Test problems in mechanics and special relativity

Z. K. Silagadze
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and
Novosibirsk State University, 630 090, Novosibirsk, Russia
arXiv:physics/0605057 v1 6 May 2006

Abstract
These test problems were used by the author as weekly control works for the first
year physics students at Novosibirsk State University in 2005. Solutions of the problems
are also given (in Russian). The problems were taken from or inspired by the sources
listed at the end.

Òåñòîâûå çàäà÷è ïî ìåõàíèêå è òåîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè

Ç. Ê. Ñèëàãàäçå
Èíñòèòóò ßäåðíîé Ôèçèêè èì. Áóäêåðà è
Íîâîñèáèðñêèé îñóäàðñòâåííûé Óíèâåðñèòåò, 630 090, Íîâîñèáèðñê

Àííîòàöèÿ
Ýòè çàäà÷è áûëè èñïîëüçîâàíû àâòîðîì äëÿ íåäåëüíûõ êîíòðîëüíûõ ðàáîò ïî

ìåõàíèêå è òåîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ-ïåðâîêóðñíèêîâ èçè÷åñêîãî

àêóëüòåòà Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî îñóäàðñòâåííîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà â 2005 ãîäó. Ïðèâîäèòñÿ

òàêæå ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷. Èñòî÷íèêè çàäà÷, èëè âäîõíîâåíèÿ, ïðèâåäåíû â ñïèñêå

ëèòåðàòóðû.

1
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 1
1.2

Çàÿö áåæèò ïî ïðÿìîé ñî ñêîðîñòüþ u. Åãî íà÷èíàåò ïðåñëåäîâàòü ñîáàêà

ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V è â õîäå ïîãîíè âñåãäà áåæèò â íàïðàâëåíèè íà çàéöà.
 íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè èõ ïîëîæåíèÿ ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñóíêå. Íàéòè
óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè ñîáàêè â ñèñòåìå çàéöà.

A rabbit runs in a straight line with a speed u. A dog with a speed V starts
to pursuit it and during the pursuit always runs in the dire tion towards the
rabbit. At the initial moment of time their positions are shown in the figure.
Find the equation of the dog's traje tory in the rabbit's frame.

1.3

Ïóñòü ñêîðîñòè ñîáàêè è çàéöà â ïðåäûäóùåé çàäà÷å ðàâíû ïî âåëè÷èíå è

èõ íà÷àëüíîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå òàêîâî (ñì. ðèñóíîê). Êàêîìó ïðåäåëó ñòðåìèòñÿ
ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó íèìè ñî âðåìåíåì?

Let speeds of the dog and the rabbit from the previous problem are equal in
magnitude and their initial positions are as shown in the figure. To what limit
onverges the distan e between them?

2
1.4

Ïàðàáîëè÷åñêèå êîîðäèíàòû ξ, η, φ îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ îðìóëàìè

q q 1
x = ξη cos φ, y = ξη sin φ, z = (ξ − η).
2
Âûðàçèòü îðòû ïàðàáîëè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ÷åðåç äåêàðòîâûå îðòû. Íàéòè
âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ äèåðåíöèàëà äëèíû äóãè, ïëîùàäè, îáúåìà äëÿ ýòèõ
êîîðäèíàò.

Paraboli oordinates ξ, η, φ are defined by formulas

q q 1
x = ξη cos φ, y = ξη sin φ, z = (ξ − η.)
2
Express oordinate orts of the paraboli system through Cartesian orts. Find
elements of line, area and volume for these oordinates.

1.5

Ýëåêòðîí â ïîñòîÿííîì ìàãíèòíîì ïîëå äâèæåòñÿ ïî âèíòîâîé ëèíèè

x = a cos ωt, y = a sin ωt, z = bt.

Íàéòè ðàäèóñ êðèâèçíû åãî òðàåêòîðèè.

An Ele tron in a onstant magneti field moves in a heli al orbit

x = a cos ωt, y = a sin ωt, z = bt.

Find the radius of urvature of its traje tory.

1.6

Òî÷êà äâèæåòñÿ ïî ïëîñêîñòè òàê, ÷òî óãîë ìåæäó âåêòîðîì ñêîðîñòè è

ðàäèóñ-âåêòîðîì âî âñå âðåìÿ äâèæåíèÿ ðàâåí α. Íàéòè óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè
òî÷êè, åñëè â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò r(0) = r0 , ϕ(0) = ϕ0 .

A point moves on a plane so that the angle between its velo ity and radius-
ve tor is equal to α all the time. Find the traje tory of the point, if at the initial
moment r(0) = r0 , ϕ(0) = ϕ0 .

