Chem Section Reviews

ANSWER KEY
Section Review 1.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mass space composition changes five carbon 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. carbon organisms Analytical Chemistry physical chemistry energy transfer more than one
Part D Questions and Problems

19. production of chemicals such as insulin; replacement of a gene that is not working properly (gene therapy) 20. Factors include poor soil quality, lack of water, weeds, plant diseases, and pests that eat crops. 21. Data collected by the robotic vehicle Opportunity indicated that the landing site was once drenched in water.
Part B True-False
13. NT 14. ST 15. AT 16. ST 17. AT
Section Review 1.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. achemists tools techniques measurement systematic 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. scientific method hypothesis experiment theory scientific law
Part C Matching
18. f 19. i 20. b 21. d 22. h 23. g 24. 25. 26. 27. c a e j

28. a. b. c. d. physical chemistry analytical chemistry biochemistry organic chemistry
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. NT 13. ST
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Part C Matching
14. c 15. b 16. a 17. e 18. d 19. f
Section Review 1.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. specific microscopic energy conserve batteries 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. productivity crops specific space chemical composition

20. a. observation d. observation b. hypothesis e. scientific law c. experiment 21. collaboration and communication
Section Review 1.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. plan implementing three analyze unknown plan 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. calculate evaluate sense unit significant figures
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. NT 11. AT 12. AT
Part C Matching
13. d 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. f 18. e
Answer Key 759
Part B True-False
12. ST 13. AT 14. NT 15. NT 16. AT 17. AT
Section 1.3
1. Examples include: The battery could be dead, the car could be out of gas, the spark plugs could be fouled, the wires could be loose. 2. Several experiments were performed to test hypotheses. Some of the experiments disproved some hypotheses, one experiment resulted in the car starting. Based on the experiment, you could hypothesize that a wire was loose. 3. Check students answers. 4. Theories are only as reliable as the knowledge on which they are based. Throughout the history of science, theories have been discarded or modified as scientific knowledge has increased.
Part C Matching
18. b 19. e 20. d 21. a 22. c

23. Step 1: Knowns: length 10.0 inches. 1 inch 2.54 cm 2.54 cm Step 2: 10.0 in 25.4 cm in Step 3: There are about two and a half centimeters per inch, so the answer 25.4 makes sense. 24. Step 1: Knowns: distance 5.0 km 1 km 0.62 mi 0.62 mi 3.1 mi Step 2: 5.0 km km Step 3: There is a little more than half a mile per kilometer. 3.1 is a little more than half of 5.0.
Section 1.4
1. a. cost of apples $1.50 a pound weight of an apple 0.50 pound dollars available $16 b. cost per apple $0.75 number of apples purchased 8 c. Two apples weigh a pound, and a pound costs $1.50. $6.00 is four times $1.50. 2. Figure out how many pounds of apples can be purchased with $6.00. Then figure out how many apples this represents.
Practice Problems 1
Section 1.1
1. a. analytical b. biochemistry c. physical 2. a. applied b. pure c. pure d. organic e. inorganic d. applied e. pure
Interpreting Graphics 1
1. five 2. Component D 3. 3.5 minutes 4. Component A 5. Component E 6. Component C
Section 1.2
1. Answers may include development of new methods of energy conservation, such as new types of insulation; development of sources of energy other than fossil fuels, such as biodiesel; and the development of new methods of energy storage, such as improved batteries. 2. a. T f. T b. T c. F d. T e. F g. T h. T i. T
Vocabulary Review 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. c l a d m 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. b f i n g 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. j o h e k
760 Core Teaching Resources
Quiz for Chapter 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. T F F T T scientific method hypothesis 8. 9. 10. 11. observations hypothesis communicate a. The volume of the test tube is needed. b.There is enough information.
figures. Express the answer in scientific notation, if appropriate.
Chapter 1 Test B
A. Multiple Choice
1. 2. 3. 4. c c c b 5. d 6. b 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. a
Chapter 1 Test A
A. Multiple Choice
1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. b
B. Problems
11. Organic chemistry is the study of essentially all chemicals containing carbon. Inorganic chemistry is the study of essentially all chemicals that do not contain carbon. Analytical chemistry is concerned with the composition of chemistry. Physical chemistry is concerned with mechanisms, rates, and energy transfer when matter undergoes a change. Biochemistry is the study of processes that take place in organisms. 12. Check students answers. 13. a. Hypothesis: The lawn needs water. Experiment: Water the lawn every day for one week. b. Hypothesis: The lawn needs fertilizer. Experiment: prescribed. Fertilize the lawn as
B. Questions
9. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes. 10. Making Observations: Use your senses to obtain information directly. Testing Hypotheses: A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for what you observed. Experiments are done to test a hypothesis. Developing Theories: A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. A hypothesis may become a theory after repeated experimentation.
C. Essay
11. 1. Analyze. List the knowns and the unknown. A known may be a measurement of an equation that shows a relationship between measurements. Determine what unit, if any, the answer should have. Make a plan for getting from the knowns to the unknown. You might draw a diagram to help visualize the relationship between the knowns and the unknown; or use data from a table or graph; or select an equation. 2. Calculate. This step can involve converting a measurement from one unit to another or rearranging an equation to solve for an unknown. 3. Evaluate. Decide if the answer makes sense. Check your work. Make a quick estimate to see whether your answer is reasonable. Make sure the answer is given with the correct number of significant
Chapter 1 Small-Scale Lab

Safety goggles should be worn at all times when working in the laboratory. If glassware breaks, tell your teacher and nearby classmates. Dispose of the glass as instructed by the teacher. If you spill water near electrical equipment, stand back, notify your teacher, and warn other students in the area. When working near an open flame, tie back hair and loose clothing. Never reach across a lit burner. Keep flammable materials away from the flame. After cleaning up the work area, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. It is not always appropriate to dispose of chemicals by flushing them down the sink. You should follow your teachers instructions for disposal.
Answer Key 761
Section Review 2.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. extensive intensive mass volume amount type 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. substance shape or volume shape or volume shape gas

19. a. homogeneous b. heterogeneous c. homogeneous 20. a. substance b. mixture d. heterogeneous e. heterogeneous c. substance d. mixture
Section Review 2.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. element or compound compound or element elements ratio or proportions chemical substance mixture symbol C K
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. NT 13. ST 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. 16. 17. 18. d i c a 19. 20. 21. 22. h e b g 23. f 24. k 25. j

26. a. vapor b. liquid c. liquid 27. a. yes b. yes d. solid e. gas c. no d. yes
Part B True-False
9. ST 10. NT 11. AT 12. AT
Part C Matching
13. d 14. a 15. b 16. c 17. e Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Section Review 2.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. mixture heterogeneous or homogeneous homogeneous or heterogeneous solutions phase physical distillation

18. a. compound b. element c. compound 19. a. K b. Pb c. Na 20. a. copper b. hydrogen c. silver d. compound e. element d. Cl e. S d. iron e. nitrogen
Part B True-False
8. ST 9. AT 10. AT 11. ST
Part C Matching
12. f 13. c 14. a 15. e 16. b 17. d 18. g
Section Review 2.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. chemical physical chemical reactants chemical composition conservation of mass mass
4. a. substance b. mixture
c. mixture d. substance
Section 2.3
1. nitrogen, hydrogen 2. a. lead b. potassium 3. a. compound b. compound 4. a. Sn c. gold d. iron c. element d. mixture c. Ag
Part B True-False
9. ST 10. AT 11. ST 12. NT 13. NT
b. Na d. C 5. No. It could be a liquid element, a liquid compound, or a mixture of liquids. 6. c
Part C Matching
14. e 15. b 16. d 17. c 18. a
Section 2.4
1. c 2. a. physical change b. chemical change c. chemical change d. physical change 3. a. carbonic acid b. carbon dioxide, water 4. 62 grams 5. 32.4 grams 6. the law of conservation of mass

19. The products of the reaction are gases, which mix with the air. 20. a chemical change 21. 36 grams
Practice Problems 2
Section 2.1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a b d gas no liquid no solid yes 6. chlorine 7. bromine, ethanol 8. a. intensive b. extensive
1. Homogeneous mixture. Since motor oil comes in grades, it has a variable composition. 2. Chemical process. Iron oxide is a compound, while pure iron is an element. 3. a. physical separation b. chemical separation c. physical separation 4. a. substance c. mixture b. mixture d. substance
no yes yes
yes no no
c. extensive d. intensive
Section 2.2
1. distillation, evaporation 2. a mixture with a uniform composition throughout 3. a. homogeneous c. heterogeneous b. heterogeneous
Vocabulary Review 2
1. phase 2. chemical symbol 3. solution 4. elements Solution: substance 5. 6. 7. 8. mass solid mixture gas
Answer Key 763
Quiz for Chapter 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a d d b a d d 8. 9. 10. 11. physical blend element vary a. potassium b. oxygen c. hydrogen
Chapter 2 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i d h a 5. j 6. b 7. f 8. e 9. c 10. g
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a c d c d 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. c d d d a 21. b 22. b 23. a
Chapter 2 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i f g a 5. b 6. e 7. h 8. d 9. j 10. c
C. True-False
24. AT 25. NT 26. ST 27. NT 28. AT
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. d b b b 15. b 16. c 17. d 18. a 19. d 20. d
D. Completion
29. 30. 31. 32. liquid vapor heterogeneous N 33. 34. 35. 36. reactants chemical physical substance
C. True-False
21. AT 22. NT 23. AT 24. ST 25. NT
E. Essay
37. Salt dissolves in water; iron filings are attracted to a magnet; sawdust floats in water. To separate the mixture, skim the sawdust directly off the surface of the water, then expose the resulting mixture to a magnet to remove the iron filings. Boil off the water, recapturing the water through distillation. Solid salt remains at the bottom of the flask. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
D. Completion
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. energy distillation vary chemical physical 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. compounds iron homogeneous conserved products
E. Essay
36. A physical change alters a substance without changing its composition. Melting or boiling are physical changes. In a chemical change, one or more substances change into one or more new substances. Examples of chemical change include the rusting of iron, the reaction between iron and sulfur to produce iron sulfide, and the burning of wood. Some possible clues to chemical change are a transfer of energy, color change, the production of gas, and the formation of a precipitate.

Section 2.4 1 page 56 Analysis
NaClO KI KI Starch KI Paper KI Cereal yellow H2O2 yellow CuSO4 brown ppt black
Section Review 3.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. accuracy precision experimental value error accepted value 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. absolute value 100% scientific notation known estimated
BLACK!,
Part B True-False
11. ST 12. AT 13. AT
black
black
Part C Matching
black black black 14. b 15. e 16. a 17. f 18. d 19. c
black
black Figure A
black

20. a. 3 c. 2 102 mL c. 2.1 102 b. 4 21. a. 4.35
1. yellow 2. the mixture turns a blue-black color. 3. They all turn a mixture of Kl and starch black. 4. Starch; both turn blue-black, which suggests the presence of starch. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5. The results may be the same in reactions that are simnilar to the one with Kl and starch, but different in other reactions.
b. 8.4 cm3
Section Review 3.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. metric seven meter liter weight 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. gram Celsius kelvin joule/calorie calorie/joule
Youre The Chemist

1. Add Kl + NaClO to various foods. A black color indicates the presence of starch. 2. Most table salt contains 0.01% Kl. Wet only a portion of a small pile of salt with starch. Add CuSO4 or H2O2. A black color indicates the presence of Kl. 3. If an antacid tablet contains starch, it will turn black whenn treated with Kl + NaClO. 4. The color in the ink becomes bleached. A picture can be drawn with colored ink. Certain areas can be treated with NaClO to bleach parts of the picture.
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. NT 13. AT 14. NT
Part C Matching
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. k e m g a 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. l d c h i 25. j 26. f 27. b
Answer Key 765

28. Volume 1.8 cm 8.8 cm 4.8 102 cm3 20 30.5 cm
29. C K 273 30. a. p; 10 12 b. k; 103
273 253C c. ; 10 6 d. c; 10
2
mass 127 g volume 32.1 cm3 3 1000 cm 7. 1.00 L 1000 cm3 1L 1000 g 1.58 kg 1580 g kg mass 1580 g Density volume 1000 cm3 Density
3.96 g/cm3
1.58 g/cm3
Section Review 3.3

Part A Completion
one (unity) conversion factor remains the same dimensional analysis 5. known 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. steps conversion factor denominator units unknown
Practice Problems 3
Section 3.1
1. 2. 3. 4. 20 cm 21.0 cm 4.2 102 cm2 Petes 5. 6. 7. 8. Bruces 1 cm 5% 6.0 m
Section 3.2
15. AT 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 cm 400 mm 24 liters 12,000 g 5. 6. 7. 8. 50 lb 6 1010 293 K 4C
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. ST 13. AT 14. NT
Part C Questions and Problems

16. a. 125 g 1 kg 1000 g 0.125 kg 1.25 10 1 kg 1000 mL b. 0.12 L 1.2 102 mL 1L 2.54 cm 106 m 1.0 in 1m 17. 1 in 1m 1500 cells 100 cm 17 m/cell 186 000 miles 1.61 km 1s 18. 6 1s 1 mile 10 s 2.99 10 1 km 1 s
Section 3.3
1. pop. density 750,000 people 1 mi2 49 mi2 640 acres 24 people/acre 1 can 454 g dollars cost 2.99 50.2 g 1 lb can dollars 27.0 lb mi 1.609 km 60 96.54 km/h h mi The chicken costs $2.14/lb, the beef steak costs $1.82/lb. The beef steak is less expensive per pound. 24 h 60 s 60 min 1 day 86,400 s 1 day 1 min 1h km 1000 m 100 cm 1h 1 min 72 h 1 km 1m 60 min 60 s 3 2.0 10 cm/s g 100 cm 3 1 kg 1 m3 19.3 3 cm 1m 1000 g 1.93 104 kg mi 0.264 gal 1.61 km 40.0 17.0 km/L gal 1L 1 mi 1 oz 1 lb 1.00 dollar 375 dollars 16 oz 454 g 1000 mg 75.7 mg 1 lb 1g
2.
3. 4.
Section Review 3.4

Part A Completion
1. density 2. intensive 3. composition
5. 6.
7. 5. ST
Part B True-False
4. ST 8. 3.21 cm3 9.

6. 32.1 mL 1 cm3 1 mL
Section 3.4
1. 6.00 grams 2. The balloon will float. Air is less dense than carbon dioxide. 3. 1.09 liters 4. 27 g
Chapter 3 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i b j g 5. f 6. c 7. e 8. a 9. d 10. h
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Two significant figures Three significant figures cylinder B either cylinder A or B the Celsius scale the Kelvin scale No, 20 C is known. Another significant figure could be estimated. 8. liquid
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. d d b a c 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. b a c b a 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. d a d d b
C. True-False
26. ST 27. ST 28. ST 29. AT 30. ST 31. NT 32. ST 33. AT 34. NT
Vocabulary Review 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. g i h f k 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. j l b a m 11. c 12. d 13. e
D. Problems
mass 980 g 15 g/cm3; no volume 64 cm3 36. a. 4.15 cm 1.8 cm 7.5 cm2 35. Density b. 13.00 m c. (1.7 6.3 10 0.54 m
5
12.46 m 10
4
m)
9 2
(3.72
m)
Quiz for Chapter 3

1. 2. 3. 4. no 1 10 3 kg/ 1 g 4 a. 0.083 m b. 20C c. 6900 km 5. a. 8.3 10 b. 2.0 6. 7. 8. 9.
1 2
37. Density
10 m mass 14.0 g volume 18.0 cm3 0.778 g/cm3
E. Essay
38. Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume. Density is an intensive property that depends only on the composition of a substance, not on the size of the sample. Volume is a measure of the space occupied by an object. Volume is an extensive property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. The density of water at a given temperature does not vary with the size of the sample; the volume of the water, however, does vary with the size of the sample. 100 5.88%
10 C
c. 6.9 103 km b c K 55 C 273 218 Percent Error 5.10 g/cm3 4.80 g/cm3 5.10 g/cm3
Answer Key 767
Chapter 3 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e i g f 5. c 6. b 7. j 8. a 9. h 10. d
E. Essay
43. To find the volume of the box in liters, you must first express the volume of the box in cubic units, based on the linear dimensions given, and then select a conversion factor that will allow you to convert the cubic units into liters. Thus, since V L W H, V 25 cm 10 cm 8 cm 2000 cm3 To convert the cm3 into liters, you must select a conversion factor so that relates cm3 to liters, that the cm3 units cancel and the liter units remain. Thus, since 1 L 1000 cm3 1L 2000 cm3 2L 1000 cm3
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. c d a c a d c 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. d d c d b a c 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. a a b d c a d
C. True-False
32. AT 33. ST 34. ST 35. AT 36. AT 37. NT 38. NT 39. NT

Section 3.4 Now What Do I Do?, page 94 Analysis
Answers are based on the following sample data: average mass of water drop 0.019 g mass of pre-1982 penny 3.11 g mass of post-1982-penny 2.50 g 1. x mg 0.019 g 1000 mg/g 19 mg m 0.019 g 2. V 0.019 cm3 d 1.00 g/cm3 1 mL x mL 0.019 cm3 0.019 mL 1 cm3 1000 L 19 L x L 0.019 mL 1 mL 3. x mg/cm3 1.00 g/cm3 1000 mg/g x mg/cm3 1000 mg/cm3; 1000 mg/cm3 4. g Cu 3.0 L g Cu g Zn g Zn 5. x g Cu x g Cu x g Zn x g Zn 1 cm3/1 mL 1000 mg/mL 95.0 g Cu 3.11 g penny 100 g penny 2.95 g Cu 5.0 g Zn 3.11 g penny 100 g penny 0.16 g Zn 2.50 g penny 0.060 g Cu 2.50 g penny 2.44 g Zn 97.6 g Zn 100 g penny 2.4 g Cu 100 g penny Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
D. Problems
40. a. 36.47 cm 2.721 cm 15.1 cm 54.291 cm 54.3 cm b. 148.576 g 35.41 g 113.17 g c. (5.6 113.166 g
107 m) (3.60 10 2 m) 20.16 105 m2 2.016 106 m2 2.0 106 m2 8.74 109 m d. 2.08 1015 m 4.2 10 6 2.1 1015 m 41. a. V
0.60 m
50.0 mm 3.0
100 cm m 1cm 10 mm
10.0 cm 3000 cm3
103 cm3 1L 1000 cm3
3.0
103 cm3
1 kg H2O b. 3.0 L 3.0 kg H2O L M 750.0 g 42. D 11.5 g/cm3 V 65.0 cm3 The metal is not pure silver.
6. The new penny is lighter because it is mostly zinc which has a lower density than copper.
V = 3.72 cm3 = 3.36 cm3
0.36 cm3
Youre The Chemist

1. at 90, mass of 1 drop: 0.019 g at 45, mass of 1 drop: 0.0218 g at 0, mass of 1 drop: 0.0242 g Pipets give different results. 2. The best angle is 90 because the pipet is easiest to control. Expel the air bubble so that the first drop will be the same size as the rest. 3. Find mass of can and divide by density of aluminum. Sample answer: mass of one can: 14.77 g; dA: 2.70 g/cm3; V = 5.47 cm3 4. (1) Measure the mass before and after you fill the can with water. Use the mass and density of water to find the volume. (2) Measure the height and radius and calculate volume. V = r2h (Can is not a perfect cylinder.) (3) Read label: 12 oz = 355 mL 5. Sample answer: V = 16.5 m = 630 m Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
3
Error = 0.36 cm3 Percent error (0.36 cm3/3.36 cm3)(100%) = 11% Note: The holes in some dice are cones. The volume of a cone is 1/3 r2h. 7. Find weight in pounds and convert to kg. Assume the density is about 1.00 kg/L. V = weight 1 kg/2.2 lb 1L/1.00 kg
Section Review 4.1

Part A Completion
1. atoms 2. different 3. compounds 4. separated, joined, or rearranged
Part B True-False
5. NT 6. ST 7. AT
Part C Matching
8. c 9. a 10. d 11. b
3.0 m 1000 L/m
12.8 m
3

12. simple whole-number ratios 13. 1 108 atoms cm 100 cm m 1010 atoms/m
= 630 000 L/ Assume 30 people with an average weight of 130 lb (1 kg = 2.2 lb) and a density of about 1.0 kg/L. Volume of 30 people V = 30 = 1800 L The volume of 30 chairs, 15 tables, and 2 desks is about that of 30 people or 1800 L. The volume of people and furniture is 3600 L. % error = (3600 L/630,000 L)(100%) = 0.57%. 6. If die measures 1.55 cm on a side: V = (1.55 cm) = 3.72 cm
3 3
Section Review 4.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. subatomic negative protons neutrons 5. 6. 7. 8. nucleus Ernest Rutherford positive electrons
130 lb
1 kg/2.2 lb
1 L/1.0 kg
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. AT 11. NT 12. AT
A die has 21 holes that are hemispheres with a radius of 0.20 cm. Volume of hemisphere: 2/3r3 V = 2/3r3 = 0.017 cm3 Volume of 21 hemispheres: 0.36 cm3 Volume of die:
Part C Matching
13. c 14. a 15. e 16. d 17. b

18. protons, neutrons Answer Key 769
19. protons, electrons 20. Atoms are mostly empty space. The relatively massive protons and neutrons are concentrated in a small region called the nucleus; electrons are found outside the nucleus. Most alpha particles pass through the empty space without deflection. The few that come near the nucleus are deflected or bounce straight back.
Section 4.3
1. a. 5 c. 10 b. 16 d. 3 2. Number of protons: 11; 39; 33; 89 Number of electrons: 25; 35; 39; 89 Number of neutrons: 50; 42; 138 Atomic number: 25; 11; 35; 33; 89 Mass number: 55; 23; 80 3. a. 12 c. 46 b. 146 d. 10 4. 12.011 amu 5. 75% X 100, 25% X 104
Section Review 4.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. protons number electrons protons neutrons 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. isotopes atomic mass 1 no 1
Vocabulary Review 4
1. 2. 3. 4. f h g b 5. j 6. c 7. e 8. d 9. a 10. i
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. AT 13. ST 14. AT 15. AT
Quiz for Chapter 4

22. b 23. h 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. simple whole-number chemical reaction Electrons neutrons proton atomic 8 mass 156 30 periods atomic number
Part C Matching
16. e 17. f 18. c 19. g 20. a 21. d

24. oxygen-16:16 amu 0.9976 15.96 amu oxygen-17:17 amu 0.00037 0.0063 amu oxygen-18:18 amu 0.00204 0.0367 amu 16.00 amu 16 amu
Practice Problems 4
Section 4.1
1. (1 10 atoms) 1 mm
7
1 cm 108 atoms
10 mm 1 cm
Chapter 4 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. j g a c 5. f 6. e 7. d 8. b 9. h 10. i
Section 4.2
1. mass of e is negligible; 16(1.67 10 24 g) + 16(1.67 10 5.33 10 23 g 2. approximately 6 1023 neutrons 3. b
24
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c d c c d 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a b a b b 21. c 22. d 23. c
C. Problems
25. Ar-36 35.978 amu 0.00337 Ar-38 37.963 amu 0.00063 Ar-40 39.962 amu 0.99600 atomic mass 26. 19F: 9; 10; 9 9
27 13Al: 13; 14; 13 40 18Ar: 18; 22; 18 65 30Zn: 30; 35; 30 108 47Ag: 47; 61; 47
0.121 amu 0.024 amu 39.802 amu 39.947 amu
C. Problems
24. 63.929 amu 0.4889 31.25 amu 65.926 amu 0.2781 18.33 amu 66.927 amu 0.0411 12.75 amu 67.925 amu 0.1857 12.61 amu 0.43 amu 69.925 amu 0.0062 atomic mass 65.37 amu 25. Atomic number: 7; 20; 26 Mass number: 19; 41 Number of protons: 9; 7; 20; 13 Number of neutrons: 14; 30 Number of electrons: 9; 7; 13; 26 13 26. 6C: 6; 7; 6 10 4Be: 4; 6; 4 20 10Ne: 10; 10; 10 11 5B: 5; 6; 5 33 16S: 16; 17; 16
27. Atomic number: 19; 26; 35; 79 Mass number 24; 56; 80; 197 Number of protons: 12; 19; 26; 35 Number of neutrons: 12; 45 Number of electrons: 12; 19; 35; 79 Symbol: 39K; 56Fe; 197Au 19 26 79
D. Essay
28. Isotopes of the same element are alike in that they have the same atomic number, and thus, the same number of protons and electrons. Isotopes of the same element are different in that they have different numbers of neutrons, and thus, different mass numbers.
D. Essay
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 27. Atoms of different elements have a unique number of protons and electrons. Isotopes of the same element differ in the number of neutrons in the nuclei.
Chapter 4 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. c i b g 5. h 6. a 7. f 8. j 9. e 10. d
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a c d d a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. c c b a c 21. 22. 23. 24. b b a d
Answer Key 771

Section 4.3 The Atomic Mass of Candium, page 120 Analysis
Sample data provided.
A Total mass (grams) Total Number Average mass (grams) Relative abundance Percent abundance Relative mass 13.16 g B 13.83 g C 15.40 g Totals 42.39 g
Youre The Chemist

1. Any differences are probably due to small variations in the numbers of each kind of candy in the samples, which affect the relative abundances. 2. The larger the samples, the better the results with any of the methods. Mass is likely to provide better results than volume.
Section Review 5.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. electrons John Dalton J.J. Thomson plum-pudding nucleus circular quantum mechanical probability
15
13
20
48
0.8773 g 1.064 g 0.7700 g 0.8831 g
0.3125
0.2708
0.4167
100.0
31.25
27.08
41.67
1.000
0.2742 g 0.2883 g 0.3208 g 0.8833 g Figure A
Part B True/False
9. AT 10. ST 11. NT 12. AT 13. AT 14. AT
Part C Matching
1. See row 3 in Figure A. 2. See row 4 in Figure A. 3. See row 5 in Figure A. 4. See row 6 in Figure A. 5. 0.2742 g 0.2883 g 0.3208 g 0.8833 g 6. Percent abundance is parts per hundred. Relative abundance is parts per one or the decimal form of percent. The individual percent abundances add up to 100. The individual relative abundances add up to 1. 7. Relative abundance tells you the decimal fraction of particles. 8. The total in row 3 is an average that ignores the relative abundances of particles. The total in row 6 is a weighted average because it considers differences in mass and abundance among the particles. 9. Another student might not have had the same relative abundance of each candy. A larger sample would provide a greater sampling of all isotopes. 15. c 16. b 17. a 18. d Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

19. Dalton proposed that matter was made of indestructible particles called atoms. Thomson proposed an atomic model in which negatively charged electrons were embedded in a positively charged mass. Rutherford discovered that atoms are mainly empty space. He proposed that electrons surround a dense nucleus. Bohr proposed that electrons are arranged in concentric circular paths around the nucleus. According to Bohr, the electrons in a particular orbit have a fixed energy, which prevents them from falling into the nucleus. In the modern atomic theory, the locations of electrons are not fixed; they are described in terms of probability. 20. a. 3 orbitals c. 7 orbitals b. 5 orbitals d. 1 orbital
Section 5.2
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. electron configurations Aufbau principle equal Pauli exclusion two opposite a single electron superscripts electrons Chromium

3.00 1010 cm/s 2.40 10 5 cm 1.25 1015 s 1 19. The photoelectric effect will not occur unless the frequency of the light striking a metal is high enough to cause an electron to be ejected from the metal. The frequency of the light must be above the threshold frequency that will provide the necessary quanta of energy. 18.
Practice Problems 5
Section 5.1
1. a. 1 15. AT 16. NT b. 2 c. 3 2. a. 1 b. c. d. 3. a. b. c. d. d. 4 e. 5 f. 6 e. 1
Part B True/False
11. ST 12. NT 13. NT 14. AT
Part C Matching
17. e 18. d 19. b 20. a 21. c

22. a. b. c. d. 23. a. 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p63s23p4 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 1s22s22p63s23p6 Ar b. B
1 f. 3 5 g. 16 7 h. 5 1s, 1 orbital 2s,1 orbital; 2p, 3 orbitals 3s, 1 orbital; 3p, 3 orbitals; 3d, 5 orbitals 4s, 1 orbital; 4p, 3 orbitals; 4d, 5 orbitals; 4f, 7 orbitals e. 5s, 1 orbital; 5p, 3 orbitals; 5d, 5 orbitals; 5f, 7 orbitals
Section 5.3
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. waves inversely light atomic emission spectrum light radiation photoelectric frequency
Section 5.2
1. a. b. c. d. e. f. 1s1 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p66s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5 1s22s22p63s23p4
g. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 h. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3 i. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104f145s25p6 5d106s26p6 12. NT
Part B True/False
8. NT 9. NT 10. AT 11. NT
Section 5.3
1. 3.00 1010 cm/s 5.00 1015 s 1 6.00 10 6 cm; ultraviolet 3.00 108 m/s c 6.70 10 7 m 4.48 1014 s 1 c Answer Key 773
Part C Matching
13. c 14. a 15. e 16. d 17. b 2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
The laser emits red light. E h 6.6262 10 34 J s 2.22 1014 s E 1.47 10 19 J 6.00 10 15 J E 6.6262 10 34 J s h 9.05 1018 s 1 radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, cosmic rays 3.00 108 m/s c 1600 103 s 1 1.88 102 m
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
hertz Pauli exclusion principle quantum quantum mechanical model aufbau principle wavelength atomic emission spectrum photoelectrons
Quiz for Chapter 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ST NT AT ST AT NT 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Plancks constant ground state photons photoelectric wavelike
1. (s 1): 4.01 1013; 1.14 1014; 2.75 1014; 7.30 1014; 3.20 1015; 7.41 1013; 2.34 1014; 6.88 1014; 3.15 1015; 1.60 1014; 6.17 1014; 3.08 1015; 4.57 1014; 2.93 1015; 2.48 1015 : 7.48 10 6 m; 2.63 10 6 m; 1.09 10 6 m; 4.11 10 7 m; 9.38 10 8 m; 4.05 10 6 m; 1.28 10 6 m; 4.36 10 7 m; 9.52 10 8 m; 1.88 10 6 m; 4.86 10 7 m; 9.74 10 8 m; 6.56 10 7 m; 1.02 10 7 m; 1.21 10 7 m type of radiation: infrared; infrared; infrared; visible light; ultraviolet light; infrared; infrared; visible light; ultraviolet light; infrared; visible light; ultraviolet light; visible light; ultraviolet light; ultraviolet light 62 52 42 32 6 2 blue 5 2 blue 4 2 green 3 2 red All of the transitions end at the n 2 energy level. The Bohr model is adequate for explaining the emission spectra of atoms with a single electron. Li2 and He each have a single electron surrounding the nucleus and should, thus, behave according to the Bohr model.
2.
Chapter 5 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. b g e c 5. h 6. j 7. i 8. d 9. f 10. a
3.
B. Multiple Choice
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 11. 12. 13. 14. b c a d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. d 19. d 20. a
4.
5.
6. 7.
Vocabulary Review 5
1. Hunds rule 2. photons
C. Problems
21. a. x w x 3p x w 3s x x x w w w 2p x w 2s x w 1s 1s22s22p63s23p4 b. x 3s x x x w w w 2p x w 2s x w 1s 1s22s22p63s1 3.00 1010cm/s 22. 1.25 1015 s 2.40 10 5cm 23. a. aluminum c. cobalt b. krypton 24. a. phosphorus b. neon 25. Energy level 1 Energy level 2 Energy level 3 Energy level 4 Energy level 5 2 8 18 32 50 c. bromine x
E. Additional Matching
27. b 28. a 29. f 30. e 31. c 32. d
F. True/False
33. AT 34. NT 35. AT 36. ST 37. NT 38. AT 39. AT 40. ST 41. AT
Chapter 5 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. h c f e 5. d 6. g 7. b 8. j 9. a 10. i
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c c c b b 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a c b d b 21. 22. 23. 24. c d c b
C. Problems
1
25. a. b. c. d. 26. a.
1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s23p3 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6 S e. Sr
D. Essay
26. Electrons occupy orbitals in a definite sequence, filling orbitals with lower energies first. Generally, orbitals in a lower principal energy level have lower energies than those in a higher principal energy level, but in the fourth level the energy ranges of the principal energy levels begin to overlap. As a result, the 5s sublevel is lower in energy than the 4d sublevel.
b. Ne f. P c. Sc g. Mn d. Br h. Fr 27. c c/ 3.00 1010 cm s 6.25 10 5 cm 4.80 1014 s 1 28. E E E h (6.6262 10 3.4 10 18 J

