-----11 Balanced Three-Phase

Assessment Problems
A __
--1

Circuits

AP 11.1 Make a sketch:

I---

...N

c
We know V AN and wish to find V BO. To do this, write a KVL equation to find V AB, and use the known phase angle relationship between V AB and V to find VBO'
VAB

BO

= VAN + VNB = VAN

VBN V AN

Since VAN, V BN, and V ON form a balanced set, and the phase sequence is positive,
VBN

= 240! --

aoov, and

=
=

IV ANI/

/V

AN -

120° = 240/,.... 30° - 120°

= 240/

- 150° V

Then,
V AB VAN V BN

= (240/ - 30°) - (240/ - 150°) = 415.46/0° V

Since V AB, we can find

VBe

V BO, V BO

and V OA form a balanced set with a positive phase sequence, from V AB:
AB -

IV ABI/(/V

120°)

= 415.69/0°

- 120° = 415.691 - 120° V

Thus, VBe = 415.69/-120° V 11-1

11-2

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

A __ ---I

AP 11.2 Make a sketch:

I---

..

c
We know V ON and wish to find V AB. To do this, write a KVL equation to find VBO, and use the known phase angle relationship between V AB and VBO to find V AB.

Since VAN, V BN, and VON form a balanced set, and the phase sequence is negative,
V]~N

V ON =

450L - 25° V, and

IV oNI/

IV ON -

120° = 450/ - 23° - 120° = 450/ - 145° V

Then,
VBO

V BN - VON

= (450/VOA VAB

145°) - (450/ - 25°) = 779.42/ - 175° V

Since VAB, VBO, and sequence, we can find

VAB

form a balanced set with a negative phase from VBO:

IVBcl/~

-120° = 779.42/- 295° V

But we normally want phase angle values between 360° to the phase angle computed above. Thus, V AB

+ 180° and

-180°. We add

= 779.42/65° V

AP 11.3 Sketch the a-phase circuit:

Problems [a] We can find the line current using Ohm's law, since the a-phase line

11-3

current is the current in the a-phase load. Then we can use the fact that laA, IbB, and IcC form a balanced set to find the remaining line currents. Note that since we were not given any phase angles in the problem statement, we can assume that the phase voltage given, V AN, has a phase angle of 0°.

2400LOo = laA(16
so I aA
=

+ j12)

2400&_ = 96 - 72 = 120L - 36.87° A 16 + j12 J

With an acb phase sequence, /IbB = /IaA so IaA = 120L - 36.87° A IbB = 120L83.13° A IcC

+ 120°

and

/Icc = /IaA - 120°

= 120L -

156.87° A

[bJ The line voltages at the source are Vab Vbe, and Yea' They form a
balanced set. To find Vab, use the a-phase circuit to find VAN, and use the relationship between phase voltages and line voltages for a y-connection (see Fig. 11.9[b]). From the a-phase circuit, use KYL: Van = VaA

+ VAN = (0.1 + jO.8)IaA + 2400LOo + jO.8) (96 j72)

(0.1

+ 2400Loo = 2467.2 + j69.6

2468. 18L1.62° Y From Fig. 11.9(b), Vab = Van(V3L

30°) = 4275.02L - 28.38°Y

With an acb phase sequence,

Iv be =
so

IVab

+ 120

and

IV ea = IV ab -

120°

Val;>= 4275.02L - 28.38°Y V be = 4275.02L91.62° Y Vea = 4275.02L - 148.38° Y

11-4

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

(cJ Using KVL on the a-phase circuit
VaIn

= Va/a + Van =
= (0.02

(0.2

+ jO.16)(96 = 2480.64 + j83.52 = 2482.05L1.93°

=

+ jO.16)IaA + Van - j72) + (2467.2 + j69.9)

V

With an acb phase sequence,

/Vbtn
so

/Vatn + 120°
V

and

/Vetn = /Vatn

-120°

v., = 2482.05L1.93°
Vb/n VeIn

= 2482.05L121.93°

= 2482.05L - 118.07° V

AP 11.4 AP 11.5

Icc = (-I3L - 300)lcA = (-I3L - 30°) . 8L - 15° = 13.86L - 45° A

laA = 12/(65° - 120°) lAB = [( ~)

= 6.93/-

= 12L -

55°

L-

300] laA = (/

~OO) .

12/ - 55°

85° A /30°] [69.28L - 100J = 40L20° A 4160/0° Z¢>= 40~

AP 11.6 [a] lAB

= [( ~)

Therefore

104/ - 20

[b] lAB = [( ~) / - 300] [69.28/ ~ 100J = 40L - 40° A

Therefore AP 11.7 I
¢>

Z¢>= 104L40°

= 3.667

110

110 + j2.75

'40 LOA 30 - J = 50 - 53.13

Therefore AP 11.8 [aJ

IlaAI = -I3Iq, = -13(50) = 86.60A

26,587.67VA

181 = -13(208)(73.8) =
Q = /(26,587.67)2

- (22,659)2 = 13,909.50 VAR

Problems [b] pf =

11~5

22,659 26,587.67
=

= 0.8522 Loo V;

lagging S¢> = 384 + j288 kVA

AP 11.9 (a]

VAN

(4~0)

VANI:A

Therefore 1* = (384 + j288)1000 aA 4160/v13

IaA

(159.88 + ·119.91)A )
- 36.87° A

159.88 - j119.91 199.85A

= 199.85L

IIaAl

[b) P = (41!0)2;
Q
=

therefore therefore

R = (4160)2 = 45.070 384,000 X = (4160)2 = 60.090 288,000

(4160)2. X'
VAN IaA

[c) Z¢> =
.'.

