at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 95

&efukefNrdKU? A[ef;NrdKUe,f? eE´0efvrf;?

r[m0dok'¨g½Hk ygVdwuúodkvf
wdyd#u"& "r®b@m*g&du t*¾r[my@dw
o-p-t ygVdyg&*l t*¾r[mtausmf
t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,mq&mawmf)
\
at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk;
(vl\pGrf;tm;ywåjrm;)

wdyd#u"& "r®vufaqmif (15)

(wdyd#dur,fawmfBuD; ywåjrm;&wktxl;vufaqmif)
yxrtBudrf "r®'ge
omoem 2545? aumaZm 1363 ckESpf? wydkYwGJv
c&pf 2002ckESpf? rwfv
(wdyd#du"& r,fawmfBuD; a':wkwfcdkifaumif;rI)
tkyfa& 10000
omoema&;qdkif&m pmrlyHkESdyfcGifhtrSwf- 20^2002 (1)

rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 16 ^ 2002 (1)

yxrtBurd f

tkyfa& (10000)

2002 - ckESpf

tzH;k +twGi;f om; ]]jrpfomyHEk ydS w

f u
dk }f }

pmtkycf sKyf ]]jrpfomrdom;pk}}

"r®'ge

OD;atmifjr (0910-NrJ) ]]jrpfomyHkESdyfwdkuf}}

trSwf (140)? 37-vrf;? &efukefNrdKUu yHkESdyfí

OD;xGef;xGef;OD;? ESif;OD;vGifpmay

trSwf-5339(at)? jynfvrf;? 8-&yfuGuf?

&efuek Nf rKd UrS xkwaf 0onf/

wdyd#du"& a,mq&mawmf t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho
\
at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk;
(vl\pGrf;tm; ywåjrm;)
wdyd#du"& "r®vufaqmif (15)
(wdyd#du r,fawmfBuD; ywåjrm;&wktxl;vufaqmif)

earm u½kPmoDwv[',ó

owDrawm o'´g b'´H? owdrm okcar"wd/

owDrawm oka0 aoa,sm? a0&m p y&drkpöwd
,ó oAÁra[m&wåH? t[ðom, &awm
r aem/
arwåH aom oAÁbal wok? a0&H wó eauepd/
(oH-1-210)
2 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Ä pdwt
f pOfxw
J iG ?f owdp?JG tNraJ umif;jrwfonf/
Ä pdwt
f pOfwiG ;f ? owdwiG ;f ? csucf si;f csr;f omonf/
omonf
Ä pdwftpOfrSm? owdyg? aemifcgaumif;zdkY
aocsmonf/
Ä owd&Sdol? ab;&ef[l? tyluif;vGwfonf/
Ä ouf&Sdab;&ef? yaysmuf&ef? {uefarwåmyGm;
&onf /
Ä arwåmvTrf;NcHK? ab;&efvHk? tukefcsrf;omonf/
Ä at;jr&TifNyHK;? vlYESvHk;? usihfxHk;vrf;pOfrnf/
Ä vl\pGrf;tm;? ywåjrm;? xl;jcm;jrihfjrwfonf/
wpfcsdefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;[m r*"wkdif; rPd
rmvdu ewfpif ewfeef; ewfuGef;oGm;NyD;awmh rPd
b'´ e wf b D v l ; BuD ; &J U Ad r mef r S m <ua&muf o D w if ;
oHk;awmfrlygw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 3

rPdb'´qkdwm ywåjrm;aumif; (aumif;jrwfwJh

ywåjrm;)vkYd t"dymÜ ,f&ygw,f/ bDv;l Bu;D &JU emrnfu
b,fvkd&nf&G,fcsufeJY rPdb'´vkdY ay;xm;w,fvkdY
rod&ayr,hf 'DtaMumif;t&mrSm jyxm;wmu jynf
wefywåjrm;xuf tzkd;wefvSwJh ywåjrm;ESpfvHk;vdkY
wifpm;ac:qkdxdkufwJh vlYcsrf;om tqdyfajzaq;
w&m;ESpfyg;&JU pGrf;tm;yg/
rPdb'´ewfbDvl;BuD;[m bk&m;xHcsOf;uyfNyD;
bk&m;xHu emMum;cJh&wJh w&m;todrsm;eJY aygif;pyf
Ny;D awmh rdred m;vnfxm;ovdk bk&m;ukd tckvdk pum;
av;cGef;avQmufxm;ygw,f/
]] (1) owåd&SdaewJh yk*¾KdvftwGuf aeYa&mnyg
b,fcgrqkd aumif;qkd;ESpfwef avmu"H b,ftm½Hk
eJaY wGUawGU tNrw
J rf;aumif;wJh tcsed af wGcsn;f yJ bk&m;/
olYtwGuf jyó'g;r&Sdbl; &uf&mZmcsnf;yg/
4 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

(2) owd&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfqkdwm vlewfedAÁmef

oHk;wefcsrf;om rsufarSmufwrvGef edAÁmefcsrf;omukd
&Edkifygw,f bk&m;/ ol[m csufcsif; pdwfcsrf;omEkdif
ygw,f/
(3) tcsdefxdef;ud&d,m owd&SdaeoltwGuf
ypöKyeÜ af ocsmaeNyjD zpfvYdk reufjzefwidk ;f taumif;awG
csnf;ygbk&m;/ owd&Sdae&if aemifa&;bmrS ylp&m
rvkyd g/ tem*wfwidk ;f [m aumif;wJt
h csed af wGcsn;f yg/
(4) tm½Hkxdef;ud&d,m pdwfxdef;ud&d,m owd&Sd
aeol[m ab;&eftrsKd;rsKd;vGwfajrmufEkdifygw,f
bk&m;/}}
'Dvdk avQmufxm;awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u a&SUpum;
oH;k cGe;f ukad wmh tjynht
f pHk vufcw
H ,f/ pwkwp¬ um;
usawmh wpf0ufyJvufcHw,f/ wpf0ufukdawmh
vufrcHbl;/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 5

]]owd&Sd&if oufrJhab;&efrsKd;pHk vGwfzkdYaocsmay

r,hf ouf&Sdab;&ef vGwfzkdYusawmh owd&Sd½HkeJY r&
ao;bl;/ arwåmyg yGm;&OD;r,f/ aruåmyg yGm;ay;rS
ouf&Sdab;&efrsKd;pHk uif;vGwfr,f}} vkdY owdta&;
Bu;D ovkd arwåmvnf; ta&;Bu;D wJt
h aMumif; bk&m;&Sif
uarwåmpGrf;tm;ukdyg qufa[mawmfrlygw,f/
owdeYJ arwåm[m vlcY sr;f om tqdyaf jzaq; (2)yg;yg/
tcsdefpm;wmudk acgif;iHkYcHaervm;
Ä usef;rm-EkysKd? tqif;ukd? 0g;rsKdpm;wJhtcsdefawG/
Ä touf-cGeftm;? ukefíoGm;&ef? 0g;pm;jyef?
trSef odatmif BudK;pm;av/
tcsdefqkdwm owå0gawGukd tNrJwrf;pm;aewJh
t&mwpfckyg/ ukd,fu owdr&SdvdkY rodwmyg/ odod
rodod tcsdefuawmh b,folYukdrS rsufESmrvkduf?
tNrJwrf;0g;rsKdpm;aeygw,f/
6 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tcsdef[m usef;rma&;ukd pm;aew,f/ wu,f

awmh cE© m upm;aewmyg/ cE© m pm;aewmuk d y J
tcsdefeJYwif pm;ajymwmyg/ usef;rmaewJh cE©mukd,f
BuD;wpfp wpfp usef;rma&; avsmhavsmhoGm;atmif
tNrJwrf;pm;aew,f/
EkysKdaewJh t&G,fukdvnf; tcsdefupm;aew,f/
wu,fawmh cE©mBuD;u pm;aewmyg/ vSywifhw,f
wJt
h qif;udv
k nf; tcsed u
f tqufrjywfpm;aeygw,f/
MunhfvdkY ½IvkdYaumif;aewJhtqif;ukd MunfhvdkY½IvkdY
raumif;atmif wpfp wpfp tcsdefupm;aewm/
'gvnf;yJ wu,fawmh cE©muyJ pm;aewmyg/
toufukdvnf; pm;aew,f/ 'Db0rSm ae&r,hf
touf w pf p wpf p avsmh a tmif enf ; atmif
ukeaf tmif tcsed u
f r&yfrem;pm;aew,f/ wpfpuúeYf
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 7

ukefoGm;jyefNyD/ 'Db0rSm ae&r,hftcsdefwpfpuúefY

avsmhoGm;jyefNyD/ wpfrdepfukefoGm;jyefNyD/ 'Db0rSm
ae&r,hftcsdef wpfrdepfavsmhoGm;jyefNyD/ wpfem&D
ukefoGm;jyefNyD/ 'Db0rm ae&r,fhtcsdef wpfem&D
avsmo
h mG ;jyefNy/FD tJ'v
D t
dk csed u
f pm;aevdu
k w
f m ÓPf
owdeJYMunhfrSyJ jrifEdkifygw,f/
avmurSm jcaumifrsm; puúLukd jzKwfjzKwf jzKwf
jzKwf e J Y uk d u f a eovk d y J ? ocF g &jcawG u k d u f w mu
Mum;vnf; rMum;&? jrifvnf;rjrif&awmh aMumuf&rSe;f
rodMu/ 'gaMumihf ÓPfowdpkdufMunhf&r,f/
jzpfysuf jzpfysufqkdwJh ocFg&jcawG cE©mukd,fBuD;
ukd tcsdefrpJ tNrJrjywf ukdufjzwfNyD; NzdKcsaew,f/
'Db0rsm ae&r,hftcsdefawG t&G,fawG wpfp wpfp
enf;atmif ukefatmif pm;vdkYaew,f/ wu,fpm;
wmawmh cE©mygyJ/
8 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

cGeftm;awGvnf; wpfp wpfp avsmhatmif

ukefatmif tcsdefupm;aew,f/ cE©mpm;wmudkyJ
]]tcsdef}} vkdY y&rwfukd ynwfeJY wifpm;NyD; trsm;em;
vnfatmifajymaewmyg/
'Dawmh tcsdefpm;wmukd acgif;iHkYcHaevdkY rjzpfbl;/
owdÓPfeJY tcsdefukd ukd,fuEkdifatmifpm;NyD; ukd,f
ydkifpGrf;tm;awG qGJxkwf,lrS jzpfr,f/ ukd,hfcE©mukd,f
ykdifwmr[kwfawmh tcsdefaemufrus&atmif owd
ÓPfukd tNrJukdifxm;aezkdY vkdrSmyg/
owd&Sdae&if &uf&mZmcsnf;
Ä owd-ryg? odp&m? &Sdwm rjynhf0/
Ä owd wGJum? todyg? &Sdwm tjynhf&/
Ä owd&Sdrl? pdwfryl? xkdoltaumif;&/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 9

tcsdefxdef; tm½Hkxdef; pdwfxdef;ud&d,m owd&Sd

aeoltwGuf jyó'g;qkdwm r&Sdbl;/ tNrJ&uf&mZm
csn;f yJ tcsed af umif;awGcsn;f yJ/ w&m;qdw
k m avmu
ukd tEdkif,lzkdY ay:vmwmyg/
vl Y p d w f r aumif ; atmif v k y f w m ud a vomyJ /
tcsdefraumif;atmifvkyfwmvnf; udavomygyJ/
'kut
© ylrsK;d pHk zefw;D wmvnf; udavomawGyg/ owdeYJ
udavomwGv J rYkd &awmh owd&adS ewJt
h csed [
f m tcsed f
aumif ; jzpf o G m ;w,f / aeY a &mnygb,f t cgrqk d
aumif ; wJ h t csd e f a wG c snf ; yJ / aumif ; qk d ; ES p f w ef
b,favmu"HeJYyJawGUawGU owd&SdaeoltwGufawmh
tcsdefaumif;awGcsnf;yJ/
tqk;d ukd zefw;D wwfwhJ udavomtylaiGUawGukd
EIwfay;wm? avQmhay;wm? azsmufzsufay;wmu
owdyg/ 0D&d,vIyf&Sm;wkdif; owdtxdef;ygrS tylaiGU
uif;ygw,f/ vlYtodtm;vHk;owdxJrSm odkrSD;odrf;
10 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

qnf;xm;wmjzpfvYkd owd&&dS if todÓPfx;l rsm;vnf;

ay:vm&pNrJyg/ owdqkdwm tododkrSD;xm;wJh bPf
wkdufyg/
avmurSm aumif;uifeu©wfukdMunhfNyD; tcsdef
taumif;tqkd;= &uf&mZm jyó'g;owfrSwfMu
w,f/ omoemuawmh owd&Sd&if tcsdefaumif; =
&uf&mZm? owdvGwf&if tcsdefqkd; = jyó'g;vkdY
owfrwS w
f ,f/ aumif;rIuo
k v
dk v
f yk w
f t
hJ csed [
f m &uf
&mZm (tcsdefaumif;)? raumif;rItukokdvfvkyfwJh
tcsdef[m jyó'g; (tcsdefqkd;) jzpfw,f/
raumif;usK;d ukd jyó'g;eu©wuf ay;wmr[kwf
yJ raumif;rItukokdvfuom ay;ygw,f/ aumif;
usK;d udv
k nf; &uf&mZmowfrw S af y;wJh eu©wu
f ay;wm
r[kwfygbl;/ aumif;rIw&m;uom ay;ygw,f/
'ghaMumihf aumif;usKd;udk {uefay;wwfwJh aumif;rI
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 11