34
Js)
(5.2
1015 s 1)
D. Essay
29. According to the Bohr model, electrons travel around the nucleus along fixed paths much as planets orbit the sun. The quantum mechanical model, explains the positions of electrons in terms of probability clouds within which the electrons are most likely to Answer Key 775
be found. The Bohr model places electrons at specific distances from the nucleus. The quantum mechanical model allows electrons to be at virtually any distance from the nucleus, but describes the locations of greatest probability in terms of specified orbital shapes.
Section Review 6.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. names atoms alkali metals alkaline earth metals representative elements halogens noble gases transition metals inner transition metals p not filled
E. Additional Matching
30. c 31. d 32. a 33. f 34. e 35. b
F. True/False
36. AT 37. NT 38. AT 39. NT 40. AT 41. AT 42. ST 43. AT 44. AT
Part B True-False
Section Review 6.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. properties groups periods or rows atomic number group Metals gases metalloids less more
12. ST 13. NT
14. NT 15. AT
Part C Matching
16. f 17. e 18. g 19. d 20. b 21. c 22. a

23. Na, 3s1; Mg, 3s2; Al, 3s23p1; Si, 3s23p2; P 3s23p3; S, 3s23p4; Cl, 3s23p5; Ar, 3s23p6 , 24. Oxygen: nonmetal, gas; Sulfur: nonmetal, solid; Selenium: nonmetal, solid; Tellurium: metalloid, solid; Polonium: metal, solid 12. AT 13. NT Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Part B True-False
10. NT 11. NT
Section Review 6.3

18. d
Part C Matching
14. b 15. e 16. a 17. c
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. decrease increases energy levels charge ionization 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. increases electrons smaller electronegativity increases

19. nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals; arsenic and antimony are metalloids; bismuth is a metal. 20. good conductors of heat and electric current; high luster; ductile; malleable; solids at room temperature 21. fluorine, bromine, iodine
Part B True-False
11. ST 12. AT 13. AT 14. NT
Part C Matching
15. d 16. c 17. f 18. a 19. e 20. b

21. a. Al b. S c. Br 22. a. gallium b. oxygen d. Na e. O c. chlorine d. bromine
Practice Problems
Section 6.1
1. c 2. a. nonmetal b. metalloid c. metal d. nonmetal e. metal 3. a 4. Li, Na, Rb, Cs, Fr 5. The three classes are as follows. 1) The metals: good conductors of heat and electric current; high luster when clean; malleable; ductile. 2) The nonmetals: poor conductors of heat and electric current; and are nonlustrous. 3) The metalloids: elements that have properties similar to those of metals and nonmetals depending on the conditions.
5. a. The period 2 element with six electrons is oxygen. b. The period 4 element with 2 electrons is calcium. c. The element in period 4 with 2 electrons in the 4s sublevel and 10 electrons in the 3d sublevel is zinc. 6. Both Ne and Ar have a completely filled highest occupied energy level. They are in Group 8A, which is also known as the noble gases. Ne: 1s22s22p6 Ar: 1s22s22p63s23p6 7. The chemical and physical properties are largely determined by their electron configurations. Lithium in Group 1A has only 1 electron in its highest occupied energy level. Sulfur in Group 6A has 6 electrons in its highest occupied energy level. 8. Transition metals are elements whose highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel contain electrons. The electron configurations for Ag and Fe are: Ag 1s22s22p63s23p64s24p64d105s1 Fe 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
Section 6.3
1. A magnesium atom is smaller than a sodium atom because the shielding effect is constant for elements in the same period, but the nuclear charge is greater in magnesium. So the electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus. Magnesium and calcium have the same number of electrons in their highest occupied energy level. A magnesium atom is smaller than a calcium atom because there are fewer occupied energy levels. 2. Astatine is in period 6. Tellurium is in period 5. Astatine is in Group 7A; tellurium is in Group 6A. Although atomic size decreases across a period, the additional occupied energy level in astatine significantly increases the size of the astatine atom as compared to the tellurium atom. The prediction is that atoms of astatine are larger than atoms of tellurium. 3. A chlorine atom is smaller than a magnesium atom because atomic size decreases from left to right across a period. When a magnesium atom reacts, it loses electrons from its highest occupied energy level. A magnesium ion has filled first and second levels. When chlorine reacts, it gains an electron in its highest occupied energy level. An ion with three Answer Key 777
Section 6.2
1. Silicon is in the third period. Its first and second energy levels are full (1s22s22p6). It is the fourth element in the period; so its electron configuration must end in 3s23p2. The complete configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p2. 2. Iodine is located in period 5. Its first four energy levels are full. It is Group 4A; so its electron configuration must end in 5s25p5. The complete configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p5. 3. The configuration s2p3 indicates 5 electrons in the highest occupied energy level, which is a feature of Group 5A. 4. a. Elements in Group 5A have 5 electrons in their highest energy level. The third period element in Group 5A is phosphorus b. 4s24p5 represents the Group 7A element in period 4; this element is bromine. c. selenium.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
occupied energy levels is larger than an ion with two occupied energy levels. Across a period from left to right the principal energy level remains the same, but the nuclear charge increases. The increasing nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus, resulting in a smaller atomic radius. The trend is less pronounced as the number of electrons increases because the inner electrons shield the electrons in the highest occupied energy level. Atomic size increases as you move down a period because the electrons are added to higher principal energy levels. This enlarging effect is greater than the shrinking effect caused by increasing nuclear charge. When a sulfur atom reacts to form an ion it adds two electrons while chlorine adds one electron. Sulfide and chloride ions have the same number of electrons. Because the chloride ion has the greater nuclear charge, it will be smaller than the sulfide ion. Sodiums first ionization energy is higher than that of potassium because ionization energy tends to decrease from top to bottom within a group. Berylliums first ionization energy is greater because first ionization energy tends to increase from left to right across a period. Barium is less electronegative than struntium because electronegativity values tend to decrease from top to bottom within a group. Because magnesium has a relatively low first and second ionization energy, the removal of two electrons from magnesium is likely. The relatively high third ionization energy indicates the difficulty of removing a third electron from the filled second energy level. Magnesium normally forms an ion with a 2 charge. Because electronegativity decreases from top to bottom within a group, sulfur is less electronegative than oxygen. Because electronegativity increases from left to right across a period, fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen. The correct order for increasing electronegativity is then sulfur oxygen fluorine.
1. 2. 3. 4. 42 table A atomic weight 0.53 g/cm3 5. 2617 C 6. table B 7. 4
8. physical state at room temperature; general class, e.g. transition metal; whether an element is not found in nature 9. In the periodic table elements with similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together in vertical columns. This organization helps scientists predict and explain similarities and differences in the properties of elements based on their underlying atomic structure. Listing the elements, in alphabetical order, makes it possible to quickly find information about the properties of a particular element without having to know the location of the element in the periodic table. 10. a. Li: Group 1A (or Group 1), period 2 Mo: Group 6B (or Group 6), period 5 b. No, because they are not located in the same group or family. c. Lithium, Li, is an alkali metal. Molybdenum, Mo, is a transition metal. d. Answers may include sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. 11. Check students work. Their keys need to include the color, mp, and bp, of the element (and the state if the square is not color coded for style).
Vocabulary Review 6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. n a m c k b 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. l g o i e 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. f h d p j
Quiz for Chapter 6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. number seven group (column or family) six two less ST 8. NT AT 9. AT
30. a. Mg
b. I
c. Cl
D. Essay
31. Two factors influence the size of an atom as the atomic number increases within a group. There is an increase in nuclear charge, which draws the electrons closer to the nucleus. There is an increase in the number of occupied energy levels, which shields the electrons in the highest occupied energy level from the attraction of protons in the nucleus. The net effect is a decrease in the attraction of the nucleus on the electrons in the highest occupied energy level and an increase in atomic radius. From left to right across a period, electrons are being added to the same energy level. The increasing charge on the nucleus tends to pull the electrons closer and atomic radius decreases.
10. NT
Chapter 6 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. d f j b 5. c 6. i 7. a 8. g 9. e 10. h
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. d c d a a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. c c d a d 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. a c d b b
Chapter 6 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. c i b g 5. h 6. a 7. j 8. d 9. f 10. e
C. Questions
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 26. a. b. c. 27. a. period 5, Group 2A (or Group 2) period 4, Group 6A (or Group 16) period 6, Group 4A (or Group 14) 1s2
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. b d d a d c d 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. c d a d d b a 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. c c a b b c
b. 4s1 c. 3s2 3p1 d. 4s2 4p6 e. 2s2 2p4 28. a. Li, K, Cs b. Ar, Cl P, Si c. Be, Ca, Sr, Ba 29. a. alkaline earth metal, period 4, Group 2A (or Group 2) b. alkali metal, period 6, Group 1A (or Group 1) c. halogen, period 2, Group 7a (or Group 17) d. transition metal, period 4, Group 6B (or Group 6) e. noble gas, period 2, Group 8A (or Group 18) f. transition metal, period 5, Group 1B (or Group 11)
C. Questions
31. a. b. c. d. e. f. 32. a. b. c. 2; 2A(2); alkaline earth metal; Be 3; 5A(15); P 3; 8A(18); noble gas; Ar 4; 1A(1); alkali metal; K 4; 4B(4); transition metal; Sc 4; 7A(17); halogen; Br Cs, K, Li, C, F Cs, K, Li, C, F F, C, Li, K, Cs
Answer Key 779
33. a. b. c. d. 34. a. b. c.
K; Li; K C; F; C Ca; Mg; Ca S; O; S B C D
Section Review 7.1

Part A Completion
d. B e. B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. valence electrons group electron dot structures octet rule cations anions 1 Halide ions gain charges
D. Essay
35. Ionization energy and electronegativity are properties that reflect an atoms ability to attract and retain electrons. A high ionization energy indicates that an atom has a tight hold on its electrons. A high electronegativity indicates an ability to attract additional electrons.
Part B True/False
11. NT 12. AT 13. ST 14. NT 15. AT 16. NT

Analyze and Conclude
1. Fluorine 2. Electronegativity generally increases from left to right along a period. 3. Metals, which are on the left side of the table, have lower electronegativity values than nonmetals, which are on the right. 4. Electronegativity generally increases from bottom to top within a group. Except for boron, the rest of Group 3A shows a reverse in this trend. 5. Although hydrogen is placed in Group 1A based on its electron configuration, hydrogen is classified as a nonmetal.
Part C Matching
17. b 18. d 19. e 20. g 21. f 22. a 23. c

24. a. Si c. =Ba= b. Rb= 25 a. 2 electrons lost; magnesium ion; cation b. 2 electrons lost; calcium ion; cation c. 1 electron gained; bromide ion, anion d. 1 electron lost; silver ion; cation 26. Nonmetals attain stable noble gas configurations by gaining electrons and forming anions with 8 outer electrons in the existing energy level. Metals attain noble gas configurations by losing electrons and forming cations with a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Youre The Chemist

1. Students divide the values of first ionization energies by 300 and measure the appropriate length of straws. 2. Students must determine their own scale before they begin. Students often use two wells to represent both ionic and atomic radii. Other students cut a straw to a length that represents the larger radius of an atom and mark the straw to show the smaller radius of the corresponding cation. 3. The value for xenon is similar to iodine, which is consistent with the general trend. Based on this value, xenon appears to have the ability to attract electrons and form compounds.
Section 7.2
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. electrostatic forces oppositely ionic bonds neutral formula unit crystals high large stable molten
9. hexagonal close-packed 10. alloy
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. ST 13. NT 14. AT 15. AT
Part C Matching
16. d 17. e 18. b 19. c 20. a

21. Solid metals consist of closely packed cations surrounded by free-moving valence electrons, which make metals good conductors of electric current. As electrons enter one end of a bar of metal, an equal number leave the other end. Metal cations are insulated from one another by electrons. When a metal is subjected to pressure, the metal cations easily slide past one another. This behavior makes the metal malleable and ductile. 22. The superior properties of alloys result from the cumulative properties of all the constituents of the alloy. For example, an alloy can be more durable than one constituent but more malleable than another.
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. ST 13. AT 14. ST 15. NT
Part C Matching
16. b 17. e 18. c 19. d 20. a

21. Ionic bonds are the electrostatic forces of attraction that bind oppositely charged ions together. In an ionic compound, the positive charges of the cations equal the negative charges of the ions. 22. When ionic compounds are melted, the orderly crystal structure breaks down. Each ion is then free to move throughout the molten mass. If a voltage is applied, cations will migrate to one electrode, and anions will migrate to the other. This movement of ions means that there is a flow of electricity between the two electrodes. When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions are free to move. Thus, aqueous solutions of ionic compounds also conduct electricity.
Practice Problems 7
Section 7.1
1. a. (i) 2 (ii) Ba 6 (iii) Ba2 b. (i) 7 (ii) I (iii) I c. (i) 1 (ii) K = (iii) K 2. a. 3 c. 6 b. 7 3. a. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 b. 1s22s22p63s23p5 c. 1s22s22p6 d. 1s22s22p63s23p6 e. 1s22s22p6 4. The number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element is the same as the group number of the element.
Section 7.3
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. cations electrons metallic electrical malleable/ductile ductile/malleable body-centered/face-centered face-centered/body-centered
Answer Key 781
5. a. loses 2 electrons; cation b. c. d. e. f. 6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. 8. a. b. c. loses 3 electrons; cation gains 2 electrons; anion loses 1 electron; cation gains 1 electron; anion gains 3 electrons; anion chloride ion, Cl potassium ion, K oxide ion, O2 barium ion, Ba2 2 lost 1 gained 1 lost 3 lost cation d. anion cation e. cation anion f. cation
4. Body-centered cubic: every atom (except those at the surface) has 8 neighbors. Face-centered cubic: every atom has 12 neighbors. Hexagonal close-packed: every atom has 12 neighbors, but in a different arrangement than face-centered cubic. 5. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. Alloys have properties of metals. 6. a. Brass: copper and zinc b. Bronze: copper and tin c. Stainless steel: iron, chromium, carbon, and nickel d. Sterling silver: silver and copper e. Cast iron: iron and carbon f. Spring steel: iron, chromium, and carbon
Section 7.2
1. a. NaBr d. Al2O3 b. Na2S e. BaCl2 c. CaI2 2. Ionic compounds are formed when metals react with nonmetals. The combinations in b and c will form ionic compounds 3. The coordination number is the number of ions of the opposite charge that surround an ion in a crystal. 4. The coordination number is determined by using x-ray diffraction crystallography. Patterns are used to calculate the positions of ions in the crystal and to define the structure of the crystal.
1. sodium 1s22s22p63s1 Sodium has 1 valence electron. chlorine 1s22s22p63s23p5 Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. 2. In Step 1, each sodium atom gives up one valence electron to a chlorine atom. In this process, sodium becomes positively charged and chlorine becomes negatively charged. Each ion attains the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. 3. In Step 2, ionic bonds form between sodium cations and chlorine anions. The ions arrange themselves in an orderly, three-dimensional array characteristic of a crystalline solid. In NaCl, each ion is surrounded by six other ions of opposite charge, which results in a very stable ionic compound. 4. NaCl is typical of many ionic compounds. The large amount of energy released when an ionic lattice is formed (Step 2) compensates for the endothermic nature of the electron transfer (Step 1). To reverse the lattice formation through melting would require enough energy to overcome the multiple atttractions within the crystal lattice.
Section 7.3
1. A metallic bond is made up of cations that are surrounded by mobile valence electrons. 2. The metallic crystal is thought to consist of an array of metal cations in a sea of electrons. Although the electrons are attracted to the metal cations, no individual electron is confined to any specific cation; rather, the electrons are free to move about the crystalline structure. When electrical current is applied to a metal, these mobile electrons can carry charge from one end of the metal to the other. 3. Metals are crystalline. The metal cations are arranged in a very compact and orderly structure or pattern.
Vocabulary Review 7
1. 2. 3. 4. j i f g 6. 7. 8. 9. l a c e 11. b 12. k 13. m
5. h
10. d
37.
Al
Cl
Quiz for Chapter 7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ST NT AT AT AT valence octet 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. gaining eight pseudo-noble gas metals anion formula unit 38.
The electron dot formulas show that one atom of Al can give 3 electrons, so 3 atoms of Cl are needed to form the compound AlCl3. Cl Al Cl Cl F 1s2 2s2 2p5 Na F 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 Both ions have the configuration of neon. Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 y Al3 3 Cl
Chapter 7 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e f h c 5. 6. 7. 8. j g a i 9. k 10. b 11. d
E. Essay
39. Metallic bonds are the result of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions. An electric current is a flow of electrons. As electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, some of the free-floating electrons leave the other end. Thus metals are good conductors of electricity. The cations in a piece of metal are insulated from each other by the free electrons. Thus, when metal is struck, the cations slide past each other easily. This makes the metal malleable.
B. Multiple Choice
12. 13. 14. 15. c b c b 16. 17. 18. 19. c b d b 20. 21. 22. 23. a a a c
C. True-False
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 24. 25. 26. 27. AT NT NT ST 28. AT 29. NT 30. AT 31. AT 32. ST 33. AT
Chapter 7 Test B
A. Matching
3
D. Questions
34. a. =Ca = b. Br
2
Ca Br
c.
Al
Al
1. 2. 3. 4.
f g d e
5. 6. 7. 8.
b k a j
9. h 10. c 11. i
35. a. Cl anion b. Be cation 36. a. 1s22s22p63s23p6 b. 1s2
c. Na cation d. O2 anion c. 1s22s22p6 d. 1s22s22p6
B. Multiple Choice
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. c b c a a c 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. d c d c d c 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. c d a c d
Answer Key 783
C. True-False
29. 30. 31. 32. AT AT AT NT 33. 34. 35. 36. AT ST ST AT 37. AT 38. NT 39. AT

Section 7.2 Analysis of Anions and Cations, page 200 Analyze
Sample data provided. Na2SO4 (SO42 ) AgNO3 HCl plus 1 piece of Fe(s) Pb(NO3)2 NVR HNO3 (NO3 ) NVR Bubbles w/yellow solution NVR
Figure A Anion Analysis
D. Questions
40. a. 2s1; 1; Li b. 2s22p3; 5; N c. 3s23p2; 4; Si d. 41. a. b. c. d. 42. a. b. c. 4s24p5; 7; Br Na ; 1s22s22p6 F ; 1s22s22p6 K ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Sr2 ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 Na ; Na Cl ; Cl P ; P
3
Na3PO4 (PO43 ) Light yellow ppt. Bubbles
Bubbles
WP
WP
KI (K ) NaOH NVR
CaCl 2 (Ca 2 ) WP
FeCl3 (Fe3 ) Rust ppt. Bloodred soln
d. Ca ; Ca2 43. a. b. c. d. NaF MgCl2 CaS Al2O3
KSCN
NVR
NVR
Figure B Cation Analysis
E. Essay
44. The group number for Ca is 2A, which means that two valence electrons will be lost; the cation Ca2 is produced. The group number for F is 7A, which means that F has seven valence electrons and reacts by gaining one electron to attain the noble gas configuration. The formula for the anion produced is F . Thus, when Ca and F react, two atoms of F are required to react with one atom of Ca. The formula of the compound formed is CaF2.
NVR: No Visible Reaction WP: White Precipitate 1. An intermediate compound, FeCl2, forms, which reacts with the nitrate ion. An orangebrown color forms. 2. Each of the following pairs of ions produces a visible product that can be used to identify the ion in question: PO43 and Ag , NO3 and HCl Fe, SO42 and Pb2 , Ca2 and OH , Fe3 and SCN . 3. No; neither of the solutions produced a visible product.
Youre the Chemist

All designs should include tests that produce unique, observable products.
Section Review 8.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. compound molecular nonmetals diatomic molecular formula 6. 7. 8. 9. low high atoms structure

22. a. 6-Br 6-Br 6 9 9 b. H 6 C 6 6 6 N 6 c. H H 6- N 6 H 9 H
Part B True-False
10. ST 11. NT 12. AT 13. NT 14. ST
Section 8.3
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. molecular orbitals bonding orbital lower sigma or pi or three-dimensional VSEPR theory orbital hybridization
Part C Matching
15. e 16. a 17. d 18. b 19. c

20. molecular compound 21. a. 4 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms b. 6 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, 1 fluorine atom 22. a. molecule d. atom b. atom c. molecule e. molecule
Part B True-False
9. AT 10. ST 11. NT 12. AT 13. ST 14. AT
Part C Matching
Section Review 8.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. stable electron covalent shared single unshared pairs double/triple coordinate covalent bond Energy bond dissociation energy resonance structure
15. d 16. e
17. a 18. b
19. c

20. Reading from left to right: sp3 sp2 sp2 sp sp sp3
Section 8.4
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. equally nonpolar unequally polar electronegativities dipole interactions hydrogen bond electronegative oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. NT 13. AT 14. AT 15. ST 16. NT
Part C Matching
17. e 18. a 19. b 20. c 21. d
Answer Key 785
Part B True-False
10. NT 11. AT 12. ST 13. ST 14. AT 15. AT
Part C Matching
16. b 17. d 18. e 19. c 20. a
3. Nitrogen needs 3 more electrons to fill its second energy level. Chlorine needs one more electron to achieve a noble gas configuration. Because each chlorine atom needs only one electron and nitrogen needs 3 electrons, three chlorine atoms are required to bond with nitrogen. Cl N Cl Cl 4. Because carbon can form four single covalent bonds, there is an apparent shortage of atoms with which to bond. This is a clue that a carbon-carbon multiple bond exists in this compound. Each carbon atom shares one electron with one of the two hydrogen atoms. The remaining three electrons for each carbon atom form a triple covalent bond. The electron dot structure is: H C C H 5. Carbon has 4 valence electrons and each of the oxygens has 6 valence electrons. Two additional electrons are added to account for the ion having a 2 charge. The carbon and oxygen can satisfy the octet rule by having the oxygens bonded to a central carbon. There is one double covalent bond between a carbon and oxygen, which can shift to any one of the carbon-oxygen bonds giving rise to three resonance structures.
O C O O 2 O O C O O 2 O C O 2

21. dispersion forces, dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds 22. a. ionic b. polar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. nonpolar covalent bonds
Practice Problems 8
Section 8.1
1. a. atom d. molecule b. molecule e. atom c. molecule 2. a. not diatomic b. diatomic c. diatomic d. not diatomic e. diatomic 3. Molecular compounds are usually composed from two or more nonmetallic elements. 4. A molecular structure gives information about the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule. 5. Molecular compounds tend to have lower melting and boiling points that that of ionic compounds
Section 8.3
1. The four fluorine atoms are covalently bonded to the central carbon atom. The four shared pairs of electrons repel each other to the corners of a tetrahedron. All four bond angles are 109.5. 2. The four valence electron pairs repel each other, but the unshared pair is held closer to the phosphorus than the three bonding pairs. The unshared pair repels the shared pairs more strongly. Thus, the angle between bonds is expected to be slightly smaller than the tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5 . The actual bond angle for NH3, a similar molecule, is 107 . 3. Boron forms three sp2 orbitals by mixing one 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals. The three sp2 orbitals lie in the same plane, 120 apart from one another. Each sp2 orbital overlaps with an
Section 8.2
1. The two atoms share a pair of electrons in order to form a single covalent bond. H F 2. Phosphorous needs 3 more electrons to fill the 3p orbitals. Fluorine needs one more electron to fill its second energy level. Since each fluorine atom only needs one electron and phosphorus needs 3 electrons, three fluorine atoms are required to bond with phosphorus. F P F F
atomic orbital of chlorine to form three equivalent sigma bonds. 4. To form four equivalent bonds, silicon mixes one s orbital and all three of the p orbitals. The hybridization in SiF4 is sp3. 5. Oxygen is the central atom in this molecule. It has 6 valence electrons, two of which are bonding electrons. The other 4 electrons are unshared pairs. These 2 unshared pairs repel the two bonding pairs and prevent F2O from being linear. The molecule is a bent triatomic molecule, with a bond angle of approximately 104.5. This angle is slightly smaller than the tetrahedral bond angle because the two unshared pairs repel each other more strongly than the two shared pairs. 6. Because each carbon can form single covalent bonds with four other atoms, there exists in this compound an apparent shortage of atoms with which to bond. This is a clue that CH2CF2 contains a carbon-carbon multiple bond. The two hydrogen atoms bond with one carbon atom while the two fluorine atoms bond with the other carbon. Each carbon atom has two electrons left over. These electrons form a carbon-carbon double covalent bond. The molecule looks very much like the ethene molecule (C2H4). H2C2H and F2C2F bond angles of 120, the hybridization involved in the carbon-carbon bond is sp2. H C H C F F
c. The electronegativity difference between P and O is about 1.4 and the bond is polar covalent. 2. For a bond to be classified as nonpolar covalent, like atoms must bond, as in diatomic molecules. Most bonds are between unlike atoms; therefore, they must be ionic or polar covalent. 3. Both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain polar bonds. However, the effect of the polar bond on the polarity of the entire molecule depends on the shape of the molecule. In carbon monoxide, there is a partial positive pole and a partial negative pole. Therefore, the molecule is a dipole. In carbon dioxide, the carbon and oxygens lie along the same axis. The bond polarities cancel, producing a nonpolar molecule. 4. The more electronegative atom in a covalent bond will have the symbol and the less electronegative atom the symbol. + a. H + + H N H b. F F + C F
F 5. CaO is an ionic compound and CS2 is a polar covalent compound. Generally, ionic compounds have much higher melting points than molecular compounds.
7. Carbon 1 mixes one s orbital and three p orbitals to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals, which form 4 sigma bonds. Carbon 2 mixes one s and two p orbitals to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals, which overlap with the hybrid orbitals of the carbon and oxygen atoms to form three equivalent sigma bonds. The non-hybridized p carbon orbital overlaps with an oxygen p orbital to form one pi bonding orbital.
1. O 3 C 3 O ; linear; 180; none H ; tetrahedral; 109.5; none C H 3. O S O
O S O O O O S O O O S O
2. H
H O ; trigonal planar; 120;
Section 8.4
1. a. The difference in electronegativity between Na and O is about 2.4 and the bond is ionic. b. With like atoms, the difference is zero and the bond is nonpolar covalent.
4.
Be
F ; linear; 180; none Answer Key 787
5.
F P F
F ; pyramidal; 96; none
15. c 16. d
21. b 22. b
27. c
C. Questions
28. a. ; trigonal bipyramidal; Cl Cl P Br 2 Br b. N N c. C O 29. a. K(0.8), F(4.0), difference 3.2; ionic bond b. S(2.5), O(3.5), difference 1.0; polar covalent bond c. N(3.0), O(3.5), difference 0.5; polar covalent bond d. H(2.1), Br(2.8), difference 0.7; polar covalent bond 30. a. H Br b. O O H H
6. Cl
Cl
Cl 90 and 120; none 7. H O H ; bent triatomic; 105 ; none
8. Check students work.
Vocabulary Review 8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. coordinate covalent bond bond dissociation energy bonding molecular orbital sigma bond VSEPR theory hybridization polyatomic ion van der Waals forces hydrogen bond molecule
c. Cl P Cl Cl
D. Essay
31. Network solids are substances in which all of the atoms are covalently bonded to each other. Samples of these solids are thought of as single molecules. Two examples are diamond and silicon carbide. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Quiz for Chapter 8

1. 2. 3. 4. a c b d 5. 6. 7. 8. b c ST NT 9. ST 10. ST 11. ST
E. Additional Questions and Problems

32. CH 5 mol CO 1 mol OH 1 mol 393 kJ 1 mol 356 kJ 1 mol 464 kJ 1 mol 347 kJ 1 mol 1965 kJ 356 kJ 464 kJ 347 kJ
Chapter 8 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i e j f 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. g 10. h 33.
CC 1 mol Total 2px 3132 kJ
sigma bond 2px pi bond 2py 2py
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. d b d a 17. 18. 19. 20. c c b a 23. 24. 25. 26. b a d c
The first 2p orbitals lie along the axis connecting the atoms, and so form a sigma bond. The remaining 2p orbitals are found in regions above and below the axis, and form pi bonds.
34. From left to right: sp, sp, sp3, sp2, sp3 35. Cl Cl P Cl Cl Cl F S F F F F F
D. Essay
40. An ionic bond is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. depends upon The electronegativity difference between two elements is used to predict which type of bonding will occur when specific atoms combine. Differences in excess of 2.0 result in the formation of ionic bonds. Differences of less than 2.0 result in covalent bonding.
Chapter 8 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. g e h c 5. b 6. d 7. f 8. i 9. a 10. j
E. Additional Questions and Problems

41. a. polar covalent; 0.9 b. polar covalent; 0.4 c. polar covalent; 0.5 d. ionic bond; 3.1 e. nonpolar covalent; 0.2 f. polar covalent; 1.3 42. 6(CH) 6 (393 kJ/mol) 2358 kJ/mol 1(CC) 1 347 kJ/mol 347 kJ/mol Total 2705 kJ or 2.70 103 kJ/mol (2.70 103 kJ/mol) (0.25 mol) 675 kJ
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. c a d d d a b d b 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. c b a c b b b c b 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. d c d a a c c a c

