co 2 phan tnh va ong, xem hnh 2.2.
15
Chng 2 : C cu o
Hnh 2.2: Cau tao c cau o ien t.

- Phan tnh gom cuon day cho dong ien can o chay qua, tao ra t trng trong
long cuon day la mot khe hep hnh ch nhat.
- Phan ong gom mot la kim loai hnh canh quat lam bang vat lieu sat t mem
gan tren truc quay va chuyen ong trong khe h cua cuon day tnh. Tren truc quay
con co lo xo phan , kim ch th , bo phan can du kieu khong kh.
Khi co dong ien xoay chieu hay mot chieu chay qua cuon day (phan tnh) se lam
xuat hien t hut la kim loai ket qua xuat hien momen quay. Momen quay t le vi bnh
phng cng o dong ien.
2.2.3
ng dung:
V momen quay t le vi bnh phng cng o dong ien cho nen c cau o ien
t co the s dung e o trong mach ien mot chieu hay xoay chieu.
Che tao n gian, gia thanh re. S dung trong cong nghiep la Ampe met, Volt met,
cos met.
2.3 C cau o ien ong:

2.3.1 Cau tao:
Gom hai phan tnh va ong, xem hnh 2.3.
16
Chng 2 : C cu o
Hnh 2.3: Cau tao c cau ien ong

- Phan tnh gom cuon day tnh e tao t trng khi co dong ien chay qua. Cuon
day tnh thng gom 2 cuon ghep lai co khe h gia cho truc quay i qua.
- Phan ong gom cuon day ong at trong long cuon day tnh . Cuon day gan vi
truc quay, tren truc quay con co lo xo phan, bo phan can du va kim ch th.
C cau o ien ong hoat ong da tren nguyen ly tac ong tng ho gia cac lc
ien t cua cuon day tnh (1) va ong (2). Khi dong ien chay vao cuon day tnh, trong
long cuon day xuat hien t trng. T trng nay tac ong vi dong ien chay trong
cuon day ong va tao nen momen quay phan ong lam phan ong quay i mot goc .
#u iem: o ien AC, DC vi cap chnh xac cao.

2.3.3 ng dung:
C cau o ien ong c s dung e che tao ampe ke, volt ke, watt ke mot chieu
va xoay chieu tan so cong nghiep, cac pha ke o goc lech pha hay he so cong suat
cos . khi s dung trong mach xoay chieu co tan so cao phai co mach bu tan so e o
c vi dai tan en 20KHz.
17
Chng 2 : C cu o
2.4 Bang k hieu:

K hieu
Giai thch
C cau o t ien
C cau o ien t
C cau o ien ong.

May o DC.
May o AC.
Cac n v ai lng o lng ien:
+ Ampe ke:
[A]
1A = 1000mA
1A=106 A
+ Volt ke:
[V]
1V = 1000mV
1V=106 V
+ Ohm ke:
[ ]
1K = 1000
1M =106
+ Watt ke:
[W]
1W = 1000mW
1W=106
18
Chng 3 : Thit b pht tn hiu o lng
Chng 3
THIET B PHAT TN HIEU O LNG
3.1 Khai niem ve o lng:
3.1.1 Muc ch y ngha:
Trong cong tac nghien cu va san xuat moi nganh khoa hoc ky thuat ngay nay
phai tiep xuc vi nhng thiet b, may moc hien ai tinh vi. Mc o phat trien cua khoa
hoc ky thuat ngay cang cao oi hoi cac thong so cho may moc hoat ong phai chnh
xac. Do vay, viec kiem tra cac che o lam viec cung nh cac quy tac an toan phai
c chu trong hang au e kiem tra s khai thac ung an cac thiet b can phai tien
hanh o lng. S o lng c thc hien nh cac dung cu o lng ien.
3.1.2 ai lng o lng:
Da vao tnh chat c ban cua ai lng o, chung ta phan ra lam 2 ai lng c
ban: ai lng ien va ai lng khong ien.
ai lng ien: c chia lam ai lng ien tac ong va thu ong.
* ai lng ien tac ong:
-
ai lng ien tac ong la ai lng ma ban than nang lng cua chung se
cung cap nang lng vao mach o. Th du: dong ien, ien ap, cong suat.
Trong trng hp nang lng qua ln th phai giam bt cho phu hp vi mach
o. Th du nh giam ap, phan dong, . thiet b suy hao. Ngc lai, trong trng
hp nang lng qua nho th khuech ai len. Van e quan trong la cac bo
khuech ai phai c chuan hoa tranh gay meo tn hieu.
* ai lng ien thu ong:

-
ai lng ien thu ong la nhng ai lng khong mang nang lng, khi o
phai cung cap nang lng cho mach o nh:
Co 2 cach o: o nong va o nguoi.
o nong la thao tac o khi phan t ang hoat ong tren mach.
o nguoi la thao tac o khi cac phan t nay ngng hoat ong hay lay ra khoi
mach ien.
19
3.1.3 Cap chuan hoa.

Thiet b o lng trc khi xuat xng can phai chuan hoa (calip) so vi thiet b o
lng chuan.
Co 4 cap chuan hoa:
-
Cap 1: Cap quoc te (International standard) c thc hien nh chuan tai

Trung tam o lng quoc te (Paris).
Cap 2: Chuan quoc gia, cac thiet b o lng tai cac vien nh chuan quoc gia
khac nhau tren the gii, cac thiet b nay cung c chuan hoa theo chuan quoc
te.
Cap 3: chuan khu vc. Trong mot quoc gia co the co nhieu trung tam nh
chuan cho tng khu vc (standard zone center). Cac thiet b o nay phai c
chuan theo quoc gia.
Cap 4: chuan phong th nghiem.
3.2 Khai niem chung ve thiet b phat tn hieu:

3.2.1 Khai niem:
May phat tn hieu o lng la nguon phat tn hieu chuan on nh vi cac thong so
a biet nh la bien o, tan so va dang (song) tn hieu.
May phat tn hieu o lng co o chnh xac va o on nh cao, co kha nang ieu
chnh cac thong so cua tn hieu ra thng c s dung e hieu chnh cac thiet b o,
tn hieu vo tuyen ien t, thiet b t ong va may tnh, khac o dung cu o.
May phat tn hieu o lng co the ve cac ac tnh bien o, bien o-tan so, va ac
tnh qua o cua mang 4 cc, xac nh he so ng truyen, o meo; lam nguon cung
cap cho cac mach o kieu cong hng va kieu cau xoay chieu.
3.2.2 Phan loai:
May phat tn hieu o lng co the phan thanh 3 loai:
3.2.2.1
Theo khoang tan so cua tn hieu ra:
9 May phat tn hieu tan so thap < 20Hz tai ngi kho co the nghe c.
9 May phat tn hieu tan so thap t 20Hz en 200KHz:
-
May phat am tan: 20Hz en 20KHz khoang tan so nay tai ngi nghe c.
May phat sieu am: 20KHz en 200KHz.
20
9 May phat tan so cao: 200KHz en 30MHz.

9 May phat sieu cao tan: 30MHz en 10GHz.
9 May phat cc cao tan: >10GHz.
3.2.2.2
Theo dang cua tn hieu ra:
9 May phat xung vuong.

9 May phat song hnh sin.
9 May phat dang song ac biet (xung tam giac, xung rang ca, xung hnh nac
thang, )
9 May phat co tan so thay oi.
9 May phat on (noise).
3.2.2.3
Theo dang cua ieu che:
9 May phat song hnh sin vi ieu che bien o (AM).

9 May phat song hnh sin vi ieu che tan so (FM).
9 May phat xung vi ieu che o rong xung, tan so xung va pha xung.
9 May phat xung vi ieu che tong hp (cung mot luc thc hien nhieu dang ieu
che).
3.2.3 ac trng may phat tn hieu:
9 Khoang tan so ma may phat ra, nh may phat t 1Hz en 1MHz.
9 o chnh xac cua viec at tan so.
9 o on nh cua tan so phat ra ve thi gian, tan so, bien o va dang song.
9 o meo tn hieu.
9 S phu thuoc cua cac thong so tn hieu vao phu tai va gii han hieu chnh.
3.3 May phat tn hieu tan so thap:

May phat tn hieu tan so thap co the ieu chnh tan so nhay cap va lien tuc t 20Hz
en 200KHz, co bien o t 1mV en 150V vi cong suat cc ai 1mW en 10W.
3.3.1 Cac ac tnh:
-
o meo phi tuyen:
21
o meo phi tuyen song hai cua tn hieu ra c ac trng bi he so song hai. o
meo c xac nh bang t so gia can bac hai cua tong tat ca bnh phng song hai.
Km =
-
u 22 + u 32 + u n2
(3.1)
Dai tan so phat ra c at trng bi he so phu song Kp, la t so cua tan so cc ai

va cc tieu.
K
-
( %)
u1
f max
f min
(3.2)
o on nh tan so cua may phat c xac nh bi t so cua s thay oi tuyet oi

cua tan so f vi tan so ban au trong ieu kien on nh.
f 0 f1
f0
f
f0
(3.3)
trong o: f1 la tan so cua may phat khi co s thay oi ot ngot ben ngoai, f0 la tan so
ban au.
-
o chnh xac cua viec at tan so c xac nh bi chat lng cua bang khac o
va c cau hieu chnh.
3.3.2 S o khoi cua may phat tn hieu o lng:

May phat
Goc
Khuech
ai
Phan ap
Bien ap
Bo phan au ra
V
Hnh 3.1: S o khoi may phat tn hieu o lng.

May phat goc tao tn hieu hnh sin on nh ve bien o va tan so. May phat goc
quyet nh hnh dang hay ac tnh tuan hoan cua tn hieu ra. May phat goc thng la
may phat LC, may phat tron tan, may phat RC.
Bo khuech ai ra dung e khuech ai tn hieu cua may phat goc va nang cao cong
suat au ra cua may phat.
22
Bo phan au ra bao gom bo phan ap va bien ap ra . dung e ieu chnh va kiem

tra bien o au ra sao cho khi mac tai vao may phat at cong suat cc ai nhng o
meo phi tuyen nho nhat.
3.3.3 May phat LC:
Trong may phat LC tan so cua mach dao ong c xac nh bi ien dung C va
ien cam L che o t kch cua khung dao ong.
#Nhc iem: khung dao ong co kch thc ln va rat kho hieu chnh. Chang han,
e tao c may phat co f=20Hz en 20KHz, tc la Kp=103 can phai co ien dung va
ien cam ln.
May phat LC t thong dung ch che tao may phat co dai tan hep hoac mot so gia tr
tan so co nh.
Lx
Cx
Hnh 3.2: S o mach may phat LC

3.3.4 May phat tron tan so:
May phat
tan so co
nh
May phat goc
Ngo ra
May phat
tron tan LC
Khuech
ai
Loc thong
thap
Phan ap
V
May phat
tan so hieu
chnh
Hnh 3.3: S o khoi may phat tron tan so.
23
May phat goc bao gom 2 may phat LC cao tan co tan so f gan giong nhau, mot bo
tron tan va mot bo loc thap tan. May phat tan so co nh phat ra f1, may phat tan so
hieu chnh phat ra tan so f2. ien ap cua ca 2 may phat a qua mach lap lai emitter
roi en bo tron tan (tao ra hon hp tan so mf1 va nf2 (trong o m, n la cac so
nguyen) va tan so f=f2-f1. Bo loc ch cho qua hieu tan so f=f2-f1, sau o qua bo khuech
ai va qua bo phan ap en au ra. Trc khi phan ap mac them volt ke e o mc
ien ap ra.
Cac gia tr f1, f2 c chon sao cho hieu tan so f nam trong dai tan so thap, chang
han, f1=180KHz, f2=180 200KHz th f = 0 20 KHz .
#Nhc iem: la mach phc tap, kem on nh. Tuy nhien may phat tron tan cung
c s dung kiem tra o lng v ien ap ra khong phu thuoc tan so, tan so co the
hieu chnh lien tuc nh s thay oi ien dung cua tu xoay cua may phat hieu chnh.
3.3.5 May phat RC:
Mach
dao ong
cau Wien
R3
R1
C1
R2
C2
R4
Mach
khuech
ai
Vout
Hnh 3.4: May phat tron tan RC.

May phat goc la mot bo khuech ai hai tang vi phan hoi dng tan so bang mach
RC. Mach nay tao s di pha bao gom cac ien tr va tu ien nh R1C1 va R2C2 theo s
o cau bao am t kch mot tan so xac nh.
Mach phan hoi am la mot mach phan ap bang ien tr nhiet R3 co he so nhiet ien
tr am va ien tr R4, t o lay ra ien ap phan hoi am. Gia s ien ap ra tang, dao
ong trong mach phan hoi am tang dan en giam ien tr nhiet R3 lam tang ien ap
ri tren R4 (phan hoi am) lam cho ien ap ra giam xuong en gia tr nh mc va co
nh ien ap ra cua may phat.
24
3.4 May phat xung:

3.4.1 ac tnh may phat xung:
May phat xung co the phat ra xung vuong, trong o bien o t 150mV 200V, o
rong xung ns s va tan so t 2Hz en 2MHz co the thay oi hoac phat ra cac xung
chuan.
25
3.4.2 S o khoi:
May
phat goc
au
Mach tre
xung chnh
Ngo
vao
May
khi
ong
Mach tao o
Mach truyen
Cuoi
dai xung chnh ngat
xung ra
o
bien
o
xung
Mach tao
xung ong
bo
Ngo
ra
Phan
ap
Hnh 3.5: S o khoi may phat xung.