3
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 2
2.1

Íà áàñêåòáîëüíûé ìÿ÷ ëåæèò ìÿ÷èê íàñòîëüíîãî òåííèñà. Ìÿ÷ ïàäàåò áåç

íà÷àëüíîé ñêîðîñòè ñ âûñîòû 1 ì. Îöåíèòå, íà êàêóþ âûñîòó ïîäñêî÷èò
ìÿ÷èê.

A tennis ball sits atop a basketball as the two are dropped without initial speed
from height 1 m. Estimate the height the tennis ball will rebound.

2.2

Ó ïîëîãî öèëèíäðà îäèí êîíåö çàêëååí áóìàãîé. Ñî ñòîðîíû îòêðûòîãî

êîíöà ê íåìó ëåòèò ãâîçäü ñ áîëüøîé ñêîðîñòüþ V . Øëÿïà ãâîçäÿ áîëüøå
÷åì äèàìåòð öèëèíäðà, à èõ ñîáñòâåííûå äëèíû ðàâíû.  ñèñòåìå öèëèíäðà
ãâîçäü ñîêðàùåí γ -ðàç è ïîýòîìó íå ìîæåò ïðîáèòü áóìàãó. Íî â ñèñòåìå
ãâîçäÿ ñîêðàùåí öèëèíäð è ïîýòîìó áóìàãà ïðîáèâàåòñÿ. ×òî ïðîèñõîäèò
íà ñàìîì äåëå â êàæäîé èç ñèñòåì?

One end of the hollow ylinder is sealed by a paper. A nail with the large velo ity
V flies towards the open end. The hat of the nail is larger than diameter of
the ylinder, and their proper lengths are equal. In the ylinder's frame the
nail is ontra ted γ -times and onsequently annot perforate the paper. But in
the nail's frame it's the ylinder that's length- ontra ted and onsequently the
paper is pier ed. What o urs a tually in ea h of frames?

4
2.3

~
Íàéòè ðàäèóñ êðèâèçíû R òðàåêòîðèè òî÷êè, åñëè èçâåñòíû åå ñêîðîñòü V
è óñêîðåíèå ~a.

Assuming that the velo ity V ~ and a eleration ~a of a point are known find the
radius of urvature R of its traje tory.

2.4

Ïàðàáîëè÷åñêèå êîîðäèíàòû íà ïëîñêîñòè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ òàê x = στ, y =

1 2
2 (τ − σ ). Íàéòè îðòû ~
eσ , ~eτ è ýëåìåíò ïëîùàäè.
2

Paraboli oordinates on a plane are defined as x = στ , y = 12 (τ 2 − σ 2 ). Find

the oordinate orts ~eσ , ~eτ and the element of area.

2.5

Òî÷êà äâèæåòñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè øàðà òàê, ÷òî åå ñêîðîñòü ñîõðàíÿåò ïîñòîÿííûé

óãîë α ê ìåðèäèàíó. Íàéòè óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè òî÷êè, åñëè â íà÷àëüíûé
ìîìåíò åå ñåðè÷åñêèå êîîðäèíàòû ðàâíû θ0 è ϕ0 .

A point moves on the surfa e of a sphere so that its velo ity ve tor keeps a
onstant angle α to the meridian. Find the traje tory of the point if at the
initial moment its spheri al oordinates were θ0 and ϕ0 .

2.6

Ïóñòü ìíîãîìåðíîå îáîáùåíèå âåêòîðíîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ñîõðàíÿåò ñëåäóþùèå

ñâîéñòâà îáû÷íîãî òðåõìåðíîãî âåêòîðíîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ:
~×A
A ~ = 0,
~ × B)
(A ~ ·A
~ = (A
~ × B)
~ ·B
~ = 0,
~ × B|
|A ~ = |A|
~ |B|,
~ åñëè A~·B~ = 0.
Äîêàçàòü, ÷òî ýòî âîçìîæíî òîëüêî â ñåìèìåðíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå.

Let a multidimensional generalization of the ross produ t keeps the following

properties of the usual three-dimensional ve tor produ t:
~×A
A ~ = 0,

5
 ~ × B)
(A ~ ·A
~ = (A
~ × B)
~ ·B~ = 0,
~ × B|
|A ~ = |A|
~ |B|,
~ if A ~·B~ = 0.
Prove that this is possible only in seven-dimensional spa e.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 3
3.1

 ñèñòåìå S ñòåðæåíü èìååò äëèíó L è äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ u âäîëü îñè

x. Êàêóþ äëèíó èìååò ñòåðæåíü â ñèñòåìå S ′ , êîòîðàÿ äâèæåòñÿ âäîëü îñè
x ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V ?

In the frame S a rod has length L and moves with a speed u along the x axis.
What is the length of the rod in the system S ′ whi h moves with a speed V
along the x axis?