Section 8.4 Paper Chromatography of Food Dyes, page 245 Analysis
Blue No. 1 Yellow No. 5 Red No. 40
C. Questions
38. a. H 6 H ; H2H b. c. N N ; N4N
O H; O 2 H @ H H ; H H 6- N 6 H 9 C H @ H 2 N2 H Red
d.
e. 39. a.
O ; C!O
Yellow Green Blue
1. Red, yellow, and blue are pure compounds. 2. Green food color is usually a mixture of Yellow No. 5 and Blue No. 1. 3. Red is Red No. 40, Yellow is Yellow No. 5 (or sometimes Yellow No. 6 if it is orange in appearance), and blue is Blue No. 1. (Red #3 has been banned, but sometimes appears, because under the law food manufacturers are allowed to use up their current supplies.) 4. See the above figure. Answer Key 789
H H 6-N 6 H 9 H
b.
O O P O O
5. Blue No. 1 is the most polar because it runs the fastest and appears at the top of the chromatogram. Red No. 40 is the least polar.
Youre the Chemist

1. Wet a portion of a piece of candy and blot it with a paper towel to remove excess water. Press the wet side of the candy onto the chromatography paper so that it makes a colored spot. Repeat for other colors of candy. Develop in 0.1% NaCl. 2. Make a small spot of each colored marker pen on a piece of chromatography paper and develop in solvent. 3. Use a toothpick to spot a solution of powdered drink on chromatography paper. 4. Rubbing alcohol runs much more slowly and gives slightly better separation than 0.1% NaCl. 5. Some papers cause a reversal of the positions of Blue No. 1 and Yellow No. 5 because of the water content of the paper. Different water content changes variations in the polarity of the stationary phase (the water molecules hydrogen bonded to the paper).
b. c. d. 26. a. b.
ammonium permanganate hydroxide loses 2 gains 2
c. gains 1 d. loses 3
Section Review 9.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. cation anion -ide sodium iodide 5. 6. 7. 8. Roman numeral anion oxygen zero
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. AT 11. ST 12. AT
Part C Matching
13. b 14. a 15. d 16. c

17. a. iron(III) bromide, binary ionic b. potassium hydroxide, ionic with polyatomic ion c. sodium dichromate, ionic with polyatomic ion 18. a. NaClO3 b. Pb3(PO4)2 c. Mg(HCO3)2
Section Review 9.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. monatomic lose 1 2 3 8 1 8. transition (Group B) metals 9. Stock 10. classical 11. polyatomic 12. -ite or -ate 13. -ite or -ate
Section Review 9.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. nonmetallic -ide atoms diarsenic pentasulfide
Part B True-False
14. ST 15. AT 16. ST 17. NT 18. AT
Part C Matching
19. b 20. e 21. d 22. a 23. c
Part B True-False
5. ST 6. NT 7. NT

24. a. 1 c. 1 b. 2 d. 2 25. a. hydrogen carbonate
Part C Matching
8. d 9. a 10. b 11. c
12. a. b. c. 13. a.
phosphorus pentachloride sulfur dioxide tetraphosphorus decasulfide CBr4 b. N2O4

20. a. b. c. d. 21. a. b. c. d. e. lead(IV) acetate hydrofluoric acid diphosphorus pentoxide lithium bromide PCl5 FeO HNO3 KCl Ca(NO3)2
Section Review 9.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. hydrogen hydrogen ions hydrobromic nitric ionic 6. 7. 8. 9. hydroxide ions ionic cation anion
Practice Problems 9
Section 9.1
1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. d. e. f. 4. a. b. c. 5. a. b. c. d. e. f. 2 d. 3 1 e. 2 1 f. 2 3 lost d. 2 lost 3 gained e. 1 gained 1 lost f. 2 gained tin(II) or stannous cation cobalt(III) or cobaltic cation bromide anion potassium cation hydride anion manganese(II) or manganous cation d. OH CO32 NO22 e. CrO42 SO42 f. NH4 cyanide anion hydrogen carbonate anion phosphate anion chloride anion calcium cation sulfite anion
Part B True-False
10. ST 11. NT 12. NT
Part C Matching
13. a 14. c 15. b

16. a. b. 17. a. b. c. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Mg(OH)2 c. H3PO4 HF d. LiOH potassium hydroxide hydroiodic acid sulfuric acid
Section Review 9.5

Part A Completion
1. definite proportions 9. molecular 2. proportions 10. carbon tetrachloride 3. multiple 11. acid proportions 4. small whole 12. elements 5. acid 13. anion 6. phosphoric acid 14. 4A 7. acid 15. lead(II) acetate 8. binary
Section 9.2
1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. MgO d. AlCl3 SnF2 e. Na2S KI f. FeBr3 BaCl2 d. KBr AgI e. Al2O3 CaS f. FeO manganese(II) oxide or manganous oxide lithium nitride calcium chloride Answer Key 791
Part B True-False
16. ST 17. ST 18. NT 19. AT
4.
5. 6.
7.
d. e. f. g. h. a. b. c. a. b. a. b. c. d. e. f. a. b. c. d. e. f.
strontium bromide nickel chloride potassium sulfide copper(II) chloride or cupric chloride tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride Na3PO4 d. KCN MgSO4 e. NH4Cl NaOH f. K2Cr2O7 (NH4)2SO4 c. Ba(OH)2 KNO3 d. Li2CO3 sodium cyanide iron(III) chloride or ferric chloride sodium sulfate potassium carbonate copper(II) hydroxide or cupric hydroxide lithium nitrate sodium cation, Na nickel cation, Ni2 calcium cation, Ca2 potassium cation, K iron(III) cation, Fe3 copper(I) cation, Cu
Section 9.5
1. a. K2S b. c. d. e. f. 2.
Ca2 Al3 Na Pb4
g. N2O5 h. i. j. k. l.
NO3
SnCl4 H2S CaO HBr AlF3

SO42 CaSO4
Fe2(CO3)3 SF6 MgCl2 H3PO4 HNO3

OH PO43
Ca(NO3)2 Ca(OH)2 Ca3(PO4)2 AlPO4 Na3PO4
Al2(SO4)3 Al(NO3)3 Al(OH)3 Na2SO4 NaNO3 NaOH
Pb(SO4)2 Pb(NO3)4 Pb(OH)4 Pb3(PO4)4
Section 9.3
1. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 2. a. b. phosphorous pentachloride carbon tetrachloride nitrogen dioxide dinitrogen difluoride tetraphosphorous hexoxide xenon difluoride silicon dioxide dichlorine heptoxide NBr3 c. SO2 Cl2O d. N2F4
3. a. potassium phosphate b. aluminum hydroxide c. sodium hydrogen sulfate d. mercury(II) oxide or mercuric oxide e. dinitrogen pentoxide f. nitrogen tribromide g. phosphorous triiodide h. ammonium sulfate 4. The law of definite proportions states that samples of any compound will always contain the constituent elements in the same proportions. The law of multiple proportions states that in two compounds containing the same two elements, the masses of one element that combines with a given mass of the other element will be in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Section 9.4
1. a. b. 2. a. b. nitrous acid sulfuric acid Ca(OH)2 NH4OH c. d. c. d. hydrofluoric acid carbonic acid Al(OH)3 LiOH
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2A two 12 10 7A one nine 8. 9. 10. 11. 10 10 10 a. b. c. d.
18 18 18 18
Vocabulary Review 9
1. 2. 3. 4. i c g d 5. e 6. f 7. b 8. h 9. j 10. a
D. Problems
31. a Mg(CN)2 c. SF6 b. HgBr2 32. a. copper(I) chloride b. dinitrogen trioxide c. potassium acetate
Quiz for Chapter 9

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Metals PCl5 anion definite proportions the group number lose hydroxide H2PO4 dinitrogen monoxide FeCl2 tin(IV) sulfide (or stannic sulfide) dinitrogen pentoxide sodium hydrogen carbonate (or sodium bicarbonate) 14. Cu(OH)2 15. nitric acid
E. Essay
33. Compounds exist in enormous numbers. Common names do not describe the chemical composition of a compound. They may relate to a physical or chemical property, but usually do not reveal what elements are in the compound. The systemic method tells what atoms are in the compound, gives information on the ratio in which the atoms combined to form the compound and promotes efficient and effective communication between chemists.
Chapter 9 Test B
A. Matching
1. i 2. b 3. c 4. h 5. g 6. a 7. f 8. e 9. d
Chapter 9 Test A
A. Matching
1. f 2. a 3. g 4. h 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. i 9. e
B. Multiple Choice
10. 11. 12. 13. c a a c 14. 15. 16. 17. d d c c 18. 19. 20. 21. b a d c
B. Multiple Choice
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. c c a a a 15. 16. 17. 18. a c c d 19. 20. 21. 22. c c c b
C. Completion
22. 23. 24. 25. gain lose cation definite proportions 26. 2 27. 28. 29. 30. NH4 magnesium nitrate -ide Ca3(PO4)2
31. more
C. Completion
23. 24. 25. 26. 4 1 ions -ide 27. 28. 29. 30. 1 oxygen nonmetallic hydrogen
D. Problems
32. a. b. c. d. Ca(NO3)2, calcium nitrate Na2SO4, sodium sulfate Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide Al2(CO3)3, aluminum carbonate
Answer Key 793
33. a. SiO2 b. c. d. 34. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
e. HNO3

Section 9.2 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds, page 267 Analysis
AgNO3 ( Ag ) a Na2CO3 (CO32 ) b Na3PO4 (PO43 ) c NaOH (OH ) d Na2SO4 (SO42 ) milky white ppt cloudy white ppt muddy brown ppt no visible reaction e Pb(NO3)2 (Pb2 ) cloudy tan ppt milky white ppt milky white ppt milky white ppt Figure A 1. Na2SO4 2. AgNO3 did not form a precipitate. Name silver carbonate silver phosphate Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. i CaCl2 (Ca2 ) grainy white ppt milky white ppt cloudy white ppt grainy white ppt
CF4 f. AgNO3 Zn(OH)2 g. Fe2(SO4)3 PBr3 h. HgCl2 carbon disulfide ammonium carbonate diarsenic pentoxide carbon monoxide tin(IV) hydroxide sulfuric acid phosphorus pentiodide potassium permanganate
E. Essay
35. Ionic compounds consist of a metallic and a nonmetallic ion, whereas molecular compounds consist of nonmetallic elements. Ionic compounds are named from the two ions that comprise them, using a Roman numeral to distinguish between positive ions of the same element that have more than one charge. Molecular compounds are named from the elements that comprise them, using prefixes to denote the numbers of atoms of each element present. No prefix is used if only one atom of the first element is present. The name of the second element always ends in -ide.
Formula a. Ag2CO3 b. Ag3PO4
c. AgOH silver hydroxide Teachers note: This is Ag2O, silver oxide d. no visible reaction e. PbCO3 f. Pb3(PO4)2 g. Pb(OH)2 h. PbSO4 i. CaCO3 j. Ca3(PO4)2 k. Ca(OH)2 l. CaSO4 lead(II) carbonate lead(II) phosphate lead(II) hydroxide lead(II) sulfate calcium carbonate calcium phosphate calcium hydroxide calcium sulfate
Youre The Chemist

1. FeCl3 ( Fe3 ) a Na2CO3 (CO32 ) b Na3PO4 (PO43 ) c NaOH (OH ) orange ppt orange ppt g white ppt h no visible reaction Figure B Formula a. Fe2(CO3)3 b. FePO4 c. Fe(OH)3 d. no visible reaction Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. e. MgCO3 f. Mg3(PO4)2 g. Mg(OH)2 h. no visible reaction i. CuCO3 j. Cu3(PO4)2 k. Cu(OH)2 l. no visible reaction 2. a. 2Fe3+ b. Fe3+ c. Fe3+ e. Mg
2+ 2+
j. 3Cu2+ MgSO4 (Mg2 ) CuSO4 (Cu2 ) i white ppt blue ppt j white ppt k blue ppt l no visible reaction blue ppt k. Cu2+
2PO43 Cu3(PO4)2(s) 2OH Cu(OH)2(s)
e orange ppt f
Section Review 10.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. mole Avogadros number atomic masses molar mass 6.02 1023
Part B True-False
6. ST 7. ST 8. NT 9. AT 10. NT
d Na2SO4 no visible reaction (SO42 )
Part C Matching
11. b 12. c 13. d 14. c
Name iron(III) carbonate iron(III) phosphate iron(III) hydroxide magnesium carbonate magnesium phosphate magnesium hydroxide copper(II) carbonate copper(II) phosphate copper(II) hydroxide

15. 9.3 1015 atoms Pb 1.5 16. 2 mol C 6 mol H 1.0 mol Pb 6.02 1023 atoms Pb 10 8 mol Pb 12.0 g C 24.0 g C 1 mol C 1.0 g H 1 mol H 6.0 g H 30.0 g 174.3 g K2SO4 1.00 mol K2SO4 6.36 g K2SO4
molar mass of C2H6 17. 3.65 10 636 18.

2
mol K2SO4 10
2
g K2SO4
2.5 mol H2O2 6.02 1.5 1023 representative particles 1 mol H2O2 1024 representative particles
Section Review 10.2

Part A Completion
1. 22.4 4. Density 2. molar volume 5. mole 3. 22.4 L SO2/1.00 mol SO2
3CO32 Fe2(CO3)3(s) PO43 FePO4(s) 2OH Fe(OH)2(s) CO32 MgCO3(s) 2PO43 Mg3(PO4)2(s) 2OH Mg(OH)2(s) CO32 CuCO3(s)
f. 3Mg
Part B True-False
6. ST 7. AT 8. NT 9. AT Answer Key 795
g. Mg2+ i. Cu2+
Part C Matching
10. d 11. c 12. a 13. b 14. e

28.0 16.0 44.0 g mass 44.0 g Density 1.96 g/L volume 22.4 L 16. Molar mass NaCl 23.0 g 35.5 g 58.5g/mol 58.5 g/mol 2 mol 117 g 17. Molar mass O2 2(16.0 g/mol) 32.0 g/mol 16.0 g/32.0 g/mol 0.500 mol 18. 22.4 L/mol 0.500 mol 11.2 L 15. Molar mass
Section Review 10.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. percent composition 100 molar mass empirical whole-number molecular
40.1 g Ca 100 24.5% Ca 164 g Ca(NO3)2 28 g N 100 17.1% N 164 g Ca(NO3)2 96 g O 100 58.5% O 164 g Ca(NO3)2 1.00 mol Na 1.27 mol Na 15. 29.1 g Na 23.0 g Na 1.27 mol Na/1.27 1 2 2 1.00 mol S 40.5 g S 1.27 mol S 32.0 g S 1.27 mol S/1.27 1 2 2 1.00 mol O 30.4 g O 1.90 mol O 16.0 g O 1.90 mol O/1.27 1.5 2 3 Empirical formula Na2S2O3 16. molar mass Fe2O3 55.8 g Fe 16.0 g O 2 mol Fe 3 mol O 1 mol Fe 1 mol O d. 112 g Fe %Fe g Fe g Fe2O3 100 48 g O 112 g 160 g 160 g Fe2O3 100
70.0% Fe 639 kg Fe2O3 70.0 kg Fe 100 kg Fe2O3 447 kg Fe
Part B True-False
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 7. ST 8. AT 9. AT 10. NT
Practice Problems
Section 10.1
1. 342.3 g/mol 2. a. 208.2 g/mol 3. a. 158.0 g/mol 4. 5.85 mol H2O 5 3.6 1023 atoms 6. 32.0 g b. 352.0 g/mol b. 310.2 g/mol
Part C Matching
11. c 12. b 13. a

14. a. 104 g Cr 100 68.4% Cr 152 g Cr2O3 48 g O 100 31.6% O 152 g Cr2O3 110 g Mn b. 100 38.7% Mn 284 g Mn2P2O7 62 g P 100 21.8% P 284 g Mn2P2O7 112 g O 100 39.4% O 284 g Mn2P2O7 201 g Hg c. 100 86.3% Hg 233 g HgS 32.1 g S 100 13.8% S 233 g HgS
Section 10.2
1. a. 180.2 g/mol b. 84.0 g/mol 2. a. 1.8 103 g b. 26 g c. 3.20 10 2 g d. 0.480 g or 4.80 e. 1.43 102 g 3. 1.87 102 g 4. 204.1 g c. 96.2 g/mol d. 153.2 g/mol
10
5. a. 4.9
10
mol
d. 1.98
10 10
5 5
mol mol
6. 7. 8. 9.
b. 9.10 10 2 mol e. 1.97 c. 1.08 10 2 mol 5.43 mol 15.1 g 59.6 L CH4 6.03 mol NH3
4. molar mass 5. 2.1% H 12.8% C
Section 10.3
1. Percent C Percent H Percent Cl 5.34 g C 52.84 g cpd 0.42 g H 52.84 g cpd 47.08 g Cl 52.84 g cpd 100 100 100 10.1% C 0.79% H 89.1% Cl
85.1% Br Bromine accounts for the largest percent of the mass of dibromoethane. 6. molar mass of H2SO4 98.1 g 2.02 g %H 100% 2.06% 98.08 g 32.06 g %S 100% 32.69% 98.08 g 64.00 g %O 100% 65.25% 98.08 g Acid X represents sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Use the same approach to show that Acid Y represents sulfurous acid, H2SO3.
2. Mass of Cl total mass of compound mass of Sn 18.35 g of compound 5.74 g Sn 12.61 g Cl 5.74 g Sn Percent of Sn 100 18.35 g cpd 31.3% Sn 12.61 g Cl Percent of Cl 100 18.35 g cpd 68.7% Cl 3.907 g C 3. Percent C 100 81.7% C 4.781 g cpd 0.874 g H Percent H 100 18.3% H 4.781 g cpd 48.0 g C 4. Percent C 100 158.1 g Ca(C2H3O2)2 30.4% C Mass C 30.4% C 65.3 g 19.8 g 5. 13.2 g Al 6. 15.11 g Fe 7. a. CCl4 b. CHCl3
Vocabulary Review 10
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. percent composition empirical formula 22.4 L molar mass mole Avogadros number standard temperature and pressure (0 C, 1 atm)
Quiz for Chapter 10

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. a substance atomic mass molar mass atom 32.0 g O2 1 mol O2 AT AT ST NT AT 1.00 mol 3.05 g Ag 108 g Ag
1. 85.7% C 14.3 g H 21.4 g ethene 100 g C2H4 3. Some compounds have the same empirical formula but different molecular formulas. Cyclohexane and ethene have the same empirical formula and, therefore, the same percent composition. They are indistinguishable on the basis of percent composition alone. 2. 150.0 g C2H4
197 g Au 1.00 mol
5.56 g Au
Answer Key 797
12. 40.7 g C
1.00 mol C 3.39 mol C 12.0 g C 1.00 mol O 54.2 g O 3.39 mol O 16.0 g O 1.00 mol H 5.1 g H 5.1 mol H 1.0 g H 5.1 mol H/3.39 1.5 mol H 3.39 mol C/3.39 1.00 mol C 3.39 mol O/3.39 1.00 mol O 1.5 mol H 2 3 mol H 1 mol C 2 2 mol C 1 mol O 2 2 mol O Empirical formula C2H3O2
D. Essay
28. A mass that has molar as a modifier must be the mass of a mole. A mole is a unit that counts all kinds of representative particles, so molar mass can be used for the mass of Avogadros number of particles of any pure substance.
Chapter 10 Test B
A. Matching
1. f. 2. h 3. b 4. e 5. g 6. c 7. a 8. d
Chapter 10 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. j a g e 5. 6. 7. 8. b c i f 9. d 10. h
B. Multiple Choice
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. d b a c b b 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a d a c c b 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. d a c b d c
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c a d c c 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. c a d a c 21. 22. 23. 24. c b b c
C. Problems
27. 0.25 mol 1.50 6.02 1023 atoms mol Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1023 atoms g 6.25 mol 98.1 613 g mol 22.4 L g 1 mol 15.0 kg 1000 7636 L mol kg 44.0 g 7640 L g L 0.650 22.4 14.6 g/mol L mol 1 mol 3.75 1015 atoms 6.02 1023 atoms 197.0 g 1.23 10 6 g mol 24.3 g 28.0 g 96.0 g 148.3 g/mol Mg(NO3)2 24.3 g Mg: 100 16.4% 148.3 g 28.0 g N: 100 18.9% 148.3 g 96.0 g O: 100 64.7% 148.3 g
C. Problems
25. 5.00 1023 molecules F2 1 mol F2 6.02 1023 molecules F2 31.6 g F2 1 mol C 12.0 g C 1 mol F 19.0 g F 2 mol C 4 mol F 38.0 g F2 1 mol F2
28. 29.
30. 31.
26. 24.0 g C 76.0 g F
2 mol C . 4 mol F The lowest whole-number ratio of C to F is CF2. 1 mol Ar 27. 364 g Ar 9.12 mol. Ar 39.9 g Ar The mole ratio of C to F is
32.
1 mol C 2.28 mol C 12.0 g C 1 mol O 72.7 g O 4.54 mol O 16.0 g O 2.28 4.54 1, and 2 2.28 2.28 Thus, the empirical formula is CO2. 1 mol P 34. (56.38 g P) 1.82 mol P 31.0 g 1 mol O (43.62 g O) 2.73 mol O 16.0 g Empirical formula is P2O3 empirical formula mass 110.0 g, so that 219.9 g molecular formula 2 P2O3 110.0 g or P4O6 33. 27.3 g C

Section 10.2 Counting by Measuring Mass, page 304 Analysis
Student data may vary slightly. H2O(l ) Mass (grams) NaCl(s) CaCO3(s)
4.30
5.09
9.68
D. Essay
35. The mass of a single atom of an element is the atomic mass given on the periodic table, expressed in atomic mass units. The mass of one mole, or Avogadros number of atoms of that element has the same numerical value as the atomic mass, but expressed in grams.
Molar Mass (g/mol) Moles of each compound Moles of each element Atoms of each element
18.0
58.5
100.1
0.239
0.0870
0.0967
0.478 H 0.239 O
0.0870 Na 0.0870 Cl
0.0967 Ca 0.0967 C 0.290 O

5.82 5.82 1.75
22 10 Ca 1022 C 1023 O
2.88 1.44
1023 H 1023 O
5.24 5.24
1022 Na 1022 Cl
Figure A 1 mol 58.5 g x mol NaCl 0.0870 mol NaCl 1 mol 2. x mol H2O 4.30 g H2O 18.0 g x mol H2O 0.239 mol H2O 1 mol x mol CaCO3 9.68 g CaCO3 100.1 g x mol CaCO3 0.0967 mol CaCO3 2 mol H 3. x mol H 0.239 mol H2O 1 mol H2O x mol H 0.478 mol H 1 mol O x mol O 0.239 mol H2O 1 mol H2O x mol O 0.239 mol O 1. x mol NaCl 5.09 g NaCl
Answer Key 799
x mol Na x mol Na x mol Cl x mol Cl
0.0870 mol NaCl 0.0870 mol Na 0.0870 mol NaCl 0.0870 mol Cl
1 mol Na 1 mol NaCl 1 mol Cl 1 mol NaCl
Youre The Chemist

1. Determine the mass of 100 drops of water and then calculate the mass in grams of one drop. 2. Determine the mass of a piece of chalk. Write your name with the chalk and determine the mass of the chalk again. Convert the mass difference to moles and atoms.
x mol Ca 0.0967 mol CaCO3 1 mol Ca 0.0967 mol Ca 1 mol CaCO3 x mol C 0.0967 mol CaCO3 1 mol C 0.0967 mol C 1 mol CaCO3 x mol O 0.0967 mol CaCO3 3 mol O 0.290 mol O 1 mol CaCO3 4. x atoms H 0.478 mol H 6.02 2.88 1023 atoms 1 mol H 1023 atoms H
Section Review 11.1

A. Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. equation reactants products mass coefficients element 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. subscripts (l) (s) (g) (aq) catalyst
x atoms H x atoms O
0.239 mol O 6.02 1.44
x atoms O x atoms Na
1023 atoms 1 mol O 1023 atoms O
B. True-False
13. NT 14. AT 15. NT 16. ST
x atoms Na x atoms Cl
0.0870 mol Na 6.02 1023 atoms 1 mol Na 5.24 1022 atoms Na 0.0870 mol Cl 6.02 1023 atoms 1 mol Cl 22 5.24 10 atoms Cl
0.09697 mol Ca 6.02 1023 atoms 1 mol Ca 22 5.83 10 atoms Ca
C. Multiple Choice
17. c 18. e 19. b 20. g 21. a 22. d 23. f Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
D. Problems
24. a. 2Al(s) 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) 3H2(g) b. 2C2H2(g) 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) 2H2O(g)
x atoms Cl
x atoms Ca
x atoms Ca
Section Review 11.2

A. Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. predict combination elements single decomposition single-replacement activity series of metals double-replacement aqueous oxygen carbon dioxide or water water or carbon dioxide
x atoms C
x atoms C
x atoms O
0.0967 mol C 6.02 1023 atoms 1 mol C 5.83 1022 atoms C

0.290 mol O 6.02
x atoms O
1.75
1023 atoms 1 mol O 1023 atoms O
5. Water has the greatest number of moles in one teaspoon. 6. Water has the greatest total number of atoms.
B. True-False
13. AT 14. NT 15. ST 16. ST 17. ST
Practice Problem Solutions

Section 11.1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. H2(g) O2(g) H2O(l) Fe(s) S(s) FeS(s) MgCO3(s) y MgO(s) CO2(g) H2(g) Cl2(g) y 2HCl(g) Hydrochloric acid and solid calcium carbonate react to produce carbon dioxide gas, aqueous calcium chloride, and liquid water. silver sulfur silver sulfide Silver metal and sulfur react to produce solid silver sulfide. There are 2 silver atoms and 1 sulfur atom on each side of the equation, and the coefficients are in their lowest possible ratio. Thus, the equation is balanced correctly. H2O(l) SO3(g) H2SO4(aq) 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(s)2Ag(s) Cu(NO3)2(aq) 4P(s) 5O2(g) P4O10(s)
C. Matching
18. b 19. d 20. a 21. c
D. Questions and Problems

22. a. combustion b. combination 23. 2Li3PO4(aq ) 3Zn(NO3)2(aq ) Zn3(PO4)2(s) 6LiNO3(aq ) For any double-replacement reaction to occur, one of the products must be a solid (precipitate), or water, or a gas.
6.
Section Review 11.3

A. Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. water aqueous complete ionic equation spectator ions net ionic equation charge atoms precipitate solubility
7. 8. 9.
Section 11.2
1. Magnesium is a Group 2A metal and forms cations with a 2 charge. Oxygen is in Group 6A and forms anions with a 2 charge. They combine in a 1:1 ratio to form MgO. Mg O2 MgO The balanced chemical equation is 2Mg(s) O2(g) 2MgO(s) 2. 2Al(s) 3F2(g) 2AlF3(s) 3. First, determine the formulas for the reactant and products and write them in their proper positions to form a skeleton equation. KClO3 KCl O2 Next, balance the equation. 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) 3O2(g) 4. Ca(s) 2HCl(aq) H2(g) CaCl2(aq) 5. C3H8(g) 5O2(g) 3C2(g) 4H2O(g) 6. FeCl3(aq) 3NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) 3NaCl(aq) 7. combination reactions: 1 and 2 decomposition reaction: 3 single-replacement reaction: 4 double-replacement reaction: 6 combustion reactions: 1 and 5 8. a. no reaction b. Ca(s) Mg(NO3)2(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) Mg(s) Answer Key 801
B. True-False
10. ST 11. AT 12. ST 13. NT
C. Matching
14. d 15. f 16. a 17. b 18. c 19. e

20. Cl2(g) Na (aq) Br (aq) Br2(l) Na (aq) Cl (aq) The spectator ion is Na . The balanced net ionic equation is Cl2(g) 2Br (aq) Br2(l) 2Cl (aq) 21. a. AgCl(s) b. CaCO3(s) c. none d. PbCl2(s)
c. 2K(s) H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) H2(g) d. no reaction In a bromine is less reactive than chlorine so no reaction occurs. In b calcium replaces a less reactive magnesium and in c potassium replaces the less reactive hydrogen. Because zinc is less reactive than sodium, no reaction occurs in d.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. combustion decomposition net ionic equation catalyst reactants 6. 7. 8. 9. spectator single replacement balanced equation coefficients
Solution: precipitate
Section 11.3
1. This reaction can be described as: Ba(NO3)2(aq) Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) 2NaNO3(aq) The net ionic equation is: Ba2 (aq) SO42 (aq) BaSO4(s) 2. This reaction can be described as: Mg(s) 2HCl(aq) 2(g) MgCl2(aq) The net ionic equation is: Mg(s) 2H (aq) 2(g) Mg2 (aq) 3. Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2NH4Cl(aq) y PbCl2(s) 2NH4NO3(aq) 2 Pb 2Cl PbCl2(s) 4. a. no precipitate c. CuS(s) b. AgCl(s) d. Al(OH)3(s)
Quiz for Chapter 11