May phat goc a en bo khi ong, luc o may phat goc lam viec che o t
ong bao am ieu chnh tan so cua xung ra. Neu khi ong ngoai th may phat goc
c ngat ra va a tn hieu khi ong t ben ngoai vao.
Xung au ra cua bo khi ong c a en bo tao xung ong bo va en mach
tre xung chnh. Bo tao xung ong bo tao r a xung ong bo 2 cc am dng. Qua o a
en ngo ra cua may phat.
Mach tre xung chnh se cho ra xung co the ieu chnh thi gian lech bang 0 cua
xung chnh so vi xung ong bo.
Xung t au ra cua mach tre xung chnh se kch cho mach tao o dai cua xung
chnh lam viec. Mach nay se cho ra cac xung bat au va ket thuc vi khoang thi gian
gia chung co the hieu chnh c. Cac xung nay en mach tao xung ra va ieu chnh
bien o.
Xung bat au tao sn au, con xung ket thuc tao sn cuoi cua xung ra. Xung
ngat e a nhanh mach tao xung ra ve trang thai ban au.
Mach tao xung ra se tao xung vuong vi bien o ln nhat, o dai xung va tan so
ap ng vi tai.
Bien o xung ra co the ieu chnh (tho va tinh) t Um 0.01Um. Qua bo chia co the
giam bien o.
Bo khuech ai au ra dung e tang cong suat cua may phat khi co tai tren toan dai
tan so.
26
ien ap co the ieu chnh t 0 en gia tr cc ai nh chiet ap lap au vao bo

khuech ai.
Bo khuech ai bao gom tang khuech ai ien ap va tang khuech ai cong suat
ien ap ra o bang volt ke.
3.5 May phat song quet:

Vcc
R3
R1
T1
R2
u1
B1
C1
T2
R5
R4
R6
C2
u2
R7
ien ap
trigger
Loi vao
ong bo
Hnh 3.6: May phat song quet.

Ngoai loi vao ong bo thong qua tu C2, ien ap vao cua trigger S la ien ap ra u1
cua mach tao xung rang ca thong qua R6.
Khi co tn hieu ong bo vao trigger S au ra xuat hien xung u2. Xung nay qua T2
lam m khoa T1 va dong ien i qua T1 nap vao tu C1, tao ra xung rang ca.
ien ap cua tu C1 tiep tuc tang tuyen tnh cho en mc khi ong cao cua trigger
S. Luc nay, au ra tr nen dng lam T2 thong va tu C1 phong nhanh qua T2. Khi
ien ap tren C1 giam xuong mc khi ong di cua trigger S luc nay au ra tr nen
am, T2 ngat va ien ap tren tu C1 bat au tang tuyen tnh lan na. C the ien ap rang
ca au ra u1 phu thuoc vao chu ky (tan so) cua tn hieu ong bo.
May phat song quet co the lam viec 2 che o: che o lien tuc va che o ch.
Che o lien tuc: che o quet thong thng nh tren.
Che o ch: che o e quan sat cac xung ri rac cach nhau kha xa.
27
Chng 4 : Thit b quan st v ghi tn hiu
28
Chng 4
THIET B QUAN SAT VA GHI TN HIEU
4.1 Dao ong ky ien t mot tia:
4.1.1 Khai niem:
Dao ong ky ien t mot tia gom mot ong phong tia ien t, mach ien t de ieu
khien va a tn hieu vao. Dao ong ky ien t c s dung e quan sat dang cua tn
hieu.
4.1.2 Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ban lech
doc (Y)
Catot Li
A1
A2 A3
Ban lech
ngang
(X)
Ban
chan
Lp than
ch
Tim en
Man huynh
quang
6.3VAC
R1
ien tr
vong bao
ve
R2
Anod
Nguon cung cap
Hnh 4.1: Cau tao ong phong tia ien t

4.1.3 Ong phong tia ien t (CRT: Cathode Ray Tube):
Tim en dung e ot nong catot cua CRT, ien the ot tim en la 6.3VAC.
Catot K: be mat co phu mot lp oxit kim loai khi tiep thu nhiet nang se bc xa
ien t (hien tng nhiet phat xa).
29
Li ieu khien: Co dang cai ly bang Nikel, co 1 lo e cho chum ien t i qua,
li ien t se bao quanh catot. ien the phan cc gia catot va li se tao ra ien
trng ieu khien so ien t c phep ra khoi li. Khi VGK (ien the gia li va
catot) cang am th so ien t thoat ra khoi li cang t nhng neu VGK at en trang
thai ngng dan th chum tia ien t khong thoat ra khoi li.
Ban cc gia toc A1: lam tang gia toc cho chum tia ien t, ban cc nay co dang
hnh tru, mot au h hng chum tia ien t i vao, mot au kn ch cha mot lo nho
tai tam cho chum tia ien t tap trung lai i qua.
Lang knh A2, A3: phoi hp vi ban cc A1 tao thanh he thong thau knh ien t.
Do s phan cc ien ap khac nhau gia A1, A2 va A2, A3 hnh thanh lc tnh ien tac
ong vao cac ng ang the, cac s phan ap nay thay oi lam cac ng ang the
thay oi se tao ra o hoi tu cua chum tia ien t thay oi.
Ban lech doc va ban lech ngang: khi chum tia ien t i qua ban lech doc hoac
lech ngang, th ien trng gia hai ban nay se lai chum tia ien t lech theo chieu
doc va chieu ngang bang lc tnh ien (lu y ieu nay khac vi s lech chum tia ien
t cua en hnh trong tivi bang lc ien t, ngha la cuon day lech thay cho ban cc
lech). o lech cua chum tia ien t theo chieu doc hoac ngang phu thuoc vao ien ap
gia 2 ban cc.
Gia hai ban cc lech doc va lech ngang cua dao ong ky co mot ban chan noi
mass e ngan cach anh hng ien trng cua hai ban lech doc va lech ngang lan
nhau.
Man hnh huynh quang: mat trong cua man anh ong CRT c phu mot lp phat
quang, tuy theo vat lieu cua lp phat quang nay ma tia sang phat ra khi chum tia ien
t ap vao man hnh huynh quang se co mau khac nhau. Chang han: Zn2SiO4 va Mn
cho mau xanh la, muoi Sulfuric cadnium cho mau vang.
Lp than ch xung quanh ong canh man hnh thu nhan cac ien t phat xa th cap
(cac ien t ap vao man anh doi tr lai) do o ien the am khong tch tu lai tren man
hnh.
ien ap phan cc cho Anot co tr so rat ln khoang KV nham tang toc cho chum tia
ien t ap manh vao man hnh huynh quang.
Cac vong ien tr hnh xoay oc ben ngoai c noi mass se lam cho cac ien tch
tu, do ien trng ln gia Catot va anod b trung hoa ien tch.
Cac ien tr ieu chnh R1 e ieu chnh o sang, R2 e ieu chnh tieu c cua
iem sang. ien ap tren A2 ln gap 4 6 lan tren A1.
30
Nguon cung cap tao ra ien ap mot chieu Anod khoang vai KV cho li, catot, cc
gia toc va tat ca ien the DC cho cac mach ien trong dao ong ky.
Ong phong tia ien t la mot bong thuy tinh ben trong c hut chan khong. Cac
chum electron t Catot (K) bay ve hung cac Anot (A1, A2, A3) se lam tang toc o cua
chum tia va hng ve mat trong cua man hnh a c phu chat huynh quang. Chum
electron va cham vao o se phat sang va ngi quan sat se nhn thay mot iem sang.
ien cc ieu khien G co ien the am so vi K lam cho chum tia hoi tu.
Neu at tn hieu xoay chieu vao hai ban cc Y th chum electron chuyen ong len
xuong va se nhn thay tren man hnh ng thang ng.
Neu at tn hieu xoay chieu vao hai ban cc X th chum electron chuyen ong qua
ben trai phai va se nhn thay tren man hnh ng nam ngang.
Neu cung luc at tn hieu xoay chieu vao X, Y th se thay tren man hnh ng
cong khep kn. Hnh dang cua ng cong phu thuoc vao o lech pha va t so tan so
gia hai tn hieu.
ien ap can o c a vao ban cc Y, con ban cc X c a tn hieu quet tuy
thuoc vao muc ch cua phep o.
4.1.4 Tn hieu quet ngang:
Tn hieu vao doc
Tn hieu quet ngang
Tn hieu xung kch (gai am)
Hnh 4.2: Tn hieu quet ngang.

Chum electron se xe dch theo chieu thang ng phu thuoc s thay oi cua tn hieu
vao. Neu khong co tac ong keo ngang ra ta ch thay mot vach thang ng duy nhat.
e keo tn hieu nam ngang ngi ta s dung mot tn hieu tao goc thi gian at vao
hai ban cc X goi la tn hieu quet ngang. Tn hieu quet ngang co dang xung hnh rang
31
ca. Neu tan so cua tn hieu quet nho hn n lan tan so cua tn hieu can quan sat se co
n chu ky tn hieu quan sat c.
Neu t so cac tan so o la boi so cua 2 so nguyen th tren man hnh huynh quang se
xuat hien mot ng cong ng yen. Ngc lai, ng cong se chuyen ong va se
khong quan sat c g ca. V vay, can thiet phai co s ong bo gia tn hieu vao va
tn hieu quet. e at c s ong bo ta ieu chnh tan so quet bang num ieu khien
TIME/DIV cho en khi nao hnh anh tren man hnh huynh quang ng yen.
4.1.5 S o khoi dao ong ky mot tia:
Tn hieu Y c a vao qua phan ap vao en bo khuech ai Y va a thang ra 2
ban cc Y (neu tn hieu u ln th khong can qua khuech ai).
Cach ong bo trong: tn hieu t bo khuech ai Y c a qua mach ong bo e
kch thch may phat rang ca (may phat quet) sau o qua khuech ai X a vao ban
cc X. Mat khac co the a trc tiep tn hieu X vao bo khuech ai X noi vao ban cc
X qua cong tac B3: trng hp muon s dung ong bo ngoai thong qua khoa B2 tn
hieu c a thang vao mach ong bo e kch cho may phat rang ca.
Y
B1
ong
bo
ngoai
Kenh Y
Phan ap
vao
K Y
Chuan
bien o
Chuan
thi gian
K tia
ong bo trong
B2
Mach
b 1
May phat
rang ca
B3
K X
Hnh 4.3: S o khoi dao ong ky mot tia.

Nguyen ly o bien o ien ap bang dao ong ky: [Volt/Div + Position]
Khi can o ien ap, trc tien khoa B1 ieu chnh sang bo phan chuan bien o
(ngha la ngan cach gia ngo vao ngo ra, tng ng vi che o GND), quan sat va
32
ong thi chnh nut Position sao cho ng thang tren man hnh trung vi truc Ox
(truc ngang) khi o o lech bien o chuan c calip ve 0.
Sau o, bat khoa B1 sang v tr tn hieu Y, ngha la chuyen t che o GND sang che
o DC/AC e o bien o tn hieu o cc ai gap may lan bien o chuan e tnh ra o
ln cua Y theo tn hieu chuan.
V du, num chnh Volt/Div v tr 2V/Div ngha la mot Div (mot o theo phng
ng, truc tung) tren man hnh tng ng vi 2Volt.
Nguyen ly o chu ky (thi gian) bang dao ong ky: [Time/Div + Position]
Khi can o chu k, ta can phai chuan thi gian bang cach s dung bo chuan thi
gian e anh dau tng quang thi gian ng vi gia tr chuan tren toan tn hieu.
V du: Num chnh Time/Div v tr 2ms/Div ngha la mot Div (mot o theo phng
ngang, truc hoanh) tren man hnh tng ng la 2ms.
#Nhan xet:
o nhay cua ong phong ien t la o lech h cua iem sang khi a vao ban cc
ien ap 1V. Thong thng cac ong phong tia ien t co o nhay khoang
0.3 0.5mm/V.
Tan so tn hieu o co the rat ln, ngay nay cac dao ong ky ien t co the quan sat
tn hieu en 100MHz hoac ln hn.
4.2 Dao ong ky hai tia:

Cau tao cua dao ong ky hai tia gan giong dao ong ky mot tia. Trong dao ong ky
hai tia co the tao ra 2 tia bang 2 cach:
a) Dung hai nguon rieng biet.
33
b) Dung chung mot nguon.