3.2

Åñëè ââåñòè êîîðäèíàòû x+ = ct + x, x− = ct − x, òî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå

Ëîðåíöà ìîæíî çàïèñàòü òàê x′+ = e−ψ x+, x′− = eψ x−. Íàéòè ψ êàê óíêöèþ
V (ïàðàìåòð ψ íàçûâàåòñÿ áûñòðîòîé, à x+ è x−  êîîðäèíàòàìè ñâåòîâîãî
êîíóñà).

If one introdu es the following oordinates x+ = ct + x, x− = ct − x, the

Lorentz transformations an be written in the form x′+ = e−ψ x+, x′− = eψ x−.
Find ψ as a fun tion of V (the parameter ψ is alled rapidity, and x+ and x−
 oordinates of the light one).

3.3

Íàéòè ðåçóëüòàò ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîãî ñëîæåíèÿ n êîëëèíåàðíûõ ñêîðîñòåé V1 ,

V2 , . . .,Vn . ×òî ïîëó÷èòñÿ, åñëè V1 = V2 = . . . = Vn ?

Find the result of relativisti addition of n ollinear velo ities V1 , V2 , . . ., Vn .

What does one get if V1 = V2 = . . . = Vn ?

6
3.4

Äëèííàÿ ëþìèíèñöåíòíàÿ ëàìïà ïàðàëëåëüíà îñè x è äâèæåòñÿ âäîëü ýòîé

îñè ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V . Ëàìïà âñïûõèâàåò ìãíîâåííî â ñâîåé ñèñòåìå îòñ÷åòà.
Ñ êàêîé ñêîðîñòüþ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ âñïûøêà âäîëü ëàìïû ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ
íåïîäâèæíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ?

The long lumines ent lamp is parallel to the axis x and moves along this axis
with a speed V . The lamp flashes instantly in its proper frame. With what speed
propagates the flash along the lamp from the point of view of the motionless
observer?

3.5

Öèëèíäð âðàùàåòñÿ âîêðóã ñâîåé îñè ñ óãëîâîé ñêîðîñòüþ ω ′ . Ïîêàçàòü,

÷òî äëÿ íàáëþäàòåëÿ, êîòîðûé äâèæåòñÿ âäîëü îñè öèëèíäðà ñî ñêîðîñòüþ
V , öèëèíäð îêàæåòñÿ ñêðó÷åííûì è íàéòè âåëè÷èíó êðó÷åíèÿ íà åäèíèöó
äëèíû öèëèíäðà.

A ylinder rotates about its axis with angular velo ity ω ′ . Show that for an ob-
server who moves along the axis of the ylinder with a speed V the ylinder will
appear twisted and find the torsion magnitude per unit length of the ylinder.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 4
4.1

Íàéòè ñêîðîñòü íàáëþäàòåëÿ, åñëè äàëåêèé è ìàëåíüêèé îíàðü âïåðåäè

åìó êàæåòñÿ äâà ðàçà áîëüøå, ÷åì íåïîäâèæíîìó íàáëþäàòåëþ ðÿäîì.

Find the speed of an observer if a distant and small lantern ahead looks to him
twi e as large as to the motionless observer nearby.

4.2

Ìàññèâíîå çåðêàëî äâèæåòñÿ ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî ñâîåé ïëîñêîñòè ñî ñêîðîñòüþ

V . Íàéòè óãîë îòðàæåíèÿ θ2 äëÿ ëó÷à ñâåòà îò òàêîãî çåðêàëà, åñëè óãîë
ïàäåíèÿ ðàâåí θ1 .

7
A massive mirror moves perpendi ularly to its plane with the speed V . Find
the angle of refle tion θ2 for a light ray from su h mirror if its angle of in iden e
equals to θ1 .

4.3

Äâå ñèñòåìû îòñ÷åòà äâèæóòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòÿìè V ~1 è V

~2 . Äîêàçàòü, ÷òî èõ
îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü V óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ñîîòíîøåíèþ

2 (β~1 − β~2)2 − (β~1 × β~2 )2

β = ,
(1 − β~1 · β~2 )2
~= V~
ãäå β c .

~1 and V~2 . Prove that their relative

Two referen e frames move with speeds V
velo ity V satisfies the relation

2 (β~1 − β~2)2 − (β~1 × β~2 )2

β = ,
(1 − β~1 · β~2 )2
~= ~
V
where β c .

4.4

Ñòåðæåíü äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V . Êàêîé óãîë θ ñîñòàâëÿåò ñòåðæåíü ñ

íàïðàâëåíèåì äâèæåíèÿ, åñëè â åãî ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ ýòîò óãîë ðàâåí θ ′?

A rod moves with the speed V . What angle θ makes the rod with the dire tion
of its motion if this angle is equal to θ ′ in its rest frame?

