SECRETARY - EDITOR TON teA gag) Ud vouna - Auviado3s PUOM ay) JO SKauoyy [ENSNUN, PUE Year, jeUOYpeY 'eIp|yy aGueysey “SAOUOWY DAIMWU JO BuNDayO9 pur Apnis ay) aowoUd OL uoyelossyy Asuop] [euotpery — Ie)Traditional Money Association To promote tne study and collecting of Primitive Moneys. Exchange Media, Traditional Weatth and Unusual Moneys of the work CONTENTS BEORETARY ~ EDITOR Page 3 Manous Pace, (Orange. 2600 The Right Accessories to Match a Bearskin Discovery of a Stone-age Barter D, Krofow 3 Sarna Pubteaien- Members! Market, 7 Serecrionon 34 ae — Dealers' Doings 7 The Copper Finds of the Elbe as Origin of the Manillas Ad. Runge 8 Shell Money Strings from Duke of York C. de Boer 12 Editor's Wole: My apologies for the delay in getting this Journal out - as usual I am ‘going bed' re tine. I hope that you enjoy these articles by our nenbers = as I did, Please remenber that we appreciate such articles, news items, latest auction prices and other bits and pieces of interest for publication, A few items of Primitive Money are surfacing in dealers! liste if you look around and the International Primitive Honey Society seens to be getting back on ita fast. Hopefully thia means that things are on the upturn for our interest - here's hoping. All the Best to You and Yours, Col a2 INTERNATIONAL PRIMITIVE MONEY SOCIETY I've been in contact with John E. Lenker, Executive Officer of the above society who advises wa of the following anippete of news of the club - (after Neil Becker's sad death many of us lost contact). After Neil's death it waa decided at the A.N.A. Convention in 1983 to keep the Society going and to meet the next A.W.A. Interest increased with the Yap Stone exhibit arranged by John E. Lenker and, at the A.N.A. in 1984, 1 waa decided to continue the I.P.4.S. and Lenker was named executive officer to handle society affaira. This action was reaffirmed at the 1985 convention. The next meeting will be held at Milwaukee 8/8/86. Charles Opitz of Ocala, Florida 18 completing the publication of a new book on primitive, odd, curious and strange money. Items will be listed alphabetically and will be priced, This book, which covers over 300 items, will be well illustrated with photos and sketches and it is hoped to bs available for the convention in Milwaukee, A newsletter 1a planned which will probably be published twice yearly and annual membership donation ie set at $5. John's address is - Mr, John 5. Lenker, Executive Officer, P.O, Box 1510, Redlands CA 92373, U.S.A. = The I.P.4.5. lapsed somewhat after Neil's death and we all look forward to ito atrong recovery. » 8 © HF 8 EXHIGITION IN GERMANY I received a superb large poster notifying me of an exhibition of Primitive Moneys, It is a pity that the late issue of this journal prevented me from adviaing you sooner ag the showing was held in the Ausstellung in the Kundenhaller der Landesgirokasse Stuttgart, Konigetraase 3 and finished on 27th June, 1986, The poster is approximately 800 x 600an and pictures a rare Moka (goldlip pearlshell crescent on gum board - Mt. Hagen), a Lovely Zap o Zap axe and Hitako from Africa and « very large karaweik form nineteenth century opium weight. They are fron the collection of one of our members ~ Mr. Gerhard Riegraf ard are 4 major exhibition of our interest with about two hundred items on view. If only a few of them are of the same quality ss those shown on the poster it would have been 4 marvelous and interesting display, fa es BS aeTHE RIGHT AQCESSORIES TO MATCH A BEAR SKIN - DISOOVERY OF A STONE-AGE BARTER by DB. Krolow Not only nowadays do people in Gernany appreciate the olezant design of adormenta from Italy or France, but prehistoric himtera 25,000 years ago did so as well! This is the message of holed snail-shelle which have been found in an ico-age camp-site next to a reindeer trail, together with tools of stone and the remaine of hunted animals. The settlement is situated near Sprendlingen in Rheinland- Pfalz (West Gernany) and was excavated by archaeologista of the University of Cologne in 1979, Right after the discovery of different serta of snail-shells it had been assured that these findinge originated fron the coastal area of a subtropical inland sea (Mainzer Becken - Basin of Mayence ) stretching southwards 30 rillion years ago, Reconstanetion of a shell necktace with thace fone pendants from the cave of Crooilagnon. The anatt