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. skeleton equation formulas balanced a. right b. left arrow 2HgO(s) 2g(l) O2(g) 2Ag (aq) 2Na (aq) 2NO3 (aq) CO2 (aq) 3 2a (aq) 2NO3 (aq) Ag2CO3(s) net: 2Ag (aq) CO32 (aq) Ag2CO3(s) C4H8(g) 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) 4H2O(g) Br2(l) 2NaBr(s)
9.
10. 2Na(s)
nitrous oxide nitric oxide oxygen carbon dioxide water ammonia urea benzene nitrobenzene carbonic acid 1. 2. 3. 4. N2O NO O2 CO2 H2O NH3 CH4N2O C6H6 C6H5NO2 H2CO3
Chapter 11 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e g j b 5. a 6. h 7. c 8. f 9. d 10. i
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a c b c a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. b b c d b 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. d d b a c
nitric acid HNO3 N2O O2 NO 2N2O O2 4NO C6H6 O2 CO2 H2O 2C6H6 15O2 12CO2 6H2O NH3 CO2 CH4N2O H2O 2NH3 CO2 CH4N2O H2O C6H6 HNO3 C6H5NO2 H2O balanced as written
C. Problems
26. a. 3Ca(s) 2H3PO4(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) 3H2(g) b. 2KBrO3(s) 2KBr(s) 3O2(g) c. (NH4)2CO3(aq) 2NaOH(aq) Na2CO3(aq) 2NH3(g) 2H2O(l)
27. a. b. c. 28. a.
single-replacement decomposition double-replacement C5H10(g) 5O2(g) 5CO(g) 5H2O(g) (incomplete) b. 2C3H7OH(l) 9O2(g)y6CO2(g) 8H2O(g) (complete) 29. a. 2K3PO4(aq) 3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) 6KCl(aq) net: 3Mg2 (aq) 2PO43 (aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) b. 2Fe(NO3)3(aq) 3Na2CO3(aq) Fe2(CO3)3(s) 6NaNO3(aq) net: 2Fe3 (aq) 3CO32 (aq) Fe2(CO3)3(s)
D. Essay
30. Whether one metal will replace another is determined by the relative reactivity of the two metals. The activity series of metals lists metals in order of decreasing reactivity. A metal will replace any metal found below it in the activity series.
Chapter 11 Test B
A. Matching
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. 2. 3. 4. g h i f 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. j 9. b 10. e
28. a. Li2O(s) H2O(l ) 2LiOH(aq) electricity b. 2H2O(l ) JJJJH 2H2(g ) O2(g ) c. 2Al(s) 3Fe(NO3)2(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) 3Fe(s) d. 2HNO3(aq) Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) 2H2O(l ) e. C3H8(g ) 5O2(g ) 3CO2(g ) 4H2O(l ) 29. a. KOH(aq) HCl(aq) KCl(aq) H2O(l ) K (aq) OH (aq) H (aq) Cl (aq) (aq) Cl (aq) H2O(l) Spectator ions: K (aq) and Cl (aq) Net: H (aq) OH (aq) H2O(l ) b. Pb(NO3)2(aq) KI(aq) PbI2(s) KNO3(aq) 2 Pb (aq) 2NO3 (aq) K (aq) I (aq) PbI2(s) K (aq) NO3 (aq) Spectator ions: K (aq) and NO3 (aq) Net: Pb2 (aq) 2I (aq) PbI2(s) c. ZnI2(aq) NaOH(aq) NaI(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) Zn2 (aq) 2I (aq) Na (aq) OH (aq) Na (aq) I (aq) Zn(OH)2(s) Spectator ions: Na (aq) and I (aq) Net: Zn2 (aq) 2OH (aq) Zn(OH)2(s)
D. Essay
30. AB CD AD CB; double-replacement reaction; the cations have exchanged positions such that two new compounds are formed. E FG EG F; single-replacement reaction; the metal E has replaced the metal F so that a new compound and a different element are produced.
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. d b c b a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. b a d b d 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. d a c b d
C. Problems
26. NaCl(aq) AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) AgCl(s) 27. a. CS2(s) 3O2(g) CO2(g) 2SO2(g) b. 2HNO3(aq) Mg(OH)2(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) 2H2O(l ) c. Fe2O3(s) 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) 3CO2(g)
Answer Key 803

Section 11.3 Precipitation Reactions: Formation of Solids, page 345 Analysis
AgNO3 Pb(NO3)2 CaCl2 ( Ag ) (Pb2 ) (Ca2 ) Na2CO3 (CO32 ) Na3PO4 (PO43 ) NaOH (OH ) Na2SO4 (SO42 ) NaCl (Cl )
i. Na2SO4 Pb(NO3)2 2NaNO3 PbSO4(s) j. 2NaCl k. Na2CO3 Pb(NO3)2 2NaNO3 CaCl2 2NaCl PbCl2(s) CaCO3(s)
l. 2Na3PO4 3CaCl2 6NaCl Ca3(PO4)2(s) m. 2NaOH 5. a. 2Ag b. 3Ag c. Ag e. Ag f. Pb

2
CaCl2 2NaCl CO32 Ag2CO3(s) PO43 Ag3PO4(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
white ppt tan ppt brown ppt
white ppt white ppt
white ppt white ppt
OH AgOH(s) Cl AgCl(s) CO32 PbCO3(s) 2PO43 Pb3(PO4)2(s) 2OH Pb(OH)2(s) SO42 PbSO4(s) 2Cl PbCl2(s) CO32 CaCO3(s) 2PO43 Ca3(PO4)2(s) 2OH Ca(OH)2(s)
g. 3Pb2 h. Pb2 i. Pb k. Ca
2
m white white ppt ppt
j. Pb2
2
d no i n no white visible visible ppt reaction reaction e j o no white white visible ppt ppt reaction
l. 3Ca2 m. Ca2
Youre the Chemist

1. KI AgNO3 KNO3 AgI(s) Silver iodide is pale green. Ag I AgI(s) Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 2KI Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 PbI2(s) Lead(II) iodide is bright yellow. Pb2 2I PbI2(s) 2. Adding one drop of lead nitrate to a few grains of table salt causes white crystals to grow on the salt. Silver nitrate produces a similar result. 3. Place one drop of lead nitrate on a small pile of dry table salt. Be sure to keep part of the pile dry and look carefully for signs of yellow lead iodide.
1. a. Na2CO3 2AgNO3 2NaNO3 Ag2CO3(s) b. 2Na3PO4 3Pb(NO3)2 6NaNO3 Pb3(PO4)2(s) 2. Sodium hydroxide reacts with calcium chloride to form sodium chloride and solid calcium hydroxide. 3. Mixings d, n, and o all gave no visible reaction so it is not necessary to write an equation. 4. b. Na3PO4 3AgNO3 3NaNO3 Ag3PO4(s) c. NaOH AgNO3 NaNO3 AgOH(s) Teachers note: The students will write the above reaction but this is what really happens: 2NaOH 2AgNO3 2NaNO3 Ag2O(s) H2O e. NaCl AgNO3 NaNO3 AgCl(s) f. Na2CO3 Pb(NO3)2 2NaNO3 PbCO3(s) h. 2NaOH Pb(NO3)2 2NaNO3 Pb(OH)2(s)
Section Review 12.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. moles/molecules balanced equation mass/atoms atoms/mass moles STP (standard temperature and pressure)
Part B True-False
7. AT 8. ST 9. AT 10. ST 11. AT 12. ST

20. 4.8 g O2 1 mol O2 2 mol CO 32.0 g O2 1 mol O2 22.4 L CO 6.7 L CO 1 mol CO
Part C Matching
13. b 14. d 15. e 16. a 17. c 21. 2.1

18. moles N2 2 moles O2 3 moles N2O3 2 molecules N2 2 molecules O2 3 molecules N2O3 2 volume N2 2 22.4 L 44.8 L volume O2 3 22.4 L 67.2 L volume N2O3 2 22.4 L 44.8 L 2 mol N2 56 g 3 mol O2 96 g mass reactants 152 g 2 mol N2O3 152 g mass product 152 g 3 mol Cl2 21 mol Cl2 19. 14 mol FeCl3 2 mol FeCl3
1024 molecules O2 1 mol O2 6.02 1023 molecules O2 17.0 g NH3 33.9 g NH3 1 mol NH3
4 mol NH3 7 mol O2
Section 12.3
Part A Completion
1. limiting reagent 2. used up 3. product 4. theoretical yield 5. maximum 6. actual yield
Part B True-False
7. AT 8. NT 9. NT 10. ST 11. AT 12. AT
Part C Matching
13. b 14. c 15. e 16. a 17. d
Section Review 12.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. representative particles volumes coefficients mole ratios product/reactant reactant/product moles

18. a. 3.1 mol SO2 1 mol O2 2 mol SO2 1.6 mol O2 needed SO2 is the limiting reagent. 2 mol SO3 b. 3.1 mol SO2 2 mol SO2 mol SO3 can be formed 2.7 mol O2 1.6 mol O2 1.1 mol O2 in excess
Part B True-False
8. AT 9. NT 10. AT 11. ST 12. NT 13. NT 14. AT
Practice Problems 12
Section 12.1
19. a 1. 10A Ci y A10C2Ci 10A 25 A10C2Ci 250 apples A10C2Ci 2C 18 mol O2 17. d 18. e
Part C Matching
15. c 16. b
2. 2KClO3(s) y 2KCl(s) 3O2(g) 3 mol O2 12 mol KClO3 2 mol KClO3
Answer Key 805
3. 14 mol KClO3 4. 2H2(s) 2.0
3 mol O2 2 mol KClO3
21 mol O2
2. 2H2(g)
O2(g) y 2H2O(g) 1023 molecules O2 2 molecules H2O 1 molecule O2
4.0
1023 molecules H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol O2 45.0 mol H2O
22.5 mol O2
O2(g) y 2H2O(g) 1 mol O2 2 mol H2 160.0 g O2 32.0 g O2 1 mol O2 10.0 mol H2 needed Oxygen is the limiting reagent. 2 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O 5.00 mol O2 1 mol O2 1 mol H2O 180 g H2O
3. C(s)
Section 12.2
1. 10 mol H2 2. 14 mol FeCl3 3. 4 mol NO 2 mol HCl 1 mol H2 20 mol HCl 21 mol Cl2
3 mol Cl2 2 mol FeCl3
O2(g) y CO2(g) 1 mol C 1 mol CO2 18.0 g C 12.0 g C 1 mol C 44.0 g CO2 66.0 g CO2 1 mol CO2
2 mol NO2 2 mol NO 184 g NO2
46 g NO2 1 mol NO2
4. 75.0 g KClO3
1 mol KClO3 122.6 g KClO3 3 mol O2 32.0 g O2 2 mol KClO3 1 mol O2
55.0 g CO2 100% = 83.3% 66.0 g CO2 4. 2HCl(g) y H2(g) C12(g) 1 mol Cl2 1 mol HCl 25.8 g HCl 36.5 g HCl 2 mol HCl 71.0 g Cl2 25.1 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 percent yield percent yield 5. 100.0 g AgCl 108 g Ag 1 mol Ag 13.6 g Cl2 25.1 g Cl2 1 mol AgCl 143.5 g AgCl 75.3 g Ag Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 100% = 54.2% 2 mol Ag 2 mol AgCl
29.4 g O2
5. 2Ag(s)
Cl(g) y 2AgCl(s) 1 mol AgCl 2 mol Ag 84 g AgCl 43.5 g AgCl 2 mol AgCl 108 g Ag 63 g Ag 1 mol Ag
1 mol O2 2 mol CO 32.0 g O2 1 mol O2 22.4 L CO 6.72 L CO 1 mol CO 3 L O2 22.5 L O2 7. 15.0 L N2O3 2 L N2O3 6. 4.80 g O2 8. Zn(s) 2HNO3 y H2(g) Zn(NO3)2 1 mol H2 1 mol Zn 7.5 L H2 22.4 L H2 1 mol H2 65.4 g Zn 22 g Zn 1 mol Zn
mass of Ag(s) reclaimed = 0.946 75.3 g Ag 71.2 g Ag 1 mol Mg 2 mol MgO 6. 42.8 g Mg 24.3 g Mg 2 mol Mg 40.3 g MgO 71.0 g MgO 1 mol MgO actual yield 71.0 g MgO 58.0 g MgO 0.817
1. a. 102.1 g/mol 2. 3. c. 180.1 g/mol b. 138.1 g/mol Student 1: 0.0155 moles SA Student 2: 0.0147 moles SA Student 1: 5.25 g acetic anhydride 0.0514 moles Student 2: 5.25g acetic anhydride 0.0514 moles salicylic acid Student 1: 2.79 g Student 2: 2.65 g
Section 12.3
1. 2H2(g) O2(g) y 2H2O(g) 2 mol H2 8 mol H2 4 mol O2 1 mol O2 1 mol O2 16 mol H2 8 mol O2 2 mol H2 Oxygen is the limiting reagent. 2 mol H2O 4 mol O2 8 mol H2O formed 1 mol O2
4. 5.
6. Student 1: 1.745 g Student 2: 2.509 g 7. Student 1: 62.5% Student 2: 94.7% 8. Student 2 exhibited much better lab technique, which is reflected by a higher percent yield than that obtained by Student 1. Student 2 should receive the higher grade.
22. a. Theoretical yield: 1 mol H2 4.0 g H2 2.0 g H2 32.0 g CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH b. Percent yield: 28.0 g 32.0 g
1 mol CH3OH 2 mol H2 32.0 g CH3OH 100% 87.5%
D. Essay
1. 2. 3. 4. d h f a 5. g 6. j 7. b 8. i 9. e 10. c
23. The coefficients of a balanced chemical equation describe the relative number of moles of reactants and products. From this information, the amounts of reactants and products can be calculated. The number of moles may be converted to mass, volume, or number of representative particles.
Quiz for Chapter 12

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. coefficients reactant moles atoms 44.8 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. NT NT NT NT ST
E. Additional Problems
24. a. 5.00 102 g Al2(SO4)3 3 mol CaSO4 1 mol Al2(SO4)3 596 g CaSO4 5.00 102 g Al2(SO4)3 3 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol Al2(SO4)3 5. a 6. d 325 g Ca(OH)2 Al2(SO4)3 is the limiting reagent. b. 450 g 325 g 125 g excess Ca(OH)2 1 mol Ca(OH)2 125 g Ca(OH)2 74.1 g Ca(OH)2 1.69 mol Ca(OH)2 remaining 25. 10.0 L H2S 3 mol O2 2 mol H2S 15.0 L O2 1 mol Al2(SO4)3 342 g Al2(SO4)3 74.1 g Ca(OH)2 1 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol Al2(SO4)3 342 g Al2(SO4)3 136 g CaSO4 1 mol CaSO4
Chapter 12 Test A
A. Matching
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. f
B. Multiple Choice
7. 8. 9. 10. b c b d 11. 12. 13. 14. b c b a 15. 16. 17. 18. c a c c
C. Problems
19. There is no limiting reagent, because the mole ratio of the reactants is 1 mol N2 to 3 mol H2. 1 mol Fe 3 mol CO 20. 558 g Fe 55.8 g Fe 2 mol Fe 28.0 g CO 4.20 102 g CO 1 mol CO 21. 15.0 g CO2 58 g C4H10 1 mol C4H10 1 mol CO2 44 g CO2 2 mol C4H10 8 mol CO2 26. 5.00 L O2 1 mol O2 2 mol KClO3 22.4 L O2 3 mol O2 122.6 g KClO3 18.2 g KClO3 1 mol KClO3 100% 96.0%
27.
4.80 L 5.00 L
Chapter 12 Test B
A. Matching
1. b 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. f 6. c Answer Key 807
4.94 g C4H10
B. Multiple Choice
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. d d b d d 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. b c b a c 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. c d a b c
28. 6CO2 6H2O uuy C6H12O6 6O2 1 mol C6H12O6 4.50 mol H2O 6 mol H2O 180 g C6H12O6 135 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 29. 4 mol CO2 5.00 104 g C2H2 2 mol C2H2 1 mol C2H2 44.0 g CO2 26.0 g C2H2 1 mol CO2 1.69 30. 105 g CO2 2 mol H3PO4 1.25 105 kg H2SO4 3 mol H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4 1000 g 98.0 g H3PO4 1 mol H3PO4 98.1 g H2SO4 1 kg 1 kg 8.32 104 kg H3PO4 1000 g 3 mol CuO 1 mol NH3 57.0 g NH3 2 mol NH3 17.0 g NH3 5.03 mol CuO needed 1 mol CuO 290.0 g CuO 79.5 g CuO 3.65 mol CuO present Thus, CuO is the limiting reagent. 2 mol NH3 3.65 mol CuO b. 3 mol CuO 2.43 mol NH3 react 1 mol NH3 Since 57.0 g NH3 17.0 g NH3 3.35 mol NH3 present NH3 excess c. 3.35 mol 0.92 mol 2.43 mol 28.0 g N2 1 mol N2
energy
C. Problems
22. 23. 2 mol NH3 3 mol H2 12.0 mol H2 8.00 mol NH3 1 mol SnF2 1 mol HF 45.0 g HF 2 mol HF 20.0 g HF 156.7 g SnF2 176 g SnF2 1 mol SnF2 1 mol CH4 1 mol CO2 2.4 25. 150 mol CO2 103 g CH4 16.0 g CH4 1 mol CH4
24.
2 mol Al2O3 3 mol O2
1 mol O2 1L 22.4 L O2 1000 mL 102 g Al2O3 625 mL O2 1 mol Al2O3 1.90 g Al2O3
31. a.
26. 50.8 g CaCO3
1 mol CaCO3 100.1 g CaCO3 1 mol CaO 56.1 g CaO 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaO 28.5 g CaO actual 100% % yield theoretical 26.4 g CaO % yield 100% 28.5 g CaO % yield 92.6% yield
D. Essay
27. Based on the 2:3 molar ratio between A and B, the 1.0 mol of A requires only 1.5 mol of B in order to react completely. The maximum amount of A2B3 that can be produced (0.50 mol) is thus limited by the amount of A that is available, with 0.50 mol of B remaining in excess. 32.
1 mol N2 3.65 mol CuO 3 mol CuO 34.1 g N2
4 mol NO 1000 g 10.0 kg NH3 4 mol NH3 1 kg 1 mol NH3 30.0 g NO 1 kg 17.0 g NH3 1 mol NO 1000 g 0.80 14.1 kg NO

Section 12.2 Analysis of Baking Soda, page 367 Procedure
Sample answers are given. A. 2.83 g B. 3.28 g C. 10.70 g D. 4.29 g E. If the mixture does not turn red when thymol blue is added, have students add just enough HCl from a third pipet to turn the mixture red. Students must measure the mass lost by the pipet to add to the total mass of HCl used. F. 10.53 g G. 8.78 g
Section Review 13.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. motion empty space far apart independently random or rapid 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. collisions kinetic energy atmospheric 0C 101.3 kPa or 1 atm
Part B True-False
11. ST 12. AT 13. NT 14. AT 15. NT 16. AT
Part C Matching
17. b 18. c 19. d 20. e 21. a

101.3 kPa 436 kPa 1 atm 760 mm Hg 4.30 atm 3.27 103 mm Hg 1 atm 23. According to the kinetic theory, the motion of the particles in a gas is constant and random. Because the particles are relatively far apart, no attractive or repulsive forces exist between the particles. They move independently of each other and travel in straight line paths until they collide with one another or other objects. 24. Odors travel long distances from their sources. 22. 4.30 atm
Analysis
1. HCl NaHCO3(s) CO2(g) H2O NaCl 2. 3.28 g 2.83 g 0.45 g baking soda 3. (10.70 4.29) g HCl 1.00 mmol HCl/g HCl 6.41 mmol HCl 4. (10.53 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 8.78) g NaOH 0.500 mmol NaOH/g NaOH 0.875 mmol NaOH (0.875 mmol HCl unreacted)
5. 6.41 mmol HCl total 0.875 mmol HCl unreacted 5.53 mmol HCl neutralized (5.53 mmol NaHCO3) 6. (0.0840 g NaHCO3/mmol NaHCO3) 5.53 mmol NaHCO3 0.46 g NaHCO3 7. 100% (0.46 g 0.45 g)/0.45 g 2.2 % error (assuming baking soda is 100% NaHCO3).
Section 13.2
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. denser condensed vaporization boiling cooling 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. surface vapor pressure manometer vapor pressure 101.3 kPa or 1 atm
Youre the Chemist

1. (See Steps 27.) 2. Repeat Steps AG and 17 except use baking powder instead of baking soda. The % error is the % of baking soda in baking powder assuming no other errors.
Part B True-False
11. ST 12. ST 13. NT 14. AT 15. ST 16. AT
Part C Matching
17. a 18. e 19. c 20. d 21. b
Answer Key 809

22. At the boiling point, particles throughout the liquid have enough kinetic energy to vaporize. 23. Liquid B would evaporate faster because it has a higher vapor pressure, which indicates that it is more volatile. 24. Evaporation leads to cooling of a liquid because the particles with the highest kinetic energy tend to escape first. The remaining particles have a lower average kinetic energy and a lower temperature.
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. AT 11. NT 12. AT 13. NT 14. NT
Part C Matching
15. b 16. c 17. d 18. e 19. a 20. f

21. Solids that have a vapor pressure that exceeds atmospheric pressure at or near room temperature can change directly to a vapor. This process is called sublimation. 22. The temperature of the system remains constant while the change of state is occurring.
Section 13.3
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. compress fixed melts melting point freezing point 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. high crystalline lattice unit cell amorphous
Section 13.1
1. Gas pressure is the result of collisions between between rapidly moving particles in a gas and an object. Because there are no particles of matter in a vacuum, there can be no collisions or pressure. 2. Setting aside fluctuations due to changes in the weather, you would notice that the pressure reading on the barometer would decrease as you climbed in altitude. 1 atm 3. 754.3 mm Hg 0.9925 atm 760 mm Hg 101.3 kPa 754.3 mm Hg 100.5 kPa 760 mm Hg 4. The average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance is directly proportional to the Kelvin Temperature. 100.0 C 273 173 K 73 oC + 273 346 K Because the Kelvin temperature increases by a factor of two, the average kinetic energy increases by a factor of two.
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. ST 13. NT 14. ST 15. AT
Part C Matching
16. e 17. c 18. f 19. a 20. b 21. g 22. d

24. When a solid is heated, its particles vibrate more rapidly as their kinetic energy increases. Eventually, the disruptive vibrations of the particles are strong enough to overcome the attractions that hold them in fixed positions. The organization of the particles within the solid breaks down and the solid becomes a liquid.
Section 13.4
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. sublimation vapor pressure carbon dioxide phase 5. 6. 7. 8. equilibrium triple point 0.016C 0.61 kPa
Section 13.2
1. According to kinetic theory, there are no attractions between the particles in a gas, but there are attractions between particles of a liquid. 2. For a dynamic equilibrium to be established, the beaker must be sealed so that the rate of condensation can equal the rate of evaporation.
Pressure (kPa)
3. The fastest runner corresponds to the particles in a liquid with the greatest kinetic energy. When these particles vaporize, the remaining particles have a lower average kinetic energy. 4. Ethanol must have the greater vapor pressure because 75C is very close to the boiling point of ethanol and the vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure at a liquids boiling point.
1.
100 Normal Melting point Normal Boiling point B Solid 40 Triple point S C 0 30 10 0 20 40 Temperature (C) 60 Liquid V Vapor
80
A M
60
Section 13.3
1. The carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in widely-spaced sheets. In diamond, each carbon atom is strongly bonded to four other carbon atoms in a rigid three-dimensional array. 2. Allotropes are two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state. Carbon has multiple allotropes, including diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. The carbon atoms are arranged differently in each allotrope. 3. Peanut brittle is an amorphous solid. 4. A molecular solid. In general, ionic solids have higher melting points because the forces that hold particles together in an ionic solid are usually stronger than the forces that hold particles together in a molecular solid. 5. One example of a crystalline solid is sodium chloride. In crystal atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in an orderly, repeating, threedimensional pattern called a crystal lattice.
20
Section 13.4
1. The melting point of water decreases as the pressure increases. 2. This line represents the set of all temperaturepressure values at which the solid and gas phases of water are in equilibrium. 3. This line represents the set of all temperaturepressure values at which the liquid and gas phases of water are in equilibrium. 4. 101.3 kPa (1 atm)
2. Normal melting point 7.0C Normal boiling point 59C Triple point 8C and 6 kPa 3. See answer to 1. 4. The melting-point curve leans slightly to the right (has a positive slope) indicating that, as pressure is increased, the melting point of bromine increases. Higher pressures favor the denser phase of a substance. Solid bromine is more dense than liquid bromine. 5. 50C 6. The triple point is the temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a substance are in equilibrium. 7. See answer to 1. 8. condenses 9. freezes
1. kinetic energy 2. gas pressure 3. evaporation 4. boiling point Solution: barometer 5. 6. 7. 8. crystal allotropes melting point pascal
Answer Key 811
Quiz for Chapter 13

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. kinetic decreases temperature kinetic elastic condensed minimum kinetic energy external (atmospheric) pressure unit cell amorphous ST AT AT
F. Additional Problems
36. 610.0 mm Hg 37. 0.803 atm 1 atm 0.803 atm 760 mm Hg 101.3 kPa 81.3 kPa 1 atm
G. Additional Questions
38. The additional energy is being used to change the liquid water to water vapor. The temperature of the water will not rise until all of the water is in the gaseous state. 39. When water boils at standard atmospheric pressure, it cannot be heated above 100C. Only water at pressures of more than one atmosphere will boil at higher temperatures. The pressure must be increased to the point at which water boils at 150C or higher to kill bacteria.
Chapter 13 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. i f g j c 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. d b n e m 11. 12. 13. 14. k h l a
Chapter 13 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. j n h e d 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. k b g f l 11. 12. 13. 14. a m c i
B. Multiple Choice
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. a d d c b 20. 21. 22. 23. c a b a 24. 25. 26. 27. b b c c
B. Multiple Choice
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. d b d d c b 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. a a a b b 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. a a c d b
C. True-False
28. AT 29. NT 30. AT 31. ST 32. AT
C. True-False
31. AT 32. ST 33. AT 34. AT 35. NT 36. ST 37. AT
D. Problems
33. 3.70 atm 34. 3.70 atm 101.3 kPa 375 kPa 1 atm 760 mm Hg 2.81 103 mm Hg 1 atm
D. Essay
38. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point of the liquid when the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. If atmospheric pressure is less than 101.3 kPa, then the boiling point of a liquid will be lower than its normal boiling point. Conversely, if atmospheric pressure is
E. Essay
35. Because the Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, it doesnt matter how many particles there are in the sample.
greater than 101.3 kPa, the boiling point of the liquid will be higher than its normal boiling point.
5. The many pieces of calcium chloride effectively dry the atmosphere leaving no water vapor in the dish.
E. Additional Questions
39. The particles of a gas are relatively far apart and there are no attractive or repulsive forces among them. The volume of the particles is insignificant and their collisions are perfectly elastic. In a liquid, the particles are attracted to each other, which is why liquids have a definite volume. Because the particles are closer together, liquids are denser than gases. In solids, the particles are closely packed together, usually in an organized array. The particles in a solid vibrate around fixed points. Solids are dense and difficult to compress. 40. a. As more energy is added, more particles of the liquid acquire enough kinetic energy to escape. As a result, all the liquid boils away at a constant temperature. b. If the mixture is heated, more ice melts but the temperature of the mixture remains the same as long as ice is present. If the mixture is cooled, more liquid freezes, but the temperature of the mixture remains the same as long as liquid water is present. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Youre the Chemist

1. The water drop increases in diameter over time as the alcohol evaporates and is captured by the water drop. The attractions in the resulting mixture are weaker overall. 2. The BTB turns from green to yellow in the presence of vinegar. 3. Place a drop of vinegar and a drop of BTB about 3 cm apart in a Petri dish. Cover and observe. The BTB slowly changes from green to yellow even though there is no mixing of the drops. Ethanoic acid that evaporates is captured by the BTB. 4. Place a drop of ammonia and a drop of BTB about 3 cm apart in a Petri dish. Cover and observe. The BTB slowly changes from green to blue even though there is no mixing of the drops. Ammonia thatt evaporates is captured by the BTB.
Section 14.1
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. compressed spare volume temperature moles 6. 7. 8. 9. kinetic doubles reducing pressure

Section 13.3 The Behavior of Liquids and Solids, page 400 Analyze and Conclude
1. Water in the dish evaporates and condenses into a cloud when it contacts the cold surface under the ice. 2. The drop of water on top of the dish provides enough cooling to cause cloud formation. 3. Water beads up and alcohol spreads out due to stronger intermolecular attractions in water. The water cloud consists of tiny individual beads; the alcohol cloud is made up of larger, more spread out pools. 4. Calcium chloride absorbs water from the environment in the dish.
Part B True-False
10. AT 11. ST 12. NT 13. ST 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. c 16. d 17. e 18. a 19. b

20. The motion of particles in a gas is constant and random. The particles travel in straight paths until they collide with other particles or the walls of their container. There are no significant attractive or repulsive forces between particles in a gas, which is why a gas can expand to take the shape and volume of its container. The volume of the particles in a gas is small compared the overall volume of a gas, which is why a gas can be compressed. Answer Key 813
Section 14.2
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. inversely increases Boyles mass Kelvin 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Charless Gay-Lussacs directly combined amount

19. n n 20. n P R V T 25,325 kPa 8.31
2
12.5 L 295 K
L K
kPa mol
1.29 10 mol O2(g) P V 240.0 kPa 0.275 L L kPa R T 8.31 K mol 301 K
2
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. AT 13. ST 14. NT 15. NT 16. AT
n 2.64 10 mass of NO2 2.64 10
mol NO2
2
mol NO2
46.0 g NO2 1 mol NO2
1.21 g NO2
Part C Matching
17. c 18. b 19. e 20. a 21. d
Section 14.4
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. total sum lower uniform diffusion effusion hole inversely molar mass Grahams law Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

22. P2 P2 23. V2 V2 V2 T2 55 kPa 473 K 173 K T1 2 1.5 10 kPa P1 V1 T2 T1 P2 91 kPa 0.075 L 273 K 303 K 101.3 kPa 0.061 L 61 mL P1
Section 14.3
Part A Completion
number of moles PV nRT n ideal gas constant (L kPa) 5. 8.31 (K mol) 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. ideal real attractions volume
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. NT 13. ST 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. a 16. b 17. c

18. The kinetic energy of a molecule is equal to where m isthe mass and v is the mv2 velocity of the molecule. At a given temperature, molecules all have the same average kinetic energy. If two molecules with different masses have the same kinetic energy, the less massive molecule must have a higher velocity.
1 2
Part B True-False
10. AT 11. ST 12. NT 13. NT 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. d 16. c 17. b 18. a
Practice Problems
Section 14.1
1. On average, temperatures are higher in the summer than in the winter. The motion of the tires causes the air in the tires to heat up. At higher temperatures, the particles inside the tire have a greater average kinetic energy. So, the frequency and force of the collisions between the particles and the walls of the tire are greater, resulting in a greater pressure inside the tire. 2. Overnight the air in the mattress cools down; the average kinetic energy of the particles in the air decreases. Thus, they collide less frequently and less forcefully with the walls of the mattress. Consequently, the pressure inside the mattress decreases, as does the volume.
3. n n
P R
V T
102.0 kPa 8.31

L K kPa mol
25.0 L 297 K 4.00 g He 1 mol He
1.03 mol He 1.03 mol He 4.12 g He T 8.31