4160/vf:3 0. H)9.85[- 36.870 = 12.02L36.87 = (9.61 + )7.21) 0 X = 7.210

= 9.610,

11-6

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Problems
PILI

[a] First, convert the cosine waveforms to phasors:

v
a

= 120L54°· _,

v, = 120L174°

Subtract the phase angle of the a-phase from all phase angles:

/V~= 54° /V~ = -66° /V~, =

54° = 0° - 54° = -120°

174° - 54°

120°

Compare the result to Eqs. 11.1 and 11.2: Therefore abc

[b] First, convert the cosine waveforms to phasors:

Vb = 3240L94°; Subtract the phase angle of the a-phase from all phase angles:

/V~= -26° + 26°

/V~ = -146°

= 0°

/V~= 94° + 26° = 120°

+ 26° = -120°
acb

Compare the result to Eqs. 11.1 and 11.2: Therefore P 11.2

[aJ v, = 339LOoY

v, = 3391 -1200y v, = 339i120° Y

Balanced, positive phase sequence

[bll

V, = 622Loo Y Vs = 622/ - 240° Y

= 6221120° Y

'v,

= 622L2400y

= 622L -1200y

Balanced, negative phase sequence

[cJ V, = 9331 - 90° Y

v, = 933L150° Y
v, = 933/30° Y Balanced, positive phase sequence

Problems [d] V, = 170/ - 30° V Vb = 170/90° Y

11-7

v,

170/ -1500y

Balanced, negative phase sequence [e] Unbalanced, due to unequal amplitudes

[f) Unbalanced, due to unequal phase angle separation P 11.3 V, = Vm/O° = Vm + jO Vb = Vm/120° = -Vm(0.5

+ jO.866)

Va + V, + V,

(Vm)(1 + jO - 0.5 - jO.866 - 0.5 + jO.866) Vm(O) = 0

Pll.4
P 11.5

1= Va+Vb+Vc=O
3(Rw

+ jXw)

[a] The circuit is unbalanced, because the impedance in each phase of the load is not the same.

[b]

IaA

240/0° . 10 + }30 = 2.4 - J7.2 A 240/120° . 20 = 2.2 + J8.2 A

hB
I
cC

= =

+:i2O

240/ - 120° = 2.96 _ '4.48 A 20 _ .i40 J j3.48

10

= IaA + IbB + IcC = 7.55 =

= 8.32/ -

24.75° A

P 11.6

{a]

IaA

24010° .° 80 + j60 = 2.4/ - 36.87 A 240/120° ° 80 + j60 = 2.4/83.13 A 240/ - 120° = 2.4/ _ 156.87° A 80 + .i60

IbB =

I
cC 10

laA + IbB

+ IcC

=0

[b)

VAN

(79 + j55)IaA = (79 + j55)(2.4/-

36.87°) = 231.0/- 2.02° Y

l1-S

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

[eJ

VaN

(79 + j52)IbB = 226.99L116.4S0 V

V AB

= VAN

VBN

= 393.6L -

32.5° V

[d] Unbalanced P 11.7

Zga

+ + +

Zla

+ + +

ZLa

= SO+ j60n
= =

Zgb

Zlb

ZLb

40 + j30n 160 + j120n 4soL -120° 40 + j30 +

VN --

Zgc

Zic

ZLc

VN -

4S0

VN -

SOl .i60 + +

4S0~ 160 + j120

VN

0
=

+ 20

Solving for V N yields V N = 7S.61L- 122.69° V

N 10 == V 20

3.93L - 122.69°A

P 11.S

VAN

7967LOo V + 120° V

VBN

= 7967L

VCN = 7967L -1200y

V CA

=V

CN - VAN

= 13,799.25L -

150°Y

VAB

= 13,799.25cos(wt -

30°) V

VBC~= 13,799.25cos(wt+900)Y
VCA

= 13,799.25cos(wt

- 150°) Y

Problems
P 11.9

11-9

[a]
a 0.250 j20
A

2160

+
12,800

V~
N

io

j630

n
IaA

= J3
=

12,800 3(216 + j63)

= 32.84/

- 16.26° A(rms)

IIaAI

IlL! = 32.84 A (rms)

+
(32.84/16.26°)(0.25

[b]

Van

= 12;0

+ j2)

= 7416.61/0.47°

IV ABI

= V3(7416.61) = 12,845.94 V(rms)

P 11.10 [a] I

aA IbB

4800L!r:_ = 24/ - 16.26° A 192 + j56

= 241120 - 16.26° = 24/103.74° A

leo = 24/ - 136.26° A [b] Van = 4800/0° V

Vbn

= 4800/120° V

Ven
Vab

= 4800/
=-13/ -

- 120° V 300Van = 8313.84/ - 30° V V

v., = 8313.84/90°
Vea

= 8313.84/ - 150° V = (24/ - 16.26°)(190

[c)

