Lesson 1 1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity 2.5.

Two runners start simultaneously from the same point on a circular 200-m track and run in opposite directions. One runs at a constant speed of 6.20 m/s, and the other runs at a constant speed of 5.50 m/s. When they first meet, (a) for how long a time will they have been running, and (b) how far will each one have run along the track? 2 Instantaneous Velocity 2.9. A car is stopped at a traffic light. It then travels along a straight road so that its distance from the light is 2 3 2 3 given by x(t) = bt ct , where b = 2.40 m/s and c = 0.12 m/s . (a) Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time interval t = 0 to t = 10.0 s. (b) Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at t = 0, t = 5.0 s, and t = 10.0 s. (c) How long after starting from rest is the car again at rest? 3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration 2 2.18 A car's velocity as a function of time is given by x(t) = + t , where = 3.00 m/s and = 0.100 m/s3. (a) Calculate the average acceleration for the time interval t = 0 to t = 5.00 s. (b) Calculate the instantaneous acceleration for t = 0 and t = 5.00 s. (c) Draw accurate x-t and ax-t graphs for the car's motion between t = 0 and t = 5.00 s. 4 Motion with Constant Acceleration 2.24. A Tennis Serve. In the fastest measured tennis serve, the ball left the racquet at 73.14 m/s. A served tennis ball is typically in contact with the racquet for 30.0 ms and starts from rest. Assume constant acceleration. (a) What was the ball's acceleration during this serve? (b) How far did the ball travel during the serve? 5 Freely Falling Bodies 2.45. A student throws a water balloon vertically downward from the top of a building. The balloon leaves the thrower's hand with a speed of 6.00 m/s. Air resistance may be ignored, so the water bal- loon is in free fall after it leaves the thrower's hand. (a) What is its speed after falling for 2.00 s? (b) How far does it fall in 2.00 s? (c) What is the magnitude of its velocity after falling 10.0 m? (d) Sketch ay-t, y-t, and y-t graphs for the motion. 6 Velocity and Position by Integration 2 2.50. The acceleration of a bus is given by a ax (t) = t, where = 1.2 m/s . (a) If the bus's velocity at time t = 1.0 s is 5.0 m/s, what is its velocity at time t = 2.0 s? (b) If the bus's position at time t = 1.0 s is 6.0 m, what is its position at time t = 2.0 s? (c) Sketch ax-t, x-t, and x-t graphs for the motion. 7 Position and Velocity Vectors 3.3. A web page designer creates an animation in which a dot on a computer screen has a position of ,. r = [4.0 cm + (2.5 cm/s2 )t2] i + (5.0 cm/s)t j. (a) Find the magnitude and direction of the dot's average velocity between t = 0 and t = 2.0 s. (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the instantaneous velocity at t = 0, t = 1.0 s, and t = 2.0 s. (c) Sketch the dot's trajectory from t = 0 to t = 2.0 s, and show the velocities calculated in part (b). 8 The Acceleration Vector 2 3.7 The coordinates of a bird flying in the xy-plane are given by x(t) = t and y(t) = 3.0m - t , where = 2.4 m/s and = 1.2 m/s2.(a) Sketch the path of the bird between t = 0 and t = 2.0 s. (b) Calculate the velocity and acceleration vectors of the bird as functions of time. (c) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the bird's velocity and acceleration at t = 2.0 s. (d) Sketch the velocity and acceleration vectors at t = 2.0 s. At this instant, is the bird speeding up. is it slowing down, or is its speed instantaneously not changing? Is the bird turning? If so, in what direction?