Hnh 4.4: Cau tao ong CRT
- Dung 2 chum tia ien t t 2 nguon phat rieng biet, viec ieu khien 2 tia nay
hoan toan oc lap. Ch co mot bo phan chung cho 2 tia la ban cc X i ve cac pha ban
cc A va B.
- Dung 1 chum tia ien t t 1 nguon phat chung va viec ieu khien tia nay se lai 2
tia tn hieu ve 2 ban cc A va B.
Vi dao ong ky 2 tia co the cung luc quan sat c ca 2 tn hieu hoan toan khac
nhau. ieu nay cho phep so sanh cac dang song vi nhau ve bien o, pha va chu ky;
v cac nut ieu khien 2 kenh A va B hoan toan oc lap nen co the ieu chnh cac tia
hoan toan theo y muon.
4.3 ng dung cua dao ong ky ien t trong o lng:

4.3.1 ng dung e quan sat tn hieu:
e quan sat dang ng cong phu thuoc thi gian cua mot tn hieu (di dang ien
ap) ta co the at tn hieu can quan sat vao au vao Y. at che o ong bo trong, ieu
khien tan so cua may phat quet sao cho tn hieu ng yen tren man hnh dao ong ky.
Mot dao ong k hien ai co the quan sat tn hieu co hnh dang bat k va tan so en
150MHz.
4.3.2 o ien ap cua tn hieu:
e o ien ap trc tien bat tn hieu chuan ien ap qua cong tac B1. Trng hp
neu khong co bo chuan ien ap th co the a ien ap chuan vao dao ong k. Sau khi
a ien ap chuan vao quan sat o lech cua tia ien t ng vi ien ap chuan e tnh
o nhay.
o nhay Su =So vach/ volt
(3.1)
Sau o khong ieu chnh o nhay na ta cho ien ap can o vao kenh Y. Quan sat
bien o cua tn hieu ta o c o ln LY:
LY = Su*2*Umax
Hay Umax = LY/2Umax
(3.2)
(3.3)
Su la o nhay cua dao ong ky, c xac nh tren num ieu khien o nhay cua
dao ong k.
34
4.3.3 o tan so bang dao ong ky:

Tan so cua tn hieu c xac nh neu ta a tn hieu co tan so can o vao au vao
Y cua dao ong ky. S dung tn hieu quet tuyen tnh th ta se nhan c tren man hnh
huynh quang mot so chu k cua tn hieu. Luc o tan so:
fx=1/Tx=N/tx
(3.4)
Trong o: N la so chu k, tx la khoang thi gian o c. o chnh xac cua phep o

co the tang len neu phep o tan so c thc hien bang phng phap so sanh tan so
can o vi tan so chuan. Luc nay dao ong ky co tac dung nh mot may ch th (o tan
so tn hieu theo hnh Lissaju, o tan so cua tn hieu che o quet vong).
4.3.4 o goc lech pha bang dao ong ky ien t 2 tia:
Vi dao ong ky 2 tia che o quet tuyen tnh ta co the o goc lech pha gia 2 tn
hieu u1, u2 co tan so nh nhau. Hai tn hieu u1, u2 c at vao au vao Y cua ca 2
kenh.
U1 = Um1 sin t
U2 = Um2 sin( t- )
Trong o: la goc lech pha gia 2 tn hieu ai lng can o.
ieu chnh cho 2 tn hieu trung nhau theo truc thi gian t, quan sat cac tn hieu u1,
u2. Khi o:
=
t
360 0
T
Hnh 4.5: Cach tnh o lech pha hai tn hieu.
35
T1 1
=
T2 2
T1 2
=
T2 3
T1 3
=
T2 4
Hnh 4.6: Cac dang ng cong Lissaju

Hai dao ong vuong goc va cung tan so th chuyen ong tren man hnh la elip.
Hai dao ong vuong goc va khac tan so th chuyen ong tren man hnh la Lissaju.
4.4 Cac loai dao ong k ien t:

Theo nguyen ly lam viec co the phan loai nh sau:
4.4.1 Dao ong k co chc nang thong dung:
Pho bien nhat va thng c s dung e khao sat cac qua trnh co tan so thap, cac
tn hieu xung e kiem tra cac thiet b ien t. Dai tan cua loai nay khoang 100MHz va
bien o ien ap khoang mV en hang tram V.
4.4.2 Dao ong k van nang:
Loai nay co nhieu ng dung bang cach thay the nhieu mang khac nhau tuy thuoc
vao chc nang ma ta muon s dung. Chc nang khao sat cac tn hieu a hai, tn hieu
xung, dai tan so hang tram MHz, dai ien ap hang chuc mV en hang tram V.
4.4.3 Dao ong k toc o nhanh:
Loai nay dung e quan sat va ghi tn hieu xung ngan, cac tn hieu qua o, tn hieu
tuan hoan tan so cao. Tn hieu can khao sat co the a trc tiep vao he thong lam lech
tia cua ong phong tia ien t. Trong cau truc dao ong k toc o nhanh khong co bo
khuech ai thang ng Y. Dai tan so hoat ong co the hang chuc GHz.
4.4.4 Dao ong k lay mau:
Loai nay dung e ghi lai nhng tn hieu tuan hoan nam trong dai tan so rong
khoang vai GHz, dai ien ap khoang mV en vai V.
36
4.4.5 Dao ong k co nh:

Loai nay dung e kiem soat cac loai tn hieu tc thi, tn hieu tuan hoan cham, tn
hieu ngan, tn hieu qua o. Dao ong k co nh s dung ong phong tia ien t co nh.
Dai tan so khoang 150MHz, toc o ghi khoang 400km/s, dai ien ap hang chuc V en
hang tram V.
4.4.6 Dao ong k ac trng:
Dung e kiem soat cac tn hieu vo tuyen truyen hnh co cai at bo di pha cho phep
khao sat bat ky oan nao cua tn hieu truyen hnh vi can o on nh theo thi gian cao.
4.4.7 Dao ong k so:
Loai nay la loai dao ong k nh so, nguyen ly lam viec da tren s so hoa tn hieu
kiem soat nh bo ADC. Cac mau c ghi vao bo nh, sau o nh bo DAC bien oi
thanh tn hieu tng t cho muc ch hien hnh.
Dao ong k co cai at bo P la loai dao ong k so thong minh, moi chc nang
cua dao ong k eu do P ieu khien. Nh co P ma co the t ong chon thang o,
t ong tnh khoang thi gian, khoang ien ap, t ong cho ra thong tin dang so va
kiem tra che o lam viec.
Viec la chon dao ong k phu thuoc vao chc nang va kha nang kinh te.
Cau hoi on tap cuoi chng 4

1) Hay neu cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua dao ong ky mot tia.
2) Hay neu vai tro cua tn hieu quet ngang trong dao ong ky mot tia.
3) Hay cho biet co may cach ong bo dao ong ky? Neu ro cach thc hien.
4) Hay cho biet cau tao cua dao ong ky hai tia.
5) Hay neu ng dung cua dao ong ky trong o lng.
6) e tn hieu xung vuong co bien o 10mV va tan so 1800Hz. Ta phai ieu chnh
num chnh Volt/Div va Time/Div la bao nhieu e tren man hnh xuat hien t 1 en
2 chu ky xung vuong:
7) e tn hieu xung vuong co bien o 10mV va tan so 180KHz. Ta phai ieu chnh
num chnh Volt/Div va Time/Div la bao nhieu e tren man hnh xuat hien t 1 en
2 chu ky xung vuong:
37
AA
BB
Hnh 4.7
8) Tren man hnh ao ong ky xuat hien tn hieu xung vuong nh hnh 4.7. oan
AA=5DIV va BB=3DIV. Num chnh Votls/DIV v tr 2V va Time/DIV v tr
1ms. Hay cho biet tn hieu xung vuong co tan so va bien o la bao nhieu?
9) Tren man hnh ao ong ky xuat hien tn hieu xung vuong nh hnh 4.7. oan
AA=5.2DIV va BB=3DIV. Num chnh Votls/DIV v tr 2mV va Time/DIV v tr
1ms. Hay cho biet tn hieu xung vuong co tan so va bien o la bao nhieu?
10) Hay neu nguyen ly o bien o va chu ky bang dao ong ky mot tia. Gia s tren
man hnh dao ong ky (OSC) xuat hien tn hieu hnh sin co bien o nh-nh la
7Div va chu ky la 6Div. Hay cho biet tn hieu hnh sin tren man hnh OSC co bien
o va tan so bao nhieu biet rang num Volt/Div la 20mV, Time/Div la 10ms.
38
B.1 Gii thieu cach s dung Oscilliscope (OSC):

B.1.1 Cac num chc nang ieu khien dao ong ky: Model GOS-652G
V tr ten num
1. [POWER]
[ILLUM]
Chc nang
M tat dao ong ky
Thay oi o chieu sang cua toa o man hnh.
2. [ON Led]
en Led sang khi num [POWER] c bat
3. [INTENSITY]
ieu chnh cng o sang cua tia sang tren man hnh hien th
4. [TRACE ROT]
ieu chnh tia sang nam ngang tren man hnh
5. [FOCUS]
ieu chnh o roi tia sang cho hien th sac net
6. [GND]
Noi at vo may
7. [CAL 2VP-P]
Cho tn hieu song vuong, tan so 1KHz, tien ch cho s hieu chnh tan so cua
nhng au do hay kiem tra o li mach khuech ai.
8. [BEAM FIND]
An vao e do tm tia sang va a tia sang ve trung tam man hnh hien th
11. [ POSITION]
ieu chnh v tr tia sang theo truc ng tren man hnh hien th cho kenh
39

[A/B], lu y ieu khien nay khong lam viec che o [X-Y]
12. [VOLTS/DIV]
Cong tac suy giam cho biet ien ap nh nh ngo vao tng ng vi mot
o chia c ban (1cm) tren man hnh toa o hien th.
13. [VAR PULL x5 MAG]
Khi num nay v tr keo ra pha ngoai, th do nhay khuech ai cot doc tang
len 5 lan.
14. [AC-GND-DC]
Cong tac co 3 v tr
[AC]
[GND]
Tn hieu ngo vao la AC, co kha nang khuech ai len ai theo cot doc tan
so gii han khoang 10Hz ( -3dB), thanh phan tn hieu DC b chot lai.
Cach ly mach ngo vao va mach ngo vao cua may c noi at. V tr nay
thng dung e chnh vet sang va mot so can chnh khac.
Ca hai thanh phan AC va DC cua tn hieu ngo vao c ap dung cho ngo
vao khuech ai theo cot doc.
[DC]
15. [VERT MODE]:
Cong tac nay co 4 v tr
[CHA]
Hien th tia sang tren kenh A.
[CHB]
Hien th tia sang tren kenh B.
[DUAL]
Hien th ca hai tia tren kenh A va B. Hai tia thng hoat ong che o luan
phien thay the nhau. Khi che o re mach bang cach keo num [HOLD
OFF], tia sang c hien th gia hai ngo vao kenh A va kenh B vi toc o
[500KHz] e tang cng tam nhn cua tn hieu vi toc o quet thap.
Hien th tong ai so cua hai tn hieu kenh A va kenh B.
[ADD]
16. [TRIG LEVEL]
ieu chnh cho tin hieu on nh.
17. [COUPLING]
Chon che o kch
[AUTO]
oi vi mach kch t ong, tia sang chay t do khi cha co tn hieu kch ay
u.
[NORM]
oi vi mach kch bnh thng, khong co tia quet xuat hien neu tn hieu
kch khong gap bien o [TRI LEVEL] va s an nh o doc.
[TV-V]
Loai bo tn hieu DC va tn hieu ong bo tan so cao trong mot tn hieu hnh
anh ket hp.
[TV-H]
Loai bo tn hieu DC va tn hieu ong bo tan so thap trong mot tn hieu hnh
anh ket hp.
18. [SOURCE]
Chon tn hieu nguon kch nh sau:
40

[CHA]
Tn hieu kenh A.
[CHB]
Tn hieu kenh B.
[LINE]
Tan so tn hieu xoay chieu
[EXIT]
Tn hieu ap dung cho phan noi vao {EXT TRIG] t ngoai.
19. [HOLD OFF]
[PULL CHOP]
ieu chnh khi song tn hieu o lng hien th dang song phc tap. Nut
nay thng ket hp num [TRIG LEVEL] e hien th mot dang song on nh
ng yen.
Khi num keo ra pha ngoai, dao ong ky hien th tn hieu hai tia b ch ra
tng phan trong luc quet (ong m cho hien th tai gia hai tia). Hau het
thng c s dung tan so quet thap.
Khi num nay ay vao trong, dao ong ky lam viec che o luan phien. Khi
o tia sang kenh A nam tren mot tia quet va vet sang kenh B nam tren tia
quet con lai .Hau het c s dung toc o quet cao hn.
20. [EXT TRIG]
Ket noi vi mot tn hieu kch ben ngoai a en cong giao tiep nay. e s
dung no trc tien at cong tat [SOURCE] (24)en v tr [EXT].
21. [ POSITION]
ay v tr tia sang nam ngang tren mang hnh ong Catot, s ieu chnh nay
lam viec ca che o [X-Y}.
[PULL x10 MAG]
Khi num nay c keo ra pha ngoai, tia sang nam ngang c trai ra vi
he so nhan 10 .
22. [TIME/DIV]
Num chon mc thi gian cho chum tia e quet mot o chia chuan nh
(1cm) tren man hnh.
23. [VAR]
ieu chnh lien tuc thi gian quet gia vung c chon va vung thap hn ke
ben. Chu ky quet c chuan nh bang cach xoay num [CAR] ti v tr
[CALd].
24. [X-Y]
Khi cong tac nay ay vao trong, cong tac [SOURCE] at ti [CHA], va
cong tac [VERT MODE] at [CHB], may hoat ong nh la dao ong ky hai
tia [X-Y].
B.1.2 Cach s dung:

* Quan sat dang song tn hieu tren tng kenh:
- a tn hieu vao kenh A hay kenh B. Lu y: tn hieu a vao phan biet ngo tn hieu
va ngo mass.
- Chon Vert Mode (15) CHA hay CHB tuy kenh a tn hieu vao.
41
- Chnh Input select la GND va chnh v tr tia sang nam gia man hnh bang nut POS.
Lu y: tuy theo kenh A hay kenh B ma chnh nut tng ng. Sau o chnh nut input
salect ve v tr AC hay DC tuy theo muc ch quan sat tn hieu.
- Chnh nut Volt/Div va Time/Div e tn hieu hien u tren man hnh. Lu y: oi vi
dao ong ky loai tng t ta chnh t mot en 2 chu ky tn hieu trong mot man hnh th
ket qua o mi chnh xac.
Bien o tn hieu = so o* gia tr nut Volt/Div
Chu k tn hieu = so o * gia tr nut Time/Div.
* Quan sat hai tn hieu ong thi:
- a 2 tn hieu cung mass vao 2 kenh CHA va CHB.
- Chnh Vert Mode v tr Dual.
- Chnh Input select tng kenh, Volt/Div tng kenh va Time/Div nh phan bieu dien
tn hieu tren mot kenh sao cho quan sat tn hieu de dang.
- Bien o tng tn hieu c xac nh da vao gia tr Volt/Div cua tng kenh tng
ng.
* o goc lech pha gia hai tn hieu:
Co hai cach e o:
Cach 1:
- a 2 tn hieu cung chu k (cung tan so) vao hai kenh CHA, CHB.
- Chnh Vert Mode v tr Dual.
- Goc lech pha gia hai tn hieu c xac nh theo cong thc:
=
t
360 0
T
Cach 2: bieu dien mot tn hieu theo mot tn hieu khac