L K kPa mol
mass of He
4. V V
R P 2.25 mol
273 K
101.3 kPa
V 50.4 L V1 5. V2 6. V V
10.5 L 300 K T2 6.66 L 473 K T1 n R T P L kPa 0.355 mol 8.31 K mol 273 K 101.3 kPa
Section 14.2
1. P2 2. P1 V1 V2 P2 341 kPa No, the balloon will only expand until internal pressure is equal to the external pressure, which in this case is about half the initial pressure. V1 T2 10.0 L 373 K V2 15.0 L T1 248 K P1 V1 T2 P2 T1 V2 501 kPa 5.2 L 373 K P2 466 kPa 298 K 7.00 L P2 V2 T1 P1 T2 V1 105.4 kPa 55.0 L 323 K P2 71.9 kPa 248 K 105 L 104 kPa
L K kPa mol
155.0 kPa 22.0 L 10.0 L
V 7. n V
7.95 L 25.0 g n R P
1 mol\44.0 g T 8.31
L K kPa mol
0.568 mol
0.568 mol V V 12.7 L
273 K
101.3 kPa
3. 4.
Section 14.4
1. PO2 PO2 PO2 n Ptotal (PN2 PAr) 98.5 kPa (22.0 kPa 50.0 kPa) 26.5 kPa P V 26.5 kPa 3.5 L L kPa R T 8.31 K mol 298 K 10 2 mol O2(g) molar massO2 molar massN2 0.935 28.0 g 32.0 g
5.
Section 14.3
1. n n 2. T T P R V T
2
2. 1.24 8.31 25 L 297 K
n 3.75 RateO2 RateN2 0.875
1.3 10 mol argon 500.0 kPa 35.0 L P V L kPa n R 7.00 mol 8.31 K mol 3.01 102 K
Oxygen effuses slightly slower than nitrogen.
1. a. 0.41 g 2. 0.267 L 3. a. 372 K 4. a. 103 kPa b. 0.43 g b. 372 K b. 108 kPa Answer Key 815
5. a. n n b. n n
103 kPa 8.31 8.90 8.31 9.33

L K L K kPa mol
0.267 L 372 K mol 0.267 L 372 K mol 0.41 g 8.90 10 3 mol 46 g/mol 0.43 g 9.33 10 3 mol 46 g/mol
3
Chapter 14 Test A
A. Matching
1. c 2. h 3. b 4. g 5. f 6. a 7. e 8. d
10
108 kPa
kPa mol
10
B. Multiple Choice
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. d b a c d 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. b c b c c 19. d 20. b
6. a. molar mass molar mass b. molar mass molar mass 7. 46 g/mol 8. C2H6O (ethanol)
C. Problems
21. P1 T1 P2 T1 T2 P2 P2 T2 T2 T1 227C 273 500 K 27C 273 300 K 300 K 655 kPa 500 K 393 kPa V1 P2 V2 P1 V1 V2 156 kPa 15.0 L 215 kPa 10.9 L 35.0C 273 308 K 0.0C 273 273 K P1 V1 T2 T1 P2 180 mL 273 K 95.9 kPa 308 K 101.3 kPa T2 V1 T1 55.0C 273 218 K 30.0C 273 303 K 303 K 550 mL 764 mL 218 K P1
1. 2. 3. 4. g i j f 5. d 6. e 7. c 8. a 9. h 10. b
Quiz for Chapter 14

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. collisions doubles small real diffusion P1 273 K 149 kPa 713 K 27C 273 300 K P1 115 kPa 10C 273 263 K P2 99 kPa P1 T2 V1 P2 T1 115 kPa 263 K 3.5 105 m3 99 kPa 300 K 3.6 105 m3 Ptotal (PN2 2PCO2) 145.0 kPa (28.5 kPa 76.0 kPa) 40.5 kPa 388 kPa T1 T2 22. P1 P2 V2 23. T1 T2 V2 V2 24. V2 T1 T2 V2
6. P2 7. T1 T2 V2 V2 V2 8. PO2 PO2 PO2
151 mL
D. Essay
25. An ideal gas is one that follows the gas laws at all conditions of pressure and temperature. The behavior of a real gas deviates from the behavior of an ideal gas, especially at low
temperatures and high pressures. Also, kinetic theory assumes that the particles of an ideal gas have no volume and are not attracted to each other. This is not true for real gases, which can be liquefied and sometimes solidified by cooling and applying pressure.
28.
V1 T1 V2 V2
V2 T2 V1 T1 (0.650 L)(313 K) (293 K) 0.694 L P2 T2 P2 P1 (98.0 kPa)(310 K) (85.0 kPa) T1 T2
E. True-False
26. NT 27. AT 28. ST 29. AT
V2 P 29. 1 T1 T2 T2
30. n n P R V T 216 kPa 8.31
L K kPa mol
25.0 L 300 K
2.17 mol 96.0 g 44.2 g/mol formula mass 2.17 mol Rate235 252.0 1.009 1.004 31. Rate238 349.0 UF6 containing U-235 diffuses 1.004 times faster.
T2 357 K or 84.4C PV P2V2 31. 1 1 T1 T2 V2 V2 P1 T1 V1 V2 T2
Chapter 14 Test B
A. Matching
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. 2. 3. 4. g i j f 5. d 6. e 7. c 8. a 9. h 10. b
(80.0 kPa)(3.50 L)(273 K) (330 K)(101.3 kPa) V2 2.29 L 31. PV nRT P V 152 kPa 8.0 L n R T 8.31 L kPa 300 K
K mol
0.49 mol 44.0 g CO2 1 mol CO2 22 g CO2
0.49 mol CO2
D. Essay
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. a c a b b d 23. 24. 25. 26. c b a b 32. If all gases behaved ideally, the individual particles that make up each gas could never exert the attractive forces on each other that are necessary for them to condense to liquids and solids.
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. d c b d d b
E. True-False
33. ST 34. AT 35. AT 36. NT
C. Problems
27. P1V1 V2 V2 V2 P2V2 P1 P2 (425 kPa)(1.20 L) 615 kPa 0.829 L V1
37. V1 T1 T2 T2 T2 V2 T2 V2 V1 (0.925 L)(250 K) (1.25 L) 185 K or 88C T1
Answer Key 817
38. PV n n
nRT P V R T 0.304 mol
Part C Matching
50.6 kPa 8.31
L K kPa mol
10.0 L 200 K
19. a 20. c
21. b
Part D Question
22. a. lower b. higher
Chapter 14 Small-Scale Lab Section 14.4 Diffusion, page 437 Analyze and Conclude
1. The drops near the center change immediately. As the gas diffuses, all the drops change color. The color change begins at the outer edge of each drop. 2. The first picture should show one edge turning yellow. Succeeding pictures should show the yellow area gradually increasing until the entire dot is yellow. 3. The particles of gas produced are in motion. As the particles diffuse from the center, they collide and react with molecules of BTB. 4. NaHSO3 + HCl SO2 + H2O + NaCl
Section Review 15.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. solvent 6. homogeneous 7. like dissolves like 8. electrolytes 9. strong 10. partially conduct nonelectrolyte hydrates efflorescence
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. AT 13. ST 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. d 16. a 17. h 18. b 19. f 20. g 21. c 22. e
Youre the Chemist

1. As ammonia diffuses, BTB changes from yellow to blue. 2. Vary the size of the BTB drops from pinheads to puddles. Tiny drops are better able to detect small quantities of gas. 3. The Kl turned orange in the same manner as the BTB turned yellow. 3NaNO2 + 2HCl 2NO + H2O + NaNO3 + 2NaCl

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 23. molar mass Na2SO4 10H2O Mass of 10H2O 180.0 g 180.0 g 100% 55.9% 322 g 24. b and c 322 g
Section Review 15.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. polar negative positive polar hydrogen low 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. high surface spherical surfactant Ice dense hydrogen bonding
Section Review 15.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. larger filtration Colloids Tyndall effect Brownian 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. molecules/ions ions/molecules Emulsions stability emulsions
Part B True-False
14. NT 15. NT 16. AT 17. AT 18. ST
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. ST 13. AT 14. ST 15. NT
Part C Matching
16. e 17. b 18. d 19. a 20. f 21. c
8. Molar mass of NiCl2 6H2O 237.7 g/mol Mass of 6H2O 108.0 g mass of water Percent H2O 100% mass of hydrate 108.0 g 100% 45.44% 237.7 g/mol
Section 15.3
1. Colloids and suspensions exhibit the Tyndall effect and have larger particles than solutions. The particles in a suspension are retained on a filter and will settle out slowly upon standing. 2. Brownian motion refers to the chaotic movement of colloidal particles caused by the collisions of water molecules with the small, dispersed colloidal particles. 3. a. colloid b. colloid c. solution d. colloid e. suspension f. colloid g. solution

22. b 23. a
Section 15.1
1. Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces in which a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of an electronegative atom in the same molecule or in a nearby molecule. H 2. H O H O H O Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 3. Hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules in place in the solid phase. The structure of ice is a regular, open, framework like a honeycomb. H H
1. desiccants 2. hydrogen bonding 3. suspension 4. aqueous solution 5. solvent 6. surfactant 7. strong electrolyte 8. water of hydration 9. Brownian motion SOLUTION: 1. WATER VAPOR 2. ICE 3. LIQUID WATER
Section 15.2
1. The solute is potassium chloride (KCl). The solvent is water. 2. NH3(g) H2O(l) 1 NH4 (aq) OH (aq) 3. Possible answers include glucose (C6H12O6) and ethyl alcohol (C2H6O). 4. Hygroscopic compounds are those compounds that remove moisture from air. 5. a. soluble c. soluble b. insoluble b. KOH(s) K (aq) 7. a. CaSO4 2H2O b. CoCl2 6H2O d. soluble NO3 (aq) OH (aq) 6. a. NH4NO3(s) NH4 (aq)
Quiz for Chapter 15

1. a 2. a 5. solute 6. solvent 7. aqueous solutions 8. like dissolves like 3. c 4. b
Answer Key 819
Chapter 15 Test A
A. Completion
1. nonelectrolyte 2. deliquescent 3. suspension 4. solvent 5. effloresce 6. Brownian motion 7. Emulsions 8. hydrate 9. Tyndall effect 10. Surface tension
B. Multiple Choice
11. a 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. d 17. c 18. c 19. c 20. d 21. a
C. True-False
22. AT 23. ST 24. AT 25. AT 26. AT 27. NT 28. AT 29. AT
D. Problem
30. %H2O mass of H2O 100% mass of hydrate 180.0 g 100% 55.9% H2O 322.1 g
B. Multiple Choice
11. c 12. d 13. a 14. d 15. a 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. c 20. a 21. b 22. c
E. Essay
31. Soaps and detergents are surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water by interfering with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. With surface tension reduced, the beads of water that would normally have formed collapse, allowing the water to spread out to cover and penetrate the fabric. Soaps and detergents also are emulsifying agents that allow oils and greases to form colloidal dispersions. The oil and grease particles, which are normally insoluble in water, are removed from the surface of the fabric.
C. True-False
23. ST 24. ST 25. ST 26. NT
D. Problems
27. Molar Mass of hydrate 238 g 1 mol H2O 18.0 g 6 mol H2O 108 g 108 g 100% 45.4% H2O 238 g
E. Essay
28. Because polar water molecules can attract charged particles, they cause solute ions to break away from the surface of the solid. As the solute dissolves, the ions are surrounded by molecules of solvent

Section 15.2 Electrolytes, page 458 Analysis
NaCl(s) Aqueous conducts Na2CO3(s) Aqueous conducts MgSO4(s) Aqueous conducts Sugar Aqueous does not conduct Corn Starch Aqueous does not conduct Kl(s) Aqueous conducts
Chapter 15 Test B
A. Completion
1. hygroscopic 2. solvation 3. solute 4. surfactants 5. dessicants 6. colloids 7. aqueous 8. hydrogen 9. nonelectrolytes 10. effloresce
NaHCO3(s) Aqueous conducts KCl(s) Aqueous conducts
1. These are electrolytes: NaCl, MgSO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, KCl, KI. These are nonelectrolytes: sugar, corn starch. 2. None of the electrolytes conduct electricity in the solid form because the ions are locked in a crystal lattice and cannot move. 3. Table sugar and corn starch are covalent compounds. NaCl, MgSO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, KCl, KI are ionic compounds. In general, to be an electrolyte a compound must dissociate into ions in solution.
Part D Problem
23. 1.6 g/L S2 1.0 atm 2.5 atm 1.6 g/L 2.5 atm S2 1.0 atm
4.0 g/L
Section Review 16.2

Part A Completion
1. solvent 2. solution 3. dilute 4. moles 5. liter 6. diluting 7. solute 8. solvent
Youre the Chemist

1. MgSO4(s) Mg2 (aq) NaHCO3(s) Na (aq) KCl(s) K (aq) KI(s) K (aq) I (aq) SO42 (aq) HCO3 (aq)
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. AT 11. NT 12. NT
Cl (aq)
2. Test a drop of each solution with a conductivity device. Strong electrolytes (bright light): HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH Weak electrolytes (dim light) CH3COOH, NH3 Nonelectrolytes (no light): rubbing alcohol, distilled water 3. Strong electrolytes: soft drinks, pickle juice Weak electrolytes: orange juice, coffee
Part C Matching
13. b 14. c 15. e 16. a 17. d
Part D Problem
18. molar mass C12H22O11 342.3 M V mol solute needed 0.50 mol 0.3000 L 0.15 mol 1L 342.3 g 0.15 mol 51 g 1 mol
Section Review 16.1

Part A Completion
1. particle size 2. rate 3. pressure 4. Henrys 5. temperature 6. saturated 7. miscible 8. solubility 9. increases 10. supersaturated
Section Review 16.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. solute colligative properties freezing lowering/depression elevation directly solution particles twice twice
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. ST 13. AT 14. NT 15. AT
Part C Matching
16. c 17. a 18. f 19. e 20. g 21. d 22. b
Part B True/False
11. NT 12. ST 13. NT 14. AT
Answer Key 821
Part C Matching
15. d 16. a 17. c 18. b

19. a. b. 20. a. b. two one K2CO3 NaCl c. four d. two c. NaCl
3. Solubility of AgNO3 at 20 C 222.0 g/100 g H2O Solubility of AgNO3 at 50 C 455.0 g/100 g H2O 455.0 g 222.0 g 233.0 g Add 233.0 g to maintain saturation at 50 C.
Section 16.2
1. a. 0.40 mol NaCl 0.25M 1.6 L 20.2 g KNO3 1 mol KNO3 b. 250.0 mL 101.1 g KNO3 0.799M 2500.0 mL
1000 mL 1L
Section Review 16.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. solute solvent kilogram mole fraction molal boiling point depression molal elevation
2. a. moles KOH
1L 1000 mL
3.0 mol KOH 7.5 mol KOH 1L mass of KOH 7.5 mol KOH 56.1 g KOH 4.2 102 g KOH 1 mol KOH 2.0 mol HNO3 b. moles HNO3 2.0 L L moles HNO3 4.0 mol HNO3 mass of HNO3 11. AT 12. AT 4.0 mol HNO3 63 g HNO3 1 mol HNO3 2.5 102 g HNO3 1 mol 85.0 g Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 2.50 mol
Part B True-False
9. ST 10. NT
mass of HNO3 17. c 3. moles NaNO3 molarity
Part C Matching
13. b 14. e 15. d 16. a
212.5 g
Part D Problem
18. molality molality 2.0 mol CaCl2 800.0 g H2O 2.5m 1000 g 1 kg
molality of total particles 3 2.5m 7.5m 1.86 C Tf Kf m 7.5m 14 C m freezing point of solution 0 C 14 C freezing point of solution 14 C
2.50 mol 0.83M 3.0 L 4. M1V1 M2V2 0.750M 300.0 mL 2.00M V2 0.75M 300.0 mL V2 113 mL 2.0M 6.00M 1.0 L M1 V1 5. V2 12 L 0.500M M2 The final volume should be 12 L. Therefore, add 11 L of H2O. 60.0 mL methanol 6. a. % (v/v) 100% 500.0 mL solution % (v/v) b. % (v/v) 12.0% methanol (v/v) 25.0 mL C3H7OH 100% 200.0 mL solution 12.5% C3H7OH (v/v)
Section 16.1
P1 S2 0.82 g/L 34.0 g KCl 2. 500.0 g H2O 100 g H2O 1. S2 S1 P2 0.54 g/L 1.86 atm 1.22 atm 102 g KCl
% (v/v)
1.7
7. a. 1.00 L
103 mL 3.00 g 1L 100 mL 103 mL 5.00 g b. 2.00 L 1L 100 mL 1.00 102 g KNO3
30.0 g NaCl
Section 16.3
1. Colligative properties of solutions are the physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles in solution but not on the chemical identity of the solute. Three important colligative properties are vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression. 2. Each formula unit of K2CO3 produces three particles in solution. 3. Three moles of Na2SO4, when dissolved in water, produce 9 mol of particles because each formula unit of Na2SO4 dissociates into three ions. 4. The boiling point of water increases by 0.512 C for every mole of particles that the solute forms when dissolved in 1000 g of water. When 2 mol of MgCl2 dissolve in water, 6 mol of particles are produced because each formula unit of MgCl2 dissociates into three ions. Thus, the boiling point of the solution increases by 6 0.512 C 3.07 C. The boiling point of the solution is 100 C 3.07 C 103.07 C. 5. Vapor-pressure lowering is a colligative property. 6. a. The solution containing calcium chloride has a lower freezing point. b. The solution containing calcium chloride has a lower vapor pressure. c. The solution containing sodium chloride has a lower boiling point.
0.50 mol NaCl 1000 g H2O 58.4 g NaCl 22 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 2.0 mol Li2S 3. 1600.0 g H2O 1000 g H2O 45.9 g Li2S 1.5 102 g Li2S 1 mol Li2S 2. 750.0 g H2O 4. a. 2.3 mol glucose 500.0 g H2O 103 g 1 kg 4.6m glucose
b. moles Ba(NO3)2
moles Ba(NO3)2
131 g Ba(NO3)2 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 261.3 g Ba(NO3)2 0.501 mol Ba(NO3)2
103 g 0.501 mol Ba(NO3)2 1 kg 750.0 g H2O 0.668m Ba(NO3)2 5. a. Tb Kb m Tb 0.512 C/m 2.00m 2 Tb 2.05 C The boiling point of this solution is 100 C 2.05 C 102.05 C. b. Tb Kb m Tb 0.512 C/m 1.50m 3 Tb 2.30 C The boiling point of this solution is 100 C 2.30 C 102.30 C. 6. a. molality of solute particles 103 g 0.35 mol NaCl 2 1 kg 900.0 g H2O 0.78m NaCl Tf Kf m Tf 1.8 C/m 0.78m Tf 1.45 C The freezing point of this solution is 0 C 1.45 C 1.45 C. b. moles C12H22O11 126.0 g C12H22O11 1 mol C12H22O11 342.3 g C12H22O11 0.3681 mol C12H22O11 103 g 1 kg
Section 16.4
1. a. XLiBr XLiBr b. XKNO3 nLiBr nLiBr nH2O 0.33 nKNO3 nKNO3 nH2O 125 g 125 g 0.0271
1 mol 101.1 g 1 mol 101.1 g
3.0 mol 3.0 mol 6.0 mol
moles C12H22O11
800.0 g
1 mol 18.0 g
molality of solute particles 0.3861 mol C12H22O11 2500.0 g H2O 0.1472m C12H22O11 Tf Kf m Tf 1.86 C/m 0.1472m Tf 0.274 C
Answer Key 823
The freezing point of this solution is 0 C 0.274 C 0.274 C.
Quiz for Chapter 16

1. b 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. b
1. b, c 2. Solubility KCl at 20 C 34.0 g/100 g H2O Solubility KCl at 50 C 42.6 g/100 g H2O 42.6 g 34.0 g 8.6 g 3. Solubility of sucrose at 100 C 487 g/100 g H2O Solubility of sucrose at 20 C 230.9 g/100 g H2O (487 g/100 g H2O 1000.0 g H2O) (230.9 g/100 g H2O 1000.0 g H2O) 4870 g 2309 g 2561 g 4.
Concentration (g/100 g H2O) 350 300 250 200 150 100 Na2SO4 50 KCl 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Chapter 16 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. b i g c 5. f 6. d 7. j 8. a 9. h 10. e
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. c d a c 15. 16. 17. 18. c b a b 19. a 20. b 21. d
LiBr
C. True-False
22. 23. 24. 25. ST AT AT AT 26. NT 27. NT 28. NT 29. AT 30. ST 31. NT
Temperature C
D. Problems
32. V2 250 mL, M2 M1V1 M2V2 V1 0.60M, M1 2.0M Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
a. LiBr
b. Na2SO4
1. Molarity. All others are qualitative terms used to describe solutions. 2. Concentration. The other terms are used to describe mixtures of liquids. 3. Henrys Law. All others are units of concentration. 4. Colligative properties. All others are associated with the solubility of gases. 5. Saturated solution. All others are associated with colligative properites of solutions. 6. Molarity. All others are related to freezingpoint depression 7. Mole fraction. All others are factors affecting the rate at which a substance dissolves. 8. Boiling-point elevation. All others are associated with the preparation of solutions.
M 2 V2 M1 0.60M 250 mL V1 75 mL 2.0M Add 75 mL of 2.0M Al2(SO4)3 to enough distilled water to make 250 mL of solution. 33. Molar mass KNO3: K: 1 39.1 39.1 g N: 1 14.0 14.0 g O: 3 16.0 48.0 g 101.1 g 95.5 g mol KNO3 0.945 mol 101.1 g/mol 0.945 mol molarity 1.26M 0.750 L 34. S1 P1 S2 S2 P2 S1 P2 P1 20.3 g/L
16.9 g/L 606 kPa 505 kPa
E. Essay
35. Boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point and vapor-pressure lowering are colligative properties. They depend solely on the number of particles in the solution. Boiling-point elevation: Additional attractive forces exist between solute and solvent that must be overcome for the solution to boil. Freezing-point depression: The solute particles interfere with the formation of the orderly pattern that the solvent particles assume as the solvent changes from liquid to solid. Vapor-pressure lowering: The formation of solvent shells around the solute particles reduces the number of solvent particles that have sufficient kinetic energy to vaporize.
Chapter 16 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. g c h e 5. d 6. a 7. f 8. i 9. j 10. b
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. d a b b c a 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. a b d b d 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. a c a b a
36. mol K3PO4 1000 g H2O 0.900 mol K3PO4 1000 g H2O 2750 g H2O 1 kg H2O 0.327m K3PO4 3K PO43 4 particles 4 particles 0.327m 1.31m Tb Kb m Tb Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 0.512 m
C
C. True-False
27. 28. 29. 30. AT NT NT NT 31. ST 32. NT 33. NT 34. AT 35. NT 36. AT
D. Problems
37. 38. 100.0 g H2O 216 g AgNO3 S1 P1 (725 g AgNO3) 336 g H2O S2 P2 S2 P1 P2 S1 6.25 g/L 0.750 atm P2 2.45 g/L P2 1.91 atm 50.0 g Mg(NO3)2 mL 39. 1000 225 mL L 1 mol Mg(NO3)2 148.3 g Mg(NO3)2 1.50M 40. 0.250 mol AgNO3 1 kg 125 g 1 kg 1000 g 169.9 g AgNO3 5.31 g AgNO3 1 mol AgNO3
1.31m
Tb 0.671 C The boiling point of the solution is 100C 0.671C 100.671 C. 37. Molar mass KNO3: K: 1 39.1 39.1 g N: 1 14.0 14.0 g O: 3 16.0 48.0 g 101.1 g 175 g KNO3 1 mol 101.1 g KNO3
1.73 mol KNO3 molality mol solute 1000 g solvent 1.73 mol KNO3 1250 g H2O 1.38m
103 g H2O 1 kg H2O
Answer Key 825
E. Essay
41. Salt is often used on bridges and sidewalks because it dissolves in an ice/ice water mixture to produce a solution with a lower freezing point than that of water alone. This causes any ice that was initially present to melt, and prevents additional ice from forming down to temperatures below0 C. The salt causes the freezing point of water to be depressed because it interferes with the crystallization process.

Section 16.4 Making a Solution, page 497 Analysis
Sample answers are given. mass of dry flask mass of flask mass of flask 15.98 g 22.88 g water 69.09 g NaCl NaCl
42. 0.15 mol H2SO4 1L 750 mL 1L 1000 mL 98.1 g H2SO4 11 g H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4 Tf Tf Tf Tf Kf m 27.5 g CH3OH 250.0 g 1 mol CH3OH 1000 g 32.0 g CH3OH 1 kg 6.39 C 1.86 C/m
1. a. mass of the solute (NaCl) 22.88 g 15.98 g 6.90 g b. mass of the solvent (water) 69.09 g 22.88 g 46.21 g c. % by mass of NaCl 6.90 g (6.90 46.21) g 2. a. moles of NaCl solute 0.118 mol b. moles of water c. mole fraction 46.21 g 2.57 mol 18.0 g/mol 0.118 mol (0.118 2.57) mol 100 13.0% NaCl
43.
6.90 g 58.5 g/mol
freezing point 0 C 6.39 C 6.39 C 44. molality of total particles 62.5 g Ba(NO3)2 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 750.0 g 261 g Ba(NO3)2 1000 g 3 moles particles 1 kg 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 0.958m Tb Kb m 0.512 C/m 0.958m Tb 0.490 C boiling point 100 C 0.490 C boiling point 100.490 C
0.0439. 0.118 mol NaCl 3. Molality 0.04621 kg H2O 4. a. liters of solution 50 mL
2.55m 1L 1000 mL Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
liters of solution 0.050 L 0.118 mol NaCl b. Molarity 2.4M 0.050 L 6.90 g 46.21 g 5. Density 1.1 g/mL 50 mL Notice that because the flask measures less accurately than the balance, molarity and density have fewer significant figures than molality, mass percent and mole fraction.
Youre the Chemist

Sample answers are given. 1. Sample data: dry flask flask flask 15.98 g 22.88 g water 6.90 g 69.09 g NaCl solution NaCl solution 46.21 g 0.897 g
mass of NaCl solution mass of water mass of NaCl
percent mass of NaCl moles NaCl mass of water moles of water mole fraction molality density 1.54 10 46.21 g
1.69%
2
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. AT 11. NT 12. AT 13. AT
mol
2.57 mol 5.96 10

3
Part C Matching
14. c 15. e 16. b 17. d 18. a
0.333m 1.1 g/mL 16.72 g 20.85 g water 69.53 g 16.72 g sugar sugar
2. mass of dry flask mass of flask mass of flask

19. Chemical potential energy is energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances. Work is done when a force moves an object. Heat is energy that is transfered because of a temperature difference. 124.2 J 20. C 0.460 J/(g C) 18.0 g 15.0 C The unknown metal is iron.
mass of the sugar mass of the sugar
20.85 g 4.13 g
mass of the solvent (water) 69.53 g 20.85 g 48.68 g % by mass of sugar % by mass of sugar 4.13 g (4.13 48.68) g 7.82% 100
moles of sugar (C12H22O11) 48.68 g 1 mol 18.0 g 0.0121 mol 4.13 g 2.70 mol Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 0.0121 mol (0.0121 2.70) mol Mole fraction 0.00446 0.0121 mol sugar Molality 0.249m 0.04868 kg H2O 0.0121 mol NaCl Molarity 0.242M 0.050 L 4.13 g 48.68 g density 1.1 g/mL 50 mL Mole fraction 1 mol 342 g
Section 17.2
Part A Completion
1. calorimeter 2. enthalpy 3. H 4. initial or final 5. final or initial 6. mass
moles of water
Part B True-False
7. ST 8. AT 9. AT 10. NT 11. AT 12. AT
Part C Matching
13. e 14. a 15. b 16. c 17. d

18. 2NO O2 2NO2 H 113.04 kJ 890.2 kJ 1 mol CH4 19. 34.8 g CH4 1.94 1 mol CH4 16.0 g CH4 103 kJ
Section Review 17.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. heat potential energy thermochemistry calorie joule specific heat or specific heat capacity metals water
Section 17.3
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. molar heat of fusion molar heat of solidification equal 3.16 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization Condensation Answer Key 827
7. molar heat of condensation
22. 12. NT
H0 (products) f 3 mol CO2(g) H0 f 1181 kJ (reactants) 3 mol CO(g) 110.5 kJ 1 mol CO(g) ( 822.1 kJ) 393.5 kJ 1 mol CO2(g)
Part B True-False
8. AT 9. NT 10. ST 11. NT
Part C Matching
13. a 14. e 15. b 16. c 17. d H
0
1154 kJ H0 (products) H0 (reactants) f f 1181 kJ ( 1154 kJ) 27 kJ

18. a. endothermic b. endothermic c. exothermic 19. d. endothermic e. exothermic f. exothermic 1 mol H2O(s) H 28.3 g H2O(s) 18.0 g H2O(s) 6.01 kJ 9.45 kJ 1 mol H2O(s) H 5.53 mol NH4NO3(s) 25.7 kJ 142 kJ 1 mol NH4NO3(s)
Practice Problems
Section 17.1
1. 200.0 Cal 1000 cal 4.184 J 1 kJ 1 Cal 1 cal 103 J 836.8 kJ 525.0 cal 2. C 1.40 cal/(g C) 25.0 g 15.0 C 1255.0 J 3. T 6.0 C 100.0 g 2.1 J/(g C) 4. q 100.0 g 1.1
3
20.
Section 17.4
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. sum enthalpy indirectly changed (reversed) standard heat of formation change one H0 f zero subtracting
120.0 C
0.90
J g C
10 J Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Section 17.2
1. H 150.0 g 6.3 2. H 103 J 4.18 J g C 10 C
6.3 kJ 1 mol Cu(OH)2(s) 74.1 g Ca(OH)2(s) 13.2 kJ 1 mol CH4(g) 16.0 g CH4(g) 2.93 103 kJ
15.0 g Ca(OH)2(s) 65.2 kJ 1 mol Ca(OH)2(s)
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. NT 13. AT 14. NT 15. NT
3.
52.4 g CH4(g) 890.2 kJ 1 mol CH4(g)
Part C Matching
16. b 17. c 18. a 19. d 20. e
4. 4NH3 H
5O2(g) y 4NO(g) 6H2O(g) 226 kJ 4 mol NH3(g) 1 mol NH3(g) 904 kJ

