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The bounds of arithmetic were, however, outstepped the moment the idea of applying cards had
occurred; and the Analytical Engine does not occupy common ground with mere "calculating
machines." It holds a position wholly its own; and the considerations it suggests are most
interesting in their nature. In enabling mechanism to combine together general symbols, in
successions of unlimited variety and extent, a uniting link is established between the operations
of matter and the abstract mental processes of the most abstract branch of mathematical science.
A new, a vast and a powerful language is developed for the future use of analysis, in which to
wield its truths so that these may become of more speedy and accurate practical application for
the purposes of mankind than the means hitherto in our possession have rendered possible. Thus
not only the mental and the material, but the theoretical and the practical in the mathematical
world, are brought into intimate connexion with each other. We are not aware of its being on
record that anything partaking of the nature of what is so well designated the Analytical Engine
has been hitherto proposed, or even thought of, as a practical possibility, any more than the idea
of a thinking or a reasoning machine.

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Welcome to SuSE Linux 8.2 (i586) - Kernel 2.4.20-4GB-athlon (tty1).
linux login: dd
Password:
Last login: Thu Oct 23 08:55:42 on tty2
Have a lot of fun...
Anthony's Law of Force:
Don't force it; get a larger hammer.
dd@linux:~>

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PASSWD(5)
NAME
passwd - The password file
DESCRIPTION
_passwd_ contains various pieces of information
for each user account.
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Login name
Optional encrypted password
Numerical user ID
Numerical group ID
User name or comment field
User home directory
User command interpreter
The password field may not be filled if shadow passwords
have been enabled.
If shadow passwords are being used, the encrypted
password will be found in _/etc/shadow_.

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print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 3M 2G)
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use a long listing format
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list subdirectories recursively
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print size of each file, in blocks
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
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look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
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add DIR to INFOPATH.
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remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
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display this help and exit.
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go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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a sampling utility that dumps CD audio data into wav files


record audio or data Compact Discs from a master
an audio CD reading utility with extra data verification
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CD digital audio player utility for X11/Motif
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 12

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 13

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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-' 15

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 16

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 17

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 18

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 19

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 20

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, /dev/hda /dev/hda5 8 gb
Win95 Fat32
/mnt/windows/d
/mnt/slackware
/dev/hdb, /dev/hda6 21.5 gb Linux Reiserfs
Z { /dev/hdb
/dev " /dev/hdb1 110 mb Linux XFS
/boot
, hda hdb /dev/hdb2 260 mb Linux Swap

12 gb
Linux XFS
/
{ /dev/hdb3
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 21

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, K ', E
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i , K ^n
h E q
, /dev/sda, Z /dev/sdb

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 22

, /dev/hdb1 Z
, /dev/sda3 , E
/dev/sr0, /dev/sr1, ,
/dev/cdrom0, /dev/cdrom1
E /dev/scd /dev/scd0, /dev/scd1 q , ,
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/dev/ttys0 /dev/ttys0
/dev/modem M /dev/modem h
/dev/ttys0 M B USB Universal-SerialBus & & /dev/usb " i -,
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PS/2 /dev/psaux -
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v E /dev/fd0 /dev/dsp , `
` /dev/lp0 K - LPT1 & , "
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& v , ,
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" ls l R ,
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,
y ,
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s , hdi1 hdi15, hdi hdt,
h M } , ,

lrwxrwxrwx
crw-rw---crw-rw--wbrw-rw---brw-rw---brw-rw----

1
1
1
1
1
1

root
root
root
root
root
root

root
uucp
lp
disk
disk
disk

4,
6,
3,
3,
3,

10
64
0
0
1
64

2003-12-05
2003-03-14
2003-03-14
2003-03-14
2003-03-14
2003-03-14

14:53
18:37
18:37
18:37
18:37
18:37

modem -> /dev/ttyS0


ttyS0
lp0
hda
hda1
hdb

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 23

brw-rw---lrwxrwxrwx
crw-rw---lrwxrwxrwx
lrwxrwxrwx
brw-r--r-brw-r--r-brw-r--r-brw-r--r--

