INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ON REPORTER RADAR TRANSMITTER

By Vipin Negi ECE 4th year

About B.E.L
Established in 1954 as a public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence. BELs infrastructure is spread over nine locations with 29 production divisions having ISO-9001/9002 accreditation. Products ranges includes Defence Communication, Radars, Optical & Opto-electronics, Telecommunication, Sound and Vision Broadcasting, Electronic Components etc.

What actually is RADAR?

Stands for RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING. Is an EM system for the detection and location of reflecting objects. Operates by radiating energy into space and detecting the reflected echo signal which determines the target location and information. Works on the principle of Echo and Doppler shift.

TYPES OF RADAR
PRIMARY OR SIMPLE RADAR: Primary radar locates an object by transmitting signal and detecting the reflected echo. SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR):

A secondary radar system is basically very similar to

primary but it performs additional features like

controlling of air traffic, identifying the aircraft as a

friend or foe , determining the height of aircraft.

Basic Radar System

Working
A Radar system, as found on many merchants ships, has three main parts: I. The antenna unit or the scanner II. The transmitter receiver or transceiver III. The visual display unit

RADAR EQUATION
The amount of power Pr received by antenna is given by the radar equation:

where

Pt = transmitter power Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target F = pattern propagation factor Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.

RADARS MANUFACTURED AT B.E.L

3D Mobile Radar(PSM 33 Mk II)

Frequency agility. Monopulse processing for height estimation. Adaptive sensitivity time control. Jamming analysis indication, pulse compression, plot filtering tracking, data remoting. Comprehensive BITE facility. Integrated Secondary Surveillance radar.

Low Flying Detection Radar ( INDRA II)

Fully coherent system. Frequency agility. Pulse compression. Advanced signal processing using MTD and CFAR Techniques. Track while scan for 2-D tracking. Full tracking capabilities for manoeuvering targets. Multicolour PPI Raster Scan Display, presenting both MTI(Moving Target Indication) and Synthetic Video. Integral IFF. Ease of transportation and fast deployment.

Tactical Control Radar

All weather day and night capability. 40 km range, giving a large coverage. Multiple target handling and engagement capability. Local threat evaluation and engagement calculations. Easy to operate and stress reduction under severe conditions. Highly mobile system, to be used in all kinds of terrain, with short into and out of action times. High resolution, which gives excellent target discrimination and allows accurate tracking.

Low Level Light- weight Surveillance Radar for Army air Defence
L-Band 2D Surveillance of aerial targets flying at low and medium altitudes. Automatic detection and tracking of Fixed wing aircrafts , Helicopter,UAV. Detection of hovering Helicopters. Target designation and distribution to Weapon Sites and Command Centre. Integrated IFF. Net equipment weight: < 150 kg excluding Power Source. Highly modular for quick setup. Remote operation and radar display through the Commanders Display Unit (CDU). Separation of CDU from sensor head 750 m.

Low Level Light-weight Surveillance Radar for AIRFORCE (Ashlesha)

S-Band 3D Surveillance of aerial targets flying at low and medium altitudes. Automatic detection and tracking of Fixed wing aircrafts , Helicopter,UAV. Detection of hovering Helicopters. Low power consumption and mechanical ruggedness to operate in extreme climatic conditions . Based on semi active array antenna using the state of art Transmit/ Receive Module (TRM) technology. Integrated IFF. Highly modular for quick setup. Robust EMI/EMC design and good testability/ maintainability features Separation of CDU from sensor head 750 m.

3D Surveillance Radar - ROHINI

TWS of airborne Targets upto 150 Kms.

ECCM features - side-lobe blanking, frequency agility and jammer analysis.

Integrated IFF Mk XI with extractor & comounted antenna. Configured as three mobile units mounted on three vehicles. Fully automated and controlled from Radar Console with user friendly GUI. Dedicated on-line BITE facility. Data remoting of Tracks and plots over LAN to remote stations. Data remoting of Digital data Link to remote data centre.

ROTATION PROGRAM

TEST EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION

Calibration of instruments is carried out according to the standard of NPL. Instruments not working properly are sent here for their correct calibration.