VAN

+ j40)

= 4659.96/ - 4.37° V

V BN = 4659.96/115.63° V
VON

= 4659.96/ - 124.37° V

[d]

V AB

= V3/

- 300V

AN

= 8071.28/ - 34.37° V

V BO = 8071.28/85.63° V
V OA =

8071.28/ - 154.37° V

11-10

CHAPTER

11. Balanced Three-Phase

Circuits

P 11.11 [a] Van = l/v'3L - 300Yab = 120L - 30° V(rms) The a-phase circuit is

[b] IaA = 30 + j40 [c] Y AN = (28

120L - 30°

,0 2.4L - 83.13 A(rms)

= l11.36L - 30.25°

+ j37)laA

V(rms)

Y AB = v'3/300y AN = 192.88L - 0.25° A(rms) 33,000 P 11.12 [a] lAB = 360 + j105 = 88 LOA 16.26 IBc = 88L - 136.26° A ICA = 88LlOa.74° A

[b] laA =V3/

- 300lAB = 152.42L - 46.26° A

hB = 152.42L - 166.26° A Icc = 152.42/73.74° A

[c)
a 0.1 0 j10
A

1200

+
j350

Van = 19,052.56L - 30°

+ (0.1 + jl.O)
V

(152.42L - 46.26°)

= 19,110.40L - 29.57° V

v., = V3L300Yan = 33,100.18L0.43°

Vs, = 33,100.18L - 119.57° V Y ca = 33, 100. 18L120.43° V

Problems P 11.13 [a]

11-11

•
V

j1.50

+
960 480 7500 loV

an

j140

-j280

•
laA

7500 96 _ j28

7500 48 + j14

,. ° 217.02L - 5.55 A

IlaAI = 217.02 A

[b] I AB = 7500J3L30° 144 + j42

[lABI = 86.60 A

86 60/13.74° A .L

7500L!r_ [c) I AN = 96 _ j28 = 7r: /16 26° A VL· IIANI = 75A [d] Van = (216 - j21)(j1.5) IVabl = J3(7538.47)

+ 7500LOo = 7538.47L2.46°V
= 13,057.01 V

P 11.14 [a] Van = Vbn - /120° = 20L - 210° = 20L150° V(rms)

Zy = Z~/3 = 39 - j330
The a-phase circuit is

laA = :~~ VAN = (39 V AB =

= 0.4/ - 173.13° A(rms)

+ j33)laA
0

===

20.44LI46.63° V(rms)

v'3L -

30 V AN = 35.39L116.63° A(rms)

11-12

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-PhaBe Circuits [b] lAB = y'3L - 300laA = 0.23L156.87° A(rms)
[c] V AB = (117 - j99)IAB
1

35.3L116.63° V(rms)

P 11.15 Van

1/V3/ - 300Vab

~L200V(rms)

Zy = Zlj./3 = 1- j30
The a-phase circuit is

ZJ1fhoo

V (rms) -

Zeq = (4+ j3)11(1V AN - (1.4 -

j3) = 2.6 - j1.80 (208) y'3 / ° _ (2 /_ ° V( ,) L20 - 9 .IL 0.66 rms

+ jO.8) + (2.6 _

2.6 - j1.8

j1.8)

V AB = V3L300v AN = 159.5L29.34° V(rms) P 11.16 Zy = Zlj./3 = 4

+ j30

The a-phase circuit is

laA

(1

+ jl) + (4 + j3) =

120L80°

18.74L41.34 A(rms)

Problems P 11.17 [a] Since the phase sequence is acb (negative) we have: V an = 7200 L30° V
Vbn Ven

11-13

= 7200L150° = 7200L -

9(f V

Zy = ~ZA = 1.8 + j9.00/¢ ;)

j9Q 1.8Q

~,----------~a

7200 50 v +----(, ·~,---

j9Q

1.8Q .... b

[b]

Vab

- 7200[150° = 7200V3LO° V Since the phase sequence is negative, it follows that 7200V3/120° V

= 7200[30°

Vbe =

[c]

::tac

5.4Q

5.4Q

ba

= 7200V3

5.4+ j27

= 452.91/ - 78.69° A

11~14

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

7200\1"3L - 120° ° 4 '27 = 452.91L - 198.69 A 5. +]
-

lac =
IllA

= Iba

lac

= 784.46L -

48.69° A

Since we have a balanced three-phase circuit and a negative phase sequence we have:
IbB

= 784.46L71.31 ° A

Icc = 784.46L - 168.69° A [d)

A

j9Q

j9Q

1.8Q b
B

i
-

72001:.90

~----~
c

I P 11.18 [a]

aA

7200mr. 1.8 + j9

= 784.46L -

48.69° A

1.8Q

1.2~

j259Q

I.__------i.t----____.J
N

7200~OoV

Problems [b] I.
7200~ = 7.2/13.74° A 960+ j280
=

11-15

aA

VAN = (957 + j259)(7.2/13.74°) IV ABI = v3(7138.28)

7138.28/28.88° V

= 12,363.87V

[c] Ilbal = ~ = 4.16 A

[d] Van

(958.2 + j271)(7.20/13.74°)