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

disk
root
root
root
root
disk
disk
disk
disk

3,
10,
11,
11,
11,
11,

65
10
1
8
8
0
1
0
1

2003-03-14
2003-12-05
2003-12-17
2003-12-05
2003-12-05
2003-03-14
2003-03-14
2003-03-14
2003-03-14

18:37
07:09
11:17
07:38
07:38
18:37
18:37
18:37
18:37

hdb1
mouse -> /dev/psaux
psaux
cdrom -> /dev/sr1
cdwri -> /dev/sr0
sr0
sr1
scd0
scd1

j
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 24


h B v | B,
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- glt-mad@ilug-cal.org S &l

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 1

-'

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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8.1
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n , ls al /home/dd " " ls -al
` , /dev " ls -al `

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 2
-rwxr-xr-x
-rwxr-xr-x
-rwxr-xr-x
-rw-r--r--rw-------rw-r--r--

1
1
1
1
1
1

dd
dd
dd
root
root
root

dd
dd
dd
root
root
root

1764506
227703
202997
294
637
13227

2003-12-20
2003-12-20
2003-12-20
2003-12-20
2003-12-20
2003-12-20

11:23
11:23
11:23
11:24
11:24
11:24

glt-les00.pdf
glt-les01.pdf
glt-les02.pdf
ld.so.conf
lilo.conf
modules.conf

ls -al
glt-les00.pdf -rwxr-xr-x
, 1 , dd M
dd, dd n n dd ,
1764506, hB 1.68
, 2003-12-20 11:23 glt-les00.pdf
& , q ,

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 3

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 4

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/etc/shadow /etc/passwd
h , - ,

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 5

r , n, ,
h & B
SL , , ls al /dev/passwd , &, ,
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, h h , i
h, qS -- , , /etc/shadow
' /etc/shadow
, , c /etc/passwd ,
: , & man -5
shadow &

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 6

8.4 /etc "


/etc/passwd /etc/shadow / , /etc ",
/etc/passwd /etc/shadow
, /etc/group, n La h
h , M , ,
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/etc/group n - ,
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h , h, , , , L,
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/etc/skel "
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 7

' , K & ,
K &
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cat , , `
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lilo.conf>lilo.text lilo.conf " lilo.text
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cat > onefile ` K , ` `


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onefile
K - B ,
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ls onefile ` cat onefile,
UU cat "
onefile , Z onefile cat ` ' /
' cat > onefile ` `

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 8

cat >> onefile KC-


cat onefile, , '- / `
>>, " > q " `
, ` S S cat > twofile `
twofile , ` cat twofile >>
onefile ` cat onefile , twofile
' onefile , '- touch
, -' '
S
9.1
onefile ` touch onefile
` , ln -s onefile twofile `
, c ` , "
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` onefile h
twofile , onefile
B , twofile B onefile ,
, q , X,
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twofile,  onefile, -, twofile, l
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, , - , -,
B B,
q h,
, + +

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 9

ls -al ` , onefile
, c twofile }
, , ,
q threefile, ln -s ,
fourfile ls -al , threefile B , fourfile c
B , threefile ' ,
h, c fourfile
- '-
h , - h h
, M , , j
j q B, ,
, , , fivefile sixfile ,
fivefile , c sixfile
q c, "
" ,
" onedir, twodir onedir, "
, , touch, cat
ls -al twodir S B,
onedir " twodir onedir " UU
, c , onedir " , q
, -
& , , -E ,
, q h ,
E, ,
, /dev/scd0 /dev/scd1 E ,
/dev/sr0 /dev/sr1 E, ,
- , /dev/scd1
/dev/sr1 E ,
B,
/dev/cdrom , ,
, ` ln -s /dev/scd1 /dev/cdrom , ln -s /dev/sr1 /dev/cdrom,
, , /
, eject /dev/scd1 eject /dev/sr1
, B,
, , , /dev/cdrom
, /dev/scd1 /dev/sr1
,
h , K
, K h
" -'
`