CuO(s) y Cu(s) 1 O2 H 2 H2(g) 1 O2(g) y H2O(g) H 2 CuO(s) H2(g) y Cu(s) H2O(g) Hrxn 21. 155 kJ 242 kJ 87 kJ
Section 17.3
1. H 35.0 g H2O(s) 1 mol H2O(s) 18.0 g H2O(s) 6.01 kJ 1 mol H2O(s)
2.
11.7 kJ 2. Step 1: H2O(l) at 18 C y H2O(l) at 100 C J H 190.0 g 4.18 82 C g C H 6.512 103 J 6.512 kJ Step 2: H2O(l) at 100 C y H2O(g) at 100 C 40.7 kJ 1 mol H 190.0 g 1 mol 18.0 g H 429.6 kJ Htotal 6.512 kJ 429.6 kJ 436.1 kJ 445.1 kJ 3. H 2.543 mol NaOH(s) 1 mol NaOH(s) H 1.132 103 kJ 4. Step 1: H2O(s) at 24 C y H2O(s) at 0 C J H 96 g 2.1 24 C 4.8 103 J g C Step 2: H2O(s) at 0 C y H2O(l) at 0 C 6.01 kJ 1 mol H 96 g 32 kJ 1 mol 18.0 g Step 3:H2O(l) at 0 C y H2O(l) at 28 C J H 96 g 4.18 28 C g C H 1.1 104 J 11 kJ Htotal 4.8 kJ 32 kJ 11 kJ 47.8 kJ
635.1 kJ ( 393.5 kJ) 1028.6 kJ H 1207.0 kJ ( 1028.6 kJ) H0 178.4 kJ The reaction is exothermic. 3. N2(g) 2H2O(l) y N2H4(l) O2(g) H 622.2 kJ 2[H2(g) 1 O2(g) y H2O(l)] H 571.6 kJ 2 2H2(g) N2(g) y N2H4(l) H 50.6 kJ H0(reactants) f 0
H0(reactants) f
1. a. 27.0 C 2. a. 4. a. 73.0 C H 3. a. 5 C b. 26.5 C b. 73.5 C 8.2 b. 5.5 C (4.184)(39.100)(5.0)
102 J b. H (4.184)(39.452)(5.5) 9.1 102 J 5. heat gained by H2O heat lost by metal a. 8.2 102 J b. 9.1 102 J 8.2 102 6. a. specific heat (50.33)( 73.0) specific heat 0.22 J/(g C) b. specific heat 9.1 102\(50.35)( 73.5) specific heat 0.25 J/(g C) 7. b; see Table 17.1.
1. 2. 3. 4. a h f g 5. b 6. e 7. i 8. d 9. j 10. c
Section 17.4
1. H0 (products) f 2 mol SO2(g) 2 mol H2O(g) 593.6 kJ 1077kJ H0(reactants) f 2 mol H2S(g) 40.2 kJ H0 f 1077 kJ ( 40.2 kJ) 1.04 103 kJ 296.8 kJ 1 mol SO2(g) 241.8 kJ 1 mol H2O(g)
Quiz for Chapter 17

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b c a d b 6. 7. 8. 9. a is reversed zero minus
( 483.6 kJ)
20.1 kJ 1 mol H2S(g)
Answer Key 829
Chapter 17 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e i g f 5. j 6. h 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. d
32. C2H6 7 O2(g) 2CO2(g) 3H2O(l) 2 H0 ? H0 H0 (products) H0 (reactants) f f 0 H [2( 393.5 kJ) 3( 285.8 kJ)] [( 84.68 J) (0.0 kJ)] H0 1559.7 kJ
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c b c a d 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a c b d b 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. b c a d b
Chapter 17 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. g f h c 5. j 6. d 7. e 8. i 9. b 10. a
C. Essay
26. Endothermic processes absorb heat, while exothermic processes release heat. Endothermic examples include the melting of ice, the evaporation of a puddle, the sublimation of mothballs, and the heat used to cook food. Exothermic examples include the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline, the cooling of skin as perspiration evaporates, and the freezing of water.
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c b a d b 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. b d b c a 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. b d c b d
C. Essay
26. In vaporizing, steam absorbs the heat required for vaporization (40.7 kJ/mol). Thus, steam at 100 C contains more energy than boiling water at the same temperature.
D. Problems
27. Specific heat 0.40 J/(g 28. H H m C 96 J 12 g 20C C) T 1.00 4.18 J g C
D. Problems
27. Specific heat 0.17 J/(g 28. H H m C 18 g C) T 1.00 g mL J g C 2.1 kJ 1411 kJ 3 mol O2 118 kJ 225 g 393.5 kJ) 565.7 kJ 221.3 kJ 4.18 (33.0C H H 55.0 g 2.1 4.18 103 J 9.0C J g C 24.0C) 75 J 25C
H H
g mL (35.0C 27.0C) 60.0 g 4.18 J 8.0C g C 2.0 103 J or 2.0 kJ 60.0 mL 1 mol CO 28.0 g CO
55.0 mL
29. 56.0 g CO 16.5 kJ
24.7 kJ 3 mol CO
18.0 g H2O 1 mol 30. 55.0 kJ 165 g 1 mol H2O 6.01 kJ 31. 2[Mg(s) Cl2(g) MgCl2(s)] 2( H 641 kJ) SiCl4(l) Si(s) 2Cl2(g) H 687 kJ 2Mg(s) SiCl4(l) Si(s) 2MgCl2(s) H 1282 kJ 687 kJ 595 kJ
29. 8.00 g O2 30. 75.0 kJ
1 mol O2 32.0 g O2
18.0 g H2O 1 mol 1 mol H2O 6.01 kJ 31. 2[C(s) O2(g) CO2(g)] 2( H 2CO2(g) 2CO(g) O2(g) H 2C(s) O2(g) 2CO(g) H 787.0 kJ 565.7 kJ
32. C6H6 15/2O2(g) 6CO2(g) 3H2O(l) H ? H0 H0 (products) H0 (reactants) f f 0 H [6( 393.5 kJ) 3( 285.8 kJ)] [(48.50 kJ) (0.0 kJ)] H0 3266.9 kJ
10. H
20( 394)
H comb 11. 10,700 kJ/mol
21( 242) ( 2230) 10,700 kJ/mol 0.0018 mol
61/2(0) 19 kJ
Youre the Chemist

1. Black soot will appear on a glass Petri dish held over the flame. 2. Liquid water will form on the underside of a glass Petri dish filled with ice held over the flame.

Section 17.4 Heat of Combustion of a Candle, page 533 Analysis
1.
Section Review 18.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rates react kinetic energy activation minimum 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. products slower temperature catalyst increasing
Part B True-False
11. ST 12. NT 2. The wax burns but many students will say the wick. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 3. The wick draws melted wax to the flame. Those who think the wick burns may suggest that the wax slows the rate of burning. 4. Because of gravity, hot gases rise, in this case CO2 and H2O. 5. The candle flame might be round in zero gravity. 6. Depending on the candle and the time burned, the wick loses a few millimeters and the candle a few tenths of a gram. The mass loss is consistent with the wax burning. 7. Heat from the combustion melts the wax, which is drawn up into the wick, evaporated, and burned. Wick, as a verb, means to draw a liquid from one place to another by capillary action. 8. C20H42 9. C: 20 H: 42 0.50 g
61 2 O2
13. AT 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. b 16. d 17. f 18. a 19. e 20. c

21. 120 kg/24 h 22. b, d 5.0 kg/h
Section Review 18.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. reversible products forward reactants reverse reactants products equilibrium equilibrium constant ratio Le Chteliers
20CO2
21H2O
12 1
240 42 282 0.0018 mol
1 mol/282 g
Answer Key 831
Part B True-False
12. NT 13. ST 14. NT 15. AT
Section Review 18.4

Part A Completion
20. e 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. spontaneous nonspontaneous energy work free energy energy greater entropy disorder law of disorder maximum
Part C Matching
16. d 17. a 18. b 19. c

21. Keq Keq [SO2]2 [O2] [SO3]2 (0.42)2 (0.21) (0.072)2 7.145 7.1
Section Review 18.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. solubility product constant common ion effect addition precipitate
Part B True-False
12. ST 13. AT 14. AT 15. AT 16. ST
Part C Matching
17. c 18. f 19. e 20. a 21. d 22. b
Part B Matching
5. a 6. c 7. b
Part D Questions
23. a. b. c. d. 24. b 25. d a heap of loose stamps ice cubes in a bucket 10 mL of steam at 100C the people watching the parade
Part C Problem
8. [CO32 ] 0.00070M [Ba2 ] 0.0015M [CO32 ] [Ba2 ] (7.0 10 4M) (1.5 10 3M) 1.1 10 6 Precipitation occurs because the ion product (1.1 10 6) is greater than the Ksp of BaCO3 (5.0 10 9).
Section 18.5
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. rate concentration rate law specific rate constant order first-order second order experiment elementary reaction mechanism
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. ST 13. AT 14. AT
5. a. Keq
Part C Matching
15. d 16. f 17. b 18. a 19. e 20. c
Part D Questions
21. This diagram represents a reaction that takes place in two elementary steps. The reaction is exothermic. Points A and C represent the energy level of the activated complexes. Point B represents the energy level of the intermediate product. Point D represents the energy level of the final product.
[N2O4]2 [NO]4 [O2]2 [NOBr]2 b. Keq [NO]2 [Br2] [CH3OH] c. Keq [CO] [H2]2 [SO3] [NO] d. Keq [SO2] [NO2] 6. a. shift right b. shift right c. shift right d. no shift 7. Keq 1 1012 [H2]2 [S2] 8. Keq [H2S]2 (0.014)2 (0.035) Keq (0.18)2
2.1
10
Section 18.1
1. Rates of chemical reactions can usually be increased by (1) increasing the temperature, (2) increasing the concentration of the reactants, (3) decreasing the reactant particle size, and (4) using of a catalyst. 2. 2 mol/4 h 0.5 mol/h 3. a. decrease the rate b. increase the rate 4. increase the rate
Section 18.3
1. a. Ca(OH)2(s) 1 Ca2 (aq) 2OH (aq) Ksp [Ca2 ] [OH ]2 b. Ag2CO3(s) 1 2Ag (aq) CO32 (aq) Ksp [Ag ]2 [CO32 ] 2. Ag2CO3(s) 1 2Ag (aq) CO32 (aq) Ksp [Ag ]2 [CO32 ] Let x [CO32 ]; 2x Ag Ksp (2x)2(x) 8.1 10 12 4x3 8.1 10 12 x3 2.0 10 12 x 1.3 10 4M [CO32 ] [Ag ] 2x 2.6 10 4M 3. Fe(OH)2(s) 1 Fe2 (aq) 2OH (aq) Ksp [Fe2 ] [OH ]2 [Fe2 ] 0.5[OH ] 6.0 10 6 Ksp (6.0 10 6)(1.2 10 5)2 Ksp 8.6 10 16 4. SrCO3 1 Sr2 (aq) CO32 (aq) Ksp [Sr2 ] [CO32 ] Let x [Sr2 ] [CO32 ] Ksp x2 9.3 10 10 x [Sr2 ] 3.0 10 5M 5. Ksp [Ag ]2 [CO32 ] Let [Ag ] 2x; [CO32 ] x 0.20 assume x << 0.20 mol; [CO32 ] 0.20 Ksp (2x)2(0.20) 8.1 10 12 x2 1.0 10 11 x 3.2 10 6M [CO32 ] [Ag ] 6.4 10 6M Answer Key 833
Section 18.2
1. Keq 2. Keq [NO2]4 [O2] [N2O5]2 [0.80]4 [0.20] [0.50]2
Keq 0.33 3. a. shift left b. shift right 4. [N O ] 2 4 [NO2]2 [NO2]2 [NO2]2 5.6 [N2O4] 5.6 0.66 5.6
0.34
6. Ksp(PbSO4) [SO4 ] [Pb2 ]

2
6.3
10
[Pb2 ]
[SO42 ] 0.0020M 0.0012M
1. a. negative b. negative c. negative 2. greater 3. less 4. Example a 5. yes d. positive e. positive f. positive
0.0050M 0.0020M
400.0 mL 1000.0 mL 600.0 mL 1000.0 mL
[Pb2 ] [SO42 ] (0.0012)(0.0020) [Pb2 ] [SO42 ] 2.4 10 6 Because this product exceeds the Ksp value, precipitation will occur. 7. Ksp(CaCO3) 4.5 10 9 [Ca2 ] [CO32 ] The total volume is 1000 mL, so [Ca2 ] 0.0021 mol/L 0.0021M [CO32 ] 0.0013 mol/L 0.0013M [Ca2 ] [CO32 ] (0.0021)(0.0013) [Ca2 ] [CO32 ] 2.7 10 6 Because this product exceeds the Ksp value, precipitation will occur. 8. NaCl has no ion in common with Mg(OH)2.
1. 2. 3. 4. e g i a 5. b 6. f 7. j 8. d 9. c 10. h
Quiz for Chapter 18

1. b 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. NT 8. AT 9. NT
Section 18.4
1. increase 2. decrease 3. a. increasing b. increasing 4. a. D b. N
c. increasing c. D d. A
Chapter 18 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i a j c 5. g 6. e 7. h 8. d 9. f 10. b Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Section 18.5
1. 2.4 mol/(L s) 8 0.30 mol/(L s) 2. rate k[HgCl2][Na2C2O4]2 3. rate k[J][K] The reaction is first order in both J and K. 4. rate k[H2O2]; k rate/[H2O2] k 0.00842 mol/(L s) 0.500 mol/L k 0.0168 s 1 5. three elementary reactions 6. 1.0; 0.020 7. a. two elementary reactions b. C3H8O3 c. rate k[C2H4O2][CH4O]
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. b b c d d 16. 17. 18. 19. c d b c 20. 21. 22. 23. a b a d
C. Problems
(1.2)2 (0.60) [NO]2 [Cl2] (0.30)2 [NOCl]2 [CH3OH] 25. 2.2 102 [CO] [H2]2 24. Keq [CH3OH] 2.2 102 2.2 102 [CO] [H2]2 9.6
(0.020)(0.60)2 1.58 mol/L
[CH3OH]
26. a. b. c. d.
favors products favors reactants favors products favors reactants
D. Essay
28. a. The addition of more reactant causes an increase in the rate of the forward reaction, which consumes that reactant. b. An increase in temperature causes the endothermic reaction to speed up in an effort to consume the additional heat. c. An increase in pressure (for a gaseous system with an unequal number of molecules) causes the reaction that produces the fewest number of molecules to speed up.
D. Essay
27. Spontaneous reactions are reactions that, under the conditions specified, are known to favor the formation of products. Nonspontaneous reactions do not favor the formation of products under the specified conditions. Some spontaneous reactions apprear to be nonspontaneous because their rates are slow.
E. Additional Problem
29. Keq [N2] [NH3]2 [N2] [H2]3 [NH3]2 Keq [H2]3 (6.59 [N2] ? 1.10 (1.23 10 3) 10 4)2 (2.75 10 6)3
E. Additional Problem
28. Doubling A doubles the rate first order in A. Doubling B increases the rate 8 times (23 8) third order in B. First order third order fourth order overall.
Chapter 18 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. j g h i 5. f 6. c 7. d 8. e 9. b 10. a
1011 mol/L

Section 18.4 Enthalpy and Entropy, page 574 Analyze
Sample data are provided. 21. 22. 23. 24. c b c b 1. Mixture a. NaCl H2O(l ) T1 21C T2 21C T 0C 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. c d b d a
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. d a d b c
C. Problems
25. a. b. c. d. e. f. shifts left; decreases shifts left; decreases shifts right; increases shifts right; increases shifts right; increases shifts left; decreases [H2O]2 [Cl2]2 26. Keq [HCl]4 [O2] (5.8 (1.2 Keq 1.4 27. PbF2 10 2)2 10 3)4 1010 (5.8 (3.8 10 2)2 10 4)
b. NH4Cl
H2O(l )
21C
5C
16C
c. CaCl2
H2O(l )
21C
53C
32C
2. NH4Cl H2O is endothermic. H is positive. CaCl2 H2O is exothermic. H is negative. 3. NaCl H2O(l) did not change much in temperature. H is close to 0. 4. heat NH4Cl(s) NH4 (aq)
2+
Cl (aq) heat
CaCl2(s) Ca (aq)
2Cl (aq)
5. All of the solids dissolved rapidly. Entropy usually increases in the dissolving process. S is positive in each case. Answer Key 835
6. G G G is G G is G G is
H (0) . ( ) or ( ) .
TS. T( ) for NaCl(s) T( ) for NH4Cl(s) . T( ) for CaCl2(s)
Part C Matching
17. g 18. d 19. a 20. h 21. e 22. i 23. c 24. f 25. b
Part D Problems
26. Dimethyl ether is a Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to form a bond. Boron trifluoride is a Lewis acid because it accepts an electron pair from dimethyl ether.
Youre the Chemist

1. The temperature of the NaCl and ice dropped dramatically. Sample data: Mixture NaCl H2O(s ) T1 0C T2 15C T 15C
Section Review 19.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. self-ionize 1 10 7 0 to 14 hydrogen ion acidic basic neutral 7 ion-product hydronium/hydroxide hydroxide/hydronium Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
2. Melting ice is endothermic. Endothermic reactions absorb heat, cooling the environment. This explains the drop in temperature of the NaCl and ice mixture. 3. Both CaCl2 and NH4Cl depress the freezing point of ice and cause a drop in temperature. 4. Many salts such as KCl, NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and Na3PO4 dissolve endothermically or with little or no change in temperature.
Section Review 19.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. three Arrhenius hydroxide ions proton acceptor electron-pair donor monoprotic diprotic conjugate acidbase pair amphoteric
Part B True-False
12. AT 13. ST 14. AT 15. NT 16. NT
Part C Matching
17. c 18. f 19. e 20. a 21. b 22. g 23. d
Part D Problems
24. Kw [H ][OH ] 1 10 Kw [OH ] 1 10 [H ] The solution is basic. 25. a. pH log[H ] [H ] 1 10 3M b. pH log[H ] [H ] 1 10 6M c. pH log[H ] [H ] 1 10 10
14 10
10
Part B True-False
12. NT 13. NT 14. AT 15. ST 16. AT
Section Review 19.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. degree of ionization Ka larger pH completely strong weak bases water acid strong
17. a. H3PO4 Al(OH)3 y AlPO4 3H2O b. 2HI Ca(OH)2 y CaI2 2H2O
Section Review 19.5

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. salt acidic basic neutral hydrolyze 6. 7. 8. 9. strong weak buffer capacity
Part B True-False
10. NT 11. NT 14. AT 15. ST 12. ST 13. AT
Part B True-False
12. ST 13. NT
Part C Matching
14. a 15. d 20. d 21. f 16. b 17. c
Part C Matching
16. c 17. e 18. a 19. b

18. a. acidic b. neutral c. basic
Part D Problem
22. HX 1 H X [H ] [X ] 4.1 10 2 [HX] 0.35 4.1 10 2 0.35 0.041 [HX] 0.309 (4.1 10 2) (4.1 10 2) [H ][X ] Ka 0.309 [HX] Ka 5.4 10 3
Practice Problems
Section 19.1
1. H2SO4 and H3O are proton donors and H2O and HSO4 are the proton acceptors. The conjugate acidbase pairs are H2SO4/HSO4 and H3O /H2O. H2SO4 H2O 1 H3O HSO4 2. H3PO4 is a triprotic acid able to ionize three hydrogens. All ions formed are shown in the following chemical equations. H3PO4 H2O 1 H3O H2PO4 H2PO4 H2O 1 H3O HPO42 2 HPO4 H2O 1 H3O PO43 3. Only hydrogens bonded to highly electronegative atoms are ionizable. a. monoprotic b. monoprotic c. diprotic d. triprotic 4. Like other alkali metals, lithium reacts violently with water to produce hydrogen and the base lithium hydroxide. Answer Key 837
Section Review 19.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. acid hydroxide water neutralization 5. titration 6. end point 7. equivalence
Part B True-False
8. AT 9. AT 10. AT 11. NT
Part C Matching
12. c 13. e 14. a 15. b 16. d
Part D Problem
2Li(s) 2H2O H2(g) 2LiOH(aq) 5. BF3 can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond and is therefore a Lewis acid. Since F donates the pair of electrons, it is a Lewis base. 6. Acids have a tart or sour taste and cause indicators to change color. Acids react with compounds containing hydroxide ions to produce a salt and water. 7. Aqueous solutions of bases taste bitter and feel slippery. They react with acids to produce a salt and water. Bases cause indicators to change colors.
10. pH pH
log[H ] log(1 10 3)
(0.0
( 3))
3.0
Section 19.3
1. strong base, weak base, weak acid, strong acid 2. HF(aq) 1 H (aq) F (aq) [H ][F ] Ka [HF] 3. N2H4(aq) H2O(l) 1 N2H5 (aq) OH (aq) [N2H5 ][OH ] Kb [N2H4] 4. The weakest acid has the smallest Ka. HCO3 H2PO4 HCOOH H2C2O4 5. a. H2S(aq) 1 H (aq) HS (aq) Ka
[H ][HS ] [H2S]
Section 19.2
1. pH log[H ] pH log(1 10 6) reminder: the log(a b) log a log b pH (0.0 ( 6)) reminder: the log 1 0.0 pH 6.0 2. pH log[H ] pH log(7.2 10 9) pH (0.86) ( 9.00) Use log tables or your calculator to find the log of 7.2. pH 9.00 0.86 pH 8.14 3. pOH log[OH ] pOH log(3.5 10 2) pOH (0.54) ( 2.00) pOH 2.00 0.54 pOH 1.46 4. pOH 14.0 pH pOH 14.0 3.4 pOH 10.6 5. a. basic d. neutral b. acidic e. acidic c. acidic 6. a. 5.0 c. 7.34 b. 10.36 d. 12.6 7. a. acidic c. basic b. basic d. basic 8. Most acidic solutions of interest have a hydrogen ion concentration of less than 1M. The log of this concentration would always be a negative number. Taking the negative log (minus sign in the pH definition) ensures that the pH values will usually be positive. 9. pH pOH 14.0 pH 14.0 pOH 14.0 12.4 1.6
b. NH4 (aq) 1 NH3(aq) H (aq) [NH3][H ] Ka [NH4 ] c. C6H5COOH(aq)1 C6H5COO (aq) H (aq) [C6H5COO ][H ] Ka [C6H5COOH] 6. a. (4) d. (5) b. (2) e. (3) c. (1) [C6H5NH3 ][OH ] 7. Kb [C6H5NH2] 10 3M)(4.2 10 3M) 0.096M 4 Ka 1.8 10 M 9. At equilibrium, [H ] x [C6H5COO ] [C6H5COOH] 0.20M x 0.20M (since x 0.20M) x2 Ka 6.3 10 5M 0.20M x 3.5 10 3M [H ] 10. At equilibrium, [H ] [CN ] 6.3 10 6M [H ][CN ] Ka [HCN] (6.3 10 6M)2 Ka 4.0 10 10M 0.10M 8. Ka (4.2
Section 19.4
1. 2NaOH(aq) H2SO4(aq) y Na2SO4(aq) 2H2O(l) 0.75 mol H2SO4 1 L H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 0.021 mol NaOH 1 mol H2SO4
5. Al(OH)3(aq)
3HCl(aq) y AlCl3(aq) 1 mol Al(OH)3 78.0 g Al(OH)3
3H2O(l)
0.0550 g Al(OH)3 3 mol HCl 1 mol Al(OH)3 liters liters
0.014 L H2SO4
0.00212 mol HCl
moles 0.021 mol NaOH liters 0.038 L NaOH Molarity 0.55M NaOH 2. Ca(OH)2(aq) 2HC2H3O2(aq) y Ca(C2H3O2)2(aq) 2H2O(l) Molarity 0.0140 mol HC2H3O2 1 L HC2H3O2 1 mol Ca(OH)2 0.0142 L HC2H3O2 2 mol HC2H3O2 9.94 10 5 mol Ca(OH)2 0.0142 L HC2H3O2 9.94 Molarity 10
5
0.00212 mol HCl moles 0.200M HCl molarity 0.0106 L HCl 10.6 mL HCl
Section 19.5
1. CHO2 H 1 HCHO2 HCHO2 OH 1 CHO2 2. a. neutral solution b. acidic solution c. basic solution H2O
mol Ca(OH)2
1. C6H5COOH NaOH y C6H5COONa H2O One mole of sodium hydroxide will neutralize one mole of benzoic acid. 2. To determine the equivalence point, find the area of the titration curve where the pH changes abruptly when a small volume of NaOH is added. Locate the point on this steep portion of the curve equidistant between the two plateaus. The pH at the equivalence point is approximately 8.5; the solution is slightly basic. 3. Benzoic acid is a weak acid. The neutralization of a weak acid with a strong base, such as NaOH, produces a basic solution at the equivalence point. 4. 0.025 L 0.10 mol/L NaOH 0.0025 mol NaOH 5. The equivalence point occurs when the number of moles of NaOH added equals the number of moles of C6H5COOH originally present. Because NaOH is a strong base, each mole of NaOH added reacts with each mole of C6H5COOH present. Thus, at the equivalence point, [C6H5COOH] [NaOH] 0M and 0.0025 mol [C6H5COONa] 0.050M. 0.050 L 6. Based on the answers to questions 4 and 5, 0.0025 mol C6H5COOH were originally present in a volume of 25 mL. 0.0025 mol Thus, [C6H5COOH] 0.10M 0.025 L Answer Key 839
9.94 10 5 mol Ca(OH)2 0.0246 L Ca(OH)2
Molarity 0.00404M 3. Ca(OH)2(aq) H2SO4(aq) y CaSO4(aq) 0.0198 L Ca(OH)2 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1 mol H2SO4 1 mol Ca(OH)2
2H2O(l)
0.0100 mol Ca(OH)2 1 L Ca(OH)2 0.000198 mol H2SO4
0.000198 mol H2SO4 0.000198 mol H2SO4 moles Molarity 0.0124 L H2SO4 liters Molarity 0.0160M H2SO4 4. Ba(OH)2(aq) 2HCl(aq) y BaCl2(aq) 0.25 mol HCl 0.0122 L HCl 1 L HCl 1 mol Ba(OH)2 0.0122 L HCl 2 mol HC 0.0015 mol Ba(OH)2 liters liters 0.0015 mol Ba(OH)2 moles 0.12M Ba(OH)2 molarity 0.0125 L Ba(OH)2 13 mL Ba(OH)2
2H2O(l)
7. Because the equivalence point occurs between pH 6 and pH 11, phenolphthalein would be a good choice. A faint pink color should be detected at the equivalence point. Thymol blue might also be a good candidate. Students should draw a horizontal band on the graph encompassing the pH range 8-10 to show the region of the curve where phenolphthalein would be an effective indicator of neutralization. 8. C6H5COO H2O 1 C6H5COOH OH At the equivalence point, the benzoate ion establishes the equilibrium shown. The resulting solution is slightly basic because [OH ] > [H ]. [C6H5COOH][OH ] 9. Kb [C6H5COO ] 10. pH pOH 14 8.5 pOH 14 pOH 5.5 [OH ] 3.2 10 6M At the equivalence point [OH ] [C6H5COOH] 3.2 10 6M [C6H5COO ] 0.050M (3.2 10 6)2 Kb 2.0 10 10 (0.050)
Quiz for Chapter 19

1. b 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. b
Chapter 19 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i a j f 5. h 6. g 7. d 8. e 9. c 10. b
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. b d d a c d c 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. d a b d d d a 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. a d a c b
C. Problems
30. a. pH log[H ] 9, basic b. [H ] 1 10 4, pH 4, acidic c. pH 7, neutral 31. Kw [H ] [OH ] 1 10 14 Kw [H ] 1 10 12 [OH ] 2 [H ] 1 10 acidic 32. a. H2SO3 1 H HSO3 [H ] [HSO3 ] Ka [H2SO3] b. H NO3 31H [H ] [NO3 ] Ka [HNO3] 33. a. 2HBr b. 3H2SO4 34. a. basic b. neutral Mg(OH)2 y MgBr2 2H2O 6H2O
1. Hydronium ion. The other terms describe aqueous solutions based on their pH. 2. Acidic solution. Alkaline is another name for a basic solution and basic solutions would have a high hydroxide ion concentration. 3. Amphoteric. The other terms are theories used to classify acids and bases. 4. Lewis acid. The other terms refer to ways of describing acids and bases according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory. 5. Strong acids. Weak acids and bases are only partially ionized in aqueous solution. The dissociation constant reflects the fraction of a weak base or weak acid that is in ionized form. 6. hydrolyzing salt 8. equivalence point 7. neutral 9. buffer
2Al(OH)3 y Al2(SO4)3 c. acidic d. basic
D. Essay
35. Both acids and base, cause indicators to change colors and react with each other to form water and a salt. Acids taste sour; bases taste bitter. Bases feel slippery.
32. CuCl(s) y Cu (aq) Cl (aq) Ksp [Cu ][Cl ] 3.2 10 7 [Cu ][Cu ] 3.2 10 7 [Cu ]2 5.7 10 4M [Cu ]
Chapter 19 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. b g d a 5. 6. 7. 8. f c h k 9. i 10. j 11. e
D. Essay
33. The Brnsted-Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. According to the Lewis theory, acids are electron-pair acceptors, whereas bases are electron-pair donors.
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. c a b a a 34. pH log [H ] pH log [3.4 10 4] pH (log 3.4 log 10 4) pH [(0.53) ( 4)] pH [ 3.47] pH 3.47 The solution is acidic. 35. a. HF(aq); H2O(l); H3O (aq); F (aq) b. HCl(g); H2O(l); H3O (aq); Cl (aq) c. HC2H3O2(aq); H2O(l); H3O (aq); C2H3O2 (aq) 36. a. H ; I b. BCl3; NH3 37. HC2H3O2(aq) 1 H (aq) C2H3O2 (aq) [H ] [C2H3O2 ] 2.25 10 3M [HC2H3O2] 0.1000M 0.00225M [HC2H3O2] 0.09775M [H ][C2H3O2 ] Ka [HC2H3O2] [0.00225][0.00225] Ka [0.09775] Ka 5.18 10 5
B. Multiple Choice
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. b d a b c 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. b d a d a
C. Problems
27. Kw [H ][OH ] 1.0 10 14 (mol/L)2 [OH ] Kw/[H ] 1.0 10 14 (mol/L)2 [OH ] 1.0 10 9 mol/L Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. [OH ] 1.0 10 5 mol/L The solution is basic. a. [OH ] 1 10 11; 3; acidic b. [H ] 1 10 6 ; 6; acidic c. [H ] 1 10 7 ; 7; neutral [H ][I ] a. Ka [HI] [H ][HSO4 ] b. Ka [H2SO4] a. HF(aq) KOH(aq) y KF(aq) H2O(l) b. H2SO4(aq) 2LiOH(aq) y Li2SO4(aq) 2H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) 2KOH(aq) y K2SO4(aq) 2H2O(l) 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol H2SO4 0.35 mol KOH 2 mol KOH 0.18 mol H2SO4
28.
29.
30.
31.
Answer Key 841

Section 19.4 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids, page 617 Analysis
1 Yellow 4 Green 7 Blue 10 Blue 11 Blue 8 Blue 12 Blue 5 Blue 9 Blue 2 Yellow 6 Blue 3 Yellow
Section Review 20.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. redox away toward reduction 5. 6. 7. 8. oxidizing reduced reducing oxidized
Part B True-False
9. AT 10. AT 11. NT 12. NT
Part C Matching
13. e 14. b 15. f 16. c 17. a 18. d