IVabl = v3(7169.65) P 11.19 [a]

2Q

O. O.:!~l
a
-~) J:aA IOoV

= 7169.65129.54° V

= 12,418.20V

j1.6Q
V.AN

--J3~

~ 34,500

~J

-j288Q

I
[b] I aAv'3(960

•
n

34,500 - j280)

19.92/16.26° A

IlaAI = 19.92 A

[c) VAN = (959 - j288)(19.92116.26°)

IV ABI = v3IV ANI = 34,545.25 V [d] Van

19,944.711 - 0.46° V

(959.8 - j281.6)(19.92/16.26°)

19,923.71/ ~ 0.09° V

IVabl = v3IVanl = 34,508.88 V

[e] IlABI =J3

IlaAl

= 11.50 A

[f] Ilbal = IIABI = 11.50 A

P 11.20 [a] I AB
= 69,OOOL!r_= 921 - 36.87° A

600 + j450

IBe = 921 - 156.87° A leA = 92/83.13° A [b] 1aA = v3/ - 30°lAB = 159.351 - 66.87° A IbB = 159.35/ - 186.87° A Ice = 1,59.3.5/53.13° A

11-16

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [c]

Iba

= lAB = 92/ ~ 36.87° A

Icb = IBC = 92/ - 156.87° A

lac

= ICA = 92/83.13° A =

P 11.21 [a] I

AB

720L!E = 144/ - 16.26° A 4.8 + j1.4 720/ - 120° 16 - j12 25+j25

I
I

BC

= 36/
-

_ 83.13° A

CA

= 720L!1!r_ = 20.36/75° A

[b] laA =

lAB -

ICA

= 138.24 - j40.32 - 5.27 - .j19.67 = 132.97 - j59.99

IbB

= 145.88/

- 24.28° A

IBc

lAB

= 4.31 = -133.93
Icc

j35. 74 - 138.24

+ j40.32
A

+ j4.58 = 134.01/178.04°
- 4.31

= ICA -

IBC

= 5.27 = 0.96

+ j19.67
+ j55.41

+ j35.74

= 55.42180.01 ° A

P 11.22 The complex power of the source per phase is S8 = 30,000/( cos"! 0.8) = 30,000/36.87° = 24,000 + j18,000 kVA. This complex power per phase must equal the sum of the per-phase impedances of the two loads:

S8 = Sl :.

+ S2

so

24,000

+ j18,000

= 20,000

+ S2

S2 = 4000

+ j18,000

VA

Also,

1T

vrms I - IVloadl /0
v3 Z* = 2

415.69 - 240 V( rms ) /0 v3 2

Thus,

1V:-msI =
82

4000

(240)2 + j18,000

068 - '3.050 . J

.'.

Z2 = 0.68

+ j3.050

Problems

11-17

P 11.23 IIline I = IZ
y

1200 vIJ = 10 A(rms) 208/ 3

1= l!J =
III

208/vIJ 10

12

Zy = 12/25°0
ZA = 3Zy = 36/25° = 32.63 + j15.21 0/ <P

P 11.24 The a-phase of the circuit is shown below:

II = 8 +

120/20°

j6

° 12/ - 16.87 A(rms)

1= 11 + 12 = 12/ -16.87°

+ 5/ -16°

17/ -16.61° A(rms)

Sa = vr = (120/20°)(17 /16.61°) = 2040/36.61° VA

ST = 3Sa = 6120/36.61° VA

P 11.25 [a] STt1 = 14,000/41.41° - 9000/53.13° = 5.5/22° kVA

St1 = STt1/3 = 1833.46/22° VA

[b] IVan1= 13000/53.13°1 = 300 VCr s) 10/- 300 ms IVlinel= jVabl = V3IVanl = 300V3 = 519.62 V(rms) P 11.26 From the solution to Problem 11.21 we have:
SAB SBC SCA

(720/0°)(144/16.26°) = 99,532.9 + j29,030.04 VA 120°)(36/83.13°) = 20,735.97 - jI5,552.04 VA