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 10

9.2
-' ,
G q , / , c
- / h q, , UU ,
, , &
, c & h ,
-, '- K -

onefile , touch onefile ,
twofile, ` , ln -s onefile twofile Z
, threefile, c , ` ln onefile threefile
ls -ail , , -ail c -al
, h i B
, q ,

12623010 -rw-r--r-- 2 dd users 0 2003-12-24 10:49 onefile
12623012 lrwxrwxrwx 1 dd users 7 2003-12-24 10:50 twofile -> onefile
12623010 -rw-r--r-- 2 dd users 0 2003-12-24 10:49 threefile

h i
, twofile- , ,
, l c, threefile ,
onefile- , La , q ,
8.1 , - , onefile threefile
onefile
threefile UU , onefile, twofile,
threefile , twofile- 10:50, , onefile- 10:49
c threefile c onefile- /
-- -- , - ,
UU + , d
, ,
q , onefile threefile-
, c twofile-
onefile threefile
onefile- , , cat > onefile,
K ` ,
, '
q , Gtypist -
&
, UU ,
,  , onefile is one file K ,
La , KC- , Ctrl
D , h cat onefile

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 11

, UU ' B ,
c '- , h
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9.3
,
& , &

, ,
,
y M ,
, , S ,
S cat onefile S S
cat > onefile S S S ls -ail S
, , ln onefile threefile, ln -s onefile
twofile, touch onefile ,
, , , i , -' q
i s ` - `
h ,
S , KC-, Ctrl R
, h ` , ls, , l
S ` l q , s S
` ls q ,
ls , , KC- Ctrl-R,
, `
S L ` ` ,
K ` , S `
, L L
, , Delete 
, Backspace 
` h , -' ` ` ,
` h KC- Ctrl-A
, KC- Ctrl-E ` &
, , & h

, ,
h , ,
/ / , ,
, -, , , M ,
K &, & ,

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 12

h & , ,
, ,
, M L L -,
S
" h ls , -
, ls -a, & ,
& , h j .
, c q , " s
, h
.AbiSuite
.Xmodmap
.blackboxrc
.esd_auth
.fonts.conf
.gnu-emacs
.links
.mozilla
.qt
.urlview
.xemacs
.xsession

.ICEauthority
.Xresources
.cdrdao
.exrc
.gconf
.gtkrc-kde
.mailcap
.mplayer
.recently-used
.viminfo
.xim
.xsession-errors

.X.err
.adobe
.dvipsrc
.fltk
.gconfd
.kde
.mcop
.muttrc
.skel
.wine
.xinitrc
.xtalkrc

.Xauthority
.bash_history
.emacs
.fonts
.gnome
.kderc
.mcoprc
.padminrc
.sversionrc
.wmrc
.xmms
.y2log

.Xdefaults
.bashrc
.emacs.d
.fonts.cache-1
.gnome2
.kermrc
.mime.types
.profile
.thumbnails
.xcoralrc
.xserverrc.secure
.yast2

, , , ls -a "&
, q "& , &
ls "& v

, ` ,
set set K , UhUh
, , S ,
& , h h h
, K, s^n ,
, h , - ,
, L
- S , ,
c , dd, ,
c '
BASH=/bin/bash
HISTFILE=/home/dd/.bash_history
HISTSIZE=1000
HOME=/home/dd
PATH=/home/dd/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/bin:/usr/games:/opt/gnome2/bin:/opt/gno
me/bin:/opt/kde3/bin:/usr/lib/java/jre/bin:/opt/gnome/bin
INFOPATH=/usr/local/info:/usr/share/info:/usr/info
MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/X11R6/man:/opt/gnome2/man:/opt/gnome/man
LANG=en_US
LOGNAME=dd
OSTYPE=linux

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 13
PS1='\u@\h:\w> '
PWD=/home/dd
SHELL=/bin/bash

