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Data Register
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Await
First
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dial tone
handset lift /
set timer
(2 s)
* 2(
timer alarm / beeping
Await
Dial
Tone
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Receiver
Onhook
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Await
First
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ringback tone
ring tone /
set timer
(2 s)
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timer alarm / terminate call
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Await
Receiver
Onhook
@i30!$%-".@
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set
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timer
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set
alarm
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60
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70
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time in msec
(a) T1 is in phase with T2
T2
T1
20
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30
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50
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(b) T1 has a 20 msec phase with respect to T2
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deadline for T2
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deadline for T3
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priority
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priority
priority
8
9
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task period in msec
11
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13
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lock(CR)
T1 needs nonpreemptable resource CR being held by T5
T1
T1 undergoing unbounded priority inversion
T2
T1 gets nonpreemptable
resource CR held by T5
T5 preempted by T4
T3
T4
unlock(CR)
lock(CR)
T5
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
time
tn
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pri(Ti)=5
pri(Ti)=5
CR
CR
Ti
Ti
CR
Pri(Ti)=10
Ti
Ti
pri(Ti)=5
CR
Tj
Tj
Tj
pri(Tj)=10
pri(Tj)=10
pri(Tj)=10
scenario 4
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scenario 1
scenario 2
scenario 3

"!# $
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T1
T1
T3
T3 releases CR
T2
T3
T1 requests CR
T2 requests CR
T3 acquires CR
Task
priority
T3 gets back
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priority
T2
T3
T3
t1
t2
t3
time
t4
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Task Priorities
Pri(T1)= 10
T1
40ms
CR1
Pri(T2)= 7
T
2
60ms
10ms
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4

Arrangement of tasks in ascending order:
Step1:
T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
Schedule tasks as late as possible
without violating precedence constraints:
Step 2:
T1
6 8
14
T3 T2
20 25
T5 T4
33 40
50
Move tasks as early as possible

without altering the schedule:
Step 3:
T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
2
8 13 20 30
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f(){
wd_start(t1,exceptionhandler);
start
wd_tickle();
}
end
t1
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System
call
check parameters
OS Service
(kernel mode)
Trap
Application Program
(user mode)
system call
next statement
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Tasks
Priority Level
Task Queues
2
3
4
5
6
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7:/E_EB\^/7AKMF8GM@4=<FTNP=FT1m\l5L3>g:3I5L9IZn{NeDN:/EB3I=p12O7i1*9H4@k3>== OGF87A53>~^13>/O9;FLN:/9p1Ne1<243,G>7:@7AtFT5LFb1<FT39pNA`R1<243,/Fb~]V:3I=/43I5DaFT124NPHB1
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7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z

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9\B9m1<3>KN:=67W[FL/EBNiD9J9;\B9;13IK&Z6R243*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/lFL9JEB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IElN:/e1<243*2NP9;1J7A/OEe123*EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IE7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/lF89
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"
ROMresident
operating system
TCP/IP
Embedded
processor
Host System
" FLX:H=3 WBGC23>Ks7i1<FLG84a3I@4=<3I93>/Q1<7A1FLN:/,N:` 7 qNP9;1;S0"7:=XP31^\B9m1<3>K

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Target Board
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[
DOS
Windows NT
Windows 3.1 new

code
Windows 2000
Windows 95
Windows XP
Windows 98
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Realtime critical
Realtime
1631
Realtime normal
Realtime idle
Dynamic critical
Dynamic
115
Dynamic idle
;&
16
15
Dynamic normal
Idle
31
1
0
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0
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Legend:
XRAY+: Source level
debgguer
PROBE: Target Debgger
Editor
Cross
compiler
. XRAY+
Libraries
Application
Host Computer
TCP/IP
P
N
A
+
PSOS+
PHILE
PROBE
ROM
Target Board
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T1
T2
t1
T3
t2
t ts
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5
Condition enabling
high priority task T
2
T2 starts running
T2
T1
t1
t2
t3
time
tt p
-FTXPH4=<3 [Wo-7:9V,=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/nRFTKM3
Interrupt occurs
ISR
T1
t1
t2
t3
time
ti l
- FLX:H4=<3 a W .0/Q13I==<H4@B1"7i1<3>/G>\,RFTKM3
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Acquire Semaphore
Release Semaphore
tss
T1
T2
T1
T2
time
Request Semaphore
- FTXPH4=<3 a W^3IKM7:@424NP=3p^2^HsFT/XWRFTKM3
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5a
t1
T3
T2
T1
t2
T1
time
Request
Release
Acquire
Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore
Acquire
Semaphore
" FLX:H=3
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TRIANG
Shared Memmory
Analyser
System Call
RT1
RT2
RTn
Output
Timer
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Priority Arbitration
Transmission Interval
n *0?>I/:+! (J j:+*'57:*'(U@;u:+A/*'(:V"4(+*'576">6
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msb
lsb
N1 10
N2 16
N3 20
Priority bits
n *'?7I/:+! = j:+*'57:*'(U@;u:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6b]{/">,9.
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N2
Propagation Time
N1
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Priority
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Regulator 1
Regulated Traffic
Priority level
Regulator 2
input
output
n
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Scheduler
Rate Controller
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