= (720/ =

(720/120°)(20.36/ - 75°) = 10,365.62 +jlO,365.62VA

11~18

CHAPTER
10

11. Balanced Tbree-Pha..ge Circuits

~~~~
) IaA

jl00

P 11.27 [a]

~
+

"

+ 3000 18000

v an -

nOOL!tv
-

1
.

11
j100Q

12
-j 9000

37.44 +j31. 68

kVA

7200/0° . 11 = 300 + j100 = 21.6 - )7.2 A 7200/0° 12 = 1800 _ j900 = 3.2

+ )1.6A

1* = 37,440
3

+ j31,680 = 5 2 '44 7200 . +) .

jlO A

13 = 5.2 - j4.4A laA

= 11 + 12 + 13 = 30 -

= VlOOOL + j10)

18.43° A

Van = 7200 + jO + (30 - j10)(1 + jlO) = 7330 + j290 V

81>= VanI:A = (7330 8T = 381>= 651 [b) 8111> = 7200(21.6

+ j290)

(30

= 217,000 + j82,000

VA

+ j246kVA
+ .j7.2)
= 155.52

+ j51.84kVA

821>= 7200(3.2 - j1.6) = 23.04 - j11.52 kV A

+ j31.68 kVA 81>(load) = 216 + j72 kV A

831>= 37.44 % delivered P 11.28 [a]
= (~~~) (100) =

99.54%
30 j240
A

j60

16770

14, OOO~ V -

Lo

j4600

_ 14,000/0° _ / 0 aA - 1680 + j490 - 8 - 16.26 A

ICA

~L150°

= 4.62/133.74° A

Problems

11-19

[b] SgN>
.'.

-14,000I~

-107,520 - j31,360VA

Pdevelopedjphase

== 107.52kW

Pabsorbedjphase
07'

IIaAl21677 = 107.328kW
107.328()
07

10 delivered = 107.52 100 = 99.82/0

P 11.29 Let Pa, Ph, and Pc represent the instantaneous power of phases a, b, and c, respectively. Then assuming a positive phase sequence, we have

The total instantaneous power is PT = Pa + Ph + Pc, so

+ cos(wt

- 120°) cos(wt - O¢ + 120°)]

Now simplify using trigonometric identities. In simplifying, collect the coefficients of cos(wt - O</»and sin(wt - O¢). We get
PT = Vm1m(coswt(1

+ 2 cos21200) cos(wt - O¢) - O¢) + sinwtsin(wt - O¢)]

+2 sinwt sin" 120°sin(wt - O¢)]

=

1.5Vmlm[coswtcos(wt 1.5Vm1m cos O,p 72 - j21kVA

P 11.30 [a]

$1 =

52 = 120 + j90kVA
53 = 168 + j36kVA

5T = 51 + 52 + S3

= 360 + j105kVA

5Tlef> = 120 + j35kVA

11-20

CHAPTER

11. Balanced Three-Phase

Circuits

Single phase equivalent circuit

io

j5Q

2500/00V

L::..

120+j35

kVA

n._------+------'
N

* 1aA = 120,000 + j35,000 = 48 +) '14 2500

IaA = 48 - j14 A = 50L - 16.26° A Van = 2500 + (1 + j5)(48 - j14)

= 2627.74L4.93° V

= 2618 + j226

IVabl = V3(2627.74) = 4551.4 V

[b] PL/¢ = 120kW Ps/¢ = 120,000+ IIaAI2(1) = 122,500W = 122.5kW

120 ) 1/ = ( 122.5 100 = 97.96% P 11.31 [a] 81 = (5.742+j4.008)kVA

82 = 18.566(0.93) + jI8.566(0.37)
3

= (17.266 + j6.824) kV A

sin8 = Therefore cos 83 = 0.919

11,623 = 0.395 \1"3(208)(81.6)

Therefore 11,623 P3 = 0.395 x 0.919 = 27,041.67W

83 = 27.042 + j11.623kVA ST = 81 + 82 + 83 = 50.05 + j22.455 kV A 8Tj¢ = "38T = 16.68 + )7.49 kVA

208 * ( .) 3 \l"3IaA = 16.68 + )7.49 10 ; I:A = 138.92 + j62.33 A (rms) 1 .

IaA = 138.92 - j62.33 = 152.26L - 24.16° A

Problems
[b] pf = cos (-24.16°) P 11.32
a 0.50

11-21

= 0.912 leading
j40
A

Ii n

+
7200~

230.4kW -67.2kvar

,10

7200l~ = (230.4 - j67.2) 103

I~ = 32 - j9.33 A 11 = 32

+ j9.33A + j60.480
_ 2 _. A -3 )9.33

Zy = ~Z~ = 207.36 _ 7200 LO°

12 - 207.36 .'.
Van

+ j60.48

laA = 11 + 12 = 64 + JOA

7200

+ jO + 64(0.5 + j4) = =
12,534.04 V

7236.53L2.03° V

IVabl P 11.33 [a]

V3IVanl

POUT

= 746 x 200 = 149,200W

PIN

149,200/(0.96)

155,416.67W

V3VLh cos () = 155,416.67

I=
t.

155,416.67 = 468.91 A V3(208) (0.92) V3(208)(468.91)(0.39)

[b] Q

= V3VLhsin</> =

= 66,207.79VAR

11--22 P 11.34

CHAPTER

11. Balanced Three-Phase 10 = 100

3

Circuits

r = (48 +480 j36) aA

75 J

IaA. = 100 - j75 A Van = 480

+ jO + (100 0 .2 Q

j75)(0.2

+ jO.4)

= 530

+ j25

Ina a'

j 0 . 4Q

+
48kW
36kvar n "._ ~

_J