Z , HISTFILE=/home/dd/.bash_history, ,
/home/dd/.bash_history
HISTSIZE=1000 ,
, h , -,
, h &
, h, ,
, kK
s& , , , :
, M S -
, kK B
M ,
c
, I I s
s , HISTSIZE
h, dd
S , ,
, PATH & j
, BASH , ,
, &
, SHELL PS1 `
B , & , q
, \ 
& Z /home/dd/.bash_history
dd less /home/dd/.bash_history
`
.bash_history
, &
h-
set ` man -k set ` ,
man set `- ` bash- ,
man bash , , set bash-
, h , & ,
&, ,
sg, \ , , file s K
file , - \
- K Z file -
= file ,
set , , bash B
, /etc/profile, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login ~/.profile

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 14

" , q
, ~ d - , , V
V, , & , S/ -
, , ~ , , ,
dd ~ /home/dd/ atithi ~ /home/
atithi/
S ,
,
9.4
, ,
ls -al ` onefile, twofile, threefile-
ls -ail , !
onefile c , ' onefile is one file
& ,  , ,
, - ls -al
-rw-r--r-lrwxrwxrwx
-rw-r--r--

2
1
2

dd
dd
dd

users
users
users

20 2003-12-24 10:51 onefile


7 2003-12-24 10:50 twofile -> onefile
20 2003-12-24 10:51 threefile

onefile threefile B h , twofile,


, , / , /, ,
onefile h h, -
, x x / h
threefile, twofile ! h
,
, , -
onefile  9.1 -
B  & &
q
threefile h , onefile- UU
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, q B
, ,
onefile threefile ,
h
, , , h , 
h B onefile- h , twofile
, , onefile c onefile
h cat threefile , B
,
, ,

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 15

` cp cp Q
, ,
k , , ,
cp ` ,
. . . . . .
c

, , , ,
, v , , ,
, q
, ` -
,

10 ,
&
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h , h
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h , , hh -
h, , ,
h , `
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h h s h h h ,
, S -`--, , h h ,

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 16

q h - h
hB , - hB
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B h
, h h h, h ,
,

" - +
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|, h M s,
K

&B KC f M, ,
f M& , S
, hh
, -, hh , - , h

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 17

,
h hh & / ,
, /
h ` ` B
Z& " , " h `
h , c , L,

`
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UU ` , /
/ ` M q , , /
` M,
c , `& ,
S S ,
-, , S
, - , 1024 1024- s
y , ` hL 1024
` hL 1024 LBA
Logical/Large/Linear-Block-Addressing/Array `
M S v
j ,
S, ,  v
,
`, v ` , c,

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 18

` q /
` q & ,
, & h ,
INT13H, -, M
X v 1024 ` ,
528 S
10.2
,
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h ,
Sn , h
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& La ,
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/dev/hda- /dev/hda1 /dev/hda5, `
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& /dev/hda1 /dev/hda6
,
B, B, ,
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K ` , A7N266VM, E = ,
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 19

B , S
/
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B,
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h
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 20

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 21

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 22

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 23

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/dev/hda1
*
/dev/hda2
/dev/hda5
/dev/hda6

Start
1
1021
1021
2449

End
1020
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8193118+
30925125
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Id
b
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83

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/dev/hdb1
*
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/dev/hdb3
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/dev/hdb5

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1
14
72
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

Id
83
82
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83

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Linux
Linux swap
Linux
Extended
Linux

-' 24

h,
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 25

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 26

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 27

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 28

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 29

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 30

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 1

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 2

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 3

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 4

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 5

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start/stop swapping to file/device
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 6

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 7

rman , man ls|rman -f html>lsman.html


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2004-01-07 11:07
rootfs
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tmpfs
shm
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Page 1
minix
iso9660
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usbdevfs
usbfs
reiserfs
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 8

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 9

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 10

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 11

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 12

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 13

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 14

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 15

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 16

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 17

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 18

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 19

X , R 1000 10^3-
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 20

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 27

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 28

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 29

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 30

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 31

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 5

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 6

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 9

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 11

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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# /etc/inittab
# This is the main configuration file of /etc/init, which
# is executed by the kernel on startup. It describes what
# scripts are used for the different run-levels.
# All scripts for runlevel changes are in /etc/init.d/.
# The default runlevel is defined here
id:3:initdefault:
# First script to be executed, if not booting in emergency (-b) mode
si::bootwait:/etc/init.d/boot
# /etc/init.d/rc takes care of runlevel handling
# runlevel 0 is System halt
(Do not use this for initdefault!)
# runlevel 1 is Single user mode
# runlevel 2 is Local multiuser without remote network (e.g. NFS)
# runlevel 3 is Full multiuser with network
# runlevel 4 is Not used
# runlevel 5 is Full multiuser with network and xdm