sheften, in the widtage of Les Eyzies, was excavated ty Laated in 1860 ond gave its name to @ type of early man,= 4 Aa the archaeologists were not quite sure about the snails they turned for help to the Huseux of Natural History in Maina whose experts indesd identified most of the findings as snails from the 30 nillion year old inland sea. Such petrified snail- shells ean still be found on the slopes near Sprendlingen today, But, to the selentists’ surprise, there were two species anong the shells which are known fron the Mediterranean region and do not exist in Germany. How did these snails come to the north from the distant shores: The ice-age hunters onee camping near Sprendligan collected petrified snails for ornamental use and also traded thon with huntera from other areas whom they met along their extensive wanderings. In this wy they received shells fron the Mediterranean region as well. Their own petrified snails, in turn, have been found in excavations of ice-age sattlements all ovet Weatern Europe, in Switzerland and in Czechoslovakia. Archaeologists haveknown about the Stone-age barter for a long tima, but the settlement site now unearthed near Sprendligen wis the first one neighbouring a place of discovary of tertiary snail-shells. Walle the reindeer hunters resting near Sprendlingen sewed fossil shells or Mediterranean ones to their clothing or nade necklaces fron then, their contemporaries living 1,000 km, more to the south also decorated themselves with shells -from their hone country and foreign ones from the north as well, At the Italian Riviera there are caves in which thousands of indigenous shells have been found stored - partly drilled, but unworked ones 48 well. These ornanental shells which definitely also served as trade itens were spread widely by the wandering hunters. Presunably exchange took place in villnge-like eampsites where the hunters engaged in all sorts ef activities. There they sarried, for exenple, and carried out cultural cereronies. At this tine of the doe-aze it was hardly possible to transport the shells across the Alps which Were complotely frogen and the glaciers of the Alps then covered a great deal of the foreland, Therefore the archaeologists think of other youtes like via Warseille, up the river Rhone or via Dijon. Findings fron graves anke evident that the 1ee-aze hunters showed great skill in saking necklete. For instances, they found out that in order to obtain a hole they only had te grind3 a few millimetres off the point of one particular aort of snail, while they pierced others with the help of small flintstones for the purpose of stringing then up or fixing then on clothes, Some types ef shella were cut at a certain point and then could easily be strung. It was even easier to work with the so-called Slaphant-tooth which is holed on both ends by nature. In order te obtain a beautiful neck-chain these longish-ahaped anail- shells simply had to be stuck ona into the other. Our ancastora who hunted reindeer, wildhorses and ranmoth 25,000 yeara ago certainly leved to adorn theaselvea. Neat of skults with attached nectehones from Oénet, South Geamany, The plan, right, shows the divésion of the skulls, four mele, aeven female andl fifteen of chittiasn, Tha perforated she tt necktace (inset in plan) was found near the female skull folton tefl. — Stone Age wan hag ever aince been attracted by fossil shells. He considered then valuable enough fer collecting then and has alse worn then as amulets, To hin they vere "nagic etonos" thet guarded hin against demons and evil spirits, turned off illness and danger and influenced his auecess when hunting.6 At this early stage of civilization, the gastropods of the Mediterranean Sea were gathered for food and their shells vere hoarded in deposits, like in the grotto of Grimaldi in Italy, The shells wera stored, tooled, worn aa ornaments and lucky charms and exchanged fer other cultural objects like the fossil ones fron the north. Snail-shells have been uncarthed in burlal places all over Europe, Women were often buried with shells in thelr laps, as shells represented a aymbol of fertility, which they continued to be until well into the Middle Ages. After man was able to handle metal, shells of all kinds still served him as a eodel for many a decoration, as bronze objects found in Teutonic graves reveal, Thus anail-shells - a popular and wide-spread iter still today - have a long tradition in Europe going back tens of thousands of years. NEW 800K Enclosed with this journal is 4 pamphlet on the book, "A History of Chinese Currency." 