w&m;udk owd&Sd&Sd? todw&m;jynhfjynhfeJY jzpfatmif

wk;d atmif vkyaf ewJt
h csed [
f m wu,faumif;jrwfwhJ
tcsdefyg/ owd[m vlYtodtm;vHk; xnhfoGif;odrf;
qnf;ay;wJhaMumihf ykdufqHtdwfeJYvnf; wlygw,f/
ukd,fhpdwfaumif; raumif;omMunhf
Ä owdvGwfjim;? jyó'g;? pdwfxm;raumif;yg/
Ä owdxm;u? pdwfaumif;&? rkcs&uf&mZm/
omoemenf;t& taumif;tqk;d odzYkd aumif;uif
eu©waf wG armfMunhaf ep&mrvkb
d ;l / uk,
d phf w
d af umif;
raumif;yJ tuJcwfyg/ ukd,hfpdwfrSm avmba'go
arm[awGjzpfaeoavmuf tukejf yó'g;tcsed af wG
jzpfaerSmyJ/ avmbqkdwm Nydwåmpdwf? a'goqkdwm
i&Jpdwf? arm[qkdwm wd&pämefpdwfyg/ vlukdjyó'g;
jzpfatmif vkyfaewmu avmb a'go arm[ tyl
tcdk;taiGUawGyg/
12 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tod ynm o'¨g OD;pD;wJh pdwaf umif;pdwjf rwfawG

jzpfaewJhtcsdef[m ukd,hftwGuf &uf&mZmcsnf;yJ/
'ghaMumihf owd&Sd&if aumif;wJhtcsdefawGcsnf;yg/
toihftaetxm;rSm tNrJ&Sdygap
Ä tm½HkrSmuyf? pdwfxdef;wyfum? apmihfa&Smufyg/
aumif;pGmvHkNcHKap/
Ä [kad jy; 'Dajy;? uif;pifa0;? tajy;&yfatmifapmihf
a&S m uf a v/
Ä ckdif;vkdaomtcg? usKd;EGHpGm? pdwfrSmtoifh&Sdygap/
owdqkdwm pdwfukd tcsdefra&G; oHk;Ekdifatmif
toift h aetxm;rSm tNrx J m;wmyg/ ]][Jph w d u
f av;
rif;ukd tcsdefra&G; tvkyfckdif;rSmaemf/ rif;ukd tcsdef
ra&G;oDvaqmufwnfcdkif;r,f/ tcsdefra&G; orm"d
yGm;rsm;ckdif;r,f/ tcsdefra&G; 0dyóem ESvHk;oGif;yGm;
rsm;ckdif;r,f/ tcsdefra&G; 'getvkyfvnf;ckdif;rSmyJ/
rif;toihftaexm;rSm tNrJ&Sdaeygap/}}
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 13

]]ck d i f ; vk d u f w J h tcsd e f r S m rif ; [m awmawG ;

awmifawG; awmai; awmifai; awmajy; awmifajy;
[kdcvkwfwkduf 'Dcvkwfwkduf [kdacsmfvJ 'DacsmfvJ
rvkyfeJYaemf? ckdif;&ifvkyfzkdY tNrJtoifh&Sdaeygap/}}
]]csuf&if; jyKwf&if; oGm;&if; vm&if; pm;&if;
aomuf&if; pD;yGm;&Sm&if;vnf; b,ftcsed rf S trSww
f rJh
raeeJYaemf/ Ekd;Ekd;Mum;Mum; wufwuf<u<u tqif
oifhtaetxm;rSm tNrJ&Sdaeygap}} vkdY pdwfukd
toift h aetxm;jzpfatmif tNrw J rf;EI;d aqmf wm0ef
ay;xm;wJh oabmukd owdvkdYac:ygw,f/
owd q k d w m tcsd e f r D tvk y f v k y f E k d i f a tmif
xde;f ay;wJh tcsed x
f ed ;f ud&,
d myg/ tm½HEk iS fh pdwx f ad wGU
vmwJt h cg tm½Ht k Ekid u
f siw
fh mrcHbJ uk, d u
f om tm½Hk
ukd tEkid ,
f Nl y;D w&m;pGr;f tm;azmfxw k af y;Ekid w
f mjzpfvYdk
tm½Hxk ed ;f ud&, d mvnf; [kww f ,f/ pdwaf emufudk vlu
14 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

rvdkufbJ vlaemufukdom pdwfukdygatmifqGJNyD;

xde;f ayEkid w
f mjzpfvYkd pdwx
f ed ;f ud&,
d mvnf; jzpfygw,f/
'gh a Mumih f v nf ; b,f t cgrqk d bmeJ Y a wG U awG U
bmyJvkyfvkyf pdwfukdtoifhtaetxm;rSm tNrJ&Sdae
atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifw,f/
owd&Sd&if csrf;om&Ekdifw,f
Ä arhavsmhayghq? tyl&? atmufusnHhzsif;ap/
Ä tm½Hke,fuRH? taysmfvGef? {uefxdef;csKyfav/
Ä rarholrSm? ½IyGm;um? csrf;omMu&ay/
Ä at;jr&TifNyHK;? vlYESvHk;? usihfxHk;pepfay/
tm½Hke,fuRH taysmfvGef&if owdvGwfoGm;wwf
w,f/ owdvGwfawmh arhavsmhayghqoGm;w,f/
tvkyv
f rf;pvH;k 0aysmufomG ;&if arhw,fvaYdk c:w,f/
bmrS pGrf;tm;ay:rvmawmhbl;/ 'hgaMumihf arh&if
zsif;oGm;wwfw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 15

rarhayr,hf wif;wif;MuyfMuyf jywfjywfom;om;

av;av;pm;pm;r&SdbJ ray:wpfcsuf ay:wpfcsuf
rvkyw
f pfcsuf vkyw f pfcsuf vkyaf wmhvnf; Ny;D pvG,f
tay:,H a&Sm&f w
T &f wT f rxdwpfxv d yk af e&if avsmw
h ,f
ayghw,f qw,fvkdYac:w,f/ arh&ifayghq&if vlnHh
jzpfoGm;wwfw,f/ &ayr,hf bmrS t&nftaoG;
rrDawmhb;l / atmufusaemufus tnHph m;yJjzpfr,f/
zsif;oavmuf nHhoavmuf qif;&J&rSmyJ/
avmurSm uav;oli,frsm; rD;aqmhwJhtcg
aysmf c sif v k d Y rD ; aqmh w mjzpf a yr,h f rD ; qk d w mu
aysmf & rS m xuf a vmif w wf w ,f u k d ; / rD ; avmif N yD ;
'ku©a&mufrSmyJ/
'grsK;d vkyd J owdtxde;f rygbJ tm½Hak wGMum;xJrmS
pdwfukdvTwfxm;Mur,fqkd&if aysmfcsifMuayr,hf
pdwfqif;&Jp&mawGuyHkvkdY? aysmf&rSmu bmrSr[kwf
bl;/ avmifp&mawGutrsm;BuD;yJ/
16 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

xufoefx;l jcm;wJh owdw&m;tm;aumif;ol[m

ypöKyeÜ rf mS vnf; csr;f omatmif aewwfw,f/ aemifa&;
pdwaf t;&atmifvnf; tqifoihBf uKd wifpak qmif;xm;
jzpfw,f/
pdwq
f if;&Jw,fqw dk m udavomaMumihyf /J owd
0ifvmwJhtcsdefrSm udavomuif;NyD; rsufarSmifcsuf
csif;csrf;omw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;wJhpGrf;tm;&vmw,f/
owdESihfpdwf,SOfwGJaeoavmuf wnfNidrf&ifhusufNyD;
NidrfoufNidrf;csrf;ygw,f/
ypöKyeÜ Nf ird ;f csr;f &if aemifa&;csr;f omzkv
Yd nf; aocsm
NyD;om;yg/ todynmOD;aqmifrI aumif;vmwJhtcg
ed A Á m ef a &muf a Mumif ; aumif ; rI v rf ; aMumif ; ay:
a&mufomG ;awmh avmukw&å mcsr;f om&zkv
Yd nf; aocsm
oGm;NyDyJ/ pdwfxJowdxnhfxm;vkduf&if vufiif;
csrf;omwmuawmh aocsmaygufyg/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 17

t&SduH owdÓPfzefwD;rS csrf;omr,f

Ä rod-wPSm? zefqif;um? aysmfwmtwkrSwf/
Ä owd-ynm? zefqif;um? aysmfwm tppfjrwf/
Ä twkaemufwGif? tyl0if;? ppfvQif csrf;omwwf/
ewfjynf 6xyfxJrSm yÍörewfjynfukd edr®me
&wdvkdYac:ygw,f/ tJ'DewfjynfrSm&SdwJh ewfawG[m
zefqif;NyD;aysmfMuw,fvkdYqkdw,f/ uHuay;xm;wJh
yifu,dk &f NdS y;D om; pnf;pdrx
f uf tvGet
f uJcpH m;pHpm;
aysmf&TifvkdwJhtcg rdrdpdwfwkdif;us ukd,hfwefcdk;eJY
zefqif;NyD; arGUavsmfaysmf&TifwwfMuygowJh/
vlawGvnf; yifukd,fobm0aysmfp&mr&Sdawmh
zefwD;NyD;aysmfMu&wmyJ/ zefwD;rSyJ aysmfp&mawGUMu
wmjzpfvYdk edrm® e&wd vlom;awGvYdk ac:r,fqadk c:vkYd
jzpfygw,f/ zefwD;yHku avmuenf;? "r®enf;vdkY
(2)rsKd;&Sdygw,f/
18 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

avmuvlom;awGu avmuenf;eJY t0dZÆm

wPSma&SUxm;NyD; aysmfMuw,f/ uwwfoludk tu
cdkif;? qkdwwfoludk oDcsif;qkdckdif;? wD;rIwfwwfolukd
wD;rIwfcdkif;NyD; BuHBuHzefzef wD;aysmfMuw,f/ 'Dwkdif;
ikww
f w
k x
f idk af eawmhvnf; aysmpf &mr&Sad wmh/ zefw;D aysmf
Mu&wmaygh/ 'gayr,hf twkawGyg/ twkaemufrSm
ylp&mawG&Sdaeygw,f/
NyD;awmh avmuvlom;awG[m tokbcE¨mukd
okb? tedpöukd edpö? 'ku©ukd okc? tewåudk twåvdkY
ajymif;jyef zefwD;NyD; pdwful;eJY twkvkyfaysmfMuyg
w,f/ twkrsm;jzpfvdkY aemufqHk;awmh idkMu&wmyJ/
"r®vlom;awGuawmh "r®enf;eJY owdynma&SU
xm;Ny;D aysmw
f wfMuygw,f/ tokb cE¨mtay: oDv
orm"dtm;eJY zefw;D aysmMf uw,f/ tedpö 'ku© tewåcE¨m
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 19

tay: 0dyóemeJY zefw;D Ny;D Nird ;f csr;f pGmaysmw

f wfw,f/
tppftaysmfqkdawmh pGrf;tm;yJwkd;wufvmw,f/
idkp&m ylp&m bmrSrygygbl;/
"r®vlom;awG[m uRrf;usifwJhzefwD;&Sifrsm;jzpf
vkYd ypön;f awG&mS Ny;D ypön;f ukd 'ge oDv orm"d 0dyó
emjzpfatmif zefwD;aysmfEkdifMuw,f/ ypönf;awG
oHk;rjzpfawmhvdkY trIdufyHk;xJ trIdufypfwmawmifrS
0dyóemeJY zefwD;aysmfvkdufao;w,f/ ypönf;awG
olckd;cdk;cH&vdkY aysmufoGm;wmawmifrSyJ aysmfp&m
0dyóemjzpfatmif zefwD;vkdufao;w,f/ avmu
vlom;awG idpk &mtm;vH;k [m "r®vo
l m;twGuaf wmh
Nidrf;csrf;wJh NyHK;p&m aysmfp&mrsm; jzpfoGm;&ygw,f/
tkx
d yk f emxkyf aoxkyjf zpfwhJ rdrcd E¨mtay:rSmvnf;
oDv orm"d ydyóemyHkpHeJY zefwD;aysmfwwfygw,f/
20 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

,ck aumif;&if aemifaumif;ygw,f

Ä ypöKyÜefrSm? vufvGwfum? epfemqHk;½IH;&/
Ä aemufaeYukdawG;(aemifa&;udkawG;)? pdwfrat;
ylaqG;tm;i,f&/
Ä ypöKyÜefrSm? owdyg? aemifcgpdwfat;&/
ypöKyÜefwkdif; rvGwfwrf; o,faqmifoGm;&r,hf
w&m;uawmh owdyg/ avmu"r®udpöcyfodrf;rSm
owdta&;tBuD;qHk;yg/ owd[m pdwftaygufukd
aoaocsmcsm ydwfqkdYzmax;ay;ygw,f/
wu,ftvkyfvkyf&r,hf tcsdefu ypöKyÜefom
jzpfygw,f/ tcsdefxdef;ud&d,m owd&SdrS ypöKyÜef
rdatmif zrf;Ny;D oH;k Ekid yf gw,f/ owdvw
G &f if ta&;Bu;D
wJhypöKyÜefwkdif; vufvGwfqHk;½IH;w,f/ twdwfukd
awG;awmh pdwfrat;&vkdY rauseyf? raocsmwJh
twdwyf pöKyeÜ af Mumihf tem*wfudk awG;wkid ;f aMumuf
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 21