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 16
# runlevel 6 is System reboot (Do not use this for initdefault!)
l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3
#l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6

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echo ""
echo "1. KDE"
echo ""
echo "2. GNOME"
echo ""
echo "3. FLUXBOX"
echo ""
echo "4. BLACKBOX"
echo ""
read NUMBER
case $NUMBER in
1) export WINDOWMANAGER=startkde ;;
2) export WINDOWMANAGER=gnome-session ;;
3) export WINDOWMANAGER=fluxbox ;;
4) export WINDOWMANAGER=blackbox ;;
*) echo ""; echo "Are You Literate? Try Again." ; echo "" ; exit ;;
esac
exec startx

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 17

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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-' 18

2.2 " /etc/sysconfig


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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 19

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finger dd
Login: dd
Name: dipankar das
Directory: /home/dd
Shell: /bin/bash
Last login Sat Feb 14 10:05 (IST) on tty1
No Mail.

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 20

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 21

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*********************************************
10. clock
## Path:
System/Environment/Clock
## Description:
## Type:
string

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 22
# Set to "-u" if your system clock is set to UTC, and to "--localtime"
# if your clock runs that way.
HWCLOCK="--localtime"
## Type:
string(Europe/Berlin,Europe/London,Europe/Paris)
#
# Timezone (e.g. CET)
# (this will set /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime)
TIMEZONE="Asia/Calcutta"
DEFAULT_TIMEZONE="US/Pacific"

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 23

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# IP-Address
127.0.0.1

Full-Qualified-Hostname Short-Hostname
mahammad.local mahammad

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 24

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# /etc/host.conf - resolver configuration file


# Please read the manual page host.conf(5) for more information.
# The following option is only used by binaries linked against
# libc4 or libc5. This line should be in sync with the "hosts"
# option in /etc/nsswitch.conf.
order hosts, bind
# The following options are used by the resolver library:
multi on

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{
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h -

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 25

rman , c
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#!/bin/bash
for i in `ls *.gz`
do gunzip $i
done
for j in `ls *`
do rman $j -f html > $j.html
rm -f $j
done

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lynx / K ,
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 26

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information specific to the resolver library. It should contain one configuration keyword per line,
followed by appropriate configuration information. The keywords recognized are order, trim, multi,
nospoof, and reorder. , , , ,

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 27

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 28

/proc/filesystems K
M h
! /etc/fstab /etc/fstab K
mount -a `
-a /etc/fstab K
dump y y 4
/etc/fstab , &
#device
/dev/hdb3
/dev/hdb1
/dev/hdb2
/dev/hda1
/dev/hda5
/dev/hda6
/dev/hdb5
devpts
proc
usbdevfs

mountpoint
/
/boot
swap
/mnt/windows/c
/mnt/windows/d
/mnt/slackware
/mnt/arkive
/dev/pts
/proc
/proc/bus/usb

fs
xfs
xfs
swap
vfat
vfat
reiserfs
reiserfs
devpts
proc
usbdevfs

options
defaults
defaults
pri=42
rw,noauto,noexec
rw,noauto,noexec
rw,noauto,user,exec
rw,noauto,exec
mode=0620,gid=5
defaults
noauto

dump
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

fsck
1
2
0
3
3
3
3
0
0
0

/etc/fstab , S
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/dev/hdb3 / xfs rw 0 0
proc /proc proc rw 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,mode=0620,gid=5 0 0
/dev/hdb1 /boot xfs rw 0 0
shmfs /dev/shm shm rw 0 0
usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs rw 0 0

rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0
/dev/root / xfs rw 0 0
proc /proc proc rw 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts rw 0 0
/dev/hdb1 /boot xfs rw 0 0
shmfs /dev/shm shm rw 0 0
usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs rw 0 0