216 pages, hardcover, over 1,000 colour pictures = 11 pages of colour photographs of primitives and early cash through to Wang Mang, 19 pages through ‘to ond of Ching and Rebels, 5 of modern copper, 12 of silver (including ayeeea), 2 of gold (including sycee), the remainder ie paper money (including Sung, Ming, etc, notes) and money (mainly notes) lasued by People's Regines, Of the primitives only cowries, imitation cowries, spade, pu, knife and key moneys are shown (it ignores the questionable bridge/lotus rost/bell, eto, moneys). On a cursory inspection the book doea not list all types of items, it ignores mints ani devotes nearly 70f of space to banknotes. The photographs are superb. I fael it ia e useful addition to a library with the above conments taken into account, Any interested member may order their cepy from M.A,0. Management Group Limited, Suite 3-A, La Salle Heights, 20 Durhan Read, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Aa a special offer to T.M.A. members they offer a discounted price per copy of Australian $33 or US$23 (includes registered surface post), So mention that you are a member and savelMEMBERS” MARKET or Germany for sale copper ingots from the Elbe find (without the marks #0 and #2 sham in the’ article): 1. Bar in brick form, very heavy hammered copper with marke A,B. 22 to 27lbs, 35-28em long, 10-12cm wide, 3-dem high. 4) with line mark G in artic’ 2500M b) with line mark H in artic’ 38004 2. Copper ingot of oval form (without marks) a) Longest diameter, 45-55em, 10-131bs 2000M Bb) «© Longest diameter, 5§- 75cm, 13-161bs. 250DM ec) longest dianeter, 30-(0ca, 6-Slbs scarce 000K A number have already been purchased by several European Museums. Cof davidson has for trade old Fijian whale'a teeth, 78 years old trochus armrings New Guinea, ancient Sumerian beada, Aboriginal string dilly bag, scarce ofl containera (gourds) New Guinea, boomerang, Balinese wood buffalobell, African chief's Afenatene sword = 7icm long, stc., sic. Col wishes to purchase or will give VERY GOOD TRADES for an ancient metal torque neck-ring or any of the items mentioned in previous advertisements. aoe #8 #8 DEALERS" OOINGS Bok Reis, P.O, Box 1060, Lake Oswego, OR 97034, ULS.a, has a nice batch of coins - Byzantine, Armenian, Sassenian, Islamic, etc. on offer in his latest lists with some primitives. Bruce B, Baaun, Ancient Arts, P.O, Box 270, Buffalo, HY 14226, 45.4, latest lists include such itema as early Phoonician beade (I obtained these), Egyptian scarabs (see Quiggin) and ushaptis, pre-Columbian shell, etc, artifacts, lovely carved handle Indonesian kris, rats’ dung money, Borneo unus, etc, etc. Scott Semans, *,0, Box 22849, Seattte, WA 98722, USA, has just put out list 51 on which he offers China knife, spade, cowris, fish Boneys, lovely Japanese Koban/chogin/bean/oban, el Haga ‘hairpin' money, 464gm Kettle drum sycee, Siam leaf/line noney together with antiquities, cains, cash = something for everyone, Minzenhand tung Hotger Dontrasski, Gath, Adferstoher leg 473, D#400 Minater, Weed Geamany also puts out a colin list which includes primitives, s* 2 8 8Céineufan dide éngot Rectangular copper ingot faon the fiom the €fle find, Effe find, (measure shoun is° (neasuce aroun id a a 75 inch aute) #3 dnch aude) THE OOPPER FINOS OF THe ELGE AS ORIGIN OF THE MANILLAS by 4, Runge While dredging the 2lbe et Wittenbergen near Hamburg, dredgera brought up fragments of wrecks and of ships! cargo, Mersover, in summer 1981, a large nwaber of plates of copper together with wreek fragments, weapons, knives, etc. was found, The plates of copper show different marks. laving succeeded in the identification of two of the marks, we received valuable information about the copper's origin, These two warks are stamped only on the hammered rectangular plates and the hasnered disce.