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Steel beams
Wooden beams
Design of Shaft
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!
Combined bending
Torsion
B-
RA
V
RA
RC
2m
2m
RA
+
RA - P
Mmax
x
-RC
x
NA
B-
5
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
Shear stress
distribution ()
4
2
5
Bending stress
distribution ()
5
M
4
3
2
1 V
NA
B-
y
5
3
2
max
1
x (-5, 0)
y (0, 0)
max
y
4
x (-4, 4)
1
max
y
3
x (0, 3)
2
y (0, -3)
5
M
4
3
2
1 V
NA
B-
3
2
2
1
y
2
2
2
x (2, 2)
2
1
y (0, -2)
max
max
max
x (1, 0)
y (0, 0)
max
Mc
I
M
I /c
M
S
S req 'd =
allow
Example 1
A beam is to be made of steel that has an allowable bending stress of
allow = 150 MPa and an allowable shear stress of allow = 100 MPa.
Select an appropriate W shape that will carry the loading shown.
100 kN
200 kN
2m
2m
2m
200 kN
100 kN
Allowable normal stress: allow = 150 MPa
50 kN
2m
250 kN
2m
2m
V(kN)
50
+
-
-150
M(kNm)
100
+
-200
M
allow
100
+
Sreqd =
M
S
x (m)
W 610x82
S = 1870x103 mm3
W 460x97
S = 1910x103 mm3
W 460x89
S = 1770x103 mm3
W 460x82
S = 1610x103 mm3
W 460x74
S = 1460x103 mm3
W 410x85
S = 1510x103 mm3
200 kN
50 kN
2m
100 kN
2m
221.25
250 kN
2m
NA
14.5
214
9.02
457
V(kN)
50
100
190
x(m)
-150
+ (214/2)(214x9.02)
= 816.08x10-6 m3
max =
VQ
It
V(816.08x10-6)
(333x10-6)(0.00902)
200 kN
100 kN
Check shear and normal stress at B
50 kN
2m
2m
200 kNm
max
214
V(kN)
50
max=137.2 MPa
250 kN
2m
100
+
x(m)
-150
x (m)
B, MPa
mm4
B =
30.44 MPa
128.5 MPa
B =
- Shear: B
-200
333x106
- Bending: B
M(kNm)
100
+
INA =
150 kN
My
I
(-200x103) (0.214)
=
(333x10-6)
= -128.5 MPa
VmaxQB
It
9.02
221.25
(150x103) [(0.2213)(0.19x0.0145)]
(333x10-6)(0.00902)
NA
QB
14.5
190
= 30.44 MPa
10
30.44 MPa
y
average =
x + y
128.5 MPa
R =
=
2
(
x - y
2
-128.53+0
2
= -64.27 MPa
2
)2 + (xy)
(64.27)2 + (30.44)2
= 71.11 MPa
(-64.27, 71.11)
average - R
y (0, 30.44)
(-135.4, 0)
O
2
average + R
(6.84, 0)
1
(-128.5, -30.44) x
11
Comments
221.25
NA
Q = yA
14.5
214
QNA = (221.25)(190x14.5)
9.02
457
190
221.25
NA
= 816083.71 mm3
max =
VQ
It
avg =
Vmax
Aweb
14.5
214
9.02
457
NA
14.5
214
avg =
9.02
= 816.08x10-6 m3
V(816.08x10-6)
(333x10-6)(0.00902)
457
Vmax
Aweb
= 271.7V
V
(0.457 - 2x0.0145)(0.00902)
= 259.03V
190
221.25
+ (214/2)(214x9.02)
4.7 % off
V
(0.457)(0.00902)
= 242.59V
10.7 % off
190
12
Example 2
The laminated wooden beam shown supports a uniform distributed loading of
12 kN/m. If the beam is to have a height-to-width ratio of 1.5, determine its
smallest width. The allowable bending stress is allow = 9 MPa and the allowable
shear stress is allow =0.6 MPa. Neglect the weight of the beam.