vefYpdk;&drf&w,f/ ukd,hftaMumif;udk,fodxm;wmrdkY
ukd,hf[mukd,f tajcmufcH&wmu olrsm;ajcmufwm
xuf ydkNyD;aMumufvefYwkefvIyf ylavmif&wwfw,f/
raocsm ra&&mwJh ypöKyÜefwkdif; tem*wfukd Ncdrf;
ajcmufygw,f/ raumif;wJh ypöKyÜef[m raumif;wJh
tem*wfukd zefwD;ygw,f/
owduawmh ypöKyÜefukd wefzkd;xm;NyD; jrwfjrwf
Ekd;Ekd; av;pm;wmjzpfvkdY rvGwfatmifxdef;xm;Ekdif
w,f/ owdxJrSm todokdrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;Ekdifwm
jzpfvkdY bmrqkd todeJY tzkd;wefatmif toHk;csEkdif
w,f/ ypöKyÜef tae&Sif;oavmuf aemifa&;vnf;
pdwfat;&ygw,f/ aocsmwJh ypöKyÜefqkdwm tem*wf
ukd tm;vHk;wm0ef,lygw,f/ ]]aemufawmhaumif;
aumif ; aeawmh r ,f } } qk d w mxuf ]],ck y J
aumif;aumif;aeygawmhr,f}} qkdwmu aemifa&;
pdwfat;&zdkY ykdaocsmrSmyg/ 'ghaMumihf ,ckaumif;&if
aemifaumif;ygw,f/
22 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pdwftaygufBuD; vHkatmifzmyg
1/Ä(u) t&m&mrSmpl;pkud u
f m? aumif;pGmNird ;f at;ap
(c) pGJNrJowd? orm"d? todcdkifrmap/
(*) pdwfawGaygufwm? vHkatmifzm? pkwfwm
udkvnf; csKyfpyfav/
2/Ä&Sdwmukd½I? odatmifjyK? aumif;rIykdifygap/
3/ÄukefqHk;oGm;vQif? tod0if? pGrf;tif&v'f
usefygap/
Ä at;jr&TifNyHK;? vlYESvHk;? usihfxHk;pepfawG/
cka&maemifyg pdwfat;csrf;vdk&ifrl (3)ckudk
vuf w G U usih f o H k ; vk d u f e mzk d Y v d k r S m yg/ tpD t pOf ?
vrf;aMumif;? OD;wnfcsufqkdwJh rl(3)rsKd;ygyJ/ 'D 3ck
r&Swd hJ vlb
Y 0[m bmrSt"dymÜ ,fr&Syd gbl;/ aeYpOfxrif;
ESpx
f yfreS rf eS af uR;Ny;D ao&r,h&f ufudk xkid af pmihaf ewm
eJYyJ wpfb0ukefqHk;oGm;rSmyJ/ vIdif;avxlxyfNyD;
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 23

urf;rjrifvrf;rjrif&wJh yifv,fxJrSm xif&mckwf

armif;aewJh oabmFvkdyJ a&mufcsifovkda&muf
arsmcsifovkdarsm jrKyfcsifovkdjrKyf 'ku©awGyifv,f
a0oGm;rSmyJ/
rl 3ckqkdwm (1)bmrqkd at;at;aq;aq;
vkyfyg/ owd orm"d&SdzkdYajymwmyg/ vkyfief;wpfck
wmxGufvkdufwmeJY rsufjcnfrjywfzkdY aocsmzkdYvdk
w,f/ tvkyv f yk &f if pl;pku
d w
f nfNird af t;csr;f zkYd ta&;
BuD;ygw,f/ 'grS ypöKyÜefaocsmrSmyg/ owd orm"deJY
pl;pkdufay;w,fqkdwm aygufNyJaewJhpdwfukd vHkatmif
ydwfqkdYzmax;wmyg/ pkwfjywfaewJhpdwfukd vHkatmif
csKyfpyfay;wmvnf;jzpfygw,f/
ykxZk Of&UJ pdw[
f m owdvw G wf idk ;f avmb a'go
arm[awG xk d ; azmuf qG J q k w f y pf w mcH & vk d Y
tayguf a wG tpk w f a wG c snf ; jzpf a ewwf w ,f /
24 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pdwfaygufNyJukef&if w&m;xnfhvkdY o,faqmifvkdY

r&awmhbl;/ w&m;pGrf;tm;awG taygufu tukef
,dkzdwfukefw,f/ taygufrsm;awmh tylt½IyfawG
0ifvvYdk nf; vG,u
f o
l mG ;wmayhg/ yH;k taygufeYJ a&cyf&if
tacgufrsm;ayr,hf a&r&ovkdyJ pdwftaygufBuD;eJY
ajy;vTm;½kef;uefae&if aeY&ufvawGESpfawGrsm;vm
ayr,fh aozdkYeD;vmwmuvGJ&if bmtm;ukd;p&m
w&m;awGrS &vm wkd;wmrSm r[kwfygbl;/
vHkcsnf tusÐtpkwfawG0wf&if rxnf0govkdyJ
pdwftpkwftjywfBuD;eJY tvkyfvkyfae&if tm½HkawG
tMum;rSm xnf0grIr&SdawmhyJ tm½HkawG&JU rxDrJhjrif
jyKwmukd cHae&r,f/ ylavmif½IyfaxG;aerSmyJ/
'ghaMumihf bmrqkyd yl al vmifavmif? jymavmifcwf
½Iy&f u
S cf wf rvkybf J pdwaf ygufudk owdezYJ m? pdwpf w
k f
udk owdeJYcsKyfNyD; vHkNcHKwJhpdwfeJY at;at;aq;aq;
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 25

vky&f r,f/ ajcav;wpfvrS ;f ? xrif;av;wpfvw

k u
f p
aocsmrSyJ cka&maemifyg pdwfat;&rSmyg/
(2) ]]rtm;bl;}} vkdY rajymygeJY/ &Sdwmudkom
odatmifvkyfyg/ vlYb0qkdwm wGef;tm;awGvnf;
rsm;w,f/ tvkyfudpövnf; rtm;vyfavmufatmif
tvGefrsm;jym;w,f/ NyD;awmh todxl;jcm;w,f/
'ghaMumihf w&m;eJx
Y u
dk w
f efwmyg/ vlqw
dk m ewfrsm;vkd
uHa[mif;ukd xkdifpm;aewJhb0r[kwfawmh wpfvIyf
vIyfeJY pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfae&ygw,f/
tvkyfrsm;vdkYvnf; vleJYw&m; xkdufwefwmjzpfvkdY
tvkyfrsm;wm[m w&m;0ifaygufawGrsm;aewmyJvkdY
tm;&Sdp&mwGufwwfzkdY vkdrSmyg/ tvkyfeJY w&m;wGJrd
aygif;rdzkdY BudK;pm;&rSmjzpfw,f/
26 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

owdeJY pdwfaygufukd vHkatmifzmax;ydwfqkdY

Ekdifol[m &Sdwmukd odEkdifavmufatmif tod&Sif;yg
w,f/ tvkyfrsm;ayr,hf r½Iyfygbl;/ tod½IyfwmudkyJ
tvkyf½Iyfw,fvkdY ajymaeMuwmyg/ tod&Sif;&if uH
t&Sd cE¨mt&Sd ½kyef mrft&Sad wG[m MunhEf idk o
f avmuf
jrif&ygw,f/ jrifoavmufvnf; pGr;f tm;udk ,lwwf
ygw,f/ pm;0wfaea&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;udpörsKd;pHk
awGxJrSm 'ge oDv orm"d 0dyóempGrf;tm;awG
yg0ifaeMuwmukd tm;&Sdp&maumif;avmufatmif
awGUjrifvm&NyD; yg;eyfvdr®muRrf;usifpGm pkaqmif;
&,lwwfvmygw,f/ t&Sd[m todeJY xdef;ayEkdif&if
tm;vHk;pGrf;tm;awGcsnf;yg/
(3) Ak'¨omoemeJY awGUolawG&JU tpGrf;uawmh
ukefoGm;wm[m ]]tm;}} yJ/ ukefqHk;jcif;&JU &v'f[m
pGrf;tm;yJjzpfw,f/ ukefqHk;jcif;&JU aemufrSmpGrf;tm;
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 27

&v'fwpfckckusefaecJh&r,f/ vl&JUvufxJrSm &SdaewJh

oufrJhouf&Sdtm;vHk;ukd,f&Sdcsifoavmuf &SdaeMurSm
r[kwfbJ ol&SdEkdifoavmufom&SdaeNyD; uefYowfcsdef
jynhf&if ukefqHk;aysmufuG,foGm;MurSmcsnf;yJ/
ukefqHk;oGm;&if xif;wHk;awGyHkxm;NyD; roHk;bJ
tvum;rD;½IdUypfvdkufovkd tvum;ukefoGm;wmrsKd;
rjzpf a poif h b l ; / tuk e f p m&if ; awG j yNyD ; ryl o if h
rarmoihfbl;/ aeYpOfypönf;awG&SmazGNyD; tkdzkdY emzkdY
aozkdY ylzkdY avmifpmxnfhay;wmeJYbJ ypönf;awGukef
aer,fqkd&if odyf½IH;wmaygh/ w&m;rygwJh vl&JUpm;
0wfaea&;[m xif;wHk;awGyHkyHkNyD; rD;½IdUypfaeovkd
avmifavmifNy;D ukeu f ek o
f mG ;MwwmjzpfvYkd odyEf aS jrm
p&maumif;w,f/
xif;yHkBuD;udk xrif;[if;csufwJhtcg ,l,lNyD;
rD;qkduftoHk;csvkdufawmh xif;awGukefoGm;ayr,hf
28 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

wpfzufu xrif;[if;usufvdkYpm;&wmawG? jyp&m

usefcJhwmrsKd;yJ jzpfoihfygw,f/
ukd,fhvufxJrSm&SdwJh ukd,fESifhqkdifwJh t&mawG
tm;vHk; tcsdefaph&if wpfenf;enf;eJY ukefoGm;rSm
csnf;yJ/ bmwpfckrS tNrJqkyfukdifxm;vkdYr&ygbl;/
tcsKyf t m;jzih f a wmh pm;oH k ; vk d Y u k e f ? ay;vk d Y u k e f ?
aysmufysufvkdYukefwJh/ tukef 3rsKd;eJY aeYpOfukefae
&rSmcsn;f yg/ 'Dvu
dk ek q
f ;kH oGm;wJt
h cg 'ge &Ekid w
f ahJ e&mrSm
'getm;awG usef&pfcJhatmif o'¨geJYpdwfudkoefYpif
owd e J Y p d w f u k d x d e f ; ? ÓPf e J Y u Rrf ; usif y g;eyf p G m
,lxm;Ekdif&r,f/
a0,sm0pö a wG ? oD v awG & Ek d i f w J h a e&mrS m
rvGww
f rf;qG,
J El idk &f r,f/ orm"d&Ekid w
f ahJ e&ma&muf
jyefawmh owdeJY0D&d,wGJNyD; pl;pl;pkdufpkduf wnfwnf
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 29

NidrfNidrf ckvnf;aocsm aemifvnf;pdwfat;&atmif

wpf c gwnf ; ,l x m;oih f y gw,f / bmyJ v k y f v k y f
pdwfaygufukd vHkatmifzmNyD; aoaooyfoyf ydyd&d&d
at;at;csrf;csrf;yJ vkyfoihfygw,f/
0dyóem&EkdifwJh ae&musjyefawmh todukd vQKdU
0Sufrxm;bJ tukefxkwfoHk;rSmyJ/ pdwfaygufukd
owdezYJ mxm;&if todvnf;vHak evdYk &Sw
d mukd wu,f
odjrif&ygw,f/ aeYpOfxrif;eJYpm;aomufzG,fawG
pm;aeMuwmukdyJMunhfyg/ reufpm;vkdufawmh nae
qmw,f/ naepm;vdkufjyefawmh reufrSmqmjyef
w,f/ 'gawG[mMunhw
f wf&if 0dyóemyJ/ ukeo
f mG ;vdYk
qmwmqkdawmh ukefwmajymif;vJazmufjyefwm[m
tedpöyJ/ qmwm[m 'ku©yJ/ cE¨mu ukd,hftvdkrvdkuf
ukd,fuom cE¨maemufvdkufNyD; auR;&? pm;&rSmjzpf
vkdY tewåyJ/
30 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

trI d u f y H k ; xJ aeY p Of t rI d u f y pf a eMuwm[m

Munhfwwf&if 0dyóemyJ? oHk;rjzpfatmif trIdufxJ
ypfvudk &f avmufatmif ajymif;vJ azmufjyefomG ;wm
jzpfvdkY tedpö½I½HkyJ/ jzpfcsifwmrjzpf? rjzpfcsifwm
jzpfoGm;vdkY'ku©aygh/ ]][JhtrIdufawG ypönf;aumif;awG
jyefjzpfMuprf;}} vkdYcdkif;vkdYr&/ udk,hftvdkolrvkdufEkdif
awmh tewåqkdwm&Sif;vdkYyJ/
ypönf;awG olcdk;cdk;cH&vdkY aysmufoGm;wmawmifrS
owdeJY todaumif;ol[m tylrusefapyJ 0dyóem
½INy;D tjrwfxw k ,f El idk yf gao;w,f/ todowdaumif;
oltwGuf trsm;csHK;csikdp&m ylavmifp&mtm;vHk;[m
NyHK;jyp&m? Nidrf;at;p&mawGcsnf;jzpfaewwfygw,f/
aeYpOf xrif;[if;csufjyKwfaeMuwJhtcg qefu
xrif;jzpfoGm;yHkawG? om;ig; [if;oD;[if;&GufawGu
[if ; tjzpf a jymif ; vJ o G m ;yH k a wG ? pm;vd k u f a wmh
ukefoGm;yHkawG[m Munhfwwf&if 0dyóemawGygyJ/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 31

aeYpOfval wGvyk af eMuwJh pm;0wfaea&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

vlrIa&;awGtm;vHk;[m todowd acgif;wGJwyfqif
ay;vkduf&if 'ge oDv orm"d 0dyóempGrf;tm;
awGcsnf;ygyJ/
NyD;awmh &Sifvm&if {uefao&r,f/ jzpfvm&if
bmrqkdysuf&r,f/ &vm&if tcsdefaphawmh ukefqHk;
oGm;&r,f/ awGUqHkvm&if uefYowfcsdefjynhfawmh
uGJ&r,f/ 'g[m b0oHo&mrSmoGm;aeus yHkrSefvnf
ywfae&wJhvrf;½dk;BuD;yg/ tod owdrygolawG rl;vJ
oGm;Muayr,hf todowdtm;aumif;olawGtwGuaf wmh
'gawG[m ]]tm;}} awGcsnf;yJ/
vlukdavmu uEdkifw,f/ avmuukdawmh "r®
(w&m;)uEkdifw,f/ "r®(w&m;)ukd Ekdifwmuawmh
owdynmyg/ owdynmeJY "r®ukdvufukdifxm;Edkif&if
avmuukdEkdifNyDjzpfvkdY vl[m avmutv,frSm
aumif;qk;d 2-wef b,favmu"HeYJ awGUawGU ae&mwkid ;f
t0ifqHhoGm;ygw,f/
32 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