- a hai tn hieu cung mass vao hai kenh CHA, CHB.
42
- Nhan nut X-Y

- Chon input select cua hai kenh la GND va iem sang nam gia man hnh. Sau o
chuyen ve v tr AC hay DC tuy muc ch quan sat tn hieu.
- o th tren man hnh co hai truc n v eu la Volt va c oc nh sau:
+ O doc theo Volt/Div cua kenh B (truc Y).
+ O ngang theo Volt/Div cua kenh A (truc X).
- o lech pha gia hai tn hieu c tnh nh sau:
sin =
B
A
* Chnh chuan dao ong ky:

Sau mot thi gian s dung hay do mot s co nao o tn hieu co the b bieu dien sai.
Chung ta co the t kiem tra bang cach s dung tn hieu chuan trong may.
- Noi ngo vao kenh muon kiem tra CHA hay CHB vao lo cam CAL 2Vp-p
- Vert Mode chon CHA hay CHB tng ng vi kenh muon kiem tra.
- Chon Input select kenh tng ng la GND va chnh v tr vach sang nam gia man
hnh. Sau o chuyen ve v tr AC.
- Dung nut VAR chnh chu ky va keo nut CAL (tuy theo kenh tng ng) chnh bien
o tn hieu quan sat co tan so 1KHz (chu ky 1ms) va bien o nh nh 2V (tn hieu
chuan). Sau o nhan nut CAL ve v tr cu va tien hanh o bnh thng.
43
Chng 5 : o in tr
Chng 5
O IEN TR
5.1 o ien tr bang volt ke va ampe ke:
ay la phng phap o nong ien tr ang hoat ong.
Co hai cach mac:
5.1.1 Cach mac Volt ke trc-Ampe ke sau:
A
IL
UA+Ux
Rx
Gia tr cua U cho bi so ch tren volt ke:

U=UA+Ux
Ux
Gia tr cua I cho bi so ch tren ampe ke.
R
Hnh 5.1: Cach mac V-A
Gia tr Rx c xac nh bi:
Rx =
U
I
# Nhan xet: sai so cho viec xac nh Rx phu thuoc ien tr noi cua ampe ke, neu
RA<<Rx th VX>>VA; Neu anh hng cua ien tr noi ampe ke khong ang ke, phep
o cang chnh xac.
5.1.2 Cach mac ampe ke trc volt ke sau:

+
A
I=IV+Ix
IxL
IV
Rx
Hnh 5.2: Cach mac A-V

Gia tr cua U cho bi so ch tren volt ke.
Gia tr cua I cho bi so ch tren ampe ke: I=IV+Ix
44
Chng 5 : o in tr
# Nhan xet: sai so cho viec xac nh Rx phu thuoc ien tr noi cua volt ke, neu
Rv>>Rx th Ix>>Iv; neu ien tr noi cua volt ke cang ln th phep o cang chnh xac.
5.2 o ien tr bang Ohm ke:

Trong cac VOM co phan o ien tr c k hieu: . o ien tr bang cach nay
goi la phng phap o nguoi.
5.2.1 Ohm ke vi s o noi tiep:
Neu gi ien ap U khong thay oi ma ch da vao s thay oi dong ien qua mach
khi ien tr thay oi, ngi ta o dong ien e khac o theo ien tr R va co the o
trc tiep ien tr R.
Rx
Rp
Rm
Hnh 5.3: Ohm ke vi s o noi tiep.

Theo s o nay Rx mac noi tiep vi c cau o.
Rp dung e am bao sao cho khi Rx=0 th dong ien qua c cau o la ln nhat
(ngha la lech het thang o) va bao ve c cau o.
Khi Rx=0
I m max =
Khi Rx 0
Im =
Khi Rx
Im 0
E
Rm + R p
E
Rm + R p + R x
#Nhan xet: thang o cua Ohm ke ngc vi thang o cua Volt ke.
Ohm ke con phu thuoc rat nhieu vao nguon cung cap (pin acquy) v E thng b
thay oi va se gay sai so ln. Cach khac phuc: mac them mot chiet ap hoac bien tr
RN e ieu chnh 0 (Rx=0).
45
Chng 5 : o in tr
Rx
Rp
RN
Rm
Hnh 5.4: Ohm ke vi s o mac noi tiep bien tr chnh.

R = R p + R N + R m
ien tr vao R :
Rx
Rp
RN
Rm
Hnh 5.5: Ohm ke vi s o mac song song bien tr chnh.

ien tr vao R :
R = R p +
R N Rm
R N + Rm
I=
Neu (RN//Rm) <<Rp th I =
E
R x + R p + R N // Rm
E
E
, khi Rx 0 th I =
Rx + R p
Rp
Im =
U m I ( R N // Rm )
=
Rm
Rm
Trong thc te, trc moi lan o cho Rx 0 , ieu chnh RN:
Im =
E ( R N // Rm )
= I m max
Rp
Rm
#Y ngha: e khi nguon cung cap E thay oi nhng Rx van khong b thay oi.
Ngoai ra, e m rong gii han o cua Ohm ke bang cach dung nhieu nguon cung
cap hoac mot nguon cung cap vi cac ien tr phan dong.
46
Chng 5 : o in tr
Rp1
Rp2
Im
RN
Rm
Rx
Hnh 5.6: Cach m rong tam o bang cach dung nguon E

Rp1
Rp2
R1
Im
RN
Rm
R2
Rx
Hnh 5.7: Cach m rong tam o bang cach dung ien tr phan dong.
5.2.2 Ohm ke vi s o song song:
Rp
Im
RN
Rm
Ix
Rx
Hnh 5.8: Ohm ke mac song song.

Theo s o mach Rx mac song song vi c cau o. Ohm ke loai nay dung e o
ien tr tng oi nho (<K ).
ien tr vao cua Ohm ke:
R = ( R p + R N ) // Rm
47
Chng 5 : o in tr
ac tnh khac o cua Ohm ke vi s o song song c xac nh:

IX
RX
=
I m R + R X
Khi RX = R th
RX
R
=
R
1+ X
R
IX 1
= tc la iem gia thang chia o tng ng vi gia tr RX bang
Im 2
ien tr vao cua Ohm ke.

Khi RX > R th cac gia tr chay ve pha phai thang o ( ).
Khi RX < R th cac gia tr chay ve pha trai thang o (0).
e ieu chnh thang o khi nguon cung cap thay oi cho RX va s dung chiet
ap RN.
5.3 o ien tr bang cau Wheastone:

5.3.1 Cau Wheastone can bang:
S o mach:
R1 G
E
R2
B
Rx
R3
Hnh 5.9: Cau Wheastone.

Khi cau can bang dong ien qua ch th G bang 0, luc nay:
U1=U2
UX=U3
Gia s dong ien i qua R1, RX la I1; qua R2, R3 la I2.

Khi o:
I1RX=I2R3
R
RX
= 3
R1
R2
hay R X = R1
R3
R2
#Nhan xet: RX c xac nh khi biet chnh xac R1, R2 va R3.

Ket qua o RX khong phu thuoc vao nguon cung cap E, khi E thay oi khong anh
hng ket qua o.
48
Chng 5 : o in tr
o chnh xac cua RX phu thuoc o nhay cua G va o chnh xac cua cac ien tr R1,
R2 va R3.
5.3.2 Cau Wheastone khong can bang:
Trong cong nghiep, viec thay oi cac gia tr R de dan en sai so ln do o ngui ta
s dung cau wheastone khong can bang.
Cau Wheastone khong can bang dung e o ien tr R hoac s thay oi R cua
phan t o nh ien ap ra hoac dong ien ra ngo ra cua cau.
Yeu cau nguon cung cap E on nh v ien ap ra phu thuoc nguon E con phu thuoc
vao o chnh xac.
o nhay cua cau Wheastone phu thuoc vao nguon cung cap E va ien tr noi cua
c cau o.
R1
Rx
E
Rx
VX
V3
R2
R1
R2
Rm
VX V3
R3
R3
Hnh 5.10: Cau Wheastone khong can bang.

Khi c cau o c thao ra th gia tr ien ap c xac nh:
V X V3 = E (
R0
VX
R3
RX
)
R1 + R X R2 + R3
Rm
G
V3
Hnh 5.11: S o tng ng cau wheastone khong can bang.

Tong tr ngo ra cua cau Wheastone c xac nh bi:
R0 = ( R1 // R X ) + ( R2 // R3 )
49
Chng 5 : o in tr
Dong ien Im qua c cau o khi cau khong can bang:

Im =
V X V3
R0 + R m
5.4 o ien tr co gia tr nho bang cau oi Kelvin:

Rx
R1
I1
A
I1
r1
I2
r2
I2
R2
B
R3
Hnh 5.12: Cau oi Kelvin.

Trong cau oi Kelvin co ien ap ri ang ke tren oan day noi AB.
Neu t so:
R1 r1
=
th sai so do ien ap ri tren oan tr day noi AB c loai bo.
R2 r2
Khi cau o can bang Um=0, ta co;
I 1 R2 = I 2 r2 + IR3 IR3 = I 1 R2 I 2 r2
I 1 R1 = I 2 r1 + IR X IR X = I 1 R1 I 2 r1
r
R1 ( I 1 I 2 1 )
R
R1
X =
r
R3
R2 ( I 1 I 2 2 )
R2
Nh vay, vi ieu kien cau can bang, R1=r1, R2=r2 th phan t o RX c xac
nh bi:
RX =
R1
R3
R2
RX khong phu thuoc ien tr day dan AB, R3 la ien tr mau co sai so nho, R1
la hop ien tr thay oi co o chnh xac cao va o phan giai nho (thng thay oi
bc 0.1 , 1 ), R2 la ien tr thay oi tam o cho cau.
50
Chng 5 : o in tr
5.5 o ien tr co gia tr ln:

5.5.1 o ien tr bang volt ke va micro-ampe ke:
IV
Is
a) o ien tr ln bang cach thong thng.

IV
A
E
Is
b) o ien tr ln co vong bao ve Guard.

Hnh 5.13: Cach o ien tr ln bang micro Ampe ke va volt ke.
IV la dong ien khoi, chay vao trong long day dan.
IS la dong ien be mat tren day dan.
Khi dong ien i vao day dan th dong ien qua micro-ampe ke: IV+Is
Khi o ien tr gia lp cach ien va be mat c xac nh: RV//RS
Neu RS >> RV th se anh hng rat ln en RV can o. e tranh anh hng thng
s dung day dan quan quanh be mat vo cach ien va moc trc micro-ampe ke. Vong
day dan nay goi la vong day bao ve e tranh ien tr r be mat.
5.5.2 o ien tr co gia tr ln bang MegaOhm ke chuyen dung:
C cau o dung cho MegaOhm ke chuyen dung la logomet t ien, bao gom 2
cuon day:
Cuon day lech (deflecting coil).
Cuon day kiem soat (control coil).
51
Chng 5 : o in tr
Ca hai cuon day c gan cung vi kim ch th va chu tac ong cua 2 momen
quay:
T1 = k1 ( ) I
T2 = k 2 ( ) I 2
Hai momen nay luon oi khang nhau, trong o k1, k2 la ham so theo goc quay
cua kim ch th sao cho tai goc quay i cua kim ch th:
T1 = T2
I I k 2 ( ) ~
=
= k ( i )
I 2 k1 ( )
Vay: goc quay i cua kim ch th phu thuoc vao tr so dong ien I1 va I2 (c cau o loai
logomet t ien khong co gia tr ban au v khong co lo xo phan hoac day treo nh c
cau o t ien, do o khi khong co dong I1, I2 kim ch th v tr bat ky).
Cuon lech r1
R2
Cuon kiem soat r2

R1
Rx
L
Guard
Hnh 5.14: o ien tr co gia tr ln bang MegaOhm ke chuyen dung.

Dong I1 qua cuon day lech: I 1 =
E
R1 + r1
R1 la ien tr chuan, r1 la ien tr noi.

Dong I2 qua cuon day kiem soat: I 2 =
E
R X + R2 + r2
Khi RX , I2 0 : dong ien I1 keo kim ch th lech toi a ve pha trai thang o
co tr so .
Khi RX 0 , I2 I 2 max : dong ien
I2
max keo kim ch th lech toi a ve pha
I
phai thang o co tr so 0.
52
Chng 5 : o in tr
Khi RX co v tr bat ky, goc quay i c xac nh:

I1 =
E
E
; I2 =
R1 + r1
R X + R2 + r2
I 1 R X + R2 + r2
=
= k ( i )
I2
R1 + r1
#Nhan xet: goc quay i phu thuoc vao R2.