The standard for QC, followed by BEL are WS 102, WS 104 , PS 520 , PS 809 , PS 811 , PS 369
where, WS = Workmanship & PS = Process Standard

P.C.B. FABRICATION
Operations in process:
Following steps are there for PCB manufacturing: CNC Drilling , Drill Location , Through Hole Plating , Clean Scrub and Laminate , Photo Print , Develop Cu electroplate ,Tin electroplate , Strip Etching and cleaning ,Tin Stripping , Gold plating ,Liquid Photo Imageable Solder Masking

(LPISM) ,Photo print , Develop , Thermal Baking

Hot Air leaving ,Non Plated Hole Drilling , Reverse Marking.

QUALITY CONTROL
Various Quality Control Departments are: IG Department Ensures that raw materials and
components etc. purchased are according to the specifications

QC Work Inspects all the items manufactured in

the factory.

QC Fabrication Checks all the fabricated parts

and ensures that these are made according to the part drawing, painting , plating and stenciling etc are done as per BEL standards.

QC Assembly The assembly inspection

departments inspects all the assembled parts such as PCB , cable assembly ,cable form , modules , racks and shelters as per latest documents and BEL standards .

WORK ASSEMBLY
This department plays an important role in the production. Its main function is to assemble various components, equipments and instruments in a particular procedure. It has been broadly classified as: WORK ASSEMBLY RADAR
(eg INDRA II ,REPORTER)

WORK ASSEMBLY COMMUNICATION

(eg EMCCA ,MSSR ,MFC)

Various operations performed are Preparation, Tinning , Bending , Mounting , Wave Soldering, Touch Up ,Cleaning , Testing.

MAGNETICS
In this department different types of transformers and coils are manufactured , which are used in the various Defence equipments. The various types of transformers are: 1. Air cored transformers 2. Oil filled transformers 3. Moulding type transformers 4. P.C.B Mounting transformers The various types of cores are as follows : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. E type C type Lamination Ferrite core Toroidal core

The various types of windings are as follows : 1. Layer Winding 2. Wave Winding 3. Bank Winding

MICROWAVE LABORATORY
Microwave lab deals with very high frequency measurements including phase , magnitude and power measurements. Different type of waveguides are tested in this department like rectangular waveguides, circular waveguides. For waveguide Power measurement is done in terms of S parameters.

There are two methods of testing:

Acceptance Test Procedure(ATP) Production Test Procedure(PTP)

REPORTER RADAR TRANSMITTER

REPORTER RADAR TRANSMITTER

FEATURES
Mean RF power. Suitable RF bandwidth. High RF stability to meet signal processing requirements . Can be easily modulated to meet waveform design requirements. Efficient, reliable and easy to maintain.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RADAR SUBSYSTEM

High Tension Unit Transmitter Unit Lo+Afc Unit Receiver Unit

Antenna
Video Processor

High Tension Unit The high tension unit converts the 115v 400Hz 3 Phase mains voltage into a d.c supply voltage of about 4.2kv for the transmitter unit. The exact value of the high voltage depends on

the selected PRF(low , high or extra) to prevent the

dissipation of the magnetron from becoming too high PRF the lower the supplied high voltage.

Transmitter Unit
Submodulator Modulator Magnetron Afc control Unit

LO+AFC Unit
The Lo+Afc unit determines the frequency of the transmitted radar pulses.

Lock Pulses mixer

Afc discriminator

Solid state local oscillator(SSLO)

Coherent oscillator(COHO)

Receiver unit
The Rx unit converts the received RF echo signal to IF level and detects the IF signals in two different ways, two receiver channel are obtained, called MTI channel and linear channel.

Receiver unit
The Rx unit converts the received RF echo signal to IF level and detects the IF signals in two different ways, two receiver channel are obtained, called MTI channel and linear channel.

Antenna
The antenna is a square parabolic reflector, rotating with a speed of about 48 r.p.m. in the focus of the reflector is a

radiator, which emits the RF pulses from the circulartor and

which receives RF echo Pulses. In the waveguide is Polarisation shifter, which causes the

polarization of the RF energy to the either horizontally or

circularly. The polarization shifter is controlled by the system operator.

Video Processor
The video processor processes the MTI receiver channel, to make the video suitable for presentation on the colour PPI

screen and for use by the video extractor.

The main circuit comprised by the video processor are : Synchronization circuit.

Canceller
Floating level circuit Correlator

Resources
www.google.com www.bel-india.com www.wikipedia.org

THANK YOU

ANY QUERIES?