&efyGJawG zsefajzay;yg
1/ Ä &efjzpfaewm? þcE¨m? rSefpGm'ku©rSwf/
2/ Ä ork',? &efwkdufMu/ 'ku©yGm;apwwf/
3/ Ä eda&m"rSm? &efNidrf;&m? rSefpGmtoduyf/
4/ Ä r*¾opöm? zsefajzwm? pdwfrSm owdcsyf/
Ä owd&Sdol? ab;&ef[l? tyl'ku©vGwf/
(1)aeYpOf&efjzpfaewm b,folvJ? &efolqkdwm
cE¨m 5-yg;&JUemrnfyg/ cE¨m&So d w
l idk ;f tenf;qH;k twGi;f
&efolawGeJYawmh aeYpOf&efjzpfaeMuygw,f/
tkd em ao qif;&JrsK;d pHak wGeYJ &efjzpfaeMu&w,f/
udavom ruif;ao;olawGuawmh avmb a'go
arm[ twGif;&efawGeJYvnf; &efjzpfMu&ygw,f/
udavomawGrsm;oavmuf tjyifu oufrJhouf&Sd
ab;&efawGvnf; rsm;jym;aewwfygw,f/ owdvw G f
oavmuf oufrahJ b;&efawGuawmh wef;pDvYdk 0kid ;f vdYk
yg/ aeYpOf&efjzpfaewmu 'ku©opöm þcE©mBuD;yJ
jzpfw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 33

(2) 'D&efyaJG wGjzpfatmif b,fo&l efwu

dk af y;wm
vJ? &efwkdufay;aewm ork',opömyg/ t0dZÆm
OD;pD;wJh wPSmqkw
d hJ ork',opömaMumihf &efjzpfaeMu
wm/ uk,
d [
fh muk,
d f auR;wm? ay;wmtm;vH;k &efwu
dk f
wJ h y H k p H j zpf a ewwf w ,f / uk d , h f r d o m;pk ay;wm?
auR;wmtm;vH;k vnf; &efwu
kd o
f vkjd zpfaewwfw,f/
t0dZÆmaMumihf &efwkdufaoG;xdk;ay;aerSef; rodygbl;/
tvS L yG J B uD ; awG vk y f w mawmif r S yumoeawG
a&S U wef ; wif N yD ; &ef w k d u f a oG ; xk d ; ay;wJ h yH k p H e J Y
vk y f r d w wf w ,f / wu,f a wmh tod o wd u if ;
oavmuf ukd,hf[mukd,f &efwkdufNyD; ukd,hf[mukd,f
yJ&efjzpfaeMu&wmyg/ rao;ao; edAÁmefawmif;wJh
tcg ]]wynhfawmfr þaumif;rIaMumihf edAÁmefukd
tjref&ygvk\
d bk&m;/ edAmÁ efrjS yefco
hJ nf&adS omf avmuD
34 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pnf;pdrfawG qufqHcHpm;&ygvkd\bk&m;}} vkdY awmif;

owJh/ edAÁmefawmif;wmawmif &efwkdufwJhenf;eJY
awmif;rdwwfw,f/ oluedAÁmefukd aeYcsif;jyefyJ
oGm;csifwm/
(3) 'D&efyGJawGb,fawmhNidrf;MurSmvJ? eda&m"
opömac:wJh edAÁmef rsufarSmufjyKMu? &Mu? a&mufMu
awmhryS J 'D&efyaJG wGNird ;f MurSmyg/ edAmÁ efqw
dk m 'kuo
© pöm
avmif p mcsKyf N id r f ; wJ h w&m;yg/ cH p m;wJ h c srf ; om
vGwfajrmufwJhcsrf;om &,fvkdY csrf;omu twdkcsKyf
2rsKd;&Sdw,f/ t0dZÆmwPSmu cHpm;wJhcsrf;omukdom
awmihfww,f/ cHpm;zdkY avmifpm&Sm&awmh rD;ESihf
avmif p m wk d ; NyD ; avmif & OD ; rS m yJ / owd y nmu
vGwaf jrmufwhJ csr;f omukd jrwfE;dk w,f/ vGwaf jrmufzYdk
avmifpmeJY rD;uif;vGwfatmif½kef;xGufr,faygh/
edAÁmefra&mufcifvnf; tyluif;a0;pGm aeEkdifzkdY
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 35

Bud K ;pm;rS m yJ / rusef ; rmol r S m cH p m;zk d Y x uf

a&m*gvGwfzkdYom t"duyg/ 'ku© rD;avmifaerSef;
wu,fodolrSmvnf; cHpm;zkdYxuf 'ku© rD;vGwfNidrf;zkdY
om t"dujzpfrSmyg/ edAÁmefqkdwm cHpm;&wJh csrf;om
r[kwb f J vGwaf jrmufwchJ sr;f omrsK;d yg/ edAmÁ efa&mufryS J
&efyGJNidrf;Mur,f/
(4) 'D&efyGJawG ajyvnfatmif zsefajzay;wm
b,folvJ? &efyGJawGzsefajzay;wm r*¾opömyg/
usifhfpOfvkyfief;oabmtaeeJYawmh oDv orm"d
ynmqkdwJh avmuDr*¾opöm odu©m 3yg;yJ/ tcsKyfu
awmh owdyJ/ owåd&Sd&if todÓPfvnf;ay:vmyg
w,f/ 'Dw&m;awGu 'kuv © w
G af Mumif; w&m;aumif;
awGjzpfvdkY &efyGJtm;vHk; ajyvnfNidrf;at;oGm;atmif
zseaf jzay;ygw,f/ omoemhtESpcf sKyu f sipfh &muawmh
odu©m 3yg;yg/ pnf;urf;3csufvkdYvnf;ac:w,f/
oDvqkdwm ukd,fEIwf&JUpnf;urf;? orm"dqdkwm
36 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pdwf&JUpnf;urf;? 0dyóem ynmqkdwm tod&JU

pnf;urf;? pum;ajyjzpf½Hkodwmr[kwfbJ t&Sdudk
wu,fodrS ynmtppfyg/
ukd,hfukd ukd,fauR;MuwJhtcg t0dZÆm wPSmeJY
&efwkdufrauR;bJ owdynmeJY odu©m3yg; vrf;
aMumif;ay:wifNyD; &efzsefajzvkdYom auR;&? pm;&rSm
jzpfw,f/ rdom;pkauR;awmhvnf; &efrwkud b
f J zseaf jz
vdkYom auR;ay;&rSmyg/ vlYtvkyftm;vHk;odu©m 3yg;
vrf;ay:a&mufoGm;&if ab;&efvGwfw,f/ tylNidrf;
w,f/ trSm;enf;w,f/ vrf;ajzmihfw,f/ jrefjrefNyD;
w,f/ bmrqkdtcsdefrD&Ekdifw,f/
owdvGwf&if vrf;oGm;&if; ql;pl;wwfw,f/
cvkwfwkdufwwfw,f/ acsmfvnf;wwfw,f/ rawmf
wqab;&efawGrsm;w,f/ rawmfwqtm;vHk;[m
owdrxm;vdkY jzpfMuwmcsnf;yJ/ owd&Sd&if tyl
ab;&efrsKd;pHkvGwfygw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 37

rD;zkdxJu rD;[m&efoltppfr[kwf
Ä vlYavmurSm? rD;-ryg? vkd&m rNyD;Mu/
Ä qifjcifrIawG? uif;vGwfacs? rD;awG
avmifwwfMu/
Ä qifjcifrIawG? jynfhpHkay? rdwfaqGjyefjzpfMu/
rD;qkdwm &efolrsKd; 5yg;xJrSm ygw,fvkdY i,fpOf
up Mum;bl;cJhMuygw,f/ rD;avmifvkdY tBuD;tus,f
'ku©a&mufMu&wmudkvnf; jrifawGUbl;Muygw,f/
rD;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufMu&w,fqkdawmh rD;[m&efol
qkdwmaocsmoGm;NyDaygh/
'Dvqdk &dk if rD;ukd &eforl eS ;f odomG ;Muawmh rD;tay:
b,fvkdoabmxm;MurvJ/ &efoljzpfwJh olckd;udk
tdrx
f 0J ifciG rhf ay;ovkd rD;udv k nf; tdrxf 0J ifciG rhf ay;
bJ xm;Muawmhrvm;/ tdrfxJrSm wpf&ufavmuf
rD;jzwfprf;Munhaf ygh/ tvkyjf zpfrmS r[kwaf wmhygbl;/
38 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

qefudk xrif;csufcsifawmh aeylxJoGm;vSrf;vkdY

qefuxrif;rjzpfb;l / tk;d xJxnhx
f m;½Hek v
YJ nf; qefu
xrif;rjzpfEdkifygbl;/ a&pdrfxm;vkdYvnf; xrif;r&yg
bl;/ rD;eJcY surf yS J qef[mxrif;jzpfrmS yg/ [if;oD;[if;
&Guf om;pdr;f ig;pdr;f awG [if;jzpfapcsi&f ifvnf; rD;eJyY J
csu&f rSmyg/ 'Dawmh aeYpOf xrif;[if;awGcsuaf uR;ae
wJhrD;[m aus;Zl;&SifrdwfaqGyJ/ rD;ulnDvkdYom xrif;
[if;awG pm;aeMu&wmyg/
wu,fawmh rD;udk&efolvkdY ajym&wmu oHk;pGJol
awG&UJ rqifjcifraI Mumihyf g/ 'ghaMumihv
f nf; ]]rD;owdjyK}}
vkdY owday;ae&wmyg/ rD;qdkwm avmifwwfwJh
oabm&Syd gw,f/ tJ'gukd pnf;rJu
h rf;rJh ravmifapbJ
pnf;eJu
Y rf;eJaY vmifEidk af tmif todÓPfeYJ xde;f ay;Mu
&ygw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 39

xrif;[if;csufjyKwfMuwJhtcg ]][JhrD;uav;?
rif;avmifoifwh mudyk J avmifyguGm/ ravmifoihw
f m
awGukd e,fausmfNyD; ravmifygeJY/ xrif;csuf&if
xrif;usuf½HkavmufyJavmifyg/ pnf;rJhurf;rJhvlukd
vnf; ravmifygeJ/Y tdruf v
dk nf;ravmifygeJ/Y tjcm;r
qkdifwJh ypönf;awGukdvnf; ravmifygeJY/ avmifoihf
wmukd avmifoiho f avmufyaJ vmif&if awmfavmuf
ygNyD}} vkdY owdÓPfulxdef;ay;&wmyJ/
'hgaMumihf rD;[moHk;wwf&if aus;Zl;&Sif rdwfaqG
yg/ pnf;rJhurf;rJhoHk;&if &efoljzpfwwfayr,hf owd
ÓPf e J Y p nf ; urf ; &S d & S d o H k ; wwf & if r&S d r jzpf w J h
toufocif aus;Zl;&Siyf g/ 'ghaMumihf &efov l q Ydk &dk ay
r,hf &efot
l ppfawmh r[kwyf gbl;/ owd&&dS if rD;ab;
&efvGwfwmaygh/
40 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

cE¨mvJ pdwfaumif;xm;&if &efoltppfr[kwf

Ä owdryg? þcE¨m? &ef&Smwwfí ylavmif&/
Ä owd&SdvQif? tod0if? pGrf;tifxkwfay;Mu/
Ä pdwfaumif;xm;vQif? cE¨myif? cspfcifpzG,fjzpf
oGm;&/
cE¨mvnf; rD;vkdyJ owdr&Sd&if? qifjcifrIuif;&if
tNrJ&ef&Smwwfw,f/ rD;vkdNcdrf;ajcmufawmufavmif
aewmyJ/ o'¨geJYpdwfaumif;azmfxkwfNyD; owdynmeJY
xde;f ausmif;wwf&if cE¨mu csppf &m rdwaf qGjzpfomG ;
&w,f/ tvSLvkyfay;wJh cE¨m[m tESpfxkwfay;wm
jzpfvYdk rdwaf qGy/J oDvusio
fh ;kH ay;&if orm"d0yd óem
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf y;&if pGr;f tm;azmfxw
k f jri§ w
fh ifay;
wmjzpfvdkY cE¨m[m aus;Zl;&SifrdwfaqGjzpfoGm;w,f/
w&m;tvkyf jyKvkyfusihfoHk;ay;wJh cE¨m[m cspfp&m
aumif;oGm;w,f/ oluusihfoHk;tm;xkwfay;vkdYom
tm;udk;p&m&wmyJ/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 41

ukd,hfoEÅmefa&m*g wpfckckjzpfvmawmh owd

vGw&f if ESyd pf ufNy;D &efvyk w
f wfw,f/ owdepYJ ;l pku
d v
f u
kd f
awmh 0dyóejyefay;w,f/ od-emESihf rod-em (2)
rsKd;rSm em&r,hftwlwl od-emjzpfap&r,f/ od-em
jzpf&if w&m;tjrwfusefw,f/ owdvGwf&if tm½Hk
rsK;d pHk tEkid u
f siw
fh mcH&w,f/ owdxm;awmh tm½Hw
k idk ;f
uqkv'fjyefay;w,f/
cE¨ m [m roH k ; wwf o l t wG u f tqd y f w H k ; yg/
oHk;wwfltwGuf &wemwHk;yJ/ tqdyf&SdwJh a>rukduf
&if tukdufcH&olaorSmyJ/ a>rqdyf[ma>rrSm&Sdwkef;
awmh aMumufz,G t
f EÅm&m,fyg/ a>rukzd rf;Ny;D tqdyu
f dk
pepfwusxkwf,l? "mwfobm0awGeJY azmfpyfvkduf
awmh tqdy[ f m toufu,faq;jzpfomG ;w,f/ 'grsK;d
vdyk J cE¨mtqdyw
f ;kH ukd owdeu
YJ idk f w&m;"mwfobm0
awGeJY toufu,faq; raoaq;azmf&r,faygh/
42 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