#Lu y: khi kim ch th gia thang o:
I1
= 1 R X = R1 + r1 R2 r2
I2
Neu r2=r1 th R X = R1 R2
e thay oi tam thang o bang cach thay oi R2.
Trong mach MegaOhm ke co au noi Guard dung e gan vi vong day bao ve
hay day bao ve e loai bo ien tr r be mat.
53
Chng 6 : o in dung,in cm,h cm
Chng 6
O IEN DUNG, IEN CAM , HO CAM
6.1 o ien dung, ien cam va ho cam bang volt ke va ampe ke:
6.1.1 o ien dung [F ]:
Trong thc te, dong ien I qua tu ien khong lech pha 900 oi vi ien ap ri tren
tu ien v ton hao ben trong tu ien. Nguyen nhan do ien tr r (noi tr) ngoai gia tr
ien dung thc, ngha la tu ien khong cach ien hoan toan.
Khi tu ien khong co xet en ton hao do noi tr gay ra goi la tu ien ly tng.
Xet hai mach o ien dung nh hnh ve sau:
A
IL
IL
Cx
Cx
Rx=0
Rx 0
a)Khong xet ton hao tu (Rx=0)
b)Xet ton hao (Rx 0 )
Hnh 6.1: Mach o ien dung

Trong trng hp co xet ton hao tuy thuoc vao goc mat :
+ Neu nho (tu ien co ien moi la khong kh, tu Mica, tu Polystyrene) th s o
mach tng ng cua tu ien co ton hao la tu Cx mac noi tiep vi ien tr noi Rx,
xem hnh 6.2.
*
W
IL
UA
Cx
Rx
Hnh 6.2: mach o ien dung vi nho
54
+ Neu ln (tu giay) th s o mach tng ng cua tu ien co ton hao la tu Cx

mac song song vi ien tr noi Rx, xem hnh 6.3
A
UA
Cx
Rx
Hnh 6.3: Mach o ien dung vi ln

Lu y: nguon cung cap cho mach o phai la tn hieu hnh sin co o meo dang nho
(hoa tan c xem khong ang ke). Bien o va tan so cua tn hieu phai on nh.
- Cach xac nh gia tr Rx, hnh 5.1b:
Rx =
(6.1)
P
[ ]
I2
P la so ch cong suat [W], I la so ch ampe ke [A].

- Tong quat, cach xac nh gia tr ZC hnh 5.1:
1
U
Z c = = R x2 +
I
c x
[ ]
(6.2)
[F ]
(6.3)
U la so ch cua volt ke [V]

Cx =
Z c2 R x2
Nhan xet:
- Phng phap dung Watt ke khong chnh xac khi xac nh nhng ien dung co goc
mat nho. e o tu ien co goc mat nho dung phng phap cau o.
55
6.1.2 o ien cam [H]:

*
Rx
Lx
Hnh 6.4: Mach o ien cam.

Mach o ien cam c mac nh hnh 5.4, tong tr ZL cua ien cam c xac nh:
ZL =
ien cam c tnh:
LX =
(6.5)
Z L2 R X
U
= R x2 + ( L x ) 2 [ ]
I
(6.4)
[H]
Trong o: Rx c xac nh trc, U va I lan lt la so ch cua Volt ke va ampe ke.

Cong suat ton hao cua cuon day c xac nh bang Watt ke.
6.1.3 o ho cam:
A
M
*
*
M
Hnh 6.5: Mach o ho cam.

He so ho cam M gia hai cuon day (do tng tac gay ra) c xac nh bi:
M =
U
I
M =
U
I
Trong o: = 2f , U va I lan lt la so ch Volt ke va Ampe ke.

Ngoai ra, ngi ta tnh he so ho cam M theo cong thc sau:
56
(6.6)

M =
n1 n 2
R
(6.7)
Trong o, n1 va n2 lan lt la so vong day cuon 1 va 2 tng ng, R la t tr cua

mach t.
* Xet trng hp 2 cuon day mac noi tiep cung cc tnh (ngha la au cuoi cuon 1 noi
vi au cuon 2) va tren cung 1 mach t. Khi o, tong ien cam cua 2 cuon day c
xac nh:
La = L1 + L2 + 2 M =
Za tong tr cua hai cuon day: Z a =

ke.
Z a2 ( R1 + R2 ) 2
(6.8)
U
, U va I lan lt la so ch cua Volt ke va ampe
I
R1 va R2 la ien tr cua cuon day 1 va 2.

* Xet trng hp hai cuon c mac noi tiep khac cc tnh (ngha la au cuoi cuon 1
noi tiep vi au cuoi cuon 2) va tren cung mot mach t, khi o ien cam c xac
nh:
Lb = L1 + L2 2 M =
Zb tong tr cua hai cuon day: Z b =

ke.
Z b2 ( R1 + R2 ) 2
(6.9)
U
, U va I lan lt la so ch cua Volt ke va ampe
I
Lu y: au cuon day bao gi cung c bieu th bang dau cham tron tren s o
mach.
T phng trnh 6.8 va 6.9 ta tnh he so ho cam M nh sau:
M =
La Lb
4
[H]
(6.10)
6.2 o ien dung va ien cam bang cau o:

Co hai loai cau o: cau o n gian va cau o pho quat c dung e o ien dung
va ien cam. Ca hai loai nay eu da vao nguyen ly cau o Wheatstone. Trong cau o
pho quat co xet en he so ton hao D cua tu ien cung nh he so pham chat Q cua
cuon day.
57
6.2.1 Cau Wheastone:

Z2
Z1
Z3
Z4
`
Hnh 6.6: Cau Wheastone
Z1, Z2, Z3 va Z4 la tong tr tng ng, co the la so thc hay so phc bat ky.
So phc la so bao gom thanh phan thc va thanh phan ao: Z= A +jB
A la thanh phan thc, B la thanh phan ao. V du: Z = 2+j3 [ ]
Cau Wheastone can bang, ngha la kim ien ke G ch so 0, tng ng vi ieu
kien:
Z1Z4=Z2Z3
(6.11)
Cong thc (5.11) ap dung theo quy tac anpha.

6.2.2 Cau o n gian:
6.2.2.1
o ien dung:
Cx Z2
Z1 C1
Z3 R3
R4 Z4
Hnh 6.7: o ien dung.

R3 va R4 lan lt la cac ien tr mau co the thay oi c.
C1 la tu ien mau co the thay oi c.
CX la tu ien can o.
Nguon cung cap la tn hieu hnh sin (vi o meo dang nho) f=1KHz (tan so am tan)
hay tan so ien li 50Hz.
Khi cau o can bang, ap dung cong thc (5.11), ta co:
58

1
1
R4 =
R3
jC1
jC x
Cx =
6.2.2.2
R3
C1
R4
[F]
(6.12)
o ien cam:
Z1 L1
Lx Z2
R4 Z4
Z3 R3
Hnh 6.8: o ien cam.

L1: ien cam mau co gia tr thay oi c.
Lx: ien cam can o.
R3 va R4 lan lt la cac ien tr mau co the thay oi c.
Khi cau o can bang, ap dung cong thc 5.11, ta co:
jL1 R4 = jLx R3
Lx =
R4
L1
R3
(6.13)
# Nhan xet:
Phng phap cau o n gian ch xac nh gia tr Cx hay Lx thuan tuy ma cha xet
c s ton hao tren tu ien hay cuon day tng ng.
6.2.3 Cau o pho quat (universal bridge):
6.2.3.1
o ien dung:
Trong thc te mach tng ng cua tu ien dung co 2 dang tuy theo s hao mat
cua ien dung. Do o chat lng cua ien dung c anh gia qua he so D cua tu
ien.
Trng hp ien dung co hao mat nho, ngha la tr so D nho (D<0.1) th s o
mach tng ng bao gom Cx mac noi tiep Rx, gia tr Dnt c tnh:
Dnt = tg =
59
Re{Z x }
Im{Z x }
Trong o: Z x = R x +
1
j C x
Vay D c tnh theo cong thc sau: Dnt =
Rx
= Rx C x
1
C x
(6.14)
Trng hp ngc lai, ien dung co hao mat ln, D ln (D>0.1) th s o mach
tng ng bao gom Cx mac song song vi Rx, gia tr Dss c tnh:
Dss =
1 Rx
1
1
=
=
C x R x C x Dnt
(6.15)
S o mach cau o pho quat vi ien dung co ton hao nho (D<0.1):
Z1 (C1 nt R1)
(Rx nt Cx) Z2
Z3 R3
R4 Z4
Hnh 6.9: Cau Sauty (D<0.1)

Khi cau Sauty can bang, ta c:
j
j
Rx
C x
C1
=
R4
R3
R1
Can bang phan thc:
Rx =
R1
R4
R3
(6.16)
Can bang phan ao:
Cx =
R3
C1
R4
(6.17)
He so ton hao:
Dnt = R x C x = R1C1
(6.18)
Lu y: cac gia tr Cx va Rx khong phu thuoc tan so.
Bai tap:
Cho cau o Sauty, biet C1=0.1 F , R3=10K , R4=14.7K ngi ta ieu chnh gia
tr ien tr mau R1=125 th thay cau can bang. Hay xac nh cac gia tr Cx, Rx va D
biet rang tan so tn hieu la 100Hz.
Bai giai:
60
Ap dung cong thc cau can bang Sauty, ta c:

Cx =
R3
10 K
0.1F = 0.068F
C1 =
14.7 K
R4
Rx =
R1
125
R4 =
14.7 K = 183.3
R3
10 K
He so ton hao: Dnt = R x C x = R1C1 = 2fR1C1 = 2 100 * 125 * 0.1 *10 6 = 0.008
S o mach cau o pho quat vi ien dung co ton hao ln (D>0.1):
(Rx//Cx) Z2
Z1 (C1//R1)
Z3 R3
R4 Z4
Hnh 6.10: Cau Nernst (D>0.1)

Khi cau o can bang, ta co:
R3 (
1
1
+ jC1 ) = R4 ( + jC x )
R1
Rx
R1
R3
Can bang phan thc:
R x = R4
Can bang phan ao:
C1 R3 = C x R4
He so ton hao: Dss =

6.2.3.2
Cx =
(6.19)
R3
C1
R4
(6.20)
1
1
1
=
=
R x C x R1C1 Dnt
(6.21)
o ien cam:
Pham chat cua cuon day co ien cam Lx c xac nh bi he so Q.

Cong thc tnh he so pham chat Q: Q =
Im{Z x }
Re{Z x }
* Neu cuon day co s hao mat nho Q<10 (ien tr cua cuon day nho) th co mach
tng ng Rx noi tiep Lx, he so pham chat Q c tnh theo cong thc sau:
61

Qnt =
Im{Z x } L x
=
Re{Z x } R x
(6.22)
* Neu cuon day co s hao mat ln Q>10 (ien tr cua cuon day ln) th mach tng
ng Rx mac song song vi Lx, he so pham chat Q c tnh theo cong thc (6.23):
1
Im{Z x } L x
R
=
= x
Qss =
1
Re{Z x }
L x
Rx
(6.23)
S o mach cau o pho quat vi cuon day co he so pham chat nho Q<10:
(Rx nt Lx) Z2
Z1 R1
R4 Z4
Z3 (C3//R3)
Hnh 6.11: Phng phap cau o Maxwell-Wien

Lu y: t dung ien cam mau trong cau o v chung de gay nhieu anh hng en nhau,
khong chnh xac, kho can bang.
Khi cau can bang:
R1 (
Can bang phan thc:
R x = R4
Can bang phan ao:
C 3 R1 =
He so pham chat:
R + jL x
1
+ jC 3 ) = x
R3
R4
R1
R3
(6.24)
L x
R4
(6.25)
Lx = C 3 R1 R4
Qnt =
L x
Rx
= C 3 R3
Bai tap:
62
(6.26)
Cho cau o Maxwell-Wien, biet C3=0.1 F , R1=1.26K , R3=470 , R4=500 th

thoa man cau can bang. Hay xac nh cac gia tr Lx, Rx va Q biet rang tan so tn hieu
la 200Hz.
Bai giai:
Khi cau can bang:
R x = R4
R1 1.26 K
=
500 = 1.34 K
R3
470
L x = C 3 R1 R4 = 0.1 * 10 61.26 *10 3 * 500 = 63mH
He so pham chat: Qnt =
Lx
Rx
= C 3 R3 = 2 * 200 * 0.1 * 10 6 * 470 = 0.06
S o mach cau o pho quat vi cuon day co he so pham chat ln Q>10:

(Rx //Lx) Z2
Z1 R1
Z3 (C3 nt R3)
R4 Z4
Hnh 6.12: Cau Hay.

Khi cau can bang:
R1 R4 =
j
1
R x L x
( R3
j
)
C 3
R1
R3
Can bang phan thc:
R x = R4
Can bang phan ao:
R1 R4
1
=
L x C x
L x = C 3 R1 R4
He so pham chat:
Qss =
(6.27)
(6.28)
Rx
1
1
=
=
Lx C 3 R3 Qnt
63
6.3 o ho cam:
6.3.1 Cau o Maxwell:
Cuon day cong
hng ien cam
R1:Hop ien tr R2
i2
i2
L1
Ho cam mau
Lx
Ho cam can o
*
i1
Hnh 6.13: Cau Maxwell o ho cam.