12 kN/m
1.5a
1m
3m
13
12 kN/m
1.5a
A
1m
B
32 kN
3m
16 kN a
Check allowable shear stress
V (kN)
16 12 x = 0
20
x=1.33 m
+
-
=
x (m)
-12
-16
M (kNm)
-6
VQ
It
V
= 1.5
A
20x103
6
0.6x10 = 1.5
1.5(a2)
a = 0.183 m = 183 mm
10.67
+
x (m)
Use a = 185 mm
14
12 kN/m
1.5a = 277.5
A
1m
B
32 kN
3m
16 kN
a = 185 mm
Check allowable normal stress
V (kN)
16 12 x = 0
20
x=1.33 m
+
-
x(m)
-12
(10.67x103)(278/2)
(1/12)(185)(2783)
= 4.48 MPa
10.67
+
-6
Mc
max =
I
=
-16
M (kNm)
allow = 9 MPa
Use a = 185 mm
15
Example 3
The wooden T-beam shown is made from two 200 mm x 30 mm boards.
If the allowable bending stress is allow =12 MPa and the allowable shear stress
is allow = 0.8 MPa, determine if the beam can safely support the loading shown
without having the deflection more than L/240. The spacing of nails specified to
hold the two boards together if each nail can resist 1.50 kN in shear are: between
BC use 125 mm, and CD use 250 mm. Take E = 12 GPa, and the formula for
deflection at the the mid-span:
5wL4
PL3
C =
)
+(
768EI
48EI
200 mm
w=0.5 kN/m P=1.5 kN
30 mm
B
200 mm
D
C
2m
2m
30 mm
16
0.5 kN/m
1.5 kN
D
1.5 kN
2m
C
2m
1 kN
V (kN)
1.5
0.5
x (m)
-1.0
-1.0
M (kNm)
2.0
+
x (m)
17
Section property
200 mm
30 mm
NA
200 mm
y'
y =
yA
A
= 157.5 mm
30 mm
I = ( I + Ad 2 )
= ( I + Ad 2 )web +
( I + Ad 2 )flang
= [(1/12)(30)(2003 ) +(30x200)(157.5-100)2]
+ [(1/12)(200)(303) + (200x30)(215-157.5)2]
= 60.125x106 mm4 = 60.12x10-6 m4
18
0.5 kN/m
1.5 kN
D
C
1.5 kN
2m
2m
1 kN
0.309
V (kN)
1.5 kN
B-, MPa
1.5
0.5
x(m)
-1.0
-1.0
max =
VmaxQ
It
(1.5x103) [(0.07875)(0.03x0.1575)]
(60.12x10-6)(0.03)
200
30
72.5
157.5
NA
200
= 0.309 MPa
0.309 MPa < 0.8 MPa , O.K.
30
I = 60.12x10-6 m4
19
0.5 kN/m
1.5 kN
D
1.5 kN
2m
C
2m
20 kNm
1 kN
M(kNm)
0.206
B+
2.0
1 kN
5.24
B+, MPa
B+, MPa
x (m)
200
Check allowable normal stress: allow = 12 MPa
Mc
max =
I
(2x103) (0.1575)
(60.12x10-6)
= 5.24 MPa
5.24 MPa < 12 MPa , O.K.
72.5
157.5
30
NA
200 2 kNm
30
I = 60.12x10-6 m4
20
D
1.5 k N
L/2=2 m
L/2=2 m
1 kN
200
30
72.5
NA
200
157.5
30
I = 60.12x10-6 m4
9
6
9
6
768 EI
48 EI
768(12 10 )(60.12 10 ) 48(12 10 )(60.12 10 )
4
= 0.00115 0.00277 = 0.00392 m, () <
= 0.0167 m, O.K .
