Iron is taken from the earth and copper is smelted from ore.

Man puts an end to the darkness;

he searches the farthest recesses for ore in the darkness.
The Bible (Job 28:2-3)

Image: Iron flows from a blast furnace. Source:

American Iron and Steel Institute.

σε
P
(σ ε

P A

Figure 3.5 Stress-strain diagram for a ductile material.

text reference: Figure 3.5, , page 96
 σε

σε

text reference: Figure 3.6, page 97

æ l fr − l0 ö
EL = çç ×
è 0 l

%EL

Manifest
danger
stress concentrations

Figure 3.1 Ductile material from a standard

tensile test apparatus. (a) Necking; (b) failure.
text reference: Figure 3.1, page 90
 %EL
%EL

Figure 3.2 Failure of a brittle

material from a standard
tesile test apparatus.

text reference: Figure 3.2, page 91

text reference: Figure 3.7, page 98

 text reference: Figure 3.8, page 99

Figure 3.10 Stress-strain diagram for polymer below, at, and above its glass transition
temperature Tg.

text reference: Figure 3.10, page 101

 σ uniaxial
E=
ε linear

Esteel
Ealum
τyx γyx θyx
τ
G=
γ

torsion

x
y
ε axial
ν =−
ε transverse
νsteel
νalum v
νrubber v
G E

E
G=
( +υ )
 yield
Allowable building

S y ≤ σ allow ≤ Sy

τ allow = Sy

S y ≤ σ allow ≤ Sy

σ allow = Sy

εy
U r = σ dε
0
rupture
Class Members Short name
Enginering alloys Aluminum alloys Al alloys
(the metals and alloys of Copper alloys Cu alloys
engineering) Lead alloys Lead alloys
Magnesium alloys Mg alloys
Molybdenum alloys Mo alloys
Nickel alloys Ni alloys
Steels Steels
Tin alloys Tin alloys
Titanium alloys Ti alloys
Tungsten alloys Walloys
Zinc alloys Zn alloys
Engineering polymers Epoxies EP
(the thermoplastics and Melamines MEL
thermosets of engineering) Polycarbonate PC
Polyester PEST
Polyethylene, high density HDPE
Polyethylene, low density LDPE
Polyformaldehyde PF
Polymethylmethacrylate PMMA
Polypropylene PP
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE
Polyvinyl chloride PVC
Engineering ceramics Alumina Al2O3
(fine ceramics capable of Diamond C Table 3.7 Material classes
load-bearing application) Sialons Sialons and members and short
Silicon carbide SiC
Silicon nitride Si3N4 names of each member.
Zirconia ZrO2 [From Ashby (1992)].
text reference: Table 3.7, page 123

RA RB RC

SU HB HB
SU HB
HB
Charpy Izod
 quenching

critical temperature

below critical temperature

and
 carburizing

hardness

strength

hardness toughness
 Expensive!

y
Brass zinc
 Figure 3.4 Cross section of fiber reinforced
composite material.

text reference: Figure 3.4, page 95

Figure 3.3 Strength/density for various materials.

text reference: Figure 3.3, page 94