Trong mach tren chung ta co: M1 la ho cam mau (co the thay oi c), Mx la ho
cam can o, R1 la hop ien tr va L la cuon day them vao e can bang ien cam trong
mach.
Khi cau can bang:
Chia (6.30) cho (6.29), ta c:
jM 1i = j ( L1 + L)i2 + R1i2
(6.29)
jM x i = jL x i2 + R2 i2
(6.30)
Mx
jL x + R2
=
M1
j ( L1 + L) + R1
Can bang phan thc va phan ao, ta c:
64
Mx
Lx
R
=
= 2
M 1 L1 + L R1
(6.31)
6.3.2 Cau Heavyside:

i3
R1
i1+ i3
R2
*
L2
i3
L3
R4
R3
Hnh 6.14: Cau Heavyside

Trong mach tren M la ho cam can o cua 2 cuon day, cuon day th cap co ien
cam la L2.
Khi cau can bang:
(6.32)
R4 i3 = R2 i1
( R3 + jL3 )i3 = ( R1 + jL2 )i1 jM (i1 + i3 )
(6.33)
Chia phng trnh (5.32) cho (5.33), ta c:

R2 ( R3 + jL3 ) = R4 [ R1 + j ( L2 M
Can bang phan thc:
R1 = R2
Can bang phan ao:
M =
R3
R4
MR2
)]
R4
(6.34)
(6.35)
L2 R4 L3 R2
R2 + R4
65
(6.36)
Chng 7 : o in p v o dng in
Chng 7
O IEN AP VA O DONG IEN
7.1 o dong ien DC:
7.1.1 Nguyen ly o:
Cac c cau o ien t, t ien va ien ong eu hoat ong c vi dong ien DC
cho nen chung c dung lam bo ch th cho ampe ke DC.
Muon o c cac gia tr o khac nhau ta can phai m rong tam o cho thch hp.
7.1.2 M rong tam o:
7.1.2.1
M rong tam o cho c cau o t ien: da vao ien tr Rs

IS
I
RS
I m Rm
Hnh 7.1: Cach m rong tam o c cau o t ien

Rs ien tr shunt.
Rm ien tr noi cua c cau o.
Dong ien o: I = Im + Is
Trong o:
Im dong ien i qua c cau o

Is dong ien i qua ien tr shunt.
Cach tnh ien tr shunt Rs:

Rs =
I max Rm
I c I max
(7.1)
Imax dong ien toi a cua c cau o.

Ic dong ien toi a cua tam o.
Bai tap 1:
Cho s o mach hnh 7.1, biet I max = 50A va Rm = 1K va Ic =1mA, hay tnh Rs.
66
Giai
Ap dung cong thc (6.1), ta co Rs =
50.10 6.10 3
= 52.6
10 3 50.10 6
Bai tap 2:
Cho s o mach hnh 7.1, biet I max = 2.5mA va Rm = 1K va Ic =100mA, hay tnh Rs.
oi vi ampe ke co nhieu tam o th dung nhieu ien tr shunt e m rong tam o
khi chuyen tam o la chuyen ien tr shunt nh hnh 7.2.
Rm
Im
IS1
RS1
IS2
RS2
ISn
RSn
Hnh 7.2: Cach m tam rong tam o dung nhieu ien tr shunt.
* Cach m rong tam o theo mach Ayrton:
I
Im
Rm
I1
R1
G
R2
R3
B
C
D
Hnh 7.3: Cach m rong tam o theo mach Ayrton.

ien tr shunt B:
Rsb = R1 + R2 + R3
ien tr shunt C:
Rsc = R1 + R2 con ien tr R3 noi tiep vi c cau ch
ien tr shunt D:
RsD = R1 con ien tr R2 va R3 noi tiep vi c cau ch
th.
th.
Bai tap 3:
67
Cho s o mach Ayrton, Rm= 1K va I max = 50A . Hay xac nh gia tr ien tr R1,
R2, R3 biet rang tam o B dong ien toi a qua c cau o la 1mA, tam o C dong
ien toi a qua c cau o la 10mA va tam o D dong ien toi a qua c cau o la
100mA.
Giai
v tr B: I max = 50A , Ic =1mA:
Ap dung cong thc (7.1), ta co:
50.10 6.10 3
R s = 3
= R1 + R2 + R3 = 52.6
10 50.10 6
(a)
v tr C: I max = 50A , Ic =10mA:

50.10 6.(1K + R3 )
1K + R3
Rs =
= R1 + R2 =
3
6
199
10.10 50.10
(b)
v tr D: I max = 50A , ID =100mA:

50.10 6.(1K + R3 + R2 )
1K + R3 + R2
Rs =
= R1 =
3
6
1999
100.10 50.10
(c)
Giai 2 phng trnh (a), (b) ta c:

1K + R3
= 52.6 R3
199
R3 = 47.237
thay R3 vao (c), tnh c R1=0.526

T (1) suy ra gia tr R2 = 4.737
7.1.2.2
M rong tam o cho c cau o ien t:
Thay oi so vong day cho cuon day co nh sao cho lc t cua cuon day khi co
dong ien chay qua tac dung len loi sat cua phan ong khong oi, tc la:
F = n1 I 1 = n2 I 2 = n3 I 3
(7.2)
Bai tap 4:
Cho F=300[Ampe-vong], tnh so vong cho 3 tam o co cng o dong ien lan lt
la: I1=1A, I2=5A va I3=10A.
68
Giai
Ap dung cong thc (7.2), ta co n1=300 vong.
n2 = 60 vong.
n3 =30 vong.
7.1.3 M rong tam o cho c cau o ien ong:

Cuon co nh 1
Rt
Cuon di ong
Cuon co nh 2
Rs
Hnh 7.4: Cach m rong tam o cho c cau o ien ong.

Cuon co nh co ac iem si to, t vong.
Cuon di ong co ac iem si nho, nhieu vong.
Mac ien tr shunt song song vi cuon day di ong, cuon day co nh c mac noi
tiep vi cuon di ong.
Cach xac nh ien tr shunt tng t nh ampe ke kieu c cau o t ien a neu
phan a)
7.2 o dong ien AC:

7.2.1 Nguyen ly o:
Cac c cau o ien t va c cau o ien ong eu hoat ong c vi dong ien
AC. Rieng c cau o t ien can phai bien oi dong ien AC thanh dong ien DC
trc khi s dung.
7.2.1.1
Mach chnh lu bang Diode:

D
icl
Rm
Hnh 7.5: Mach chnh lu bang diode dung trong c cau o t ien.
Dong ien qua diode mac noi tiep vi c cau o t ien co gia tr trung bnh c
xac nh bi:
69
T
1
1
icl =
icl dt =
2 0
2
/2
sin tdt =
I m = 0.318 I m = 0.318 2 I hd
(7.3)
Lu y: dong ien AC co dang ham sin tuan hoan.

Neu dong ien AC co dang bat ky th icl phu thuoc vao dang tan so cua tn hieu.
7.2.1.2
Mach chnh lu bang cau diode:
Rm
Hnh 7.6: Mach chnh lu bang cau diode dung trong c cau o t ien.
Khi dung cau diode th dong ien AC c chnh lu hai na chu ky va gia tr
trung bnh c xac nh:
icl =
7.2.1.3
icl dt =
0
/2
sin tdt =
I m = 0.636 I m = 0.636 2 I hd
(7.4)
Dung phng phap bien oi nhiet ien:
Phng phap bien oi nhiet ien bao gom mot ien tr ot nong va mot cap nhiet
ien. ien tr c ot nong bi dong ien AC can o. Chnh nhiet lng nay cung
cap cho cap nhiet ien va se tao ra ien ap DC cung cap cho c cau o t ien.
G
Hnh 7.7: Phng phap bien oi nhiet ien.

Tnh chat cua phng phap bien oi nhiet ien: khong phu thuoc tanso va dang
cua tn hieu, nhng can quan tam en s thay oi nhiet o cua moi trng.
Nhiet lng:
E = KT RI2
70
KT hang so ac trng cua cap nhiet ien.

R ien tr day ot nong.
I gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien can o.
7.2.2 Cach m rong tam o:
7.2.2.1
Dung ien tr shunt:

D
Rm
Is
Rs
Hnh 7.8: M rong tam o dung cho c cau o ien t.

Diode mac noi tiep vi c cau o t ien, do o dong ien chnh lu qua c cau o,
dong ien qua Rs la dong AC.
Im dong ien qua c cau o.
Immax dong ien cc ai.
Imax dong ien cc ai cho phep qua c cau o.
icl = 0.318 I m max = 0.318 2 I m I max
Gia tr dong ien hieu dung cua dong ien AC qua Rs:
Is = Ic
I max
0.318 2
Ic la dong ien can o.
ien tr Rs c xac nh:

Rs =
U D + Rm
I max
0.318 2 [ ]
Is
(7.5)
Bai tap 5:
Cho s o mach hnh 7.9, Rm= 1K va I max = 50A . Hay xac nh gia tr ien tr R1, R2,
R3 biet rang tam o A dong ien toi a qua c cau o la 250mA, tam o B dong ien
toi a qua c cau o la 500mA va tam o C dong ien toi a qua c cau o 750mA.
Lu y: diode loai 1N4007.
71
D
Rm
R1
I1
I2
R2
I3
R3
A
B
C
Hnh 7.9: M rong tam o dong ien AC bang cach dung ien tr mac song song
Giai
Diode loai 1N4007, chon ien the dan cho diode la UD=0.6V
Ap dung cong thc (7.5), cho cac tam o:
Tai tam o A, ISA = 250mA:
R1 =
I max
U D + Rm
0.318 2 =
I sA
0.6 + 1000
50.10 6
0.318 2 = 2.84
250.10 3
Tai tam o B, ISB = 500mA:

R2 =
U D + Rm
I max
0.318 2 =
I sB
0.6 + 1000
50.10 6
0.318 2 = 5.68
500.10 3
Tai tam o C, ISC =750mA:

R3 =
U D + Rm
I max
0.318 2 =
I sC
0.6 + 1000
50.10 6
0.318 2 = 8.52
750.10 3
72
7.2.2.2
Dung phng phap bien dong:
Hnh 7.10: Dung phng phap bien dong

Nguyen tac hoat ong cua bien dong da tren hien tng ho cam.
n1i1=n2i2
(7.6)
i1 la dong ien tai can o.

i2 la dong ien qua c cau o.
7.3 o ien ap DC:

7.3.1 Nguyen ly o:
Ido Rs
Rm
Hnh 7.11: Mach o ien ap DC

ien ap can o chuyen thanh dong ien o i qua c cau ch th
I do =
Vdo
I max
R s + Rm
(7.7)
Cac c cau o t ien, ien t va ien ong c dung lam volt ke o DC bang
cach noi them ien tr Rs e han dong.
Rieng oi vi c cau o ien ong cuon day co nh va cuon day di ong c mac
noi tiep.
73
Rs
Cuon co nh 1
Cuon di ong
Cuon co nh 2
Hnh 7.12:M rong tam o:

oi vi c cau o t ien bang cach mac noi tiep them ien tr Rs e m rong tam
o. Ngha la, thay oi tong tr vao cang ln th tam o ien ap cang cao cho nen ngi
ta thng dung tr so o nhay / VDC e xac nh tong tr vao cua moi tam o.
Bai tap 6:
Volt ke co o nhay 20 K /VDC th tam o 2.5V co tong tr vao la bao nhieu?.
Giai
Tong tr vao cua Volt ke la Zv = 2.5V*20 K /V=50 K .
Lu y: noi tr Volt ke cang cao th gia tr o cang chnh xac.
G
Rm
R1
R2
R3
V1
V2
V3
Hnh 7.13: Cach m rong tam o.

I
Rm
R1
R2
R3
V3
V2
V1
Hnh 7.14: Cach m rong tam o theo kieu Ayrton.
Bai tap 7:
Cho s o mach hnh 7.13, biet Volt ke dung c cau t ien co Rm= 1K va
I max = 100A . 3 tam o V1=2.5V, V2=20V, va V3 = 50V. Hay tnh cac ien tr con
lai.
74
Giai
V1=2.5V, ta co: R1 + Rm =
V1
2.5
=
= 25 K
I max 100.10 6
(d)
Ma Rm = 1K nen R1=24 K .
V2=20V, ta co: R2 + R1 + Rm =
V2
20
=
= 200 K
I max 100.10 6
(e)
T (d) va (e) suy ra R2 =175 K .

V3=50V, ta co: R3 + R2 + R1 + Rm =
V3
50
=
= 500 K
I max 100.10 6
Suy ra R3=300 K .
Lu y e Volt ke co o chnh xac cang cao nen chon sai so R1,R2,R3 1% / VDC cua
volt ke.
Bai tap 8:
Volt ke dung c cau o ien t co cuon day co nh, dong I max = 50mA va
Rm= 100 , tam o 0 300V . Xac nh R noi tiep vi c cau o va cong suat P.
Giai
Ta co, R + Rm =
V
I max
300
= 6 K
50.10 3
Ma Rm = 100 nen R=5.9 K .

2
= 5.9000 * (50.10 3 ) 2 = 14.75W
Cong suat P: P = RI max
7.4 o ien ap AC:

7.4.1 Nguyen ly o:
Tng t nh o dong ien AC, oi vi c cau o ien ong va ien t th phai
mac ien tr noi tiep vi c cau o nh trong Volt ke DC, v hai c cau o nay hoat
ong vi gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien xoay chieu.
Rieng oi vi c cau o t ien th phai dung cau chnh lu diode hay bo bien oi
nhiet ien.
75
7.4.2 Mach o ien ap bang c cau o t ien:

Rs
D1
Rm
UAC
D2
G
Hnh 7.15: Mach o ien ap AC bang c cau o t ien.