Lesson 2 1. A box rests on a frozen pond, which serves as a frictionless horizontal surface. If a fisherman applies a 2 horizontal force with magnitude 48.0 N to the box and produces an acceleration of magnitude 3.00 m/s , what is the mass of the box? 2. An electron (mass = 9.11 10 kg) leaves one end of a TV picture tube with zero initial speed and travels in a straight line to the accelerating grid, which is 1.80 cm away. It reaches the grid with a speed of 3.00 106 m/s. If the accelerating force is constant, compute (a) the acceleration; (b) the time to reach the grid; (c) the net force. (You can ignore the gravitational force on the electron.) 3. At the surface of Jupiter's moon Io, the acceleration due to gravity is g = 1.81 m/s . A watermelon weighs 44.0 N at the surface of the earth. (a) What is the watermelon's mass on the earth's surface? (b) What are its mass and weight on the surface of Io? 4. An astronaut's pack weighs 17.5 N when she is on earth but only 3.24 N when she is at the surface of an asteroid. (a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on this asteroid? (b) What is the mass of the pack on the asteroid? 5. An advertisement claims that a particular automobile can "stop on a dime." What net force would actually be necessary to stop a 850-kg automobile traveling initially at 45.0 km/h in a distance equal to the diameter of a dime, which is 1.8 cm? 6. The position of a 2.7510 N training helicopter under test is given by r = (0.020 m/s )t I + (2.2m/s)t j - (0.060m/s2 )t2 k. Find the net force on the helicopter at t = 5.0 s. 7. A stockroom worker pushes a box with mass 11.2 kg on a horizontal surface with a constant speed of 3.50 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the surface is 0.20. (a) What horizontal force must the worker apply to maintain the motion? (b) If the force calculated in part (a) is removed, how far does the box slide before coming to rest? 8. Consider the system shown in Fig. Block A weighs 45.0 N and block B weighs 25.0 N. Once block B is set into downward motion, it descends at a constant speed (a) Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and the tabletop. (b) A cat, also of weight 45.0 N, falls asleep on top of block A. If block B is now set into downward motion, what is its acceleration (magnitude and direction)? 9. A hammer is hanging by a light rope from the ceiling of a bus. The ceiling of the bus is parallel to the roadway. The bus is traveling in a straight line on a horizontal street You observe that the hammer hangs at rest with respect to the bus when the angle between the rope and the ceiling of the bus is 74. What is the acceleration of the bus? 10. A bowling ball weighing 71.2 N (16.0 lb) is attached to the ceiling by a 3.80-m rope. The ball is polled to one side and released; it then swings back and forth as a pendulum. As the rope swings through the vertical, the speed of the bowling ball is 4.20 m/s. (a) What is the acceleration of the bowling ball, in magnitude and direction, at this instant? (b) What is the tension in the rope at this instant?
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Lesson 3 1. Angular Velocity and Acceleration The angle through which a disk drive turns is given by (t) = a + bt - ct3 , where a, b, and c are constants, t is in seconds, and is in radians. When t = 0, = ./4 rad and the angular velocity is 2.00 rad/s, and when t = 1.50 s, the angular acceleration is 1.25 rad/s2. (a) Find a, b, and c, including their units. (b) What is the angular acceleration when = ./4 rad ? (c) What are and the angular velocity when the angular acceleration is 3.50 rad/s2? 2. Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration A safety device brings the blade of a power mower from an initial angular speed of 1 to rest in 1.00 revolution. At the same constant acceleration, how many revolutions would it take the blade to come to rest from an initial angular speed 3 that was three times as great, 3 = 31 ? 3. Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics An advertisement claims that a centrifuge takes up only 0.127 m of bench space but can produce a radial acceleration of 3000g at 5000 rev/min. Calculate the required radius of the centrifuge. Is the claim realistic? 4. Moment of inertia Four small spheres each of which you can regard as a point of mass 0.200 kg are arranged in a square 0.400 m on a side and connected by extremely light rods. Find the moment of inertia of the system about an axis (a) through the center of the square, perpendicular to its plane (an axis through point O in the figure); (b) bisecting two opposite sides of the square (an axis along the line AB in the figure); (c) that passes through the centers of the upper left and lower right spheres and through point O. 5. Parallel-Axis Theorem Find the moment of inertia of a hoop (a thin-walled, hollow ring) with mass M and radius R about an axis perpendicular to the hoop's plane at an edge. 6. Moment-of-Inertia Calculations Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform solid cone about an axis through its center. The cone has mass M and altitude h. The radius of its circular base is R. 7. Torque A machinist is using a wrench to loosen a nut. The wrench is 25.0 cm long, and he exerts a 17.0-N force at the end of the handle at 37 with the handle (a) What torque does the machinist exert about the center of the nut? (b) What is the maximum torque he could exert with this force, and how should the force be oriented? 8. Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body A solid, uniform cylinder with mass 8.25 kg and diameter 15.0 cm is spinning at 220 rpm on a thin frictionless axle that passes along the cylinder axis. You design a simple friction brake to stop the cylinder by pressing the brake against the outer rim with a normal force. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the brake and rim is 0.333. What must the applied normal force be to bring the cylinder to rest after it has turned through 5.25 revolutions? 9. Conservation of Angular Momentum A diver comes off a board with arms straight up and legs straight down, giving her a moment of inertia about her rotation axis of 18 kg m2. She then tucks into a small ball, decreasing this moment of inertia to 3.6 kg m2 . While tucked, she makes two complete revolutions in 1.0 s. If she hadn't tucked at all, how many revolutions would she have made in the 1.5 s from board to water? 10. Work and Power in Rotational Motion An electric motor consumes 9.00 kJ of electrical energy in 1.00 min. If one-third of this energy goes into heat and other forms of internal energy of the motor, with the rest going to the motor output, how much torque will this engine develop if you run it at 2500 rpm? 11. Energy in Rotational Motion An electric motor exerts a constant torque of 10 N m on a grindstone mounted on its shaft. The moment of inertia of the grindstone about the shaft is 2.0 kg m2. If the system starts from rest, find the work done by the motor in 8.0 seconds and the kinetic energy at the end of this time.