< 2 : ! The arne (no, 1) could be identified as arns of the city, | Neusohl, in upper Hungary, the present Bankea Bistrica in | Slovalda, The second mark (no. 2) ie a trade mark and belongs | to the Augsburg merchant family, Paller (or Paler), which took | active part in the Hungarien copper trade during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Thus we have evidence to prove the Hungarian origin of the rectangular plates and the hanrered discs, What about the origin of the rest of the copper assortment which shows different marks? To solve that problen we asked Prof, Riederer of the Rathgen-Forschungslabor, Berlin, for a chemical analysia of the composition of the copper. Sxamining the copper and the different trace elenents, (Sn,Pb,2n,Fe, Mi, Ag. Sb, Ag, Fi,Co), Prof. Riederer stated that the whole copper cargo consists of a very henoyenous material and must have coma from one singular copper deposit. Hence it follows that this copper deposit must be Neusohl, as the marks on a part of the copper assortment prove the Neusohl origin. But why do the copper bars show different marke? We may suppose that only the copper with the arms of Neusoh] and the Paller mark had been hammered In the Neusohl forges, whilst the bars had been produced from Neusohl copper by forges elsowhere, possibly by forges north of Hanburg, in Schleswig-Holstein,s As is known, from the Middle Ages to the first half of the sixteenth century, Hungarian copper was sleighed or carried to Erakeu (Krakew), shipped downstream the Vistula and sent via Panzig (gdansk) te Western countries - in the sixteenth century chiefly to Antwerp. In the oiddle of the sixteenth century the improvezent of the waterways between Gder and Elbe changed the altuation, Habsburg authorities propagated a new route for the transport of Keugohl copper so as not to be burdened by the Polish tolls (Krekau, Dansig) and the Sound toll. Since then Hungarian copper took the Oder route from Teschen (Cleszyn) to Frankfurt/Qder and afterwards was shipped via Spee-Havel~- Elbe to Haaburg. Written sources give evidence that from 1570 the Augsburg merchant, Wolfgang Paller - know by his mark on the plates of copper - shipped his Hungarian copper to Hamburg. The copper itself does not give any evidence about its ace besides the Paller mark, As the first contract of Wolfgang Paller with the Enperor for the Nouschl copper dates to 1569, the year 1569 narks s terminus post ques for the copper shipments of the Paller, However, we have other objets among the finds10 of the Elbe vhich might indicate the age of the copper. For exanple, tuo Portuguese 5 Reis coins of the reign of King Sebastian (1557-1578) and one Brandenburg Halbtaler of 1580 were brought up together with the copper. These coins point to the 1580's as the probable time of the copper shipment. Equally to the 1520's, especially to the aiddle or the second half of the 1580's, points a lead seal of Ansterdan used for merchandise which shows the year, 1584. A possible eopper shipment in the 1580's is also supported by the trends of the European copper aarket, After a shrinkage sf eopper output dn tho second half of the sixteenth century and a stagnation in demand resulting from the loss of the Antwerp market, the late 1850's sav an increase in the copper demand, The logs of tae Antwerp copper market should be the crucial factor in the development of Amsterdam and Hanburg inte the leading European copper markets. Antwerp enigrants settled in Hamburg and carried om their traditional trade or developed hew trade with the Iberian Peninsula. For example, Gillis de Greve, the first agent of the Paller in Hamburg, maintained Glose connections with Portugal and exported the Hungarian copper to the Iberian Peninsula, Tais, as vell as Hanburg's active Spanish trade, lead us to the assumption that the copper agaortment uns being sent to thea Iberian Peninsula. The abovenentioned Portuguese coins point in the same direction. They may have been in the purse of a aenber of the ship's crew. This is tha result of a discussion of the copper finds in the Elbe at x meeting of susoum directors Inat year, The writer iis of the opinion that at the tise of Faller, the copper waa consuzed on the Iberian Peninsula itself and exportedto the New World, I, myself, found several documentations = mainly in records of advocate in Antwerpen/Eelzium = that the Fugger and later the Paller (both fanous merchant houses at that tine) had anade | several contracts to deliver copper and copper products to the | King of Portugal. It is written that the copper and brass | products nust be of the good quality and standard as used in | West Africa, As the Portuguese had sanples of manillas and | they knew about their inportance as “monay" it seens to be