D1 chnh lu dong ien AC na chu ky dng.
D2 cho dong ien na chu ky am qua (khong i qua c cau o) va ien ap nghch
khong ri tren D1 va c cau o, tranh ien ap nghch ln khi o ien ap AC co gia tr
ln.
ien tr Rs noi tiep tam o ien ap UAC c xac nh:
U AC = ( RS + Rm ) I m + U D
R S + Rm =
U AC U D
U AC U D
=
Im
I max / 0.318 2
(7.8)
Bai tap 9:
Cho hnh 7.16, Rm= 1K va I max = 50A . Hay xac nh gia tr ien tr R1, R2, R3 biet
rang tam o C ien ap toi a la 5VAC, tam o B ien ap toi a la 10VAC va tam o
A ien ap toi a 20VAC. Lu y: cac diode loai 1N4007.
A
R1
R2
R3
D1
B
Rm
C
D2
UAC
Hnh 7.16: M rong tam o ien ap AC dung cac ien tr mac noi tiep.
76
Giai
Diode loai 1N4007, chon ien the dan cho diode la UD=0.6V
Ap dung cong thc (7.8), cho cac tam o:
Tai tam o C, UAC = 5V:
R3 + Rm =
U AC U D
U AC U D
5 0.6
=
=
= 39.5K
Im
I max / 0.318 2 50.10 6 / 0.318 2
R3 = 39.5 Rm = 39.5 1 = 38.5K
Tai tam o B, UAC = 10V:

R2 + R3 + Rm =
U AC U D
U AC U D
10 0.6
=
=
= 84.5 K
Im
I max / 0.318 2 50.10 6 / 0.318 2
R2 = 84.5 Rm R3 = 84.5 1 38.5 = 45K
Tai tam o A, UAC = 20V:

R1 + R2 + R3 + Rm =
U AC U D
U AC U D
20 0.6
=
=
= 174.5K
Im
I max / 0.318 2 50.10 6 / 0.318 2
R1 = 174.5 Rm R3 R2 = 84.5 1 38.5 45 = 90 K
7.4.3 Mach o ien ap AC dung bien oi nhiet oi:

Thang o cua Volt ke AC ghi theo gia tr hieu dung mac du s dung phng phap
chnh lu trung bnh. Rieng phng phap dung bo bien oi nhiet ien th goi la volt ke
AC co gia tr hieu dung thc.
Volt ke AC s dung bo bien oi nhiet ien khong phu thuoc tan so va dang tn
hieu.
R1
R2
R3
Rt
Hnh 7.17: Mach o ien ap AC dung bien oi nhiet ien.
77
Rt la ien tr nhiet can o ien ap. Cac ien tr R1, R2 va R3 la cac ien tr m
rong tam o.
On tap cuoi chng 7
7.1) Cho s o mach hnh 7.12, biet Volt ke dung c cau t ien co Rm= 1K va
I max = 50A . 3 tam o V1=2.5V, V2=20V, va V3 = 50V. Hay tnh cac ien tr con lai.
7.2) Cho s o mach hnh 7.13, biet Volt ke dung c cau t ien co Rm= 1K va
I max = 50A . 3 tam o V1=0.5V, V2=2.5V, va V3 = 10V. Hay tnh cac ien tr con
lai.
7.3) Cho s o mach hnh 7.9, Rm= 1K va I max = 50A . Hay xac nh gia tr ien tr
R1, R2, R3 biet rang tam o A dong ien toi a qua c cau o la 250mA, tam o B
dong ien toi a qua c cau o la 500mA va tam o C dong ien toi a qua c cau o
750mA. Lu y: diode loai 1N4007.
7.4) Cho hnh 7.16, Rm= 1K va I max = 50A . Hay xac nh gia tr ien tr R1, R2, R3
biet rang tam o C ien ap toi a la 50VAC, tam o B ien ap toi a la 250VAC va
tam o A ien ap toi a 1000VAC. Lu y: cac diode loai 1N4007.
78
Chng 8 : o tn s
Chng 8
O TAN SO
Hz.
Tan so la so chu ky cua mot dao ong trong mot n v thi gian, n v tan so la
Trong ky thuat vo tuyen, o tan so c dung trong cac trng hp nh khac o va

chuan lai cac may tao tn hieu o lng, may phat, may thu; xac nh tan so cong
hng cua cac mach dao ong; xac nh dai thong cua bo loc, mang bon cc, kiem tra
mc o lech tan so cua cac thiet b ang cong tac,
8.1 o tan so bang cac mach ien co thong so phu thuoc tan so
8.1.1 Phng phap cau:
R2
R1
R4
R3
L
C
Hnh 8.1: o tan so bang mach ien phu thuoc tan so.
Khi cau o can bang:
Z1Z3=Z2Z4
Hay
R1Z3=R2R4 (*)
Z3=R3+j( L
1
)
C
(8.1)
The (1) vao phng trnh (*) va can bang phan ao, ta c:
x L =
fx =
1
xC
1
2 LC
(8.2)
Tiep tuc ieu chnh nhanh cong hng noi tiep so can o fx, khi o x L =
tr khang cua mach thuan tr R1 la:
79
1
va
xC
Chng 8 : o tn s
R1R3=R2R4
(8.3)
#Cach o: nhanh cong hng c ieu chnh bang cach thay oi gia tr cua tu ien
C, thang o co the trc tiep khac o theo n v tan so. M rong tam o tan so bang
cach thay oi cuon L. Bo ch th can bang dung volt ke chnh lu.
#Nhc iem: kho che tao c cuon cam tan so thap, kho thc hien ch th 0 do co
tac ong cua t trng len cuon ien cam.
8.1.2 Phng phap cong hng:
o tan so bang phng phap cong hng da tren nguyen ly chon loc tan so cua
mach cong hng.
Bo phan
ghep
Ufx
Mach cong
hung
Bo phan ch
th
Bo phan
ieu chuan
Hnh 8.2: S o khoi o tan so bang phng phap cong hng.
ien dung va ien cam la cac linh kien co thong so tap trung L, C. Bo phan ieu
chuan chnh la tu ien bien thien C, co thang o c khac o theo n v tan so. V tu
C co he so bien oi (Cmax/Cmin) khong ln lam, cho nen muon m rong dai tan so th
tan so ke con phai thay oi ca cuon L.
D
Lg
C
Ufx
Hnh 8.3: Mach o cong hng tan so.
80
Chng 8 : o tn s
Mach cong hng c kch hoat bang dao ong lay t nguon can o thong qua
cuon day ghep Lg. S ch th cong hng cua mach ien tai tan so o c thc hien
bang bo tach song va c cau o t ien.
Khi mach cong hng th ch th cua ong ho la cc ai.
8.2 o tan so bang dao ong k (phng phap so sanh):

o tan so bang dao ong k c thc hien bang phng phap so sanh tan so can
o vi tan so chuan cua bo dao ong chuan thong qua cac ng cong Lissaju. Muon
tao c cac ng cong Lissaju th a tan so can o vao mot cap ban lam lech, tan
so chuan vao cap ban lam lech con lai. ieu chnh tan so chuan sao cho ng cong
Lissaju ng yen.
Hnh dang cua ng cong Lissaju phu thuoc vao t so gia cac bien o, tan so va
pha ban au cua tn hieu chuan va tn hieu can o. ng Lissaju se ng yen neu tan
so chuan va tan so can o bang nhau va bang t so cua cac so nguyen:
f x nd
=
f 0 nn
(8.4)
nd, nn la cac so nguyen bang so iem tiep tuyen cua ng Lissaju vi truc ng va
truc ngang.
8.3 o tan so bang phng phap em:

Tan so ke cau tao theo phng phap em co s o nh hnh ve, bao gom: mach
vao chnh, bo phan tao dang xung, bo tao xung co thi gian chuan, bo ieu khien, bo
chon xung theo thi gian, bo em xung.
Bo tao dang xung: tan so can o fx i qua mach vao en bo tao dang xung co
nhiem vu bien oi tn hieu ien ap dang ieu hoa thanh dang tn hieu xung. Cac xung
nay co cung cc tnh va co chu k ung bang chu k cua tn hieu ieu hoa can o.
Ngo
vao
Mach vao
Bo tao xung
chuan
Bo tao
dang xung
Bo chon
xung
Bo ieu
khien
81
Bo em
Chng 8 : o tn s
Hnh 8.4: S o khoi o tan so bang phng phap em

Bo tao xung chuan co chc nang tao nen cac xung thi gian chuan co tnh on nh
cao, bao gom cac bo phan: bo tao dao ong thach anh, cac bo chia/nhan tan so, bo tao
dang xung. au ra cua bo nay co nhieu tan so khac nhau nh bo dao ong thach anh
100KHz th cac tan so chia la 10KHz, 1KHz, 100Hz, 10Hz, 1Hz, 0.1Hz tng ng vi
cac tan so chuan nay la thi gian chuan bang chu k cua chung 0.0001s, 0.001s, 0.01s,
0.1s, 1s, 10s.
Bo ieu khien lam nhiem vu ieu khien qua trnh o vi 2 chc nang chnh tao chu
trnh thi gian m va xoa e a bo em ve trang thai ban au.
Nguyen ly lam viec: tan so can o co dang tn hieu ieu hoa c a qua mach
vao en bo tao dang xung. Qua bo nay tn hieu hnh sin bien thanh tn hieu xung co
cung tan so. Cac xung nay c a en bo chon xung roi chuyen ti bo em trong
nhng khoang thi gian tng ng xung m ca, tc la ch cho xung qua bo em trong
khoang thi gian m, ong tng t nh mach AND co 2 au vao 1 au ra. Ch
khi nao ca 2 au vao bo chon xung co tn hieu th au ra mi co tn hieu.
So xung qua bo chon xung c bo em xung ghi lai, khi o tan so fx can o:
fx =
n
Tch
(8.5)
n: so lng xung em
Tch khoang thi gian m ca cung chnh la chu k cua xung chuan.
V fch a biet nen ket qua ch th so cua bo em co the trc tiep bieu th ai lng
tan so.
82
Chng 9 : o cng sut
Chng 9
O CONG SUAT
9.1 o cong suat bang volt ke va ampe ke:
9.1.1 o cong suat mot chieu:
Cach mac Volt ke trc-Ampe ke sau:
A
IL
UA
U=UA+UL
UL
PL=ILUL=IL(U-UA)
PL=UIL-RAIL2
Hnh 9.1: o cong suat bang cach mac V-A
# Nhan xet: theo cach mac nay viec xac nh cong suat PL co sai so do ien tr noi
cua ampe ke.
Cach mac Ampe ke trc-Volt ke sau:

+
PL=UI-IVU
I=IV+IL
IL
IV
PL=ILU=U(I IV)
UL
Hnh 9.2: o cong suat bang cach mac A-V
# Nhan xet: theo cach mac nay viec xac nh cong suat PL co sai so do ien tr noi
cua volt ke.
9.1.2 o cong suat xoay chieu mot pha:

A
S1 A
V
S2
C
D
ZL
83
Chng 9 : o cng sut
Hnh 9.2: o cong suat xoay chieu mot pha bang Volt ke va Ampe ke.
Khi khoa S1, S2 v tr A va C th volt ke cho gia tr UR.
Khi khoa S1, S2 v tr B va D th volt ke cho gia tr UZL, ien ap nay lech pha vi
dong ien tai mot goc .
Khi khoa S1, S2 v tr A va D th volt ke cho gia tr UZ, ien ap nay lech pha so
vi dong ien la 1.
Theo gian o vector, ta co:
U Z2L = U Z2 + U R2 2U RU Z cos 1
U ZL
U Z L cos = U Z cos 1 U R
UZ
cos =
U Z cos 1 U R
U ZL
Hnh 9.4: Gian o vector

Cong suat cua tai c xac nh bi:
PL = U Z L I [U Z
PL = I
(U Z2 + U R2 U Z2L ) 2U R2
2U RU Z U Z L
2
U Z U Z2L U R2
2U R
84
Chng 9 : o cng sut
9.2 o cong suat bang hieu ng Hall:

iL
i
ix X
T
T
N
S
ZL
Rp
Hnh 9.5: o cong suat bang phng phap hieu ng Hall

at cam bien Hall vao khe h cua nam cham ien. Dong ien i vao cuon hut L
chnh la dong ien i qua phu tai ZL. Dong ien i qua 2 cc T-T t le vi ien ap at
len phu tai ZL. ien tr phu Rp e han dong. The ien ong Hall c xac nh bi:
U H = kBW
trong o
B=kii , W = k u u
U H = kk i iu = k ' ui = k ' P
k la he so t le ac trng cua cam bien phu thuoc vao vat lieu, kch thc, hnh
dang cua cam bien, nhiet o tac ong.
UH hieu ien the Hall c o bang mV ke.
# Nhan xet: Watt ke loai nay cho phep o cong suat xoay chieu co tan so en hang
tram MHz, khong co quan tnh, co cau tao n gian, ben va tin cay.
85
Chng 9 : o cng sut
9.3 o cong suat bang nhiet lng ke:

mV
1
G
Rx
Hnh 9.6: o cong suat bang nhiet lng ke.

Watt ke dung phng phap nhiet lng ke c che tao theo nguyen tac xac nh
cong suat theo nhiet o cua moi trng nhiet lng ke.
Cong suat Px do phu tai Rx tieu thu c xac nh theo hieu nhiet o cua chat long
(vat mang nhiet) au ra va au vao cua nhiet lng ke. Hieu nhiet o c o bang
cap nhiet ien va mV ke khi chat long luon khong oi.
Px = CG ( 2 1 )
2 la nhiet o cua lu lng ra khoi hop o cong suat.

1 la nhiet o cua lu lng trc khi vao hop o cong suat.
C: dung lng nhiet the tch rieng cua chat long.

G: lu lng the tch cua chat long.
# Nhan xet: phng phap nhiet lng ke thng b sai so do s thay oi nhiet o moi
trng xung quanh cung nh do s bien ong cua cac ac tnh nhiet va nhiet o cua
vat mang nhiet.
9.4 o cong suat bang phng phap phan mach nh hng.

o cong suat bang phng phap phan mach nh hng ng dung e o cong suat
truyen thong gia nguon cong suat va tai. Trong truyen thong luon ton tai phan xa
mot phan cong suat tr ve nguon phat t pha tai. Cong suat phan xa lam h nguon
cong suat hay may phat, neu co phoi hp tr khang tot th hien tng nay se b loai bo
hay t anh hng may phat.
Cong suat c hap thu tren tai se la hieu so cong suat phat ra cua nguon va cong
suat phan xa.
86
Chng 9 : o cng sut
Phng phap o cong suat bang cach phan mach nh hng con goi la phng
phap phan xa met. Vi cach ghep nay ta co kha nang phan biet c nang lng
truyen t nguon en tai, cung nh nang lng t tai phan xa tr ve.
Watt ke
Nguon
cong suat
Phan mach
nh hng
Tai
a) S o khoi o cong suat bang phng phap phan mach nh hng.
b) Cau truc ben trong mach o cong suat nh hng.