240
21
0.5 kN/m
1.5 kN
D
1.5 kN
2m
1 kN
2m
V(kN)
200
30
72.5
1.5
+
NA
200
157.5
0.5
x(m)
30
I = 60.125x10-6 m4
-1.0
-1.0
B-, MPa
Nail spacing: sBC = 125 mm, and sCD = 250 mm; (Fs)allow= 1.5 kN
- Segment BC
Fnail = Ashear
Fnail =
= (
VQ
) (sBCx0.03)
It
(1.5x103)[(0.0575)(0.2x0.03)]
(0.125x0.03)
-6
(60.12x10 )(0.03)
22
1.5 kN
0.5 kN/m
B
D
1.5 kN
V (kN)
1 kN
2m
2m
1m
1.5
30
72.5
1
+
200
NA
200
157.5
0.5
x(m)
30
I = 60.125x10-6 m4
-1.0
-1.0
B-, MPa
Nail spacing: sBC = 125 mm, and sCD = 250 mm; (Fs)allow= 1.5 kN
- Segment CD
Fnail = Ashear
Fnail =
= (
VQ
) (sCDx0.03)
It
(1x103) (0.0575)(0.2x0.03)
(0.25x0.03)
-6
(60.12x10 )(0.03)
23
Example 4
From the beam shown, determine the largest load P that can be applied to the
beam.
Requirements specified:
allow = 12 MPa
allow = 0.8 MPa
Nail spacing @ 150 mm
= 3 mm
allow = 200 MPa
200 mm
72.5 mm NA
D
C
2m
2m
157.5 mm
30 mm
200 mm
24
200 mm
D
P/2
V (N)
C
2m
2m
P/2
157.5 mm
P/2
x (m)
M (Nm)
200 mm
P/2
-P/2
30 mm
72.5 mm NA
Qneck = Aneck y
= (0.03 0.2)(72.5
-P/2
P
30
)
2
= 0.345 m 3
x (m)
Maximum shear force on Nail: Nail spacing @ 150 mm, = 3 mm, allow = 200 MPa
Fs = (allow)nail(Anail)
= (200x106)(x0.00152)
=1414 N
1414 = (
VQ
)(t s)
It
P
( )(0.345)
2
)(0.150)
1414 =
6
(60.125 10 )
P = 3286 N
25
200 mm
72.5 mm NA
D
C
2m
2m
V (N)
157.5 mm
P/2
x (m)
M (Nm)
200 mm
P/2
-P/2
30 mm
-P/2
P
Qmax = Amax y
= (0.03 0.1575)(
0.1575
)
2
= 0.372 10 3 m 3
x (m)
Bending: allow = 12 MPa
=
12 10 6 =
Mc
I
P (0.1575)
60.125 10 6
P = 4580 N
P = 3879 N
26
allow = 12 MPa
allow = 0.8 MPa
Nail spacing @ 150 mm
= 3 mm
allow = 200 MPa
P
B
D
C
2m
2m
Summary:
Nail , shear 3.28 kN, use 3 kN
Beam , bending 4.58 kN
Beam , shear 3.88 kN
27
Example 5
From the beam shown, determine the largest load w that can be applied to the
beam.
Conditions specified: Wood
allow = +12 MPa in tension
allow = 8 MPa in compression
allow = 0.8 MPa
For each nail, (Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN @ 100-mm spacing
200 mm
w
72.5 mm NA
D
4m
2m
157.5 mm
30 mm
200 mm
28
w
B
D
C
1.5w
M (Nm)
200 mm
4m
4.5w
2m
72.5 mm NA
157.5 mm
30 mm
200 mm
1.125w
x (m)
-2w
(1.125w)(0.725)
60.12 10 6
w = 5.897 kN/m
- Tension
12 106 =
(1.125w)(0.1575)
60.125 10 6
w = 4.071 kN/m
12 10 6 =
(2 w)(0.725)
60.12 10 6
w = 4.975 kN/m
29
w
B
200 mm
D
1.5w
72.5 mm NA
4.5w
2m
4m
157.5 mm
200 mm
2w
V (N) 1.5w
30 mm
x (m)
M (Nm)
1.125w
-2.5w
x (m)
-2w
Beam: Shear @ NA, allow = 0.8 MPa
0.8 10 6 =
VQ
It
0.1575
)
2
(60.125 10 6 )(0.03)
(2.5w)(0.1575 0.03
w = 1.55 kN/m
w = 1.04 kN/m
30
D
4m
2m
Summary:
Beam bending,
31