19. Oxidation is the complete or partial loss of electrons. Reduction is the complete or partial gain of electrons. 20. The zinc metal, Zn, was oxidized and is the reducing agent. The copper ion, Cu2 , was reduced and is the oxidizing agent. 21. When oxygen and water attack iron, the iron atoms lose electrons as the iron begins to be oxidized. Since aluminum and zinc are better reducing agents than iron and are more easily oxidized, they immediately transfer electrons to the iron ions, reducing them back to neutral iron atoms.
Figure A 1. The pH solutions 1-3 are yellow. 2. The pH solutions 5-12 are blue. 3. The pH solution 4 is green, an intermediate between yellow and blue. 4. The conjugate acid, HBCG is yellow. 5. The conjugate base, BCG is blue. 6. An equal mixture of HBCG and BCG is green at pH 4.
Section Review 20.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. zero sign charge zero 5. 6. 7. 8. charge on the ion electron oxidation decrease
Youre the Chemist

1. Results will vary depending on the indicator chosen. 2. To measure the Ka of a colored weak acid, mix one drop of the weak acid with one drop of each pH 1-12 buffer solution. Look for the pH of the color change. This pH is the Ka of the acid.
Part B True-False
9. AT 10. AT 11. NT 12. NT 13. NT 14. NT 15. AT 16. AT
Part C Matching
17. e 18. h 19. d 20. a 21. g 22. c 23. f 24. i 25. b

26. An increase in the oxidation number of an atom indicates oxidation. A decrease in the oxidation number indicates reduction. 27. N is reduced ( 5 to 2); Br is oxidized ( 1 to 0) Mn is reduced ( 7 to 2); Cl is oxidized ( 1 to 0) N is reduced ( 5 to 2); Sb is oxidized (0 to 5) S is reduced ( 6 to 4); C is oxidized (0 to 4)
b. Fe2 Fe3 e and 6e 14H Cr2O72 2Cr3 7H2O; multiply the oxidation reaction by 6 14H 6Fe2 Cr2O72 6Fe2 2Cr3 7H2O
Practice Problems
Section 20.1
1. Sr: O2: 2. Li: S: 3. Cs: Br2: 4. Mg: N2: 5. Fe: O2: 6. Br : Cl2: 7. Si: F2 8. Ca: O2 9. Mg: H : 10. Na: H2O: oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent)
Section Review 20.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. oxidation number half-reaction balanced ionic 5. two 6. added 7. ionic
Part B True-False
8. AT 9. AT 10. AT 11. NT 12. NT 13. NT
Part C Matching
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 14. c 15. a 16. f 17. b 18. e 19. d 20. g

21. a. HNO3 y NO; N changes 5 to 2, a gain of 3e ; multiply by 2 2HI y I2; I changes from 1 to 0, a loss of 2e for I2; multiply by 3 2HNO3 6HI y 2NO 3I2 4H2O b. HNO3 y NO2; N changes 5 to 4, a gain of 1e ; multiply by 10 I2 y 2HIO3; I changes from 0 to 5, a loss of 10e for I2 10HNO3 I2 y 2HIO3 10NO2 4H2O 22. a. S2 S 2e and 3e 4H NO3 NO 2H2O; Multiply the oxidation reaction by 3 and the reduction reaction by 2. 3H2S 2HNO3 3S 2NO 4H2O
Section 20.2
1. a. Sn is tin in an uncombined state. The oxidation number is 0. b. The ionic charge on potassium is 1 , thus the oxidation number is 1. c. The ionic charge on sulfur is 2 , thus the oxidation number is 2. d. The ionic charge on iron is 3 , thus the oxidation number is 3. e. Se is selenium in an uncombined state. The oxidation number is 0 f. The ionic charge on magnesium is 2 , thus the oxidation number is 2. g. The ionic charge on tin is 4 , thus the oxidation number is 4.
Answer Key 843
h. The ionic charge on bromine is 1 , thus the oxidation number is 1. 2. a. 3 c. 2 b. 6 d. 6 3. a. C H2SO4 y CO2 SO2 H2O Carbon is oxidized (0 y 4). Sulfur is reduced ( 6 y 4). b. HNO3 HI y NO I2 H2O Nitrogen is reduced ( 5 y 2). Iodide ion is oxidized ( 1 y 0).
1 7 2 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 1 6 2 4 2 4 2 1 2
f. Increase in oxidation number of iodine ion 1; decrease in oxidation number of iodine 7. KIO4 7KI 8HCl y 8KCl 4I2 4H2O g. Increase in oxidation number of zinc 2; decrease in oxidation number of chromium 3. 3Zn 2Cr2O72 28H y 3Zn2 4Cr3 14H2O 2 3 2. a. Fe y Fe e 5e 8H MnO4 y Mn2 4H2O 2 4 b. Sn y Sn 2e 6H 6e IO3 I 3H2O c. S2 S 2e 3e 4H NO3 y NO 2H2O 2 d. 4OH Mn MnO2 2H2O 2e 2e H2O H2O2 H2O 2OH 3. a. 2OH Zn HgO y ZnO22 Hg H2O 2 b. 8H 5Fe MnO4 y 5Fe3 Mn2 4H2O 2 4 c. 6H 3Sn IO3 y 3Sn I 3H2O 2 d. 8H 3S 2NO3 y 3S 2NO 4H2O e. 2OH Mn2 H2O2 MnO2 2H2O f. 2OH CrO2 ClO y CrO42 Cl H2O
c. KMnO4 HClyMnCl2 Cl2 H2O Manganese is reduced ( 7 y 2). Chloride ion is oxidized ( 1 y 0). d. Sb HNO3 y Sb2O5 NO H2O Antimony is oxidized (0 y 5). Nitrogen is reduced ( 5 y 2). 4. a. Oxidizing agent is sulfur; Reducing agent is carbon. b. Oxidizing agent is nitrogen; Reducing agent is iodine. c. Oxidizing agent is manganese; Reducing agent is chlorine. d. Oxidizing agent is nitrogen; Reducing agent is antimony.
0 1 5 2 5 2 2 2 1 2
KCl
Section 20.3
1. a. Increase in oxidation number of carbon 4; decrease in oxidation number of sulfur 2. C 2H2SO4 y CO2 2SO2 2H2O b. Increase in oxidation number of sulfur 2; decrease in oxidation number of nitrogen 3. 3H2S 2HNO3 y 3S 2NO 4H2O c. Increase in oxidation number of iodine ion 1; decrease in oxidation number of nitrogen 3. 2HNO3 6HI y 2NO 3I2 4H2O d. Increase in oxidation number of antimony 5; decrease in oxidation number of nitrogen 3. 6Sb 10HNO3 y 3Sb2O5 10NO 5H2O e. Increase in oxidation number of chlorine ion 1; decrease in oxidation number of manganese 5. 2KMnO4 16HCl y 2MnCl2 5Cl2 8H2O 2KCl
1. a. 3 b. 2 c. 3 2. MnO4 d. 2 e. 4 f. 1 8H
5Fe2 y Mn2 4H2O 5Fe3 3. The end point occurs when the number of equivalents of MnO4 added equals the number of equivalents of Fe2 originally present in the reaction flask. One equivalent is the amount of reducing agent (or oxidizing agent) that can give (or accept) one mole of electrons. When all the Fe2 in the flask is oxidized, the next drop of MnO4 remains unreacted, and the solution in the flask turns light purple, signaling the end point of the titration. 4. Volume KMnO4 Initial Volume Final Volume 48.65 mL 23.35 mL 25.30 mL 0.0200 mol Moles MnO4 0.02530 L L 4 Moles MnO4 5.06 10 mol MnO4
Moles iron(II) 5.06 10 4 mol MnO4 5 mol Fe2 2.53 10 3 mol Fe2 1 mol MnO4 Mass Fe 2.53 10 3 mol Fe2 55.85 g Fe2 0.141 g 1 mol Fe2 0.141 g % Fe in ore 100% 4.80% 2.938 g
C. Questions
27. a. Na oxidized, reducing agent; Br2 reduced, oxidizing agent b. S reduced, oxidizing agent; K oxidized, reducing agent 28. 2Cr 3Br2 y 2Cr3 6Br 29. a. Li 1, Al 3, F 1 b. Na 1, O 2 c. S 0 (element) 30. Oxidation-number change method:
2 3 2 ( 3) 2 2 6 0 4 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. oxidizing agent oxidation-number-change method reduction half-reaction method oxidation number reducing agent half-reaction oxidation-reduction reaction oxidation redox reaction
Fe2O3
CO y Fe
3 ( 2) 6
CO2
Fe2O3 3CO y 2Fe 3CO2 Half-reaction method: 6H Fe2O3 6e y 2Fe 3H2O 3(H2O CO y CO2 2H 2e ) 6H Fe2O3 6e 3H2O 3CO y 2Fe 3H2O 3CO2 6H 6e Fe2O3 3CO y 2Fe 3CO2
Quiz for Chapter 20

1. b 2. a 3. b Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. c 8. d
D. Essay
31. An oxidation number is assigned to an element in a compound according to a set of arbitrary rules. The oxidation number of an element in an uncombined state is zero. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is the same in magnitude and sign as the ionic charge. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements in a neutral compound is zero. In a polyatomic ion, however, the sum is equal to the charge on the ion. Oxidation numbers help keep track of electrons in redox reactions. An oxidation-number increase is oxidation. A decrease is reduction.
Chapter 20 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. d j f a 5. 6. 7. 8. i g e b 9. c 10. h
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. b d c b a b 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. c c a a c b 23. 24. 25. 26. d c c c
Chapter 20 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e f d g 5. 6. 7. 8. i a c h 9. b 10. j
Answer Key 845
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. d a a d d b 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. a b c c b b 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. d c d b b a
D. Essay
33. Since oxidation is the loss of electrons, it can only occur in the presence of another substance that will accept the lost electrons. The accepting substance gains electrons, and thus, undergoes reduction. In other words, a loss of electrons can only occur if a gain takes place concurrently.
C. Questions
29. a. b. c. d. 30. a. b. c. d. K; I; I2; K Na; H; H2O; Na H; Cu; CuO; H2 Mg; Cu; Cu(NO3)2; Mg K2SO4 1, 6, 2 Cu(NO3)2 2, 5, 2 HAsO3 1, 5, 2 MnO4 7, 2
3 ( 1) 3

Section 20.3 Half Reactions, page 655 Analysis
HCl HNO3 H2SO4
Zn
Bubbles
Bubbles
Bubbles
31. a. 4HNO3
3Ag y 3AgNO3
1 1 ( 3) ( 2) 2 3
NO
2H2O
Mg Bubbles Bubbles Bubbles
b. Br2
SO2
2H2O y H2SO4
2 ( 1) 2
2HBr
Cu No visible reaction No visible reaction No visible reaction
32. a. HNO2 HI y I2 NO H2O H (aq) NO2 (aq) H (aq) I (aq) y I2(aq) NO(g) H2O(l) Oxidation: 2I (aq) y I2 2e Reduction: 2[2H (aq) NO2 (aq) 1e y NO H2O] 4H 2NO2 2e y 2NO 2H2O 4H 2I 2NO2 y I2 2NO H2O Final: 2HNO2 2HI y I2 2NO 2H2O b. K2Cr2O7 FeCl2 HCl y CrCl3 KCl FeCl3 H2O 2K (aq) Cr2O72 (aq) Fe2 (aq) 2Cl 2K (aq) H (aq) Cl (aq) y Cr3 (aq) 3Cl (aq) K (aq) Cl (aq) y Cr3 (aq) Fe3 (aq) 3Cl (aq) H2O Oxidation: 6[Fe2 y Fe2 1e ] 6 Reduction: 2Cr 6e y 2Cr3 6Fe2 2Cr6 y 6Fe3 2Cr3 Final: K2Cr2O7 6FeCl2 14HCl y 2CrCl3 2KCl 6FeCl3 7H2O
Fe
Bubbles
Bubbles
Bubbles
Figure A
1. Mg is most reactive because it bubbles most vigorously. Cu did not react. The order of reactivity is Mg Zn Fe Cu. 2. H2(g) is the gas produced all the reactions. 3. Mg(s) Mg(s) Fe(s) Fe(s) 2HCl(aq) H2(g) 2H (aq) H2(g) 2HCl(aq) H2(g) 2H (aq) H2(g) MgCl2(aq) Mg2 (aq) FeCl2(aq) Fe2 (aq)
All are redox reactions because the oxidation number of reactants change. 4. Mg(s) Mg2 (aq) Fe(s) Fe (aq)
2
2e 2e 2e
5. 2H
2e H2(g). Mg(s) Mg2 (aq)
Mg(s)
2H (aq) H2(g)
Mg2 (aq)
Section Review 21.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. electric potential electrons cell potential standard hydrogen electrode 0.00 V less spontaneous
Youre the Chemist

1. Add a drop of any acid to the damaged part of the penny and notice that only the zinc interior reacts. 2. Many toilet-bowl cleaners and vinegar dissolve metals. Keep products containing acids away from metal pipes and fixtures.
Section Review 21.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. electrochemical process electrons voltaic cells salt bridge ions anode cathode
Part B True-False
8. NT 9. ST 10. NT 11. NT
Part C Matching
12. b 13. d 14. f 15. c 16. a 17. e
Part D Problem
18. Oxidation: Mg y Mg2 2e Reduction: 2e Cl2 y 2Cl Redox: Mg Cl2 y Mg2 2Cl 0 0 0 Ecell Ered Eoxid E0 E0 2 E0 cell Cl Mg E0 1.36 V ( 2.37 V) cell E0 3.73 V cell
Part B True-False
8. NT 9. AT 10. NT 11. ST
Part C Matching
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 12. g 13. f 14. d 15. b 16. c 17. e 18. a
Part D Problem
19. The shorthand notation Mg(s) | MgSO4(aq) || PbSO4(aq) | Pb(s) represents a magnesiumlead voltaic cell. The single vertical lines indicate boundaries of phases that are in contact, and the double vertical lines represent the salt bridge that separates the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. In this electrochemical cell, Mg is oxidized to Mg2 at the anode (the negative electrode) and Pb2 is reduced to Pb at the cathode (the positive electrode). Electrons flow from the anode, through an external circuit (connected to a light bulb or voltmeter), to the cathode. To complete the circuit, sulfate (SO42 ) anions move from the cathode compartment to the anode compartment, and magnesium and sodium cations move from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment. Check students diagrams.
Section Review 21.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. electrolysis electrolytic cell electrons battery 5. 6. 7. 8. electrolyte hydrogen/oxygen oxygen/hydrogen hydrogen gas
Part B True-False
9. NT 10. ST 11. ST 12. AT
Part C Matching
13. b 14. d 15. e 16. c 17. a
Answer Key 847

18. In electrolytic cells, electrical energy is used to bring about a normally nonspontaneous chemical reaction. In a voltaic cell, chemical energy is converted to electrical energy by a spontaneous redox reaction. Electrolytic cells are used in electroplating, in refining metals, and in the production of substances such as sodium hydroxide, aluminum, sodium, and chlorine. Voltaic cells are used in pacemakers, hearing aids, and cameras. 19.
DC e e
2. a. E0 0.14 V ( 2.90 V) 2.76 V; cell spontaneous b. E0 0.80 V 1.36 V 0.56 V; cell nonspontaneous c. E0 2.87 V ( 0.76 V) 3.63 V; cell spontaneous d. E0 0.28 V ( 3.05 V) 2.77 V; cell spontaneous e. E0 2.93 V 0.54 V 3.47 V; cell nonspontaneous
1. 2. 3. 4. anode( ) cathode( ) electrorefining a. The anode( ) of the electrolytic cell should be connected to the positive( ) terminal of the battery. The cathode( ) of the electrolytic cell should be connected to the negative( ) terminal of the battery. b. The anode of the electrolytic cell is connected to the cathode of the battery. The cathode of the electrolytic cell is connected to the anode of the battery. Oxidation occurs at the anode, labeled number 1 in the diagram. Reduction occurs at the cathode, labeled number 2 in the diagram. Students should indicate the flow of electrons out of the anode( ) and into the cathode( ). The voltage should be great enough to oxidize copper metal at the anode and reduce copper(II) ions at the cathode, but not high enough to oxidize other metals at the anode and reduce them at the cathode. The voltage should be greater than 0.34 V but less than 0.44 V. a. gold, silver, and platinum b. Zn2 and Fe2 c. copper
Cathode
Anode
Ag
Solution of silver ions
Anode (oxidation): Ag(s) y Ag (aq) e Cathode (reduction): Ag (aq) e y Ag(s)
Practice Problems
Section 21.2
1. a. Cl2(g) + Mg(s) y 2Cl (aq) + Mg2 (aq) E0 1.36 V ( 2.37 V) 3.73 V cell cathode: Cl2(g) 2e y 2Cl (aq) b. 2Ag (aq) Ni(s) y Ni2 (aq) 2Ag(s) E0 0.80 V ( 0.25 V) 1.05 V cell cathode: Ag (aq) e y Ag(s) c. 2MnO4 (aq) 16H (aq) 5Cd(s) y 5Cd2 (aq) 2Mn2 (aq) 8H2O(l) E0 1.51 V ( 0.40 V) 1.91 V cell cathode: MnO4 (aq) 8H (aq) 5e y Mn2 (aq) 4H2O(l) d. Br2 2Na(s) y 2Na (aq) 2Br (aq) E0 1.07 V ( 2.71 V) 3.78 V cell cathode: Br2(l) 2e y 2Br (aq) e. MnO2(s) 4H (aq) H2(g) y 2H (aq) Mn2 (aq) 2H2O(l) E0 1.28 V 0.00 V 1.28 V cell cathode: MnO2(s) + 4H (aq) 2e y Mn2 (aq) 2H2O(l)
5.
6. 7.
8.
1. voltaic cell 2. fuel cell 3. electrochemical cell 4. electrochemical process 5. cathode 6. reduction potential Solution: aluminum
Quiz for Chapter 21

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. NT AT NT AT ST NT 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. NT AT AT ST NT AT 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. NT AT NT AT AT NT
F. Additional Questions
33. The negative value means that the tendency for zinc ions to be reduced is less than that of hydrogen ions to be reduced, so zinc metal is oxidized when paired with the standard hydrogen half-cell. 34. The reduction potential of a half-cell is a measure of the tendency of a given halfreaction to occur as a reduction. 35. a. Ni2 (aq) 2e y Ni(s) E0 0.25 V Zn2 (aq) 2e y Zn(s) E0 0.76 V 0 0 0 Ecell Ered Eoxid E0 0.76 V ( 0.25 V) cell 0 Ecell 0.51 V This reaction is not spontaneous. b. 2[Al3 (aq) 3e y Al(s)] E0 1.66 V 2 3[Co (aq) 2e y Co(s)] E0 0.28 V 0 0 0 Ecell Ered Eoxid E0 1.66 V ( 0.28 V) cell 0 Ecell 1.38 V This reaction is not spontaneous.
Chapter 21 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. b h d c 5. 6. 7. 8. j g i e 9. f 10. a
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. d b c c c 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a d c a a 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. c c a a c
Chapter 21 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. h d f i 5. 6. 7. 8. c g j e 9. b 10. a
C. True-False
26. NT 27. NT Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 28. AT 29. NT 30. NT
D. Question
31.
e
e
Salt bridge
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. c d b c d a 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. d a d c b c 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. b a b c d
Anode
Cathode
E. Essay
32. In both voltaic and electrolytic cells, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode. In the voltaic cell, the cathode is positive and the anode is negative. In the electrolytic cell, the anode is positive and the cathode is negative.
C. True-False
28. NT 29. NT 30. AT 31. AT 32. AT 33. ST
Answer Key 849
D. Question
34.
e
e
Salt bridge Cu Anode Cu(NO3)2 (aq) Ag Cathode AgNO3 (aq)
35. Cu(s) y Cu2 (aq) 2e 2Ag (aq) 2e y 2Ag(s) Net: Cu(s) 2Ag (aq) y Cu2 (aq) E0 E0 E0 cell red oxid E0 0.80 V ( 0.34 V) cell 0.46 V E0 cell
2Ag(s)
E. Essay
36. In both voltaic and electrolytic cells, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit, reduction occurs at the cathode, and oxidation occurs at the anode. However, while the flow of electrons in a voltaic cell is caused by a spontaneous chemical reaction, in an electrolytic cell the flow of electrons is being pushed by an outside source such as a battery. Additionally, while the anode is the negative electrode and the cathode is the positive electrode in a voltaic cell, the reverse is true in an electrolytic cellthe anode in an electrolytic cell is the positive electrode and the cathode is negative.
F. Additional Questions
37. Since Al is above Pb in the reduction potential table, Al is oxidized and Pb is reduced. Thus, the two half-cell reactions are as follows: 2[Al(s) y Al3 (aq) 3e ] 3[Pb2 (aq) 2e y Pb(s)] Net: 2Al(s) 3Pb2 (aq) y 2Al3 (aq) 3Pb(s) E0 E0 E0 cell red oxid E0 0.13 V ( 1.66 V) cell E0 1.53 V cell 38. a. The half-reactions are: Oxidation: Na(s) y Na (aq) e E0 2.71 V
Reduction: Cu2 (aq) 2e y Cu(s) E0 0.34 V 0 Ecell E0 E0 red oxid E0 0.34 V ( 2.71 V) cell E0 3.05 V cell Since the standard cell potential is positive, the redox reaction will be spontaneous. b. The half-reactions are: Oxidation: Ag(s) y Ag (aq) e E0 0.80 V Reduction: Mg2 (aq) 2e y Mg(s) E0 2.37 V 0 Ecell E0 E0 red oxid E0 2.37 V ( 0.80 V) cell E0 3.17 V cell Since the standard cell potential is negative, the redox reaction will be nonspontaneous. c. The half-reactions are: Oxidation: Al(s) y Al3 (aq) 3e E0 1.66 V Reduction: Zn2 (aq) 2e y Zn(s) E0 0.76 V 0 Ecell E0 E0 red oxid E0 0.76 V ( 1.66 V) cell E0 0.90 V cell Since the standard cell potential is positive, the redox reaction will be spontaneous. 39. Reaction 1: since Z is oxidized and X2 is reduced, Z appears above X in the activity series. Reaction 2: since W is not oxidized in the presence of X2 , W should appear below X. Reaction 3: since Y is oxidized and Z2 is reduced, Y appears above Z. The elements should be listed as follows: Y, Z, X, and W.

Section 21.3 Electrolysis of Water, page 684 Analysis
H2O No visible reaction Na2SO4 Bubbles at both the anode and cathode Figure A 1. Pure water has too few ions to carry an electric current. 2. Sodium sulfate is an electrolyte. It dissociates into ions in solution, which carry an electric current through the solution. 3. The bubbles are H2(g) and the blue BTB solution indicates the presence of OH ions. 4. The bubbles are O2(g) and H ions in solution impart the yellow color to the BTB solution. 5. 2H2O 2e H2(g) H2O O2(g)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2. NaCl: Cathode: 2H2O 2e H2(g) Bubbles, blue BTB Anode: 2Cl Cl2(aq) 2e Yellow solution. KBr: Cathode: 2H2O 2e H2(g) Bubbles, blue BTB Anode: 2Br Br2(aq) 2e Yellow solution. CuSO4: Cathode: Cu2 2e H2(g) Copper plates out. Anode: H2O 1 O2(g) 2H 2 Bubbles, yellow BTB 3. 2H2O
1 2
2OH
Na2SO4
BTB
2OH
Anode area turns yellow, cathode area turns blue
2OH 2e Eo
2e H2(g) 2H 2e
2OH 2e
0.00 V 0.82 V 0.54 V
H2O O2(g) 2I I2(aq)
I is more likely to oxidize (lose electrons) than H2O because it has a more favorable (more positive) Eo value.
2OH 2H 2OH 2H2O 2e 2H
Section Review 22.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. carbon organic hydrocarbons four single 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. straight branches alkyl longest parent
3H2O H2(g) Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 3H2O H2(g) H2O H2(g)
O2(g) O2(g)
O2(g)
Youre the Chemist

1. KI KI starch KI BTB Bubbles at Bubbles at Bubbles and the cathode. the cathode. blue soln at Yellow soln Black solution the cathode. at the anode. at the anode. Yellow soln at the anode. Figure B The bubbles are H2(g) and the blue solution indicates of the presence of OH ions. The yellow solution is I2(aq), which is black in the presence of starch.
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. ST 13. AT 14. ST 15. AT
Part C Matching
16. d 17. a 18. e 19. f 20. b 21. c

22. 2,2-dimethylbutane 23. a. 16 b. 16 24. CH3
@ CH3 CH3 CH2 @ @ @ CH3 2 C 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ CH3
Answer Key 851
Section 22.2
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. unsaturated double triple longest double 6. 7. 8. 9. alkane -ene double bond -yne
Part D Problems
25. CH3 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH3 CH3 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ CH3 CH3 @ CH3 2 C 2 CH3 @ CH3 26. Carbon 2 is the asymmetric carbon. 27. CH3 CH2 H % ^ C3C ^ % CH2 CH3 H trans-3-hexene
Part B True-False
10. NT 11. ST 12. AT 13. ST
Part C Matching
14. c 15. d 16. a 17. b

18. 3-methyl-2-hexene 19. 2,3,4,5-tetramethylnonane 20. 4-methyl-1-hexene CH3 21.
CH3 CH2 H
% ^ C3C ^ %
CH2 CH3 H
cis-3-hexene
@ CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 @ @ @ @ CH3 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH 2 C 4 C 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH3
Section 22.4
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cyclic aromatic six hydrogen double resonance 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Methylbenzene xylenes ortho, o meta, m para, p
Section 22.3
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. molecular structures butane properties Geometric cis 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. trans stereoisomer asymmetric optical mirror superimposed
Part B True-False
12. ST 13. AT 14. ST 15. AT 16. ST
Part B True-False
13. NT 14. ST 15. NT 16. AT
Part C Matching
17. d 18. a 23. a 24. g 19. c 20. b
Part C Matching
17. h 18. e 19. d 20. c 21. f 22. b

21. 2 CH2CH2CH3
22. CH2 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH3 @
23. a. cyclooctane b. 1,3-diethylbenzene or m-diethylbenzene
Section 22.2
1. 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexene 2. 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyne 3. 1-pentyne: CH CCH2CH2CH3 2-pentyne: CH3C CCH2CH3 3-methyl-1-butyne: CH 4 C 2 CH 2 CH3 @ CH3 4. a. CH2 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH 2 CH3 @ @ CH3 CH3 b. CH2 3 CH 2 CH2 2 CH 2 CH3 @ CH3 c. CH3 @ CH 4 C 2 C 2 CH3 @ CH3
Section 22.5
Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. natural gas coal methane aliphatic distillation 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. boiling point lignite bituminous anthracite aromatic
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. NT 13. AT 14. ST
Part C Matching
15. b 16. d 17. e 18. c 19. a
Part D Problems
20. 2C5H12(l) 21. 2C6H6 11O2(g) 10CO(g) 6H2O 12H2O(g) 15O2 12CO2
Section 22.3
1. cis-2-pentene 2. trans-6-methyl-3-heptene 3. CH3 H % ^ C3C ^ % CH2 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH3 H 4. a, d 5. Carbon 3 is the asymmetric carbon. 6. a, c
Practice Problems
Section 22.1
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. 5-ethyl-3,3,5-trimethyloctane 2. 3-ethyl-2,3,5,5-tetramethylheptane 3. a. CH3 @ CH3 2 CH 2 C 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ @ CH3 CH2 @ CH3
Section 22.4
1. 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene 2. 5-phenyl-2-hexene CH3 3. a. @ CH % ^ CH2 CH2 @ @ CH2 CH % ^ % CH2 CH3 b. H % ^ C3C ^ % H
b. CH3 2 CH2 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ @ CH2 CH2 @ @ CH3 CH3 c.