Hnh 9.7: o cong suat bang phng phap phan mach nh hng.
Bo phan phan mach nh hng dung day ong truc, oan day dc va vong day
ghep U cau thanh bo phan mach nh hng. oan ab, cd la cac oan day bien oi tr
khang cua ng day truyen e cho tr khang cua ng day truyen phoi hp c
vi bo phan mach nh hng. Vong day ghep U co kch thc nho so vi chieu dai
cua bc song, co ghep ien dung va ien cam vi ng day truyen lam xuat hien
dong Ic ve 2 pha IM. Neu kch thc cua vong day U va khoang cach t vong day U
en truc ng day ong truc thoa IC=IM th tai au ra A cua bo phan mach nang
lng ien, con au B khong co v tai na vong day ghep nay dong ien kh lan nhau.
Tai au A co mac Watt ke e o cong suat va neu biet c he so ghep ra cua bo
phan mach th co the tnh c cong suat truyen thong tren day ong truc.
9.5 o cong suat bang phng phap o ap suat song ien t:

Cung nh anh sang, song ien t truyen tren day truyen song gay ra ap suat c
hoc. Ap suat nay tac ong len be mat thanh ong song khi song ien t lan truyen trong
ong. Khi at mot vat vao trong ong dan song co song ien t lan truyen th cung chu
ap lc cua song. Cng o cua ap lc nay t le vi modun cua vector Umop-pointing,
tc la t le vi cong suat cua song ien t. Do vay, cong suat cua song ien t lan
87
Chng 9 : o cng sut
truyen c xac nh thong qua ap lc cua song ien t tac ong len vat. Thang o
cua ap lc co the chuyen oi trc tiep thanh thang o theo n v cong suat.
Hnh 9.8: o cong suat bang cach o ap suat song ien t.

Gia tr cua ap suat nay rat nho, chang han cong suat cua song ien t lan truyen la
1mW th ap suat khoang 10-12N/cm2 cho nen khong the o trc tiep ma phai thong qua
bo bien oi phan t ap ien, tu vi chnh, ong ho o ap suat c hoc.
C cau o gom ong dan song (1) e truyen dan nang lng can o, si day thach
anh (3) co ng knh rat manh (khoang 10 m ) ben trong ong dan song, noi vi gng
phan xa (4). Ban kim loai c at nghieng 450 so vi chieu cua song ien t lan
truyen. Di tac dung cua ien t ban kim loai quay va lam xoan day treo, goc quay
cua ban kim loai c xac nh bang v tr ch th cua iem sang phat ra t nguon sang
(5) c phan chieu tren gng (4) va ap len thang chia o (6).
# u iem: dai o cong suat rong t vai %W en vai tram KW, khong gay ton hao
cong suat nhieu, de phoi hp vi nguon o, rat t b qua tai, t quan tnh, sai so khoang
5%.
# Nhc iem: rat nhay vi chan ong c hoc, yeu cau chnh xac cao oi vi cac chi
tiet dung cu.
88
Ti liu tham kho
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Pham Thng Han- Ky thuat o lng cac ai lng vat ly, Tap 1 va 2NXB GD, Ha Noi-1996.
[2] Vu Qui iem C s ky thuat o lng vo tuyen ien-NXB H&TCCN,
Ha Noi-1978.
[3] Nguyen Trong Que-Dung cu o c ien-NXB KHKT, Ha Noi, 1980.
[4] Nguyen Ngoc Tan-Ky Thuat o, NXB KHKT, Ha Noi-1998
89
Mc lc
MC LC
Chng 1 NHNG KHAI NIEM VE O LNG.........................................................1
1.1 nh ngha va phan loai phep o..........................................................................1
1.1.1 nh ngha ..............................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Phan loai cac cach thc hien phep o..................................................................2
1.2 Cac ac trng cua ky thuat o lng....................................................................2
1.2.1 ai lng o hay con goi la tn hieu o ...............................................................3
1.2.2 ieu kien can o....................................................................................................5
1.2.3 n v o ................................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Thiet b o va phng phap o .............................................................................5
1.2.5 Ngi quan sat .......................................................................................................6
1.2.6 Ket qua o..............................................................................................................6
1.3 Phng phap o......................................................................................................8
1.3.1 Phng phap o bien oi thang ............................................................................8
1.3.2 Phng phap o kieu so sanh................................................................................9
1.4 Phan loai cac thiet b o......................................................................................10
1.5 Cac ac tnh c ban cua thiet b o ....................................................................11
1.6 Sai so cua phep o va cach trnh bay ket qua o ..............................................12
Chng 2 C CAU O
....................................................................................................14
2.1 C cau o t ien .................................................................................................14
2.1.1 Cau tao .................................................................................................................14
2.1.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong ...........................................................................................15
2.1.3 ng dung..............................................................................................................15
2.2 C cau o ien t.................................................................................................15
2.2.1 Cau tao .................................................................................................................15
2.2.3 ng dung..............................................................................................................16
2.3 C cau o ien ong............................................................................................16
2.3.1 Cau tao .................................................................................................................16
2.3.3 ng dung..............................................................................................................17
2.4 Bang k hieu .........................................................................................................18
Chng 3 THIET B PHAT TN HIEU O LNG ...................................................19
3.1 Khai niem ve o lng........................................................................................19
3.1.1 Muc ch y ngha ..............................................................................................19
90
Mc lc
3.1.2 ai lng o lng ..............................................................................................19

3.1.3 Cap chuan hoa. ....................................................................................................20
3.2 Khai niem chung ve thiet b phat tn hieu .........................................................20
3.2.1 Khai niem.............................................................................................................20
3.2.2 Phan loai ..............................................................................................................20
3.3 May phat tn hieu tan so thap .............................................................................21
3.3.1 Cac ac tnh .........................................................................................................21
3.3.2 S o khoi cua may phat tn hieu o lng .......................................................22
3.3.3 May phat LC ........................................................................................................23
3.3.4 May phat tron tan so ...........................................................................................23
3.3.5 May phat RC........................................................................................................24
3.4 May phat xung .....................................................................................................25
3.4.1 ac tnh may phat xung ......................................................................................25
3.4.2 S o khoi ............................................................................................................26
3.5 May phat song quet .............................................................................................27
Chng 4 THIET B QUAN SAT VA GHI TN HIEU .................................................29
4.1 Dao ong ky ien t mot tia ...............................................................................29
4.1.1 Khai niem.............................................................................................................29
4.1.2 Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong.........................................................................29
4.1.3 Ong phong tia ien t (CRT: Cathode Ray Tube).............................................29
4.1.4 Tn hieu quet ngang.............................................................................................31
4.1.5 S o khoi dao ong ky mot tia ..........................................................................32
4.2 Dao ong ky hai tia .............................................................................................33
4.3 ng dung cua dao ong ky ien t trong o lng ...........................................34
4.3.1 ng dung e quan sat tn hieu ............................................................................34
4.3.2 o ien ap cua tn hieu .......................................................................................34
4.3.3 o tan so bang dao ong ky: ..............................................................................35
4.3.4 o goc lech pha bang dao ong ky ien t 2 tia ...............................................35
4.4 Cac loai dao ong k ien t ...............................................................................36
4.4.1 Dao ong k co chc nang thong dung ...............................................................36
4.4.2 Dao ong k van nang .........................................................................................36
4.4.3 Dao ong k toc o nhanh ...................................................................................36
4.4.4 Dao ong k lay mau ...........................................................................................36
4.4.5 Dao ong k co nh..............................................................................................37
4.4.6 Dao ong k ac trng .........................................................................................37
4.4.7 Dao ong k so: ....................................................................................................37
Chng 5 O IEN TR..............................................................................................44
5.1 o ien tr bang volt ke va ampe ke .................................................................44
91
Mc lc
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
Cach mac Volt ke trc-Ampe ke sau ...............................................................44

Cach mac ampe ke trc volt ke sau .................................................................44
o ien tr bang Ohm ke....................................................................................45
Ohm ke vi s o noi tiep ...................................................................................45
Ohm ke vi s o song song ...............................................................................47
o ien tr bang cau Wheastone .......................................................................48
Cau Wheastone can bang....................................................................................48
Cau Wheastone khong can bang ........................................................................49
o ien tr co gia tr nho bang cau oi Kelvin .................................................50
o ien tr co gia tr ln .....................................................................................51
o ien tr bang volt ke va micro-ampe ke......................................................51
o ien tr co gia tr ln bang MegaOhm ke chuyen dung .............................51
Chng 6 O IEN DUNG, IEN CAM , HO CAM.54

6.1 o ien dung, ien cam va ho cam bang volt ke va ampe ke .........................54
6.1.1 o ien dung [F ].................................................................................................54
6.1.2 o ien cam [H] ..................................................................................................56
6.1.3 o ho cam ............................................................................................................56
6.2 o ien dung va ien cam bang cau o.............................................................57
6.2.1 Cau Wheastone....................................................................................................58
6.2.2 Cau o n gian ...................................................................................................58
6.2.3 Cau o pho quat (universal bridge)....................................................................59
6.3 o ho cam ............................................................................................................64
6.3.1 Cau o Maxwell...................................................................................................64
6.3.2 Cau Heavyside.....................................................................................................65
Chng 7 O IEN AP VA O DONG IEN ............................................................66
7.1 o dong ien DC .................................................................................................66
7.1.1 Nguyen ly o........................................................................................................66
7.1.2 M rong tam o ...................................................................................................66
7.1.2.1 ............................... M rong tam o cho c cau o t ien: da vao ien tr Rs
66
7.1.2.2 .................................................................. M rong tam o cho c cau o ien t
68
7.1.3 M rong tam o cho c cau o ien ong..........................................................69
7.2 o dong ien AC .................................................................................................69
7.2.1 Nguyen ly o........................................................................................................69
7.2.2 Cach m rong tam o ..........................................................................................71
7.3 o ien ap DC .....................................................................................................73
92
Mc lc
7.3.1
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
Nguyen ly o........................................................................................................73
o ien ap AC .....................................................................................................75
Nguyen ly o........................................................................................................75
Mach o ien ap bang c cau o t ien ...........................................................76
Mach o ien ap AC dung bien oi nhiet oi ...................................................77
Chng 8 O TAN
SO..........................................................................................79
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.2
8.3
o tan so bang cac mach ien co thong so phu thuoc tan so...........................79
Phng phap cau ..................................................................................................79
Phng phap cong hng ....................................................................................80
o tan so bang dao ong k (phng phap so sanh)..........................................81
o tan so bang phng phap em ......................................................................81
Chng 9 O CONG SUAT.....83

9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
o cong suat bang volt ke va ampe ke..............................................................83

o cong suat mot chieu .......................................................................................83
o cong suat xoay chieu mot pha.......................................................................83
o cong suat bang hieu ng Hall .......................................................................85
o cong suat bang nhiet lng ke......................................................................86
o cong suat bang phng phap phan mach nh hng. ................................86
o cong suat bang phng phap o ap suat song ien t.................................87
Ti liu tham kho......84
93

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Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

1.1.2 Phan loai cac cach thc hien phep o

1.2 Cac ac trng cua ky thuat o lng:

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

ai lng o hay con goi la tn hieu o:

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

1.2.2 ieu kien can o:

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

1.3 Phng phap o

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Tn hieu lien tuc

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Tuy thuoc vao cach so sanh ma ta co cac phng phap sau:

Phng phap nay s dung e o trong trng hp cau can bang

1.4 Phan loai cac thiet b o:

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

1.5 Cac ac tnh c ban cua thiet b o:

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

o tin cay cua cac linh kien cua dung cu o

Ket cau cua dung cu o khong qua phc tap

1.6 Sai so cua phep o va cach trnh bay ket qua o

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Cac loai sai so:

* Sai so tuyet oi:

e: sai so tuyet oi.

o chnh xac tng oi:

o chnh xac tnh theo phan %:

X n : tr so trung bnh cua n lan o.

Chng 1: Nhng khi nim v o lng

Hnh 2.1: Cau tao c cau o t ien.

2.1.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

2.2 C cau o ien t:

Hnh 2.2: Cau tao c cau o ien t.

2.3 C cau o ien ong:

Hnh 2.3: Cau tao c cau ien ong

#u iem: o ien AC, DC vi cap chnh xac cao.

2.4 Bang k hieu:

C cau o ien ong.

Chng 3 : Thit b pht tn hiu o lng

* ai lng ien thu ong:

Co 2 cach o: o nong va o nguoi.

Chng 3 : Thit b pht tn hiu o lng

3.1.3 Cap chuan hoa.

Cap 1: Cap quoc te (International standard) c thc hien nh chuan tai

Cap 4: chuan phong th nghiem.

3.2 Khai niem chung ve thiet b phat tn hieu:

Theo khoang tan so cua tn hieu ra:

May phat sieu am: 20KHz en 200KHz.

Chng 3 : Thit b pht tn hiu o lng

9 May phat tan so cao: 200KHz en 30MHz.

Theo dang cua tn hieu ra:

9 May phat xung vuong.

Theo dang cua ieu che:

9 May phat song hnh sin vi ieu che bien o (AM).

3.3 May phat tn hieu tan so thap:

o meo phi tuyen:

Chng 3 : Thit b pht tn hiu o lng

Dai tan so phat ra c at trng bi he so phu song Kp, la t so cua tan so cc ai

o on nh tan so cua may phat c xac nh bi t so cua s thay oi tuyet oi

3.3.2 S o khoi cua may phat tn hieu o lng: