Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad.

Sep 2011 1
Signal Transmission Through
Linear Systems
What is a System?
2 Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
A collection of components interconnected in such a way as to
perform some specific function
Has a physical or abstract
boundary, separating it from the
external world. Inputs cross
boundary inward, and outputs
cross boundary outwards.
System operates on an input,
and produces an output or
response. Input-output relations
depend on the system
characteristics.
System
input output
Our interest is to mathematically describe the processing of signal
waveforms by communication systems.
3
Classification of Systems
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
Linearity
Linear/ non-linear
Time-variance
Time-invariant/
time-variant
Finite propagation time
Lumped/
distributed
Continuity of processing
Analog/ discrete/
digital
Causality
Causal/ non-causal
Stability
Stable/ unstable
Memory
Static/ dynamic
4
Definitions of System Classification
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
Linearity: A linear combination of several inputs produces the same linear
combination of the corresponding outputs.
Time-invariance: A system is time-invariant (or stationary) if the response is
independent of the time of application of input.
Causality: A system is causal if output does not precede the input. That is,
output at an instant is not due to future inputs. All physical systems are causal
by nature and can not produce noncausal responses.
Memory: A system has memory if it can store energy and has response
dependent both on present and past inputs. A memoryless systems response
at any instant is only due to input at that instant. System with memory is said
to be dynamic, and without memory static.
Stability: A system is stable if any bounded input causes only a bounded
output; that is, no bounded input causes a response which is unbounded. This
is said to be in bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) sense. In an unstable
system, the response may become independent of input.
5
Time Response of LTI Systems
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
LTI System
Input f(t)
(Excitation,
Driving function,
Forcing function)
Output
(Response)
r(t)
Total response = Natural Response + Forced Response
Forced Response: is that part of the response which is only due to the input. It is
absent when input is removed. It is responsible for the steady state portion of
response.
Natural Response: is that part of the output which is only due to the system
characteristics. It is responsible for the transient portion of the response.
Impulse Response h(t): System response for unit impulse input. h(t) represents the
natural response for t>0 and specifies the manner in which the system returns to
initial state after a momentary disturbance. h(t) completely characterizes a LTI
systemin time-domain.
LTI System
(t) h(t)
Let f(t) be input to an LTI system with impulse response ( ).
( ) ( ) for
For very small, f(t) can be approximated by a
train of impulses such that ( ) ( ) ( ) f t
h t
f t f t
f t
t
t to t
t t t t
t

=
~ s < + A
A
~ A

0
Input Output
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
lim ( ) (
t h t
t h t
f t f h t
f
t t
t
o
o t t
t to t t t t
t t o

= =

A A
A

0
) lim ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t f h t
f t d f h t d
f t t f t f t h t
t
t t
t t t t
t o t t t t t
o

= =


A

- = -

} }
6
Time Response of LTI Systems to arbitrary input f(t)
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
t
f(t)
f()

Time-response
of an LTI
system equals
the input
convolved with
impulse
response of
the system
7
Interpretation of System Characteristics
fromImpulse Response
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
Causality: ( ) 0 0
Time-invariance: ( ) ( )
Memorylessness: ( ) ( )
Stability: ( )
h t t
t h t
h t k t
h t dt
o t t t
o

= <

=
<
}

8
Step Response
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
t 0 0 t
h(t)=e
-at
u(t), a>0
s(t)=(1-e
-at
)u(t)/a, a>0
1
1/a
( ) output for a unit step input, is a practically
obtainable system characteristic,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) h(t) = '( )
Speed of respon
unlike impulse response.
; and
se:
t
Step response
s t u t h t h d s t
Rise Ti
t
m
s
e
t t

= - =
}

( )
may be defined as the time
taken by system step-response from zero initial state to reach
steady state value ( ), if maximum rate of rise is maintained.
Faster systems have smaller rise t e

im s.
r
t
s
Example
t
r
Max rate of rise = s(t)
max
= s(0) = 1; therefore rise time t
r
= 1/a
Steady state output
9
Frequency Response of LTI Systems
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
LTI System
h(t)
( )
j t
f t e
e
=
| |
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) completely characterizes a LTI system in frequency domain,
and is called , or
j t j t j t j j t
Transfer
r t e h t h e d e h e d e
Function Filter Charact
H
eristic Fr
H
e
h t
e e t e et e
t t t t e
e



= - = = =
- =
} }
F

of the system.
( ) is complex-valued; its magnitude is the frequency dependent and
its angle is the frequency dependent given to the input signal.
retains


its
j t
quency Response
gain
phase shift
H
e
e
e -
- form when passing through LTI systems; is hence an
. For the same reason, sinusoidal signals also are eigen functions; their
waveshape is retained except for a change in amplitude and pha
eigen
function
se shift. This
enables experimental measurement of frequency response.
( ) ( )
j t
r t e H
e
e =
10
Frequency Domain Response of LTI Systems
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
1
The synthesis equation ( ) ( ) ( ) can b e viewed as a continuous
2
sum of weighted complex exponentials. Th e corresponding output of an LTI system then
1
is given by ( ) ( ) [ ( )
2
j t
f t F e d f t
r t F H
e
e e
t
e e
t

=
=
}
1
] [ ( ) ( )] .
2
Thus, ; and the same can also be deduced from con ( ) ( ) ( ) volution property of
Fourier Transform.
j t j t
R
e d F e
F
H
H
d
e e
e e e e
e e
t
e


=
=
} }
System function as a Filter in frequency domain
Gain variation with frequency shows how system acts as a filter in frequency
domain. If maximumgain is at zero frequency, system is a lowpass filter (LPF) ; and if
at a non-zero frequency it is a bandpass filter (BPF).
Half-power (or 3 dB) bandwidth for lowpass filter is |0-
c
|where
For a bandpass filter with maximum gain at
c
, it is |
1

2
| where
1
<<
2
and
( ) (0) / 2
c
H H e =
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) / 2
c
H H H e e e = =
11
Bandwidth-Rise time Relation
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
System with smaller rise time has faster transient response, narrower impulse
impulse response and consequently wider bandwidth. Thus system bandwidth is
inversely related to its rise time; alternatively stated as Bandwidth x Rise time
= Constant
Signal Distortion
Distortion is the change in signal wave shape while passing through a system.
Uniform gain and pure time delay undergone by a signal do not amount to
distortion.
12
Conditions for Distortionless Transmission
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
0
0
For a distortionless system,
( ) ( - ) ( )
F
j t
h t k t t H k e
e
o e

= =
0 t
0
k
t
h(t)
0
k

|H()|
- t
0
H()=
In time domain,
h(t) should be an impulse, may
be weighted and time shifted
In frequency domain,
gain should be independent of
frequency (if not, amplitude distortion
is said to be caused)
phase shift should vary linearly with
frequency (if not, phase distortion is
said to be caused)
13
Ideal Filter Characteristics
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
An ideal filter provides distortionless transmission over some
finite bandwidth.
0
k

|H()|
- t
0
H()
0
k

|H()|
0

- t
0
H()

Ideal LPF characteristic Ideal BPF characteristic

14
Realizability of Ideal Filters
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
0
k

|H()|
0

- t
0
H()
Ideal LPF characteristic
t
0
0
W - W
kW/
t
h(t)
F
h(t)=(kW/) Sa[W(t-t
0
)]
Impulse Response of Ideal LPF
Physical devices are causal by nature, and therefore filters with noncausal impulse
responses are not realizable. Observe that ideal lowpass filter has a noncausal
impulse response, and hence is not realizable. Similarly, ideal bandpass filter is also
not realizable. Practical designs can be approximated by ignoring noncausal portions
of the actual impulse response.
15
Realizabilityin Frequency Domain: Paley - Wiener Criterion
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
Paley-Wiener Theorem: A necessary and sufficient condition for a filter
gain function |H()| to be realizable is that
2
ln ( )

1
H
d
e
e
e

<
+
}
A realizable gain characteristic can not have too great a total attenuation.
eg. is not realizable.
A realizable filter characteristic may have zero gain for discrete set of
frequencies, but cannot have zero gain over a band of frequencies. eg. An
ideal filter characteristic is not realizable.
Non-realizability of filter characteristics which do not meet Paley-Wiener
criterion is not just a practical difficulty, but is a theoretical impossibility.
2
( ) H e
e
e

=
( )
f
P e
2
( ) ( )
f
H P e e
2
( )
( )
2
f
F
S
e
e
t
=
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
r f
H F F
S H H S
e e e
e e e e
t t
= = =
16
Effect of System on Energy Spectral Density
Presented by APN Rao, Dept ECE, GRIET, Hyderabad. Sep 2011
LTI System
H()
Energy spectral density of an input energy signal is scaled by the squared gain
of the system.
Effect of System on Power Spectral Density
LTI System
H()
Power spectral density of an input power signal is scaled by the squared gain
of the system.