Lesson 4 1. Work A loaded grocery cart is rolling across a parking lot in a strong wind. You apply a constant force F = (30N) I - (40N) J to the cart as it undergoes a displacement s = (-9.0m) I - (3.0m) J. How much work does the force you apply do on the grocery cart? 2. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem A soccer ball with mass 0.420 kg is initially moving with speed 2.00 m/s. A soccer player kicks the ball, exerting a constant force of magnitude 40.0 N in the same direction as the ball's motion. Over what distance must the player's foot be in contact with the ball to increase the ball's speed to 6.00 m/s? 3. Work and Energy with Varying Forces A 4.00-kg block of ice is placed against a horizontal spring that has force constant k = 200 N/m and is compressed 0.025 m. The spring is released and accelerates the block along a horizontal surface. You can ignore friction and the mass of the spring. (a) Calculate the work done on the block by the spring during the motion of the block from its initial position to where the spring has returned to its uncompressed length. (b) What is the speed of the block after it leaves the spring? 4. Power An elevator has mass 600 kg, not including passengers. The elevator is designed to ascend, at constant speed, a vertical distance of 20.0 m (live floors) in 16.0 s, and it is driven by a motor that can provide up to 40 hp to the elevator. What is the maximum number of passengers that can ride in the elevator? Assume that an average passenger has mass 65.0 kg. (1 hp = 746W) 5. Gravitational Potential Energy Tarzan and Jane. Tarzan, in one tree, sights Jane in another tree. He grabs the end of a vine with length 20 m that makes an angle of 45 with the vertical, steps off his tree limb, and swings down and then up to Jane's open arms. When he arrives, his vine makes an angle of 30 with the vertical. Determine whether he gives her a tender embrace or knocks her off her limb by calculating Tarzan's speed just before he reaches Jane. You can ignore air resistance and the mass of the vine. 6. Elastic Potential Energy You are asked to design a spring that will give a 1160-kg satellite a speed of 2.50 m/ s relative to an orbiting space shuttle. Your spring is to give the satellite a maximum acceleration of 5.00 g. The spring's mass, the recoil kinetic energy of the shuttle, and changes in gravitational potential energy will all be negligible. (a) What must the force constant of the spring be? (b) What distance must the spring be compressed? 7. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces A 0.60-kg book slides on a horizontal table. The kinetic friction force on the book has magnitude 1.2 N. (a) How much work is done on the book by friction during a displacement of 3.0 m to the left? (b) The book now slides 3.0 m to the right, returning to its starting point. During this second 3.0-m displacement, how much work is done on the book by friction? (c) What is the total work done on the book by friction during the complete round trip? (d) On the basis of your answer to part (c), would you say that the friction force is conservative or nonconservative? Explain. 8. Energy in Rotational Motion Energy is to be stored in a 70.0-kg flywheel in the shape of a uniform solid disk with radius R = 1.20 m. To prevent structural failure of the flywheel, the maximum allowed radial acceleration of a point on its rim is 3500 m/s2. What is the maximum kinetic energy that can be stored in the flywheel? 9. Elastic Collisions A 0.150-kg glider is moving to the right on a frictionless, horizontal air track with a speed of 0.80 m/s. It has a head-on collision with a 0.300-kg glider that is moving to the left with a speed of 2.20 m/s. Find the final velocity (magnitude and direction) of each glider if the collision is elastic. 10. Force and Potential Energy An object moving in the xy-plane is acted on by a conservative force described by the potential-energy function V(x, y) = (1/x2 + 1/y2), where is a positive constant. Derive an expression for the force expressed in terms of the unit vectors I and J.