owdvGwf&if ypönf;av;wpfckck trSwfwrJh

xm;vku d rf v
d Ykd vkcd siv
f jYkd yef&mS awmhrawGU? rawGUawmh
ukd,hf[mukd,fpdwfqkd;/ wpfcgwpf&H ukd,hf[mukd,f
awmif&ef&Smcsifvmw,f/ ukd,hf[mukd,f&efoljzpf
oGm;w,f/ owd&&dS if uk,d [fh muk,
d &f eforl jzpf&awmh
bl;/ 'ghaMumihf owd&Sd&if twGif;ab;&efESihf oufrJh
ab;&ef r sKd ; pH k v G w f a jrmuf w ,f / tjyif u ouf & S d
ab;&efuif;vGwzf u Ydk sawmh arwåmyg ydv
Yk w
T af y;&r,f/
at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk;
Ä w&m;ryg? vlYcE¨m? &Sdwm rjynhf0/
Ä tawmifusKd;jim;? iSuftvm;? pGrf;tm;qHk;½IH;&/
Ä w&m;ygjim;? vlYpGrf;tm;? xl;jcm;jrihfwuf&/
Ä owda&SUxm;? arwåyGm;? pGrf;tm;teEÅ/
Ä at;jr&TifNyHK;? vlYESvHk;? usihfxHk;vrf;pOfjy/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 43

vl Y c E¨ m &J U obm0tm;jzih f tawmih f w qH k ;

t&muawmh w&m;yJ/ w&m;qkw d m cE¨meJw
Y rJG S tpGr;f jy
Ekid w
f mjzpfvYdk w&m;eJY txku
d w
f efq;kH uvnf; vlcY E¨myJ?
vl[m tylcGmEkdif&if todxl;w,f/ qif;&JtylwGef;
tm;rsm;w,f/ NyD;awmh rtm;avmufatmif tvkyf
rsm;w,f/ 'ghaMumihf w&m;eJY vlYcE¨mwu,fwefyg
w,f/ yg&rDjznhfzkdYvnf; vlYobm0om taumif;qHk;
yg/ w&m;eJt
Y vGewf efwhJ vlb
Y 0rSm vlcY E¨m&JU tawmihf
w tvkdvm;qHk; w&m;yJ/ r&Sdbl;qkd&if vlY&JUt&Sd[m
rjynhfpHkao;ygbl;/ ukd,hfukd tmrcHwm0ef,lEkdifwJh
pGrf;tm;udk rjyEkdifbJ aeYpOfavmifpmawGxnfhNyD;
ao&r,hf&ufukd xkdifapmihfae½HkeJYawmh vlYb0[m
t"dyÜm,fuif;rJhvGef;ygw,f/
w&m;vufvGwf&if tJ'Dvl[m tawmifusKd;wJh
iSufeJYwlaeygw,f/
44 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

iSuftawmifyH[m olYwefcdk;yJ
iSufawGukd Munhfprf;aygh/ tO ONyD;&if taumif
i,fuav;awG aygufonfxd apmihaf &Smufay;w,f/
taumifaygufNyD;awmhvnf; iSufuav;awG tarT;
tawmif p H k o nf x d ud k , h f [ muk d , f y sH E k d i f o nf x d
apmif h a &S m uf a y;NyD ; wJ h t cg vT w f v k d u f M uw,f } }
]]uJww
Ykd m0efausNy?D rif;wko Yd mG ;Muawmh? uk,d t fh awmif
yH e J Y u k d , f ysH oGm ;Ekdi fN yD/ uk d , h f b 0 uk d ,f ½ k e f ;Ek d i f N yD ?
uJoGm;Mu? 'Dudkvnf; jyefrvmcJhMueJYawmh}}
rdbu om;orD;iSufawGukd pdwfqkd;vkdYESifcswm
r[kwfygbl;/ om;orD;awG&JU tpGrf;ukd,HkMunfpdwfcs
&vkpYd rG ;f &nftyfEiS ;f wmyg/ om;orD;iSuaf wGuvnf;
]]wkdYukdrdbawGu ESifcsvdkufMuNyD}} vkdY tm;i,f
roGm;Mubl;}} at;[kwfw,f? olwkdYwm0efausNyDyJ/
,ckukd,hf[mukd,fysHoGm;EkdifNyDyJ/ wkdYrSm tawmifyH
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 45

&Sad eNy?D ylaezkrYd vkad wmhb;l }} vkYd uk,

d t
fh pGr;f uk,
d ,
f NkH y;D
vkd&mysHoef;oGm;Mww,f/ tawmifyH[m iSuf&JU
wefckd;yJ/
vlawGu iSuu f av;awGukd cJeyYJ pfprf;Munhaf wmh
cJrxdreS af tmif tawmifyeH YJ a&Smifwrd ;f ysw
H wfw,f/
tpm&Sd&m ysHoGm;NyD; tpm&Smpm;Ekdifw,f/ vlawGu
awmifiSufawGukd csD;usL;Muw,f}} [m iSufuav;
awG eifwkdY wd&pämefqkdayr,hf wkdYxufomaeovkdyJ?
b,fyJoGm;oGm; tawmifyHeJYysHoGm;½HkyJ? wkdYrsm;rSm
eifwkdYvkdtawmifyHrygawmh b,fyJoGm;oGm; pufbD;
pD;&? qkdufum;pD;&? qkdifu,fpD;&? armfawmfum;pD;&
eJY tjyifu[mcsnf;tm;ukd;ae&w,fuGm/ eifwkdYrsm;
tjyifbuftm;ukd;p&mrvkd/ bmrSvnf; pD;p&mrvkd
oGm;vk&d m uk,d t
fh awmifyeH YJ vTm;ueJ vTm;ueJ yso
H mG ;
vkduf½HkyJ? eifwkdYu tawmifyH&Sdawmh t&awmfw,f
uGm}}
46 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tJ'cD s;D usL;cH&wJh iSuaf wGxu

J iSuw
f pfaumifudk
vlwpfa,mufu rdatmifzrf;vkdufw,f/ tawmifyH
ESpfzufvHk;½kdufcsKd;ypfvkdufNyD; jyefvTwfvkdufygw,f/
iSuu
f av; rysEH ikd af wmhb;l / ajcaxmufuav;ESpzf uf
eJY vIyfwkwfvIyfwkwfeJYoGm;NyD; tvGefqif;&Jyifyef;ae
&Smw,f/ aemufu&efolvkduf&ifvnf; &efolvufxJ
a&muf a wmh r S m aocsmayguf y g/ iS u f u av;
tawmifusKd;awmh bmwefckd;rS r&Sdawmhbl;/
w&m;vGwf&if vlYtawmifyHusKd;w,f
vlvnf; w&m;vGw&f if vlt
Y awmifyu
H sK;d aewmyJ?
w&m;qdkwm vlYtawmifyH vlYwefcdk;yg/ o'¨g owd
0D&d, ynmqkdwJh pGrf;tm;awG r&Sd&if vlrSmysHEdkifwJh
tpGrf;r&Sdawmhbl;/ tyluif;a0; Nidrf;at;atmif
raeEkid w
f mukyd J ryso
H ef;Ekid b
f ;l vkYd wifpm;ajymwmyg/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 47

ypönf;OpömawGr&Sdayr,hf 'ge oDv orm"d

0dyóeyHkpHeJY ysHoef;rjyEkdifbl;/ tawmifusKd;wJh
iS u f u av;vd k vI y f w k w f v I y f w k w f e J Y y J tyl a wG e J Y
&SyfwkdufNyD; ylavmifpGmae&ygw,f/ t&Sdaemufukd
todurDatmif rvkdufEkdif&if t&Sduvlukd jyefNyD;
'ku©ay;w,f/ wu,fawmh t&Sd? 'ku©[m r&Sd?
'ku©xuf tcH&cufwwfygw,f/
w&m;tawmifyH[m vlYwefcdk;yJ
o'¨geJY pdwfukdoefYpif? owdeJYpdwfaumif;udkxdef;?
0D&,
d eJY pdwaf umif;udk pGr;f tm;ay:atmifweG ;f ? ynmeJY
t&SdukdMunhfEkdif&if tylvGwfatmif vkd&mcsrf;om
a&mufatmif yso
H ef;Ekid w
f hJ w&m;tawmifyaH ygufvm
w,f/ w&m;tawmifyH[m vlYwefcdk;yJ/
48 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

ypönf;OpömawG &SmzkdYvkdY&&Sdvmawmh 'ge oDv

orm"d 0dyóemyHkpHeJY tyluif;atmif vkd&mcsrf;om
&atmif yso
H ef;jyEkid w
f ,f/ w&m;pGr;f tm;useaf tmif
toH;k cswwfw,f/ taumif;eJaY wGUawmh rwdr;f apmif;
atmif xde;f ausmif;wwfw,f/ tqk;d avmu"HeYJ awGU
jyefawmhwnfNidrf&ihfusuf at;csrf;pGmaewwfw,f/
olrsm;awGawmif ]]cifAsm;rSm pdwfaum&SdvdkYvm;/
toufaumygvkv Yd m;/ Nird o
f ufat;csr;f vScsnv
f m;}}
vkYd cs;D usL;vmMuw,f/ w&m;&Sad wmh rNiad tmifyswH wf
w,faygh/
owda&SUxm; arwåmyGm;
owda&SUxm; arwåmyGm;&if vlpY rG ;f tm;[m teEÅyg/
trSwfonmNrJrS owdjzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,f/ arwåmvkd
csif&if cEÅDtrmcHaumif;atmif avhusihf&ygw,f/
arwåmcH yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ aumif;uGuu
f dk jrifatmifMunhEf ikd rf S
vnf; arwåmazmfxkwfvkdY vG,fygw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 49

owdqkdwm ukd,fwpfa,mufwnf;wnfhatmif
aeenf;udkjyw,f/ arwåmuawmh trsm;eJYtqifajy
atmif? wnhfatmifaeenf;udkjyygw,f/ owd&Sd&if
uk,
d u
fh Edk idk w
f ,f/ arwåm&Sad wmh olu
Y Edk idk w
f ,f/ owdu
cE¨tqdyfwHk;ukd tqdyfajzay;w,f/ arwåmuawmh
ypönf;tqdyfwHk;ukd tqdyfajzay;ygw,f/
owdwpfvHk;ydkif&if ypöKyÜefwkdif; w&m;pGrf;tm;eJY
pd w f c srf ; omatmif a ewwf w ,f / uk d , f t m;?
ÓPf t m;? ypö n f ; tm;eJ Y rd r d o l w pf y g; avmu
omoemudk tvSqifEkdifw,f/ b0ul; pdwfat;
&w,f/ aemifa&;aocsmw,f/ arwåmyGm;awmhvnf;
owdukdukdifrS ykdifEdkifygw,f/ at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk;&JU
tESpfcsKyfuawmh owdESihf arwåmygyJ/
50 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

owd&Sd&if tukefwGufudef;ukdufw,f
Ä ypöKyÜefom? a&mufqJrSm? rSefpGm tzkd;wefqHk;/
Ä jyKvkyfqJom? tvkyfrSm? rSefpGmta&;BuD;qHk;/
Ä a&mufqJvkyfqJ? owdpGJ? tNrJwGifatmifoHk;/
Ä roHk;rdu? tyl&? b0emí tcGifh½IH;/
Ä tcsdefukdxdef;? tylNidrf;? wGufudef;tudkufqHk;/
Ä w&m;usihfoHk; &TifNyHK;at;jr? vlYb0xl;vS
tjrwfqHk;/
owd&JU t"duawmif;qkdcsufuawmh ypöKyÜefukd
wefzkd;xm;zkdYygyJ owdqkdwm-
(1) tm½Huk dk yHak zmf&r,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf aqmif&u
G v
f w
dk hJ
tm½H[
k m todpw d x
f J jywfom;pGm ay:vm&r,f/
(2) tm½HkeJY pdwfcsyfcsyf&yf&yfuyfay;/
(3) tvkyfrNyD;rD tm½HkraysmufapeJY? todpdwfukd
tm½Hkay:rSm rdrd&& pGyfxm;&r,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 51

(4) tvkyfwpfckvkyfaepOf tjcm;tm½HkMum;jzwf0if

rvmapeJY? tm½Hkudk owdtpDtpOfeJYyJ vufcH?
tpDtpOfuif;rJhwJh tm½Hk[m todukd ½IyfaxG;
oGm;apw,f/ tod½yI w f mudyk J tvky½f yI w
f ,fvYkd
ajymaeMuwm/
(5) bmyJvkyfvkyf tvkyfrNyD;rcsif; a&SUtodeJY
aemuftod todcsi;f pyfxm;/ tptv,ftqH;k
tukevf ;kH odaeygap/ todcsi;f uGmoGm;&if yrm'
0ifvmr,f/ tm½HkrsufcsnfjywfNyD; ra&r&m
arsmoGm;wwfw,f/
(6) tvkyfwkdif;ta&;BuD;w,fvkdY oabmxm;?
omoemeJY awGUaeolrmS ta&;rBu;D wJh tvkyrf &Sd
ygbl;/ pm;wmaomufwm? oGm;wmvmwmup
tm;vH;k ta&;Bu;D ygw,f/ tvkyw
f idk ;f &JU aemufrmS
vkyfcpGrf;tm;awG xkdufxdkufwefwef wpfyg
52 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

wnf;uyfygvmzkdY txl;vkdtyfygw,f/
ypöKyÜefwkdif; wefzkd;xm;NyD; rvGwfatmif
o,faqmifoGm;Ekdif&if tm;vHk;wGufudef;
udkufygw,f/
ynmoif & if ynma&;wG u f u d e f ; uk d u f w ,f /
pD ; yG m ;&S m awmh pD ; yG m ;a&;wG u f u d e f ; uk d u f w ,f /
w&m;&Smawmhvnf; w&m;wGufudef;ukdufwmygyJ/
pm;wmaomufwm oGm;wmvmwm udpöcyfodrf;rSm
w&m;wGufudef;ukdufygw,f/ tcsdefwdkif;wGufudef;
ukduf&if wpfb0wGufudef;vnf; udkufrSmygyJ/
b0emESihfbm0em a&m*DESifha,m*D
Ä owdvGwfwm? b0em? &SdwmpGrf;tm;ysuf/
Ä owduyfyg? bm0em? aumif;pGmpGrf;tm;wuf/
Ä owdvGwfrl? a&m*D[l? tylwkd;í tcdk;xGuf/
Ä owduyfrl? a,m*D[l? tylNidrf;í wefcdk;wuf/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 53