CH3 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ @ @ @ CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
4. heptane:
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
octane:
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
5. 19
c. CH3 2 CH2 2
2 CH2 2 CH3
Answer Key 853
Section 22.5
1. 2C8H18 25O2 y 16CO2 18H2O 2. The refining process yields fractions that differ with respect to the length of the carbon chains. Natural gas contains mainly low molar mass, straight-chain alkanes methane, ethane, propane, and butane. Gasoline is composed of alkanes with five to twelve carbon atoms. Kerosene is composed of alkanes with twelve to fifteen carbon atoms.
11. 2,5,7-trimethyl-3-octene 12. H H @ H @ @ @ @ @ @ 2C2C2C2C2C2H @ @ @ @ @ H H H H H
Chapter 22 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. g i a h 5. d 6. c 7. f 8. e 9. j 10. b
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. A C 3,3-dimethylpentane D and F; cis-2-pentene and trans-2-pentene E; 2-phenylbutane; C-2 is asymmetric 22 10 Compounds A (2-phenylpropane) and E (2-phenylbutane) are aromatic compounds. 9. Compounds D and F are geometric isomers. Like all isomers, they are different compounds with different properties. Thus, the boiling points of compounds D and F are not expected to be the same. (In fact, the boiling points of trans-2-pentene and cis-2pentene are 36.3 C and 36.9 C respectively, a small but measurable difference.)
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c c a b d 16. 17. 18. 19. c c d a 20. 21. 22. 23. a c c b
C. Problems
24. 2-methyl-2-phenylbutane 25.
CH3 @ H H H H H H @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ H 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 H and H 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 H @ @ @ @ @ @ @ H H H H H H H
26.
1. alkynes 2. substituent 3. cis configuration 4. homologous series 5. cracking 6. arene 7. stereoisomers 8. saturated compounds Solution: hydrocarbons
CH3 @ CH3 CH2 CH3 @ @ @ CH3 2 C 3 CH 2 C 2 CH2 2 CH 2 CH3 19O2(g) 12CO2(g) 14H2O(l)
27. 2C6H14(l)
D. Essay
28. 1. Find the root word (ending in -ane) in the hydrocarbon name. Then draw the longest carbon chain to form the parent structure. 2. Number the carbons in the chain. 3. Identify the substituent groups. Attach the substituents to the numbered chain at the proper positions. 4. Add hydrogens as needed so that each carbon added has four bonds. 8. AT 9. ST 10. AT
Chapter 22 Quiz
1. 2. 3. 4. ST NT NT AT 5. NT 6. NT 7. NT
29. Carbon 3 is asymmetric.
30. CH3 H CH3 H % ^ C3C ^ % % ^ C3C ^ %
CH3 @ CH 2 CH2 2 CH3 H H CH 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ CH3
c.
CH3 @ CH2 CH3 CH3 @ @ @ CH3 2 C 4 C 2 CH 2 C 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH3 @ @ CH2 CH2 @ CH3
F. True-False
31. AT 32. AT 33. AT 34. NT
40. a. 3,5-diethyl-4-methylheptane b. 3-ethyl-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene c. 6,7-diethyl-2,8-dimethyl-5-propyl-3decyne 41. a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane b. CH3 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH3
@ CH3
Chapter 22 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. b i f g 5. h 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. j 10. e
2-methylbutane CH3 c. @ CH3 2 C 2 CH3 @ CH3 2,2-dimethylpropane H CH3 42. CH3 CH ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 C3C C3C % % % % H CH3 H H trans-2-butene cis-2-butene
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. d c b b c d 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. b d d d b c 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. c d a d b d
E. Essay
43. a. hexane C6H14 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. 2-hexene C6H12 CH3CH CHCH2CH2CH3 c. 2-hexyne C6H10 CH3C CCH2CH2CH3 The number of hydrogen atoms decreases when carbon atoms form double or triple bonds in the alkene and alkyne, respectively. The number of hydrogen atoms is at a maximum in the unsaturated alkane.
C. True-False
29. 30. 31. 32. AT AT NT AT 33. AT 34. AT 35. AT 36. NT 37. NT 38. ST
D. Problems
39. a. CH3 CH3 @ @ CH3 2 CH 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH3 CH3 CH3 @ @ CH3 2 C 3 C 2 C 2 CH2 2 CH3 @ CH2 @ CH3
44. Carbon 3 is asymmetric because there are four different groups attached to ita methyl, an ethyl, propyl groups, plus a 3carbon branched chain. 45. a. ethylbenzene b. 2,3-dimethyl-3-phenylhexane
b.
Answer Key 855
Chapter 22 Small-Scale Labs

Section 22.3 Hydrocarbon Isomers, page 708 Analyze
1. H H H H H @ @ @ @ @ H2C2C2C2C2C2H @ @ @ @ @ H H H H H
pentane 2,2-dimethylbutane
2.
H CH2CH2CH3 1-pentene CH3 ^ ^ C3C % % H
H @ ^ C3C % %
H H H H @ @ @ @ H2C2C2C2C2H @ @ @ @ @ H H H @ H2C2H @ H
2-methylbutane
H CH2CH3 trans-2-pentene CH3 ^ ^ C3C % % CH2CH3
H H cis-2-pentene H ^ ^ C3C % % CH3CH2 H 2-methyl-1-butene CH3 H ^ ^ H C ^ % ^ C3C CH3 % % H H 3-methyl-1-butene H ^ C 3 C 2 CH3 % @ H CH2CH3 2-ethyl-1-propene CH3
H @ H2C2H @ H2C2C2C2H @ H2C2H @ H

2, 2-dimethylpropane
2. To find the number of hydrogen atoms on any carbon of a line-angle formula, count the number of lines drawn to any point and subtract from four. 3. CH CH CH CH 3 2 2 3
butane
CH3CHCH3 CH3
methylpropane
Section Review 23.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2-methylpentane
Youre the Chemist

1.
hexane
functional reactive/functional alkenes alkynes Halocarbons
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
substitution hydrogen bromine alcohol salt
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. NT 13. ST 14. AT
3-methylpentane 2,3-dimethylbutane
Part C Matching
15. d 16. b 17. a 18. c
Section Review 23.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. oxygen double ketones/carboxylic acids ketones/carboxylic acids aldehyde carboxylic acid formaldehyde carboxylic acids esters propanol oxidationreduction potassium dichromate
Part D Problems
19. a. b. c. d. 20. a. hydroxyl carbonyl carbonyl carboxyl CH3 @ ^ Cl b.
Cl @ CH3 C CH2 CH2 CH3 @ Cl
Section Review 23.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Alcohols 7. hydration primary 8. water secondary 9. hydrogenation tertiary 10. alkane secondary 11. ethers hydrogen bonding 12. lower
Part B True-False
14. AT 15. NT 16. NT 17. AT
Part C Matching
18. c 19. d 20. e 21. b 22. a
Part B True-False
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 13. AT 14. NT 15. AT 16. NT

23.
OH O O @ # # K2 Cr2 O7 oxidation R 2 C 2 H uuuy R 2 C 2 H uuuy R 2 C 2 OH 2H H2 SO4 @ H alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid OH O @ # oxidation R 2 C 2 R uuuy R 2 C 2 R 2H @ H alcohol ketone
Part C Matching
17. e 18. a 19. d 20. b 21. c
Part D Problems
22. a. tertiary b. primary 23. a. H H @ @ CH3 2 C 2 C 2 CH3 @ @ H H b. OH H @ @ CH3 2 C 2 C 2 H @ @ H H
24. 3hexanone
Section Review 23.4

Part A Completion
1. polymer 2. Addition 3. Condensation 4. Polyethylene 5. polyesters 6. length
Part B True-False
7. ST 8. AT 9. NT 10. AT 11. AT
Answer Key 857
Part C Matching
12. b 13. c 14. d 15. e 16. a
2. dipropyl ether: CH3 CH2 CH2 2 O 2 CH2 CH2 CH3 2-methyl-1-butanol:

17. x H H % ^ C3C uuy H ^ % H H CH2 2 CH2 H x
CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH2 OH H 2,3-butanediol: CH3 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH3 @ @ OH OH 2,3-butanediol is expected to be most soluble due to its two 2OH groups, which can form hydrogen bonds with water. 3. a. CH3 CH2 CH 3 CH2 HCl uy CH3 CH2 CH CH3
@ Cl
@ @
18. Polyesters are polymers consisting of many repeating units of dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy alcohols joined by ester bonds. Dacron is one example of a polyester.
Practice Problems
Section 23.1
1. a. ether c. halogen b. carboxyl d. hydroxyl 2. They are all halocarbons. a. m-bromobenzene b. 1-bromo-1-chloroethane c. chloroethene (vinyl chloride) CH3 3. a. CH3 % CH 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 OH ^ NaBr
b.
Br2 uuuy
catalyst
Br HBr
4. a. addition
b. substitution
Section 23.3
1. a. b. c. d. e. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. benzaldehyde 2-butanone 3-methylpentanoic acid ethyl butanoate 3-phenyl-2-propenal ethanal (acetaldehyde) propane 1-butanol 2-pentanone octanoic acid 1-butene or 2-butene
% CH 2 OH ^ O # CH3 CH2 CH2 C % OH
b. CCl4 4HCl 4. a. ^ Br @ CH2 CH3 b. CH3 CH2 CH2 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 CH2 Br @ @ CH3 CH3
Section 23.2
1. a. b. c. d. 2-butanol; secondary ethylphenyl ether 3-methyl-1-butanol; primary 1-pentanol; primary
4. a. CH3
CH3
O # uy CH3 CH2 CH2 C %

H
CH ^ 3 O 2 CH % CH3
H2O
b.
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
K2Cr2 O7 uuuy H2 SO4
O # CH3 CH2 CH2 C % OH
5. a. esterification b. oxidation-reduction; 1butanol is oxidized to butanoic acid.
Section 23.4
1. propene (propylene) CH3 @ xCH2 3 CH polypropylene CH3 @ CH2 2 CH
x
b.
Log (absorbance) 1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200 Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
tetrafluoroethene xCF2 3 CF2 polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) CF2 2 CF2

x
0.000
c. Answers will vary slightly. slope 0.157 min 1 k 0.157 min 1 2.303 k 0.362 min
1
Polypropylene is used extrensively in utensils and containers. Polytetrafluoroethene, also known as Teflon, is used to coat nonstick cookware and to make bearings and bushings in chemical reactors. 2. O # C2 O # 2 C 2 O 2 CH2 CH2 2 O
x
1. functional group 2. aryl halides 3. substitution reaction 4. alcohols 5. hydration reactions 6. hydrogenation 7. ketones Solution: aspirin
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is formed from the condensation of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. One molecule of water is lost for each bond formed. Because the repeating units are joined by ester bonds, PET is a polyester.
1. Only primary and secondary alcohols are oxidized by dichromate ion. Tertiary alcohols, such as 2-methyl-2-propanol, are not expected to react. Table 1 shows a change in absorbance values with time, which indicates a reaction between ethanol, a primary alcohol, and the oxidizing agent. The data in Table 2 show no change even after five minutes. (The slight fluctuation is due to random electronic noise in the instrument.) 2. This tertiary alcohol serves as a negative control Investigators use negative and positive controls to check that a chemical assay is functioning properly.
2 2 7 3. a. CH3CH2OH uuuuy CH3CHO H2 SO4
Quiz for Chapter 23

1. H @ I2 y 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. NT AT ST AT AT 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. NT NT AT NT ST I @ HI 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. AT AT AT AT ST
Chapter 23 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e i f g 5. d 6. h 7. c 8. j 9. a 10. b
K Cr O
[CH3CH2OH] k [CH3CH2OH] t 4. a. 0.000; 0.140; 0.304; 0.465; 0.627; 0.766 b. Rate
Answer Key 859
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. b c a b d a 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. c d d c c a 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. d c c c c
Chapter 23 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. i a g h 5. j 6. b 7. f 8. d 9. e 10. c
C. Problems
28. a. H H H H @ @ @ @ H 2 C 2 C 3 C 2 C2 H @ @ H H HOH
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. c a b c c c 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. d d c b c b 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. d a c c c b
H H H H @ @ @ @ y H 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 H` @ @ @ @ H H OH H b. Cl2 uuy 29. a. b. 30. a. b. c.

catalyst
C. Problems
29. a. b. c. d. e. 30. a. b. c. 31. a. b. 3chloro2methylpentane 2,3dimethyl2butanol butanal 2hexanone propyl ethanoate aldehyde d. carboxylic acid ester e. ether alcohol f. ketone CH3CH2I KOH CH3CH2OH KI ethanol
CH3 CH2CH CHCH2CH2CH3 HBr CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH2CH2CH3
Cl @ HCl
2-butanol chlorobenzene/phenyl chloride RX ROR O # R2C2O2R O # R 2 C 2 OH
d.
3bromohexane c. I2 y ^I HI
D. Essay
31. Polymers are large, chain-like molecules formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules, called monomers. In addition polymerization, unsaturated monomers, such as alkenes, are joined to one another. In condensation polymerization, monomers with two functional groups, such as dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy alcohols, react in a head-to-tail fashion. Because of their malleability, high strength-to-weight ratio, and durability, polymers have many commercial uses such as packaging, insulation, and synthetic fibers.
iodobenzene
D. Essay
32. Ethylene glycol is an alcohol with both a high boiling point and a low freezing point due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Ethylene glycol is soluble in water. When ethylene glycol is added to the water in a car radiator, the resulting mixture boils at a temperature higher than water alone, and freezes at a temperature lower than water alone. Thus, ethylene glycol protects against boiling in summer and freezing in winter.

Section 23.4 Polymers, page 753 Analysis
1. The polymer is a gel-like liquid which is very viscous. It will not hold its shape like a solid and will flow slowly if left to stand. It wiggles, squirms, and oozes. 23. OH 4.
HO B HO OH OH 4R OH RO
8. 9. 10. 11.
nucleus Sunlight Photosynthesis oxygen
Part B True-False
12. NT 13. AT 14. AT 15. AT 16. NT
Part C Matching
OH OH OH
RO B OR OR 4HOH
17. b 18. c
19. a 20. d
Part D Question
21. Chloroplasts contain the biological molecules necessary for the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. Plants store the excess chemical energy in carbon compounds. Like animals, they meet their energy demands by breaking down these stored compounds. These oxidation reactions take place in mitochondria.
5. O B O O O O O B O O
Section Review 24.2

Part A Completion Youre the Chemist
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. Through experimentation, students are able to produce an amazing variety of polymers with different properties. 2. The chain is like a polymer because it contains many repeating units linked end to end. The rings that link two chains together are like the borate ion that cross links polymer chains. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Carbohydrates energy cellulose monosaccharides disaccharides 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. polysaccharide starch glucose Glycogen liver
Part B True-False
11. NT 12. AT 13. AT 14. AT 15. ST
Section Review 24.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. prokaryotic/eukaryotic prokaryotic/eukaryotic bacteria green plants organelles Mitochondria lysosomes
Part C Matching
16. e 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. d
Part D Questions
21. Starches are a source of energy for plants. Cellulose is used by plants to construct cell walls that are hard and rigid. 22. glucose and fructose 23. The hydroxyl group, OH.
Answer Key 861
Section Review 24.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. amino acid side-chain group side-chain group peptide peptide 6. 7. 8. 9. water protein catalysts enzymes
Part D Questions
21. Wax coats on the surface of plant leaves protect against water loss and attack by microorganisms. In animals, waxes coat the skin, hair, and feathers, which keep these structures pliable and waterproof. 22. The molecules of both types of lipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. Thus, both types of lipids can interact with polar and nonpolar phases simultaneously. The cleansing action of soaps relies on this physical property.
Part B True-False
10. ST 11. NT 12. AT 13. AT
Part C Matching
14. b 15. a 16. c
Section Review 24.5

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. nucleotide deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid proteins nitrogen base adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine uracil double helix hydrogen bonds thymine cytosine
Part D Problem
17. 2 COOH @ @ 5 CH2 CH2 4 1 @ 1 @ H2N 2 C 2 C 2 NH 2 C 2 C 2 O 2 CH3 @ @ # 3 # H O H O
Section Review 24.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. lipid not soluble/insoluble triglycerides Triglycerides Saponification glycerol Phospholipids hydrophilic/polar hydrophobic/nonpolar lipid bilayer Cell membranes
Part B True-False
15. AT 16. AT 17. ST 18. AT
Part C Matching
19. b 20. e 21. c 22. a 23. d
Part D Question
24. Mutations are random changes in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Mutations may arise from additions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more of the nucleotides. When a mutation occurs within a gene, it may stop production of the specified protein or cause production of a protein with an altered amiono acid sequence. Sometimes the change is beneficial; more often, the ability of the
Part B True-False
12. AT 13. NT 14. AT 15. AT 16. ST
Part C Matching
17. d 18. b 19. c 20. a
protein to function is seriously impaired. For example, a mutation in the peptide chain of hemoglobin reduces its ability to transport oxygen. People with this mutation have a molecular disease called sickle cell anemia, which is named for the distorted shape of the defective red blood cells.
Part B
1. The cell in panel a represents a prokaryotic cell. It lacks a nucleus and organelles, which are present in eukaryotic cells such as the one depicted in panel b. Prokaryotic cells are the cells of bacteria. The cells of all other organisms are eukaryotic. 2. Figure 1a: 0.0001 to 0.001 mm, 0.1 to 1.0 m, 100 to 1000 nm. Figure 1b: 0.001 to 0.01 mm, 1.0 to 10.0 m, 1000 to 10,000 nm. 3. All of the organelle types labeled in Figure 1b are found in a typical plant cell. Plant cells are eukaryotic. 4. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, structures that enable plants to produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Plant cells have cell walls. 5. ATP is produced in the mitochondrion and transported out to the cytoplasm, where it is used to fuel nonspontaneous processes. 6. Mitochondria produce energy needed for cellular activities. Muscle cells are highly active cells, which require many mitochondria to meet their energy demands. Skin cells are less active. They contain significantly fewer mitochondria. 7. Carbohydrates are found in the cytoplasm and are attached to the extracellular surfaces of membrane-bound proteins. They comprise the cell walls, which provide structure and rigidity to plant cells. Because proteins catalyze metabolic reactions, they are found throughout the cell. Proteins embedded in cell membranes help to transport molecules and ions across this barrier. Lipids are found mainly in cell and organelle membranes where they form a barrier to the free flow of ions and molecules into and out of the membrane-enclosed compartments. DNA, a molecule that stores the information needed to make proteins, is found primarily in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. RNA, a molecule that participates in the transfer of information between DNA and protein, is found in the cytoplasm of all cells.
Section Review 24.6

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. adenosine triphosphate adenosine diphosphate -ADP oxidation 30.5 kJ nonspontaneous catabolic or anabolic catabolic or anabolic metabolism catabolism anabolism
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. AT 13. NT 14. AT 15. NT
Part C Matching
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 16. d 17. b 18. c 19. a
Part D Question
21. The free energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to drive many nonspontaneous biological reactions. ATP hydrolysis provides the extra energy needed to shift the equilibrium of a nonspontaneous reaction in favor of the products. ATP captures energy from catabolism reactions to drive anabolism reactions.
Part A
1. cytoplasm 2. cell membrane 3. cell wall 4. nucleus 5. cytoplasm 6. cell membrane
Answer Key 863
1. 2. 3. 4. c f b g 5. 6. 7. 8. k h e j 9. i 10. d 11. a
Quiz for Chapter 24

1. NT 2. AT 3. NT 4. AT 5. ST 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. d
Chapter 24 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. e b g i 5. c 6. f 7. a 8. d 9. h 10. j
39. Test the aqueous solubility of the substance. Many carbohydrates are soluble in water, whereas lipids are not. 40. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed structures called organelles. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than prokaryotic cells. 41. a. A membrane protein that acts as a channel must have contacts inside and outside the cell membrane. To span the entire bilayer, membrane proteins must have dimensions similar to the observed thickness of the lipid bilayer. The length along the transmembrane axis of the protein must be approximately 5 to 10 nm. b. Because the lipid bilayer is composed of two sheets of phospholipid molecules arranged tail to tail, each phospholipid molecule must be approximately 2.5 to 5 nm long from head to tail.
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. d b b d b 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. d a c c b 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. d d c a c
E. Essay
42. Nucleic acids are polymers found primarily in cell nuclei. They are composed of nucleotides that contain a phosphate group, a fivecarbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA stores the information needed to make proteins. DNA governs the reproduction and growth of cells. RNA has a key role in the transmission of the information stored in DNA.
C. True-False
26. 27. 28. 29. AT AT NT ST 30. ST 31. AT 32. NT 33. NT 34. AT 35. AT
Chapter 24 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. c d g i 5. b 6. a 7. f 8. e 9. h 10. j

36. Trp-Arg-Ala-Leu-Asn-end 37. a. ATP H2O ADP Pi [ADP ][Pi] b. Keq 1 [AT P] c. spontaneous 38. Phosphorus is essential for the synthesis of phospholipids, nucleic acids, and energy-rich molecules such as ATP. Phosphorus is found in the bloodstream as HPO42 and H2PO4 , which together form an important buffer. Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of amino acids and nitrogen-containing bases of nucleic acids.
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. c d b a d 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. d d c c b 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. d b c c d
C. True-False
26. 27. 28. 29. NT AT AT ST 30. ST 31. AT 32. AT 33. AT 34. AT 35. NT

36. More than one answer is possible due to the redundancy of the genetic code. One possibility: ACAGTTGGTACT 37. An enzyme catalyzes the conversion of a substrate to product. Doubling and tripling the number of enzyme molecules in the reaction mixture is equivalent to doubling and tripling the number of active sites to which substrate can bind. Thus, when all other conditions are kept the same, the rate at which product is formed will increase with the number of enzyme molecules present in the reaction system. 38. Test the aqueous solubility of the substance. Most proteins are soluble in water, whereas lipids are not. 39. 2000 kJ 1 mol ATP 30.5 kJ 33.3 kg ATP 507.2 g ATP 1 mol ATP 1 kg 103 g
called substrates. In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction the substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme form an enzyme-substrate complex. Next, bond-breaking and bondmaking occur at the active site to produce the products of the reaction. Finally, the products dissociate from the enzyme leaving the enzyme free to bind new substrate and begin a second reaction cycle.

Section 24.3 The Egg: A Biochemical Storehouse, page 774 Analysis
Sample answers are given.
length = 5.90 cm
40. Two dipeptides are possible. One possibility: Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
CH3 O @ # H3N 2 C 2 C 2 OH @ H H O @ # H2N 2 C 2 C 2 OH @ H
width = 4.55 cm
JJJH
H O CH3 O @ @ # # H3N 2 C 2 C 2 N 2 C 2 C 2 OH @ @ @ H H H
mass
H2O
62.42 g
1. Shape Index 2. V V M M A A
41. The extent to which the physical properties of a cell membrane are altered by a substance may depend on the solubility of the substance in the lipid bilayer. Beacuase the interior of the lipid bilayer is a hydrophobic environment, nonpolar substances have the greatest chance of becoming incorporated into this protion of the cell membrane.
4.55 cm 100 77.1 5.90 cm 0.5236 lw2 (0.5236)(5.90 cm)(4.55 cm)2 64.0 cm3 0.5632lw2 68.8 g (0.5632)(5.90 cm)(4.55 cm)2
3.138 [(5.90 cm)(4.55 cm)2]2/3 77.3 cm2
E. Essay
42. Enzymes are proteins that, like act as biological catalysts. They reduce the time required for a chemical reaction to reach equilibrium, but do not change the normal position of the equilibrium. Enzymes are not changed by the reactions they promote. The molecules on which an enzyme acts are
3. The measured mass of 62.42 g is less than the calculated mass of 68.8 g by 6.4 g. The egg may have lost water over time. 4. d m 62.42 g 0.975 g/cm3 v 64.0 cm3 This is less than the density of a freshly laid egg.
Answer Key 865
Youre the Chemist

1. Weigh the egg once each day for two or three days. Typical eggs will loose 0.2 to 0.5 grams per day depending on the temperature at which they are stored. 2. Assume Step 1 reveals the egg loses 0.20 g per day. 1 day Age of egg (68.8 g 62.42 g) 0.20 g Age of egg 32 days old 3. Measure the volume of water displaced by the egg. 4. The larger the egg, the smaller the shape index. Extra large eggs tend to be more oblong than small eggs, which are rounder. 5. Extra large eggs are usually more than 70 grams, medium eggs are less than 50 grams. 6. HCl produces bubbles at the surface of the egg shell. 2HCl CaCO3 CO2 H2O CaCl2 7. Powdered milk NaOH CuSO4 produces a violet color, a positive test for protein. Egg shell NaOH CuSO4 produces a violet color, a positive test for protein. 8. Weigh an egg once a day for three days and store in a refrigerator between weighings. Weigh it once a day for three more days and store it at room temperature. The warmer the temperature the greater the mass loss.
Part D Problems
26. a. b.
218 4 84 Po 2He 210 210 82 Pb 83Bi 214 82Pb 0 1e
Section Review 25.2

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. band of stability beta positron rate half-life radioactive 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. billions transmutation radioactive decay atomic numbers synthesized
Part B True-False
12. NT 13. NT 14. AT 15. ST 16. ST
Part C Matching
17. c 18. e 19 b 20. a 21. d
Part D Questions
22. 60 hr 15 hr 4 half-lives; After 4 half-lives 1/16 of the original 18.0 g 1.13 g Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 mass will remain. 1/16 23. 2.0 g 1 1 2 2 42 days 3
1 2
Section Review 25.1

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. radioactive radioisotopes nuclei stable energy beta Alpha helium 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. electrons metal foil Gamma mass Lead concrete stop
0.25 g or 3 half-lives 14 days
Section Review 25.3

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. fission neutrons fissionable atom energy moderation absorption 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. fusion mass energy hydrogen helium
Part B True-False
16. ST 17. NT 18. AT 19. NT 20. AT
Part B True-False
12. ST 13. NT 14. NT 15. NT
Part C Matching
21. b 22. a 23. c 24. e 25. d
Part C Matching
16. a 17. c 18. e 19. b 20. d

21. a. 3 b. 4 22. a. slow fast-moving neutrons so they can be absorbed by the fuel atoms b. decrease the number of slow-moving neutrons and slow the chain reaction
Section 25.2
1. a. 208Fr 4He 204At 87 2 85 7 7 0 b. 4Be 1e 3Li 0 c. 37Ar 37K 1e 18 19 17 0 17 d. 9F 8O 1e 3 2. a. 1H d. 144Ce 58 239 92 b. 36Kr e. 94Pu c. 30P 15 3. It takes five half-lives, or 820 s. 8.0 g 4.0 g 2.0 g 1.0 g 0.50 g 0.25 g 4. 16 g 8 g 4 g 2.0 g 1.0 g Four half-lives 4 17 days 68 days 51 min 10 half-lives. The mass would 5. 5.1 min decrease by a factor of more than 1000. 1 10 1 2 1024 6. The mass decreases by a factor of 1/8, or three half-lives. The half-life is 5.49/3 183 s
Section Review 25.4

Part A Completion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ionizing electrons senses Geiger gas 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. scintillation all iodine-131 phosphorus-32 neutron activation
Part B True-False
11. AT 12. NT 13. ST 14. AT
Part C Matching
15. b 16. e 17. c 18. a 19. d
Section 25.3
1. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 2. 2.0 3. 4He 2 ([1 235] [90 144] 2) ([1 235] [87 146] 3) ([1 235] [72 160] 4) 107 kcal 8.0 kcal/g 2.5 106 g
Part D Questions
20. b 21. Neutron activation analysis is used to detect trace amounts of elements in samples. Radioisotopes are used to study chemical reactions and molecular structures. Radioisotopes are used to diagnose and treat diseases such as cancer.
Section 25.4
1. Radioisotopes replace non-radioactive isotopes in the structure of a compound without changing its chemical properties. Tracing the pathways of radioactive isotopes allows scientists to study reaction mechanisms and reaction rates. 2. Teletherapy is the use of gamma radiation to destroy cancerous tissue.
Section 25.1
1. The atomic number increases by one; the mass number remains the same. 2. The atomic number decreases by two; the mass number decreases by four. 3. a. 28 protons and 36 neutrons b. 53 protons and 83 neutrons c. 79 protons and 116 neutrons 4. a. 14N c. 0e 7 1 b. 237Np 93
1. 2. 3. 4. 8 6; 238U y 206Pb 8 4He 6 0e 92 82 2 1 8 days 2 half-lives; 20 1 1 5.0 g 2 2 20 minutes 1 half-life; 1.0 mol 6.0 1023 1 3.0 1023 atoms 2 5. lead-210; The half-life of polonium-214 is insignificant compared to the half-life of bismuth-214. 6. Three half-lives 15 days; 16 g y 8 g y 4 g y 2.0 g.
Answer Key 867
7. For heavier isotopes, such as lead-206, the stability ratio is about 1.5 neutrons to 1 proton. 124 n 82 p 1.5 8. Uranium-238 has the longest half-life (4.5 109 yr); polonium-210 has the shortest half-life (1.6 10 4 s).
D. Essay
30. The energy released from the sun is the result of a nuclear fusion, or thermonuclear reaction. Fusion occurs when two light nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of heavier mass. In solar fusion, hdrogen nuclei (protons) are fused to make helium nuclei. The reaction requires two beta particles. 41H 2 0e 4He energy 1 1 2
1. 2. 3. 4. b l g a 5. 6. 7. 8. i d e c 9. 10. 11. 12. k f h j
Chapter 25 Test B
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. j i c d 5. e 6. g 7. a 8. h 9. b 10. f
Quiz for Chapter 25

1. 2. 3. 4. d b c b 5. a 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. a
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a d c b a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. d b a a c 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. d d d a d
Chapter 25 Test A
A. Matching
1. 2. 3. 4. a i g c 5. j 6. e 7. d 8. f 9. h 10. b
C. Problems
26. a. 226Ra 222Rn 4He 88 86 2 0 234 234 b. 91Pa 92U 1e 234 234 0 c. 90Th 91Pa 1e 27. 27.0 h/6.75 h 4.00 half-lives Thus, 12.0 g 1 1 1 1 0.750 g 2 2 2 2 28. 1 of the sample remains 32 1 5 1 Since represents , or 5 half-lives, 2 32 71.5 years 14.3 years/half-life. 5 half-lives 0.125 g 4.00 g Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
B. Multiple Choice
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. b c b b a c 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. b d b c a 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. a b a d b
C. Problems
27. a. 42K 0e 42Ca 1 19 20 235 4 b. 92U 2He 231Th 90 28. If one-eighth of the sample remains, the isotope decayed through 3 half-lives. Three half-lives is 252 days, so one half-life period 84 days. The half-life of scandium-42 is 84 days. 29. 40 days 5 half-lives. 1 of the original sample remains 32 0.13 gram remaining.
D. Essay
29. a. Chemical reactions occur in an effort to attain stable electron configurations. Nuclear reactions occur in an effort to obtain stable nuclear configurations. b. Nuclear reactions release far more energy than typical exothermic chemical reactions.
c. Unlike chemical reactions, nuclear reactions are unaffected by changes in temperature, pressure, or the presence of a catalyst.
Youre the Chemist

1. Count the total number of even numbers that result in 100 rolls of the die. Roll the die again a number of times equal to the number obtained in the first trial. Do trials until the number of events equals zero. Plot number of evens vs. trial. 2. After 3.8 days, half the sample remains. After 7.6 days, one-fourth remains, and, after 11.4 days, one-eighth remains. 3. This time period is two half-lives (11,460 years/5730 2) of carbon-14. After two halflives, one-fourth of the sample remains.

Section 25.2 Radioactivity and Half Lives, page 809 Analysis
Sample data are provided. Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 Number of flips 100 42 20 9 5 Number of heads 42 20 9 5 3
6 7
3 1 Figure A
1 0
1.
100 80 Flips 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Trial
2. The rate of disappearance of heads is nonlinear. The rate decreases over time. 3. For each flip the probability of a head is 0.50. 4. Each trial represents one half-life because the number of heads approximately halves for each trial.
Answer Key 869

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ANSWER KEY

Section Review 1.1

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 1.3

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 1.2

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 1.4

Answer Key 759

Part D Questions and Problems

760 Core Teaching Resources

Quiz for Chapter 1

figures. Express the answer in scientific notation, if appropriate.

Chapter 1 Small-Scale Lab

Answer Key 761

Section Review 2.1

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 2.3

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 2.2

Part D Questions and Problems

762 Core Teaching Resources

Section Review 2.4

b. Na d. C 5. No. It could be a liquid element, a liquid compound, or a mixture of liquids. 6. c

Part D Questions and Problems

Answer Key 763

Quiz for Chapter 2

764 Core Teaching Resources

Chapter 2 Small-Scale Lab

Section Review 3.1

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 3.2

Youre The Chemist

Answer Key 765

Part D Questions and Problems

29. C K 273 30. a. p; 10 12 b. k; 103

Section Review 3.3

Part C Questions and Problems

Section Review 3.4

Part C Questions and Problems

766 Core Teaching Resources

Quiz for Chapter 3

10 m mass 14.0 g volume 18.0 cm3 0.778 g/cm3

Answer Key 767

Chapter 3 Small-Scale Lab

10.0 cm 3000 cm3

103 cm3 1L 1000 cm3

768 Core Teaching Resources

V = 3.72 cm3 = 3.36 cm3

Youre The Chemist

Section Review 4.1

3.0 m 1000 L/m

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 4.2

Part D Questions and Problems

Section Review 4.3

Quiz for Chapter 4

Part D Questions and Problems

770 Core Teaching Resources

0.121 amu 0.024 amu 39.802 amu 39.947 amu

Answer Key 771

Chapter 4 Small-Scale Lab

Youre The Chemist