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 29

/dev/hda1, /dev/hda5, /dev/hdb5, /dev/hda6 K



/dev/hda1 /mnt/windows/c vfat rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0
/dev/hda5 /mnt/windows/d vfat rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0
/dev/hdb5 /mnt/arkive reiserfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0
/dev/hda6 /mnt/slackware reiserfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0

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classify it. There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic number tests,
and language tests. The first test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed. ,

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 30

B, , S
X h X
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/etc/login.defs, /etc/passwd, /etc/securetty, /etc/shadow, /etc/shells, /etc/motd
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of tty lines (one per line, without leading /dev/) on which root is
allowed to login. tty1 tty6 L , / / vc1

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& , /bin/ash /bin/bash /bin/bash1
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/usr/bin/bash /usr/bin/rbash /usr/bin/tcsh /usr/bin/zsh &

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 31

c passwd true false ,


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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 5

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 8
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 14

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 16

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 17

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 18

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 21

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 22

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 23

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 26

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 27

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 28

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 29

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 30

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 31

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 32

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 33

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 34

c , L
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set `date`

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 35
echo Hello Dear `whoami`
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Fri Mar 19 10:59:11 IST 2004

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 36

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 37

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 38

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essay.geo.4.text
essay.hist.1.text
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essay.math.3.text
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essay.english.biblio
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essay.history.biblio
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 39

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 40

g , cp essay.math.*.text math/, ,
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 41

, " & h essay. h, .text


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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 42

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 43
(finger `whoami`; date)|cat

" , R
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, No Mail. No Plan.

Login: dd
Name: dipankar das
Directory: /home/dd
Shell: /bin/bash
On since Sat Mar 20 09:08 (IST) on tty1, idle 0:18
No Mail.
No Plan.
Sun Mar 21 09:26:52 IST 2004

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 44

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 45

UU , $PATH c
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/home/dd/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/bin:/usr/games:/opt/gn
ome2/bin:/opt/gnome/bin:/opt/kde3/bin:/usr/lib/java/jre/bin:/opt/gnome/bin

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 46

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 47
Otherwise
print "file '/etc/trash' does not exist"
exit

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 48

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~/.bashrc ~/.profile I
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01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15

#!/bin/bash
rm /mnt/arkive/bkp/bash/bkp.*.*
#remove old backups
counter=1
#initialize the counter
for directory in / /mnt/slackware /mnt/mandrake
#first 'for' loop starts here
#for three systems in the machine, suse, slackware and mandrake,
#

mounted on /, /mnt/slackware and /mnt/mandrake

do cd $directory
#going into the three root directories, one by one
echo "Now probing $directory"
# a check if the script is working properly
if [ -d $directory/home/dd ];then
#first 'if' starts here

glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 49

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

echo "$directory/home/dd found"


if [ -f $directory/home/dd/.bashrc ];then
#second 'if' starts here
echo "'.bashrc' found in $directory/home/dd"
else echo "No '.bashrc' found in $directory/home/dd"
fi
#second 'if ends here'
if [ -f $directory/home/dd/.profile ];then
#third 'if' starts here
echo "'.profile' found in $directory/home/dd"
else echo "No '.profile' found in $directory/home/dd"
fi
#third 'if' ends here
cd $directory/home/dd
#going into the '/home/dd' directory of the three systems, one by one
for file in `ls .bashrc .profile`
#second 'for' starts here
do cp $file /mnt/arkive/bkp/bash/bkp$file.$counter
done
#second 'for' ends here
else echo "No $directory/home/dd found"
fi
#first 'if' ends here
counter=$(expr $counter + 1)
#counter is incremented by 1 after every turn of first 'for' loop
echo "Counter is $counter"
#another kind of check
done
#first 'for' ends here
cd /home/dd
#back home real home

q I & L &
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 50

06 q B for La "
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 51

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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3) export WINDOWMANAGER=fluxbox ;;
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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

-' 54

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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glt-mad@ilug-cal.org

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