Ä owdryg? &wmem? &Sdygaomfvnf; tckd;xGuf/

Ä owdwu
JG m? &wem? &Sw
d mawGvnf; wefzkd;wuf/
ypöKyÜefwkdif; owdeJYrdatmifzrf;NyD; roHk;Ekdif&if
b0emoGm;rSmyJ/ tcGihfawG½IH;r,f/ t½IH;uav;csif;
xyfoGm;&if t½IH;BuD;jzpfoGm;r,f/
owdvGwf&if b0emw,f/ brSma&;csjyKwfoGm;
w,f/ owduyfay;awmh bm0emay:vmw,f/ owd
vGwfae&if txdef;r&SdwJhpdwfeJY tpDtpOfuif;rJhwJh
tm½HkawG wpfa'gif;a'gif;0ifaqmihf wkdufcdkufrdvdkY
ukd,fa&mpdwfa&m emaewwfw,f/ rawmfwq
txdtcdu
k af wGaMumihv
f nf; emaewwfw,f/ ]]cifAsm;
bmvkyfaevJAs}} vdkYar;&if ]]b0emyGm;aeygw,f}}
vk d Y ajz&vd r f h r ,f ? wrif y G m ;wmr[k w f a yr,h f
owdvGwfae&ifawmh pdwftyltcdk;taiGUawG0ifNyD;
54 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pdwftemvnf; wkd;yGm;aerSmyJ/ rawmfwqxdcdkufrI

awGaMumihf ½kyftemvnf; wkd;yGm;vmwwfygw,f/
owd v G w f & if a&m*D (& aumuf e J Y a&m*D )
owd u yf a wmh a,m*D (,yuf v uf e J Y a,m*D ) ?
owdvGwfae&if ukd,fvnf;em pdwfvnf;emaewJh
a&m*D(tema&m*gonf) jzpfaew,f/ b0-emqkw
d meJY
t"dyÜm,ftwlwlygyJ/ owduyfay;awmh a,m*D
(pGrf;tm;ykdif&Sif) jzpfvmw,f/ bm0emeJY oabmwl
ygw,f/ owdvufvGwfaeMu&if b,folyJjzpfjzpf
temonfa&m*DypkH eH yYJ J ylavmif½yI af xG;pGm aeMu&rSm
owdpNJG rrJ yS J pGr;f tm;ykid &f iS f a,m*DypkH eH YJ tpGr;f jyEkid rf ,f/
xrif;pm;awmh xrif;pm;a,m*D? vrf;oGm;awmh
vrf;oGm;a,m*D? xrif;csufawmh xrif;csufa,m*D
uav;xdef;awmh uav;xdef;a,m*D? bmyJvkyfvkyf
pGrf;tm;&EkdifwJh a,m*DjzpfoGm;r,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 55

owdvGwf&if & wm emw,f/ w rSm a&;cs

ygvmw,f/ uk,d t
fh aMumif;eJY uk,
d &f xm;wJh cE¨mBu;D eJY
oufrJh ouf&SdqkdiforQtm;vHk; epfemqHk;½IH;r,f/
tm½Hkucsnf;pdwfukd Ekdifaer,f/ tylNidrf;atmif
tm;xk w f w mawmif r S owd v G w f o G m ;&if ½k y f e m
pd w f e mawG u vT r f ; rd k ; oG m ;wwf w ,f / owd u yf
ay;awmhrSyJ &wemjzpfvmr,f/ tzkd;wefpGrf;tm;
awGay:aygufr,f/
bm0emqdkwm ]]tjzpfbm0em}} eJY ]]twkd;tyGm;
bm0em}} vkdY (2)rsKd;&Sdw,f/ pGrf;tm;awGjzpfay:vm
atmifowdeJY pwifxdef;NyD; 0D&d,eJYwGef;ay;vdkuf&if
]]tjzpfbm0em}} awmh&vmygw,f/ ]]tjzpfbm0em}}
wpfck ESpcf ?k wpfBurd f ESpBf urd af vmufwif &yfrxm;bJ
]]twk;d tyGm;bm0em}} jzpfatmif ta&twGuf tBurd f
rsm;atmif owdeJYtqufrjywfxdef;xm;&ygw,f/
½kyfusef;rmaewmawmifrS owdvGwfae&if pdwfawG
emaewwfygw,f/ ½kyrf use;f rmwmawmifrS owduyf
56 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

&ifpdwfemawGaysmufNyD; tzkd;wefpGrf;tm;azmfxkwf
Ekdifygw,f/
owdqm;ryg&if ayhgysufBuD;
Ä pm;aomufzG,f&m? qm;ryg? pm;ygaomfvnf;
ayghysufysuf/
Ä pm;aomufzG,frsm;? qm;xnhfjim;? xl;jcm;&om
wuf /
Ä owdryg? tvkyfrSm? vkyfygaomfvnf;? tm;
rwuf /
Ä owdygjim;? tvkyfrsm;? pGrf;tm;wkd;í
wefckd;wuf/
owd[m qm;eJYwlygw,f/ qm;[m olcsnf;
ouf o uf w ef z k d ; rrsm;vS a yr,h f t&omwk d i f ; rS m
qm;ryg&if ayghysufysufBuD;jzpfNyD; pm;aomuf&wm
tqifrajyygbl;/ 'grsKd;vdkyJ vlYtvkyfudpötm;vHk;
owdryg&if pdwfat;p&m w&m;t&omray:yJ
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 57

ayghawmhawmh a&Smf&Twf&TwfBuD;jzpfoGm;r,f/ rdom;pk

awGukd auR;arG;ay;urf;ae&ayr,hf 'ge oDv
bm0em t&om rawGUawmhbl;/ ukd,hfcE¨mauR;ae&
ayr,hf oDv orm"d ynm t&om ay:rvmbl;/
owdqm;ryg&if bmrqkd ayghysufBuD;yJ/
t&omwkdif; qm;ygrS av;av;eufeuf &Sdovdk
vlt
Y vkyu
f pd w
ö idk ;f owdygrS w&m;t&omay:ygw,f/
qm;xdef;aumif;&if ykyfaewJh ig;ydig;ajcmufawmifrS
ESpfoufzG,f pm;p&mjzpfoGm;NyD; yGJv,fwifh&ovdk
owdqm;xdef;aumif;awmh pdwf½IyfzG,faumif;vSwJh
vlYtvkyfawG[m tm;wufp&m w&m;pGrf;tm;rsm;
jzpfay:vm&ygw,f/ owdqm;ygawmh cE¨mtykyf
awmif toHk;0ifw,f/ pm;0wfaea&;vnf; w&m;
csnf;yJ/
58 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

owdqm;xdef;aumif;&if avmb a'go arm[

awGjzpfwmawmifrS owdyXmefydyóemyHkpHeJY yGJv,f
wih&f ygw,f/ owdqm;cyf&if tema&m*gawGawmifrS
0dyóemyHkpHeJY yGJwkd;Muygw,f/ avmu"HvIdif;'Pf
awGcH&wmawmifrS owdqm;xnhf&if w&m;t&om
ay:w,f/ owd&&dS ifbmrqkw
d &m;t&om ay:ygw,f/
owdeJYvrf;azmfNyD; 0D&d,eJYpdwftajy;avhusihf&
w,f/ tm½HkeJY pdwfjyóemrjzpf&atmif owdu
ajz&Sif;ay;w,f/ ukd,hfpdwfb,fae&m a&mufaerSef;
odatmif tNrJaxmufvSrf;pl;prf;ay;ygw,f/ owd
[m o'¨guazmfxkwfay;wJh pdwfaumif;ukd xdef;odrf;
ay;Ny;D pm;0wfaea&;eJY w&m;udk wpfom;wnf;aygif;
ay;w,f/ tcsed ef YJ tiftm;jzKe;f wD;rIuv
kd nf; xde;f csKyaf y;
ygw,f/ pdwfrykyfatmif bm0ema&cJpdrfay;w,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 59

omoemeJaY wGUBuKH cu
kd f cE¨mwm0efew
YJ &m;tvkyf
aygif;rdzkdY ta&;BuD;w,f/ rcsufrjyKwfbJ xif;yHkudk
rD;½IUd ovkd bmrQtvum; rukeaf poifb h ;l / rD;xk;d qku
d f
NyD; xrif;[if;csufjyKwfovkd pm;0wfaea&; xif;rD;
qkdufNyD; w&m;xrif;csufwwf&r,f/ todryg&if
t&SdESdyfpuforQcH&rSmyg/
vlYcE¨mpuf,EÅ&m;[m txl;tqef;qHk;pGrf;tm;
jzpfvkdY vlYcE¨mpufud&d,mrsm;ukd aeYwkdif;ppfaq;aezkdY
txl;vkdtyfygw,f/
td r f a wG ausmif ; awG wH c g;yd w f w ,f q k d w m
rqkdifolr0ifapcsifvkdYyJ/ pdwfrSm owdwHcg;ydwfw,f
wkw
d mvnf; tukov kd f r0ifapcsivf yYdk g/ rjzpfoihw f m
rjzpfzkdYygyJ/
60 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

owdvGwf&if t½l;uav;
Ä owdryg? toduGm? rSwfygt½l;av;/
Ä t½l;av;awG? xyfoGm;acs? BuD;av w&m;ay/
Ä owdukdukdif? r,drf;,kdif? BuHhcdkifpdwfNidrf;at;/
owdvGwf&ifarhw,fac:w,f/ arhavsmhayghq
oGm;&if t½l;uav;jzpfoGm;w,f/ 1-rdepfowdvGwf
&if 1-rdepft½l;av;jzpfaerSmyJ/ avmurawmfwq
tm;vHk;[m owduif;wJh t½l;pdwfaMumihfjzpfwm
csnf;yJ/ t½l;av;csif;xyfoGm;&if t½l;tvwfpm;
jzpfoGm;Ekdifw,f/ Mumawmh t½l;tBuD;pm;vnf;jzpf
oGm;EkdifwmyJ/ oli,fjyefMuw,fqkdwm owdvGwfvkdY
t½l;tvwfpm;jzpfw,fvYkd qkEd idk w
f ,f/ owdvw
G &f if
todaow,f/ zkwf0ifwJh owå0gvkdjzpfaew,f/
tod a o&if rawmf w qawG r sm;w,f / tod u k d
owdeJY toufoGif;ay;&r,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 61

touf 90 ausmf tbGm;BuD;wpfa,mufawGU

zl;w,f/ touf&SnfwJh tbGm;qkdNyD; &yfa0;&yfeD;u
vmuefawmhMu? vufaqmifawGay;Mu? wcsKdUu
vufaqmifay;½Hkrubl;/ ar;ao;w,f ]]tbGm;
bmvkdao;vJ}} qkdawmh jyefajymyHku ]]em;qGJuav;
vnf;0,fay;MuyguG,?f qGBJ uKd ;uav;vnf; 0,fay;
Muyg/ rdwfuyfaygif'gbl;av;vnf; 0,fay;Muyg
uG,f}} qkdNyD; [uf[ufyufyuf&,fw,f/ &,f&mu
csufcsif;csKH;csidkw,f/ temu0kdif;MunhfaeolawGod
oGm;MuNyD ]][,f tbGm;BuD; oli,fjyefaeygNyDaum}}
oli,fjyefqw dk m pum;,Ofatmifo;kH wm wku
d ½f u
dk u
f
awmh ]][,f tbGm;BuD;½l;ygNyDaum}} vkdYajymwm/
owdNrJrSyJ r,drf;r,kdif pdwfBuHhcdkifNyD; cka&m aemifyg
pdwfat;&rSmyg/
62 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Mumav aygav
[k d w k e f ; u td r f w pf t d r f r S m orD ; uav; 1-
a,muf zG m ;jrif w ,f / twd w f ' geuH a wmf a wmf
aumif;yHak y:w,f/ orD;zGm;jrifwahJ eYup tJ't D rd rf mS
pD;yGm;a&;awG wpf[kefxdk;wufvmw,f/ tvkyf
tudik af wG tqifajyvmw,f/ yku
d q
f aH wG ypön;f awG
[m Mumavaygrsm;avjzpfvmw,f/ 'Dawmh olYrdb
awGu ]]'DorD;aMumihf ypönf;aygvmwmyJ}} qkdNyD;
]]rMumayg}} vkYd emrnfay;vku
d w
f ,f/ rMumaygt&G,f
a&mufvmawmh pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfudk OD;pD;vkyf&w,f/
tvkyform; (60)avmufukd OD;aqmif&w,f/ uHu
aumif;awmh vkyfovdktqifajyw,f/
pD;yGm;a&;aumif;oavmuf w&m;udk vHk;0pdwf
r0ifpm;bl;/ b,faumif;rIrS vkyfvkdpdwfr&Sd/ b,fol
urS pnf;½Hk;vkdYr&/ tvSLvkyfckdif;awmh ukefrSmpdk;vkdY
jiif;w,f/ 'geuHaumif;vGe;f vkYd ]]rMumayg}} jzpf&wm
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 63

uko
d wdr&? oDvudw
k efz;dk rxm;? bm0emqkw
d m tcsed f
ukefw,fvkdYjiif;w,f/ &Sdayr,hf todurSDatmif
rvkdufawmh ]]vl}} r[kwfawmhbJ ]]yl}} jzpfrSef;rod
jzpfvmw,f/ touf (60)avmufa&mufawmh olb
Y 0
bmrSwefzkd;r&SdyHkukd oufaojyvmw,f/ pdwfeJYw&m;
rxdawGU&vdkY arhavsmhrIrsm;vmw,f/
tvkyo
f rm;awGtwGuf vkycf ray;&ao;wmukd
]]ay;NyD;NyD}} vkdYajymvmw,f/ a<u;,lxm;olawGu
a<u;ay;qyfNyD;wmukdvnf; ]]ray;&ao;bl;}} vdkY
jiif;vmw,f/ owdr&Sdawmh rawmfrqawGawmf
awmfrsm;w,f/
ol&Y UJ vkyyf akH jymyHck Rwaf csmv
f eG ;f vkYd tvkyo
f rm;awG
u rav;pm;Muawmhbl;/ cdkif;vkdYvJrvkyfawmhbl;/
]]armif b ,f o l a &- b,f e m;oG m ;vk d u f p rf ; uG , f } }
64 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