sure that they also ordered nanillas to be made in Durove and | that they seld those copper bara and plates to the Africans, | There is no doubt that.we can stil] now distinguish between hone-made aanillas produced by African saiths and those produced in Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Beljium) of which the Birainghas manilles are the typical exarple, j es 4 __# #8 8 4 MISSED FROM OUR LAST JOURNAL One of our menbera, Frank A. Nordck, is Principal Anthropopogist at the Lovie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Borkeley, and gave us come interesting news. His museum's dateat exhitition was entitled "The Kula: 4A Bronislaw Malinowski } Centennial Exhibition." Thia exhibition ia now at the Tale j Peabody Museum in Connecticut (but finishes there on July 31, | 1986) and will be on show at the Jagiellonian University Museum, Cracow, Poland from October 1, 1986 to March 31, 1987. j The exhibition began in 1964 which wae the centenary year of the birth of Malinowski whose description and analysis of the | Kula trading complex became one of the outstanding influences in | shaping modern social anthropology and is a "must" in the reading requirements of collestore of Melanesian Primitive Noney. The picture of « quality bagi necklace and pair of mwali arn- aholls on the axhidition broshure whet my appetite to see the roal thing - wish T was a Little closer. — "|: 12 SHELL MONEY STRINGS FROM OUKE OF YORK By 0. de Boer The Duke of York group ef islands lie in ths Aisuarch Archipelago between New Britain and New Ireland (sea sap IT in Quiggin). The group consists of a main ialand, Duke of York, and a number of smaller islands, Total surface 1g about 60 kn2 (22 9q. ailes) and in the beginning of this century, which is roughly the tine we are talking about, the number of inhabltants was around 3,000, Garella- panna Shell money was produced mainly on some of the smaller islands, of which Mieke was the nost Important one, This ta not unusual: 1t can be seen nore often that shell money "industry" flourished on.such snall islands, because there are very few agriculture possibilities and by maldng shell money the islanders could earn their living, Yet, it was not as simple as it seens,13 4 often encountered in the history of priritive sccieties, ‘the noney is net used as money on the place where it is sade, The reason is quite a logical one, making your own money contains the risk of naking too much and inflation would result, Therefore, the shell money nade by the Duke of York people was not uged as money on their islands. Before explaining how the system worked it is necessary to introduce the thres main groups of shell noney in the Fisnarch Archipelago, 1. Diyarra, Tanbu or Taby (see note a) This money was nade from Naasa shells, from which the back-humps were broken off. The remaining base rarte were strung on stripa of rattan and a little spare was usually left between then. 2. Bele This type of shell money wag nade out of the walls of shells, Srall pieces of an appropriate size and forn were broken off and provided with a hole by means of 8 punp-drill, The holed but irregular formed discs were then threaded on a string and ground round and smooth on the outside by using pumice, water and sand, 3. Shell money, similar to Pele This kind of shellmoney is often called Pele, because on first sight it looks like it. It was manufactured from very small conus-shella, from which the top part was knocked off, The remaining bottom was ground on both sides which automtically exposed a hole throuzh the centre, As with Pele, these discs were then strung and ground on the outside, (Wote at The name Diweera was maindy used on Duke of Yoak, wieteas the nane Tafu on Tamlu came from Yew Baitain, but it is not poasiide to draw @ cfean Lormler- tine, } At a closer look the difference between Pale and the latter type is quite clear, The dises of real Pale are only ground on the outeide diameter, the flat sides ara not worked and still show the original inside and outside surface of the shell, Because of this 1t was posalble to determine the shell species froz which the different kinds of Pele were made. Horeover,th these dises are not perfectly fiat but nore or less curved, depending on the shell type and the place of the shell, where the saterial waa taken from, The discs are usually of a uniforn thickness. The discs of the other type will usually show a spiral groove on one side, though it ean be necessary to use a magnifying glase for that purpose. ‘The faces are ground flat, but very often not parrallel to each other, which means that the discs do not have an even thickness and also there are large thiclness variations between the discs, Mest of the time these dises have a smaller dlaneter than real Pele, For the Duke of York Islands, Schneider mentions 11 types of Pele: 1, Agfakatong muvante ninne, ~rade“from Pernea vitres. Brownish-black. 