Ie = 530 ~ j25 = -5

-)5

+ j106

Ina

= IaA + Ie = 95 + j31 = 99.93[18.07°

[b] 8gjrp = (530

+ j25)(95

- j31) = 51,125 - j14,055 VA

8g1' = 38gl</> = 153,375 - j42,165 VA Therefore, the source is delivering 153,375 Wand absorbing 42,165 vars.

[c] Pdel = 153,375 W

Pabs = 3(48,000)

+ 3IIaAI2(0.2)

= 144,000

+ 9375

= 153,375 W = Pdel

[d] Qdol = 3IIeI2(5) = 168,915VAR

Qalbs= 3(36,000)

+ 42,165 + 3IIaAI2(OA) = 168,915 VAR = Qdel

Problems P 11.35 [a] +

11-23

81 = ~(1800)(0.96 - jO.28) = 576 - j168 kVA 82 = t(192

+ j1464)

64

+ j488kVA

81 + 82 = 640 + j320kVA
.•

1* = (640
aA

+ j320)
6400

10 = 100

+J

·50

IaA

= 100 - j50A

Z = . 6400 100 - j50

51.20

= 51.2

+J

·25.6 n

+
j25.60

[b) R = (6400)2 , 640 x 103

X=
L

64 n

(6400)2 = 128 n 320 x 103

j1280

11-24

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

P 11.36 Assume a 6.-connect load (series):

Sq; = ~(190.44

x 103)(0.8 - jO.6) = 50,784 - j38,088 VA

2

Z* = 113,8001 = 3000L36.87° 0 ~.q; 50784 - )°38088 , , Z~.q; = 3000L - 36.87° = 2400 - j18000

13, aoov 12400Q

r-jlBOOQ
B

Now assume a Y-connected load (series):

ZY<jJ

~Zb.<jJ

= 800 - j6000

r
OO

13J v1

800Q

I
B

-j600Q

Now assume a 6.-connected

load (parallel):

R
~<jJ

113,8001 = 37500 50,784

Problems

11-25

¢ = 113,8001 = -50000
A

-38,088

3750 Q

13 , 80 OV ~ - j 5 0 0 0 Q

Now assume a Y-connected load (parallel): RY</J

"3Rll</J

12500

1 XY</J = "3Xll</J - -1666.670

1250Q

13, 800v

--J3

~ -j1666.67Q

P 11.37

Sg/<p

1 "3(78)(0.8 - jO.6) x 103

= 20,800

- j15,600VA

1* = 20,800 - j15,600 = 100 _ "75A aA 208 J

IaA

= 100 a.

+ j75A
0.040
jO.20
A

+
V an

• n
VAN

= 208 - (100

+ j75)

(0.04

+ jO.20)

= 219 - j23 = 220.20L - 6° V

11-26

CHAPTER

11. Balanced Three-Phase

= 381.41 V

Circuits

IV ABI = V3(220.20)

[b] SL/t/J = (219 - j23) (100 - j75) = 20,175 - j18, 725 VA

SL = 3SL/t/J = 60,525 - j56,175 VA Check:

Bg

= 3(20,800 - j15,600)

= 62,400 - j46,800 VA

Pg = PL

+ P.e =

60,525

+ 1875 =

62,400 W

(checks)

Qg = QL P 11.38 [a]
a

+ Q.e =
o

-56,175

+ 9375

= -46,800VAR

(checks)

.5Q j4Q A ~-._r.r...-v-'\...--tI..___---,

+
V an

>

xaA

1 BLj4> = 3" [1188

+j

1188](0.8) 103 = 396,000 0.6

. + J528,000VA

1*
aA IaA

396,000

+ j528,000 = 60 6600

+J

'80 A

= 60 - j80A

Van = 6600 + (60 - j80)(0.5 + j4)

= 6950

+ j200

= 6952.88L1.65° V = 12,042.74 V

IVahl

=V3(6952.88)

Problems

11~27

[b)
a ~-

0.50

j40
.J'V'V'""'-

A
---+------,

+
V an

I:aA

11 = 60 - j80 A 82 = 0 - i-3"(1920)
1* = -j640,000
2

(from part [aD

X

103 = -j640,000VAR J.

6600

= - '96 97 A

:.
laA

12 = j96.97 A = 60 - j80

+ j96.97

60

+ j16.97

Van = 6600 + (60 + j16.97)(0.5 + j4) = 6562.12 + j248.485 = 6566.82L2.17° IVahl = J3(6566.82)
[c]
= 1l,374.07V

IIaAI = 100 A
I1oss/</> = (100)2(0.5) = 5000 W

Pg/</>

= 396,000 + 5000 = 401 kW

396

%'f] = 401 (100) = 98.75%

[d]

IIaAI = 62.354 A
Pt/</> = (3887.98)(0.5)
= =

1943.99W

%'f] = 397944 (100) , [e] Zcap/Y = -j

=

396,000

99.51%

~:.%~

-j68.062

n
1

ZcaP/A = 3Zcap/y = -j204.187n :. wC = 204.187;

1

C = (204.187)(1207r) = 12.99 J-tF

11-28
P 11j9

CHAPTER

11. Balanced Three-Phase

Circuits
= (159.88 -

[a] From Assessment Problem 11.9, Therefore Therefore Therefore

ZCA

laA
.

j119.91) A

Icap = j119.91 A
ZCY =

4160/V3

j119.91

-J20.030

Cy = (20.03)(21r-)(60) = 132.43 J1-F

= -j60.090

(-j20.03)(3)
CA =

Therefore

132.43 3 = 44.14 J-l,F