qkad wmh ]]tbGm;Bu;D uk,

d [
fh muk,
d x
f oGm;? ajcusK;d o
vm;}} wJh/ ]]rb,fola& b,f[mav;vkyfvkdufprf;
uG,f}} ajymawmh ]]tbGm;BuD;ukd,hf[mudkxvkyf?
vufusKd;ovm;}} wJh/
tvkyform;awGu a':Mumayg Mum;avmufwJh
ae&mu aeNyD;ajymMuw,f/ ]]wkdYtbGm;BuD;u ckrS
a':MumaygtppfjzpfwmuG? Mumav aygawmawm
Ekdifav? MumavaygawmawmEkdifavyJ/ rMumcif
a':Mum½l;vnf; jzpfOD;rSmyg}} wJh/ w&m;r&Sdawmh
b0wefzkd;rJhoGm;ygw,f/ aemufqHk; olwpfa,muf
wnf; usufoa&rJhpGmeJY qif;qif;&J&JaecJh&ygw,f/
'ghaMumihf w&m;vufO;D zkq
Yf &dk if owdNrzJ Ydk txl;vdt
k yf
vSygw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 65

olawmfaumif;vrf;pOf 4-csuf
Ä onf;cH-oem;? 0rf;ajrmufjim;? yGm;rsm;? arwåmNcKH /
Ä olYudkapmifha&Smuf? ukd,fh*kPfajrmuf? yaysmuf
ab;&efudk,hfrSmvHk/
Ä olawmfoljrwf? þ 4-&yf? rcRwfusifhygukef/
'kw,
d *gxmu tjyifbufu ouf&adS b;&efawG
vGwfajrmufcsif&if? ra&mufatmif umuG,fcsif&if
arwåmudyk g yGm;&r,fvYdk jyygw,f/ arwåmvkYd ajymvku
d f
&if u½kPmvnf;ygw,f/ u½kPmtm;aumif; rS
vnf; arwåmyGm;Ekid w
f ,f/ arwåmeJY u½kPmajymvku d f
awmh cEÅDeJY rk'dwm 2-yg;yg ygoGm;w,f/
cEÅD u½kPm rk'dwm arwåm qkdwm olawmf
aumif;vrf;pOf 4-csufyJ/ at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk;ukd
ykdifqkdifaeolawG&JU pGrf;&nfayhg/ tcsKyfuawmh
arwåmyg/
66 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

arwåmqdkwm cEÅDtrmcHvdkw,f/ taqmuftOD;

BuD;awGrSm tkwfjrpfwdkY wkdifwdkY rckdif&if trdk; tum
tcif;awG wifvrYdk &bl;/ wifv&Ykd &ifvnf; cPyJ &Srd mS
aygh/ avuav;enf;enf;wku d v f u
dk wf meJY tukeNf yKd vJ
oGm;rSmyg/
vlaY vmurSmvnf; cEÅq
D w
dk hJ tkwjf rpfwidk f rcdik &f if
arwåmqkdwJh trdk; tum tcif;awG wifvkdYr&bl;/
&&ifvnf; cPyJ&SdrSm/ bmr[kwfwJh taMumif;t&m
av;awGeJYvnf; NydKvJoGm;rSmyg/
taqmuftOD;BuD;awGrSm tkwfjrpfwkdY wkdifwkdY
cdkifrmrSom trkd; tum tcif;wkdY pdwfBudKufwifvkdY&
w,f/ awmfawmfwefwefavawG wku d cf sio
f avmuf
wkduf rvJbl;/
'grsKd;vkdaygh tzGJUtpnf; taygif;toif;eJYaeMu
w,fqkdwm cEÅDqkdwJh tkwfjrpfwkdif ckdifcdkifrmrmpdkuf
&w,f/ 'grSarwåmqkdwJh trkd;tumtcif;awG vHkvHk
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 67

NcHKNcHK rkd;vkdYumvdkY jzefYcif;vkdY&r,f/ b,fvdktarT

b,fvadk vwdu
k w
f u
dk f NyKd vrJ oGm;bJ wnfNird af t;csr;f
&ifhusufpGmeJY w&m;pGrf;tm;,lEkdifw,f/ 'hgaMumihf
arwåmpGrf;tm;&zkdY cEÅDtrmcHvdkw,f/
ykxZk OfawGeyYJ J trsm;tm;jzifh aeMu&wmqkad wmh
ykxkZOfqkdwmuvnf; arm[ruif;ao;vkdY oabm
rusp&mawG trsm;BuD;awGUrSmaygh/ ukd,fh[mukd,f
awmifoabmrusp&mawG trsm;BuD;yJ/
ykxZk Of&UJ raumif;wJh trlt&mqkw
d m arm[OD;pD;
wJh udavom&JU tusKd;qufawGyJ/ rdrdeJYukd,fcsif;pm
NyD;awmh onf;cHcGifhvTwfEkdifwJh tiftm;&SdrS arwåm
ae&m,lEkdifrSm/ 'ghaMumihf onf;cHcGihfvTwf tepfemcH
oabmxm;BuD;EkdifwJh cEÅDvnf; olawmfaumif;vrf;
pOfy/J
68 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

oem;Muif e m uk d , f c sif ; pmwwf w J h u½k P m

w&m;vnf; olawmfaumif;vrf;pOfyJ/ olrsm;ykdifwJh
tcGifhta&;ukd rusL;ausmf raESmifh,Suf&bl;/ az;r
ulnDapmihfa&Smufay;&r,f/
olwpfyg;awG BuD;yGm;wkd;wufjynhfpHk jrihfrm;wm
awGU&if vIu
d v
f u
dI v
f v
JS JS 0rf;omwwfwhJ rk'wd mvnf;
olawmfaumif; vrf;pOfyJ/ olwpfyg;BuD;yGm;wkd;wuf
atmifjrifwmawGU&&if ta&tzwfrpm;&bJ tacsmif
yl a vmif & wJ h jiLpl r I £ ómuk d rjzpf a poif h b l ; /
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om BudKqkdwwf&r,f/
rdr&d UJ oefpY ifreG jf rwfat;jrwJh pdwEf v
S ;kH cE¨mtpOf
uaeNyD; owåavmutwGif; ]]owå0gtm;vHk;csrf;
omMuygap}} vkdY arwåmpdwfawGvTwfNyD; vTrf;NcHKay;&
wJh arwåmpGr;f tm;[mvnf; olawmfaumif;vrf;pOfyg
yJ/ tJ'D 4-ckvHk;rSm arwåmy"meyg/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 69

tJ'4D -ckv;kH [m olwpfyg;ukd vHNk cKH atmif csr;f om

atmif ulnaD pmihaf &Smufay;wJh tvkyyf /J onf;cHwmyJ
olu
Y adk pmifah &SmufwmyJ/ onf;rcH&if olu Y adk pmihaf &Smuf
&mra&mufbJ uk, d af &m ola&m 'kua© &mufMu&rSmyg/
oem;w,f? 0rf;ajrmufw,f? arwåmyGm;w,f
qkw
d m[mvnf; olu
Y u
dk n
l aD pmifah &SmufwmygyJ/ olu
Y dk
apmifah &Smufawmh uk,d *hf P
k af jrmufw,f/ ab;&efawG
vnf; vHNk cKH w,f/ tJ'wD &m;awGr&S&d if vlaY vmuBu;D
[m bmrSaysmpf &m aecsipf &mr&Sad wmhbJ ajcmufuyf
BuD; jzpfaerSmyg/
arwåmr&Sd tm;rjynfh
Ä &Sdoifhonfrsm;? &Sdygjim;vnf;? pGrf;tm;arwåm?
uif;pifuGm? csrf;omrjynhf0/
Ä pnf;pdrfOpöm? aygrsm;ygvnf;? arwåmpGrf;tif?
ryGm;vQif? qefYusifzufomvkyfvkdMu/
70 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Ä &mxl;*kPfod&f? t&Sdeft0g? BuD;rm;ygvnf;?

arwåmpGrf;tif? ryGm;vQif? qefYusifrkef;wD;Mu/
Ä odu©m 3-jzm? jznhfusihfygvnf;? arwåmpGrf;tif?
ryGm;vQif? qefYusifaESmifh,SufMu/
Ä arwåmr&Sd? tm;rjynhf? vl\pGrf;tm;rpHkMu/
Ä arwåmw&m;? tm;rjynhf? vl\pGrf;tm;rpHkMu/
Ä &efoluyif? tuRrf;0if? cspfcifav;pm;&/
Ä ukd,fucspf&rS? oluwpfzef? udk,hfukdjyef? {uef
wk e f Y j yef M u/
vlrSmpnf;pdrfOpöm &mxl;*kPfod&f pwJh &Sdoihfwm
awG bmawGyJ&Sd&Sd arwåmryGm;&if vlcsrf;omrjynhf0
ygbl;/ qefYusifzufvkyfcsifMww,f/ rkef;wD;olawG
&SdwwfMuw,f/
oDv orm"d ynm odu©m (3)yg; jznhfusihfwm
awmifrS arwåmryGm;&if aESmih,
f u
S o
f al wG &Sw
d wfMuyg
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 71

ao;w,f/ arwåmokwfrSmvmwJh &[ef;awmf (500)

[m apmapmu arwåmryGm;yJ w&m;tm;xkwfMuvdkY
ewf a wG a ES m ih f , S u f w mcH M u&w,f / vH k ; 0tvk y f
rjzpf M uvk d Y awmxJ u xG u f c G m oG m ;Mu&ygw,f /
bk&m;xH jyefoGm;NyD; arwåmtvkyfukdoif,lMuw,f/
ewfawG&Sd&m awmtkyfxJjyefvmNyD; arwåmydkYvTwf
Muawmh ewfawGuqD;BudK? a0,s0pövkyf? tapmif
hta&SmufawGawmif ay;Muygw,f/ arwåmtpGrf;
aMumihf ewfawG&JU tapmifhta&Smufukd&vdkY w&m;udk
ajzmifah jzmiht
f m;xkwMf uawmh 0gwGi;f rSmyJ &[EÅmjzpfchJ
Muygw,f/ aumif;wmvkyfwmawmif arwåmryg&if
tvkyrf ajzmifw h wfygbl;/ wu,fawmh arwåmr&S&d if
vlYpGrf;tm;rpHkao;ygbl;/
arwåmyGm;rS vlYpGrf;tm;pHkr,f? wkd;wufr,f/
arwåm&Sifukd &efoluawmif cspfuRrf;0if& av;pm;
72 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

&ygw,f/ rkef;wD;aewJh &efolukd cspfatmifvkyfenf;

u arwå m 1-ck y J & S d w myg/ arwå m [m toG m ;&S d
oavmuf tjyefvmygw,f/
bk&m;vufxufu yaoe'Daumovrif;BuD;&JU
OD;ÓPfxl;qkdwJh 0efxrf;[m cE¨m0ef&JU w&m;0efwGJ
xrf;wwfwJh 0efxrf;aumif;wpfa,mufyg/ aeYpOf
arwåmyGm;xHkxm;awmh vkyforQapwemrSefeJYyJvkyf
w,f/ olvkyforQ &Sifbk&ifuoabmusawmh &mxl;
awGw;dk Ny;D tppcs;D ajrm§ ufvu
kd w
f ,f/ vkyaf zmfuidk zf uf
rsm;u remvkdjiKplvGef;vdkY OD;ÓPfxl;eJY&Sifbk&if
uGJatmif ukef;wkdufMuw,f/ &Sifbk&ifu ,HkNyD;
OD ; ÓPf x l ; ud k tvk y f j zKwf a xmif c svd k u f a wmh
OD;ÓPfxl;u &Sifbk&ifESihf vkyfazmfukdifzufawGukd
pl;pl;pkdufpkdufxyfwvJvJ arwåmydkYygw,f/ orm"d
ÓPf a wG w uf N yD ; aomwmyef j zpf o G m ;w,f /
'grSat;jr&TiNf yKH ;? vlEY v
S ;kH tppfyg/ arwåmtpGr;f aMumihf
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 73