2. 8éu, made from Modiols pluwescens Dunk. A little lighter dn colour than (1, The discs are curved, This is the most common type, 3. ("Gin tos, also nade fron Hodiola plunegeena Dunk, but a different shade. Brownish-red. 4. A" @ds Gin, sade fron Mytilus variabilis Kraus, A little lighter than (1, Tha convex faces aro finely grooved, 3. fafakatang tanfang, onde from Perna epphipium L. Light and darker greyiah- browne Pete - 6, Amd, nade from Stronbus Luhuanus 1, é Dull white. Was mich used, eee te 7. A'déngom, made from Conus (iubecula) | geographicus L. Light violat-gray, 8, A'éitéic, nade fron Nautilus pospilius. Like (7, but aore grey.% ig 9. Kafenge, sade from Meleagrina margaritifera L, (ilo colour given.) 10, Aundutn, made from Chrysostoma paradoxun Rorn. Orange-red. The curved dises have a thin whitish top-layer and a thiek ornazge-red substratum, Schneider censiters this to be the finbst Pele type, having a higher value than the others, 11. A‘péan, mado from Gyprea annulus L, and from Cyprea monete La the well know money cowries, Violet to greyish-blue, Heavily curved disca with shiny yellowish=grey upper layer and violet-blue or greyish«blue substratun, This species was preferred by the European rerehants, because they would get nore Divarra for it, than for other types, - Schneider renarks that the aboriginal names for the monies are probably identical with the names of the shells they are rade from, The four most important ones are, according to Levis, Méud, A'med, Mantua and A pian, We are lucky to have strings of these four types in our collection, photos of which were supplied with the Sucopring Magazine, Det Padaéitinge iisamméer, 1986/1, where the original German version of this article was published (see note b), The manufacture of the shell strings is a task of the wonen, who would etherwise work the land, It is not clear from literature if the strings, after having been ground on the out- side, aro immediately ready for use or if the dises ars put on a now string. At the end of the strings a loose end was left, waich wig used to tie a number of strings together, making a unit for trading.16 Petri (1936) writes that the standard unit contained five strings against Parkinson, who mentions a nusber of ten. Other numbers are also met, see for example Plate VIII in Lewis' book, where a bundle of four can be seen, but also larger ones containing between five and ten strings. The standard length of the money.was, aceording to Graf Pfeil, 24 ¢m which corresponds roughly with the standard unit of length as used on Duke of York, the distance on the body from nipple to nipple. Parkinson writes, “The dength of the staings is vaaiatle, oéder strings ane up to 25 om, the new ones ane sedden longer than 20 om, usuatty fess than that? According te Schneider the white people fixed a standard length of seven inches (178 am) for all Pele, probably after the inflation of the length had already started, ihen we look at the lengths of the strings that Schneider discussed, waich vary fron 15 to 28 cm and also the strings in our collection, from 15 to 26 em, we must conclude that the standard did not work too voll. Parkinson remarka that simultaneously with the length- inflation the finiehing of the atringe had gone dow in quality; the newer ones would not feel omooth any more. Howaver, the strings in our collection are all quite smooth and there is no difference in finish between the short ones and the long ones. Finech states that in 1894 a nusber of 5,000 strings of Pele waa exported from Nioko, with 240 discs of 1 mm thickness per string - this aeans 1,200900 diaes. Above, we mentioned already the fact that theee shellstrings had mo money function on Duke of Yerk, They were exchanged against Diwarra with the Tolai people fron the Gazelle Peninsula (nortaern part of lew Britain). Divarra was the real money on Duke of