[b] Cy = 132.43 J1-F [c] P 11.40

IlaAl

= 159.88 A = -1aA VAN

z, = IZI/(}
() ==

IV AN - /IaA IV AB
IlaA

(}l :=

For a positive phase sequence,

Thus,

Similarly,

() ==

IVCN IVCB

IIcc

(}2 ==

/Icc
120
0
0

For a positive phase sequence, /VCB

= IV BA

= IV AB + 60°

/Id;;' = /laA + 120

Thus,
(}2=

IVAB + 60° - /IaA + 120 := () + 30° - 60° = ()- 30°

= (}1 - 600

Problems P 11.41 WmI =

11-29

IVABllIaAI

cos(/V AB - /IaA) = (199.58)(2.4) cos(65.68°) = 197.26 W

Wm2 = IV CBlllee! cos(/V CB - /Icc) = (199.58)(2.4) cos(5.68°) = 476.64 W

CHECK: WI P 11.42 [a] W2
-

+ W2 = 673.9

= (2.4?(39)(3)
-

= 673.9

WI = VLh[cos(O - 300)
= VLh [cos 0 cos 300

cos(O + 300)]

+ sin 0 sin 300 cos 0 cos 30 + sin 0 sin 30

0

= 2VLhsinOsin30°
[b]

= VLhsinO,

therefore V3(W2 - WI) = V3VLh sin 0 = QT

z, =
QT

(8

+ j6)

f2

V3[2476.25 - 979.75]

2592VAR,

QT = 3(12)2(6) = 2592VAR; Zcj> = (8 - j6)f2 QT =V3[979.75 - 2476.25] = -2592VAR,

QT = 3(12?( -6) = -2592 VAR; Zcj> = 5(1 QT

+ jV3) n
=
3741.23VAR,

V3[2160 - 0]

QT = 3(12)2(5V3) = 3741.23 VAR;

z; = 10L75° n
QT

V3[-645.53

- 1763.63]

-4172.79VAR,

QT = 3(12?[-10sin

750] = -4172.79VAR

Wm = IV Lllhl cos[-90° - (-Ocj»]

= =

IVLIIILI

cos(O,p- 90

0 )

IVLIIILlsinO,p,

therefore V3Wm = V3IVr.,llhlsinOcj> = Qtotal

11-30

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

P 11.44 [a] Z

= 96 + j72 = = VBN

120/36.87° :.

n
IaA =

VAN VBC

= 720/0° V;
VCN

6/ - 36.87° A 90° V
=

720V3/-

Wm = (720V3) (6) cos(-90

+ 36.87°)

4489.48W

J3~n

= 7776 VAR

[b] Q</> = (36)(72) = 2592 VAR

QT = 3Q</> = 7776 VAR = V3Wm P 11.45 [a] Z</> = 600

+ j450

= 750/36.87°

n
+ )3,808,800
.
VA

(69 x 103)2 S</> = 750/ _ 36.870 = 5,078,400 ST

3S</>

15,235,200

+ j11,426,400 VA = 10,916,117.56W
A

[b] Wm1 = (69,000)V3(92) cos(O + 66.87°) = 4,318,082.44 W Wm2

= (69,000)V3(92)cos(60-53.13°)
+ j56)10 4800
3

Check: P 11.46 [a] 1* = (192

aA

PT = 15,235,200W = Wm1 + Wm2.

= 41.67/1626°
L,--=-.::_;·=.:o_

IaA = 41.67 / - 16.26° A

IbB

= 41.67 / - 136.26° A

V AB = 4800V3/30° V

VBC = 4800V3/ - 90° V

WI

= (4800V3)

(41.67) cos 46.26° = 239,502.58W

[b] Current coil in line aA, measure IaA. Voltage coil across AC, measure V AC. [e] i., = 41.67 L - 16.76° A

V CA = 4800V3/150° V :. VAC
=

4800V3/ - 300 V

W2 = (4800V3) (41.67) cos 13.74° = 336,497.42W

Problems

11~31

[d] WI

+ W2 = 576,000

= 576kW

Fr = 600(0.96) = 576 kW = WI

+ W2

P 11.47 [a] Wl = IVBAlllbBI cos 0 Positive phase sequence, using the equivalent V-connected load impedances: VBA = 4soJ3L - 150° V I

aA

=
=

4S0i!L 20L300

= 24L -

30° A

IbB

24L - 150° A

WI = (24) (4S0) v3 cos 0° = 19,953.23W

W2 = IV cAlllee! cos 0
V CA = 4S0v3[150° V Icc = 24L90° A W2 = (24) (4S0)v3 cos 60° = 9976.61 W [b] P¢> = (24)2(20) cos 30° = 5760v3W

PT = 3P¢> = 17,2S0v3 W
WI

+ W2 = 11,520v3 + 5760v3
(checks)

= 17,2S0v3 W

P l1.4S [a] Negative phase sequence:

VAB = 4S0v3L - 30° V

V BC = 4S0v3 L90° V

V CA = 4S0v3L - 150° V
I
AB =

480V3L - 30° = Sv3 10°A

60j _ 300
L'_

I I

BC

= 4S0V3.&!L =

24L300

20vl3L60° A
-

CA

4sovi3L - 150° = 6 "3j - 1":0°A sojoo V0 v

11-32

CHAPTER

11. Balanced Three-Phase

Circuits

laA

lAB

+ lAC

= 8V3LO°

+ 6V3L30°

23.44L12.81 ° A

Icc

= ICB + ICA
= 20V3L - 120°

+ 6V3L
cos( -90

- 150° = 43.95L - 126.79° A

W ml = 480v3(23.44) Wm2 = 480v3(43.95)

cos( -30 - 12.81°) = 14,296.61 W

126.79°) = 29,261.53W

[b] Wm1

+ Wm2

= 43,558.14 W

PA = (8v3)2(60 cos 30°) :._ 9976.61 W PB = (20v3?(24