&Sib
f &k ifucsucf si;f tvTwcf ikd ;f ? awmif;yefNy;D cgwkid ;f
xuf tqrsm;pGmcsD;ajr§mufay;vkdufw,f/ vkyfazmf
ukd,fzufawGuvnf; vmawmif;yefMuw,f/ cspf
vdkufMuwm ÓPfxl;rS ÓPfxl;yJ/
bk&m;vufxufu Owå&mtrsK;d orD;udk oD&rd mu
&efNidK;zGJUNyD; axmywfqDyleJY acgif;udkavmif;wJhtcg
oD&drmukd arwåmpl;pl;pkdufpkdufydkYw,f/ usKdufusKdufql
wJh axmywfqyD [
l m a&at;vkyd J tvkv d dk at;jroGm;
w,f/ &efvkyfwJh oD&drmukd Owå&mu aomwmyef
jzpfonfxd arwåmppfppfeJY qufNyD;awmifulnDay;
vkdufygao;w,f/ oD&drmucspfvkdufwm Owå&mrS
Owå&myJ/
bk&m;vufxufuyJ rm*@Dukef;wkdufrIaMumihf
Oawerif;[m trsufxGufNyD; arwåmtm;BuD;wJh
omr0wDeYJ tNct
H &HawGudk wef;pDcidk ;f Ny;D tqdyv
f ;l wJh
74 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

jr§m;eJYypfowfw,f/ omrm0wDwkdYu arwåmykdYvTwf

aew,f/ b,fvrkd yS pfvrYdk &bJ jrm§ ;u Oawerif;zuf
ukod mjyefvnS v
fh mw,f/ Oawerif;aMumufvefv Y eG ;f
vkdY av;udkypfcsNyD; omrm0wDudk 0efcsawmif;yef
uefawmhw,f/ cspfcifMunfndKav;pm;vdkufwm
omrm0wDrS omrm0wDyJ/
'gayr,hf omrm0wDrmS jyifr&Ekid w f hJ trSm;wpfck
ygvmcJhwmukd awGU&w,f/ bmvJqkdawmh ol[m
arwå m &S i f trsKd ; orD ; {w'*F q k u d k yef c J h w ,f /
jrif;aumif;cGmvdyf qkdovkd yef;0ifcgeD;rS cGmwpfcsuf
vdycf w
hJ ,f/ omoemy b0wpfcrk mS eef;wGi;f oljzpfvYkd
eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aewJh yapöuAk'¨gudk apwem
qk;d eJY rD;½IUd owfcb
hJ ;l w,f/ yapöuAk'g¨ u raoayr,hf
apwemqk;d uawmh raumif;usK;d ay;wmyJ/ i&Jawmif
usc&hJ ao;w,f/ tJ'aD pwemqk;d &JU tusK;d qufaMumihf
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 75

omrm0wD[m tNcHt&HESihfwuG rD;½IdUtowfcH&vdkY

r½IrvSaocJh&ygw,f/ owdvGwfrIaMumifhjzpf&wJh
trnf;uGuftm; enf;csufyg/ aruåmpGrf;tm;aMumihf
tjzLa&mifoef;vkdY &Tef;pdkcJh&ayr,hf owduif;vGwfwJh
aMumihf trnf;a&mifvTrf;NyD; ajcmufuyfBuD; jzpfcJh&
w,f/ arwåm&Sif {w'*F&cJah yr,hf tqifjcifuif;rJrh I
&JU vku
d v
f mwJh trnf;uGuu f dk acszsuEf idk pf rG ;f r&Syd gbl;/
'ghaMumihf owdeJY arwåm rvGwfwrf;ukdifxm;EkdifrS
at;jr&TiNf yKH ; vlEY v
S ;kH udk tqufrjywfyidk q f idk cf iG &hf ygvdrhf
r,f/

pGrf;tifarwåm rl 5-jzm
Ä aumif;uGufukd&Sm? usKd;vkdum? aqmifumylNidrf;
at;csrf;&/
Ä þvrf;pOfrSm? rl 5-jzm? arwåmpGrf;&nfjy/
Ä yHou ma&??
k al umuf? a&uefaemufrmS ? ajcaxmuf&ma&
rrmaeol? a&Munf[l? 5-qlEIdif;,SOfjy/
76 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Ä us,fjyefY jrifhjrwf? ruefYowfbJ? a'gopJ?

qif;&Juif;pify/
Ä þ 5-ckrSm? tESpfyg? arwåm*kPf&nfjy/
arwåmpGrf;&nfzkdY rl 5-ck&Sdw,f/ (1) arwåmcH
yk*¾dKvf&JU aumif;uGufukd jrifatmif&Sm Munhf&r,f/
(2) arwåmcHyk*¾dKvf&JU aumif;usKd;ukd vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
vkdvm;&r,f/ wu,fBuD;yGm;wkd;wuf csrf;omapvdk
wJph w
d &f &dS r,f/ (3) arwåmcHy*k Kd¾ vcf sr;f omatmif uk,
d f
EIwf pdwfeJY xdxdrdrdaqmif&Gufay;&r,f/ ukd,feJY
wwfEkdifwJhtcg udk,feJY EIwfeJYwwfEkdifwJhtcg EIwfeJY
t,kwfpGqHk; pdwfeJYawmh ]]csrf;omMuygap}} vdkY
ydv
Yk wT af qmif&u
G af y;&r,f/ arwåmqkw
d m owå0gtm;
vHk;tay: rdwfaqGpdwf? rdcifpdwfxm;wmyg/ (4)
wpfacgufxufwpfacguf tylNird ;f oGm;&r,f/ (5) tyl
Nidrf;oGm;oavmuf wpfpwpfpat;csrf;oGm;&r,f/
tJ'grS arwåmpGrf;&nfay:aygufwkd;yGm;Ekdifygw,f/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 77

aumif;uGufudkawGUatmif&SmEkdifrS arwåmydkYvdkY&
ygw,f/ trIdufyHk okomefwkdYrSm yHokulaumufwJh
&[ef;[m oHk;rjzpfwmudkz,f? oHk;jzpfwmudkom
&Ekdifoavmuf a&G;cs,faumuf,lNyD; &[ef;ESihf
avQmuf y wf a tmif avQmf z G y f c sKyf q k d ; 0wf & ovd k ?
a&nd§a&arSmfzHk;aewJh a&uefxJ a&aomufvdkwJhtcg
a&nd§a&arSmftaemuftusLudkz,f? a&Munfukdom
cyfaomuf&ovdk tqkd;taumif;a&m>yrf;aeolukd
arwåmykv
Yd &kd if tqk;d ukÓ
d PfowdezYJ ,f/ taumif;ukd
omjrifatmifMunhNf y;D arwåmpdwjf zpfatmif zefw;D ,l
&wmyJ/
taumif;enf;NyD; tqkd;rsm;olukd arwåmydkYjyef
awmhvnf; cGuef v YJ uferYJ cyfavmufatmif a&enf;ae
wJh EGm;ajc&mcGufxJua&ukd 'l;eJYwawmifeJYaxmuf?
yg;pyf e J Y iH k Y N yD ; tqmajyatmif aomuf & ovk d
78 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

raumif ; wmawG z,f taumif ; uav;uk d o m

&Ekid o
f avmuf tm½H,k l arwåmyk&Yd wmygyJ/ pdwtf qm
ajyNyD; arwåma&aomuf &zkdYom t"duyg/
taumif;vHk;0r&Sdolukd arwåmykdYjyefawmh tjyif;
txefrusef;rmoltay: u½kPmpdwfxm;&ovdk
oem;pzG , f ' k p ½k d u f vl r rmBuD ; tjzpf zef w D ; NyD ;
arwåmvTrf;NcHKay;&wmyJ? ukd,fhrSmarwåmpGrf;tm;
usefaecJhzkdYu ta&;BuD;wmyJ/
tm;vHk;aumif;olukdawGUjyefawmh a&ndKarSmf
taemuftusLuif;NyD; MunfvifaewJh a&uefukd
awGU&if a&0atmifcyf,laomufoHk;&ovkd arwåm0
atmifyvYdk u
dk ½f ykH /J taumif;ukad wGUwmyJqNdk y;D arhrae
&bl;/ arwåmpGrf;tm;udkvufOD;atmif ,lvkdufyg/
arwåmykdY&if (1) pdwfxm;us,fjyefYvm&r,f (2)
jrihfjrwfwJhpdwfjzpfay:wkd;yGm;vmr,f (3) uefYowf
csuaf bmifuif;oGm;ap&r,f/ cGjJ crf;cGjJ crf;r&Sad p&bl;/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 79

(4) a'go&efpwd af wG rke;f wD;pdwaf wGuif;oGm;&r,f/

(5) pdwfqif;&JrI uif;aysmufoGm;&r,f/ tJ'garwåm
*kP&f nfy/J
arwåmvTrf;NcHKab;&efvHk
Ä twlaevwf? vlESihfewf[l? tkyfcsKyfolyg?
NrKd U&Gmvlp?kH tm;vH;k uke?f vTr;f NcKH arwåmykv
Yd w
T &f /
1/ Ä twlaewm? ydkYvTwf&m? csrf;om nDnGwf
aygif;oif;&/
2/ Ä twlaejim;? ewftrsm;? ykdYxm; apmihfa&Smuf
ulnDMu/
3/ Ä tkyfcsKyfaeol? ykdYvTwfrl? MunfjzLOpöm
apmifha&SmufMu/
4/ Ä NrdKU&GmvlawG? ykdYvTwfacs? cspfav aESmihf,Suf
uif ; pif y /
5/ Ä owå0guke?f arwåmNcKH ? vH;k pHt
k &yf &efuif;y/
Ä arwåmvTr;f NcKH ? ab;&efv?kH tukef csrf;om&/
80 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

vTrf;NcHKa&;arwåm 5-rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ (1) twlae

vl y k * ¾ d K vf a wG u k d (aqG r sKd ; rd w f a qG ? twl a ejim;?
vltrsm;? ESpyf g;uk, d pf w
d cf sr;f omap...vk)Yd arwåmydYk
&w,f / yk x k Z Of t csif ; csif ; aeMu&wmqk d a wmh
ud,
k t
fh yl"mwfu oltY ay:ra&mufr?D olt
Y yluvnf;
ukd,hftay:rvTrf;rD arwåmtat;"mwfukd BudKwifykdY
vTwfxm;&w,f/ um;BuHKvlBuHKaumif;vkdY vdkufcJhMu
wJh c&D;onfrsm;vdk uHBuHKaumif;vkdY vdkufcJhMuwJh
twlaeolawGudk olvnf;csr;f om uk,
d v f nf;pGr;f tm;
&atmif arwåmeJu Y n l aD pmifah &Smuf&rSmyJ/ uk,
d afh pw
em[m uk, d &fh UJ vkycf yJ r[kwv f m;/ olwtYdk ay:arwåm
vuf O D ; xm;&if c srf ; csrf ; omom nD n D n G w f n G w f
aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhpGm twlae&w,f/
(2) twlaeewfawGukd rjrif&ayr,hf ÓPfeJY
tm½HkjyKNyD; (twlaejim;? ewftrsm;? ESpfyg;ukd,fpdwf
csrf;omap...vkdY) arwåmydkYvTwfay;&r,f/ ukd,fu
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 81

arwåmyk&Yd if olwu
Ykd vnf; arwåmeJyY J jyefNy;D ulnaD pmihf
a&Smufay;Muw,fvdkY qkdygw,f/
(3) Xmeaus;&Gm &yfuu G Nf rKd UEkid if t
H wGi;f wm0ef,l
tkyfcsKyfMuwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efcHvlrsm;ukdvnf;
(tkycf sKyaf ejim;? vltrsm;? ESpyf g;uk,
d pf w d cf sr;f om ap
...vk)Yd rdbt&mxm;Ny;D arwåm"mwfyv Ykd wT af y;&r,f?
olwuYkd vnf; uk,
d Ofh pömukv
d NkH cKH atmif apmihaf &Smufay;
Muygw,f/
(4) wpfvrf;wnf; wpf&Gmwnf; wpf&yfuGuf
wnf; wpfNrdKUvnf; twlaeolawGukdvnf; (NrdKU&Gm
twGif;? &yfuGufwGif;rSm? vlrsm;pGm? csrf;omMuygap
...vkdY) aqGrsKd;pdwfxm;NyD; arwåmykdYvTwf&r,f/ t
oGm;&Sd&if tjyefvmpNrJrdkY olwkdYuvnf; ukd,hftay:
cspcf ifjrwfE;dk tm;uk;d av;pm;Muw,f/ bmtaESmiht
f
,SufrS ray;Mubl;/
82 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

(5) owå0gtm;vHk;tay:vnf; (vHk;rsm;pGm?

owå0g? csrf;omMuygap...vkdY) aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGpdwf
xm;NyD; arwåm"mwfvTrf;NcHKay;&r,f/ vTrf;NcHKay;&if
b,ft&yfyJoGm;oGm; bmtaESmihft,SufrSr&Sdbl;/
ukd,hft&yfoGm;vdkY ukd,hfrdwfaqGrsKd;awGeJY awGU&ovkd
Munfvif&iT v
f ef; csr;f ajrah ysm&f iT &f ygw,f/ arwåmrNcKH
&if ukd,hftdrfxJrSmawmif rvHkawmhygbl;/
ylvkdYrqHk; vlYESvHk;
Ä vlYESvHk;om;? w&m;rul? t½Iyfxl? tylwkd;í
aeY p Of ½ I H ; /
Ä &SdorQvnf;? rykdifyJ? &SmNrJwpfoufvHk;/
Ä aemufqHk;a&mufu? aysmufuG,fMu? b0tESpf
tukefqHk;/
Ä w&m;usihfoHk;? &TifNyHK;at;jr? vlYb0? xl;vS
tjrwfqHk;/
 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 83

vlYESvHk;[m w&m;rul&if tylwHk;BuD;jzpfrSmyg/

rykdifwmawGcsnf;&Smae&vdkY r&Sdawmhvnf; yl? &vm
awmhvnf; yl? ukefoGm;awmhvnf; yl? wpfylxJylae&
r,f/ tyltm;vHk; avmb a'go arm[ukd jrpfzsm;cH
NyD; vlYESvHk;ukd jzwfoef;pD;qif;vmcJhwmyg/ t&if;ukd
rEkid b
f J tzsm;ukd zrf;ukid v
f v
Ydk nf; tylrNird ;f Ekid yf gbl;/
vlukdEkdifwmu avmu? avmuudkEkdifwmu w&m;?
w&m;ukEd idk w
f mu owdynmyg/ owdynmeJY tn§mukd
ukid &f iS ;f rS t&if;ukEd idk Mf urSmjzpfw,f/ t&if;ukd Ekid &f if
awmh Nidrf;at;Muygw,f/
rwl;eJY rxl;qkdwJh tysKdBuD; nDtpfrESpfa,muf&Sd
w,f/ olwdkYrdbawGu? ypönf;tvGefayg/ wpf&GmvHk;
&JU rsufESmzHk;? bk&m;'um ausmif;tr ausmif;'um
ausmif;trawGaygh/
84 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

nDtpfrESpfa,uf rdb&SdpOfu tvGefcspfcif

nDnGwfMuayr,hf rdbESpfyg;uG,fvGefoGm;wJhtcg
tarGudpöeJY pum;rajymEkdifMuawmhbl;/ NyHK;&murJh
ukefMuNyD/ at;&mu ylavmifukefMuNyD/ aysmf&mu
&efjzpfp&mawG zefwD;ukefMuNyD/
&Sdwkdif;csrf;omwmrS r[kwfbJ/ vlYcsrf;om&JU
tESpfcsKyfqkdwm pdwfoefY&Sif;rIom y"me/ pdwfvnf;
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 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 85

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 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 89

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 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 91

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92 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

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 at;jr&TifNyHK; vlYESvHk; 93

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94 t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

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