York and also in wany other places. Every year the Tolai nade a long trip with canoes to the Nakanai coast of Hew Britain. (ote 8: Befoae 1914, the Biamaach Archipatage was a German Possession and the Lafands Aad Geaman names aa fo flowat Duke of Yoak - Weu Lauentuag Hew Baddain - Neu Pormean New fandand - Neu Meckflentuag, ) According to Elias and Sherwin, the Toled left their hones in May/June to return only in Septerber/Oetober, In NakanaiWw they bought Nassa shells and paid for then, anongst other things, with the Pele they had bought before on Duke of York. The Nakanai people used the Pele for adornment and as nonoy, whereas the Tolai used the Nassa shells to make Diwarra, Part of the Diwarra was brought to Duke of York and in this way the trading circle uas closed, A similar trading circle was found in the same area. Shell money that was canufactured in the southern part of New Ireland was also taken to Nakanal by tha Tolai and exchanged for Nassa shells, The latter also went to New Ireland in the forn of Diwarra, Finally it must be sentioned, that the Pele from Duke of York was also used as soney in southern New Ireland, PS. Ribhe mentions in 1912 that Pete is haadty mate anjimore, Pfeiffer wiites already in 1902 that the Pete canrency does not exist any fonger, One of the main 2easona could have teen the (German) government. oader of luty 26, 1901, fly which the use of Pade a4 cutaancy wad paohitited a4 from Anait 7, 7902, eee ee ee important Literature on the Subject Finech, 0, Stidseearbeiten, Hanburg 1914. Helmreich, T, Tas Gelwesen in den dewtachen ~~ “i Schutagebieten, Firth 1912, Lewis, A.B. Melangeian shell money in Field Museum collections, Chicago 1927, Petri, H. DieGeldformen dor Siidsee, Anthropos (Freiburg, Switzerland), 31 (1936), pp 187-212 and 509-554. Ribbe, CG, Ein Sannelaufenthalt in Neu Lauendurg (Fortsetzung), Mittellungen des Vereins fiir Erdkunde au Dresden, Band II, Heft é. Pp 273-384, Dresden 1912, Schneider, Frof,Dr, 0, Muschelgeldstudien, Dresden 1905,18 Eurther Rendiag Brown, G. Melanesians and Polynesians, London 1910. Chowning, A. Changes in the West New Britain Trading Systons, Mankind (Sidney)11, pp 296-307, 1978, Elias, R.M. and) Origins of Tambu Shell Currency, Journal Sherwin, RM. } of the Papua New Guinea Soclatyg (1970) pp 6%76, Meyer, P.O. Die Schiffahrt bei den Bewohnern ven Yuatom, Baeaaler Archiv (Berlin)1 (1911) pp 257-268, Parkinson, Re Drotasig Jahre in der Stidsce, Stuttgart 1 . Petri, H. Zahlungsaittel Schriftloser Volker, Saeculum (Freiburg )13 (1962) pp 315-329, Preiffer, Dr. L. Die Steinzeltliche Huscheltechnik, Jena TMA Pfeil, Graf J. Studien und Becbachtungen aus der dildeee, Braunschweig 189%, Qwiggin, AH. 4 Survey of Primitive Honey, London 1963 Taufa und Fellmenn, H. Usber das Mugchelzeld auf Neu-Ponnern, Biamarck Archipel, Mitteilungen des Seminars fiir Orientalische Sprachen, Erate Abteilung, Ostasiatische (Berlin)5 (1902) pp 92-102. ee 8 es From the ‘Financial Review’ South Sea relics loek like continuing to liven up the other- wise very flat international market in tribal art. Following Sotheby's sale of Reverend Marsden'sa "sumptuous raiment" fron the South Seas, Christies is to offer a group of artefacts which it relates to the Tahitian Omai, of Cook, Banks, Solander and Furneaux associations, Omai was taken to England by Furneaux in 1773 and the Furneauc family ostate near Plymouth was Omal's home during his stay there, He became a great social attraction and his return ta the Society Islands provided Cook with the excuse to sail to Tahiti once more. Christies 19 selling the Omai artefacts on June 23rd including an item of much interest to Primitive Money collectors = a Naor bone patu or hand club probably collected in Queen Charlotte Sound in 1773 {estinated to bring £4,000 to £6,000. = es »s «saPRIMITIVE ART Areshell of unique form, recently discovered buried on Neratu Ialand near Kitava and now circulating in the Hila. The full cone la used, there is a slit below the crown! wave-like engravings on the sufface. Possibly an carlior Hilla valuable. (roughly drawn from aphote ty J. Leach, ) An early conus shell which da incised with spirals and scrolls-possibly depicting a face(?), This example of primitive art wis excavated near % Collingwood Bay and has been dated to the period AD700-1400, Shows 2 much greater application of incised artwork than present day shells.