Pc = (6v3)2(80) PA cos 30°) = 24,941.53 W
= 8640W

+ PB + Pc = 43,558.14 = Wm1 + Wm2

+ VV2
-

P 11.49 tan</> =V3(vV2 WI

WI) = 873,290.66 = 1.1918 732,777.88

7600v3lhl

cos80b = 114,291.64

IZI = 7600
50

= 152

n
n

P 11.50 [a] Z = 276 - j207 = 345L - 36.87°

IaA

6Z00&. = 20L36.87° A 345 - 36.87°

IbB

= 20L - 83.13° A
-

V AC

6900v3L - 30° V

V BC = 6900v3L - 90° V WI = (6900v3) (20) cos (-30 - 36.87°) = 93,893.10W

W2 = (6900v3) (20) cos( -90

+ 83.13°)

= 237,306.90 W

Problems [b] WI

11-33

+ W2 = 331,200W
=

PT = 3(20)2(276) [c] V3(W1

QT
-

331,200 W

W2) = -248,400VAR
= -248,400 VAR

= 3(20)2( -2(7)

P 11.51 From the solution to Prob. 11.21 we have IaA = 145.88/ - 24.28° A and IbB = 134.01/178.04° A

[a] WI

= IVacl11aAIcos(Bac - BaA) = 720(145.88)cos(-60°

+ 24.28°)

= 85,274.70W

[b] W2 = IVbclllbBI cOS(Bbc- BbB)

= 720(134.01) cos (-120° - 178.04°) = 45,357.50 W

[c] WI

+ W2 = 130,632 W
=
(144)2(4.8)

PAB

99,532.8W

PBe = (36)2(16) = 20,736W

PeA = PAB

(20.36)2(25) = 10,363.2 W
= 130,632

+ PBe + PeA

therefore WI P 11.52 [a]

+ W2 = Ptotal
1.2Mvar::

1.70MVA

1.2MW

[b]

1.2MW

11-34

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [c)

4.12 ° ~==:::::::;~~======---~::::::~:taA( ~ ~ o V a;8803!4 .1Z V
j 4.8} =1022. 4~o
A

Z.lO_6:=127_.0~5°A V~1961LQ

~~ :t",fZ13.00/-45 A

[d)

V~15,Z48.11~4.1ZoV

P 11.53 [a] Q =

IVI
Xc

IXcl =

(13,800)2 1.2 x 106 = 158.700 1 C = 271"(60)(158.70) = 16.71/LF

=

1 wC = 158.70;

[b]1

IX 1=
c .'.

(13,800/J3)2 1.2 x 106

~(158.70) 3

C = 3(16.71) = 50.141LF drops its load, the

P 11.54 If the capacitors remain connected when the substation expression for the line current becomes

~j3
or

13,8001*

aA -

-J .

·1 2

106

I:A = -j150.61 A
laA =

Hence Now,

j150.61 A

V,m = 13~0

LOa + (0.6 + j4.8)(j150.61)

7244.49

+ j90.37

7245.05/0.71

Problems The magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the generating plant is IVahl =V3(7245.05)
=

11-35

12,54S.S0V.

This is a problem because the voltage is below the acceptable minimum of 13 kV. Thus when the load at the substation drops off, the capacitors must be switched off. P 11.55 Before the capacitors are added the total line loss is

PL = 31150.61

+ j150.6112(0.6)

S1.66kW

After the capacitors are added the total line loss is

PL = 31150.6112(0.6) = 40.S3kW
Note that adding the capacitors to control the voltage level also reduces the amount of power loss in the lines, which in this example is cut in half. P 11.56 [a] 13~OI:A
= SO x 103

+ j200
=

103

j1200

103

1* = SOv'3 - j1000v'3
aA 13.S .'. laA = 10.04

10 04 - '125 51 A . J . A

+ j125.51 +
(0.6

Van = 13~0

/0°

+ j4.8)(10.04 + j125.51)
7372.04[0.96° V 12,76S. 75 V

7371.01

+ j123.50 =
=

IVahl

V3(7372.04)

[b] Yes, the magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the power plant is less
than the allowable minimum of 13 kV. P 11.57 (a] 13;OI~
= (SO + j200)
X

103

1* = SOv'3 + j200v'3 = 10 04
aA 13.S . .'. IaA = 10.04 - j25.1 A

+ J'25 .1 A
- j25.1) V

Van = 13;0/0°

+ (0.6 + j4.S)(10.04
=

S093.95

+ j33.13 = 8094.02[0.23°
14,019.25V

IVahl

V3(S094.02)

11-36

CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [b] Yes: 13kV < 14,019.25 < 14.6kV

[c] Pross = 3110.04+ j125.5112(0.6) = 28.54kW [d] Pross = 3110.04+ j25.112(0.6) = 1.32 kW [e] Yes, the voltage at the generating plant is at an acceptable level and the line loss is greatly reduced.