4.5

−−→
Âåêòîð AB ïåðåíîñèòñÿ ïî îêðóæíîñòè ñ ïîñòîÿííîé ïî âåëè÷èíå ñêîðîñòüþ
V òàê, ÷òî â êàæäîé ñîïóòñòâóþùåé èíåðöèàëüíîé ñèñòåìå îòñ÷åòà âåêòîð

8
ïåðåíîñèòñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíî ñàìîìó ñåáå. Íàéòè ìèíèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå V
äëÿ êîòîðîãî ïîñëå ïîëíîãî îáîðîòà âåêòîð ñìîòðèò â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíóþ
ê ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîìó ñòîðîíó.

−−→
A ve tor AB is transferred on a ir le with the onstant in magnitude
speed V so that in every instantaneous omoving inertial frame the ve tor is
transferred parallel to itself. Find the minimal V for whi h after a full turn the
ve tor points opposite to its initial dire tion.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 5
5.1

×àñòèöà íàëåòàåò íà òàêóþ æå íåïîäâèæíóþ ÷àñòèöó è ïðîèñõîäèò óïðóãîå

ñòîëêíîâåíèå. Äîêàçàòü, ÷òî óãîë ðàçëåòà ÷àñòèö ïîñëå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ âñåãäà
ìåíüøå, ÷åì 90◦ .

A parti le ollides with another identi al parti le at rest. Prove that the opening
angle between outgoing parti le velo ities after the elasti s attering is always
less than 90◦ .

5.2

Ïîä êàêèì óãëîì ê îñè x ëåòèò îòîí ñ ÷àñòîòîé ν â ñèñòåìå S , åñëè â

ñèñòåìå S ′ , äâèæóùåãîñÿ âäîëü îñè x, îòîí èìååò ÷àñòîòó ν ′ è ëåòèò ïîä
óãëîì θ ′ ê îñè x.

Under what angle to the x-axis moves the photon with frequen y ν in frame S
if in frame S ′ , moving along the x-axis, the photon has frequen y ν ′ and flies
under the angle θ ′ to the x-axis.

9
5.3

K 0-ìåçîí ðàñïàäàåòñÿ ïî ñõåìå K 0 → π + π − . Íàéòè ýíåðãèþ K -ìåçîíà,

åñëè ìàêñèìàëüíî âîçìîæíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ π -ìåçîíîâ èç ýòîãî ðàñïàäà α-ðàç
áîëüøå ìèíèìàëüíîé. Äëÿ êàêèõ α íå áóäåò π -ìåçîíîâ ëåòÿùèõ â çàäíþþ
ïîëóñåðó?

K 0-meson de ays under the s heme K 0 → π + π − . Find the energy of the K 0-

meson if the greatest possible energy of π -mesons from this de ay is α-times
larger than the minimal one. For what α there will be no π -mesons flying into
the ba kward hemisphere?

5.4

Íàéòè îòíîñèòåëüíóþ ñêîðîñòü π + è π − ìåçîíîâ èç ðàñïàäà K 0 → π + π − .

Find the relative velo ity of the π + and π − mesons from the de ay K 0 → π + π − .

5.5

µ
4-óñêîðåíèå aµ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ âûðàæåíèåì aµ = du dτ , ãäå u - 4-ñêîðîñòü è
µ

τ - ñîáñòâåííîå âðåìÿ. Íàéäèòå ñêàëÿðíûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ a · u è a · a, åñëè

÷àñòèöà äâèæåòñÿ ïðÿìîëèíåéíî è çàâèñèìîñòü åå ñêîðîñòè îò ëàáîðàòîðíîé
âðåìåíè V (t) èçâåñòíà.
µ
4-a eleration aµ is defined by expression aµ = dudτ , where u is 4-velo ity and
µ

τ  proper time. Find s alar produ ts a · u and a · a if the parti le moves

re tilinearly and the dependen e of its speed on laboratory time V (t) is known.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 6
6.1

Äâà îòîíà ñ ÷àñòîòàìè ν1 è ν2 äâèæóòñÿ â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ.

Íàéòè ìàññó ýòîé ñèñòåìû è ñêîðîñòü åå öåíòðà ìàññ.

Two photons with frequen ies ν1 and ν2 are moving in opposite dire tions. Find
the mass of this system and the speed of its enter of mass.

10
6.2

Íåïîäâèæíûé φ-ìåçîí ðàñïàäàåòñÿ ïî ñõåìå φ → π + π − π 0 . íàéòè ìèíèìàëüíûé

óãîë ðàçëåòà γ -êâàíòîâ îò ïîñëåäóþùåãî ðàñïàäà π 0 → 2γ .

φ-meson at rest de ays under the s heme φ → π + π − π 0 . Find the minimal

opening angle between the γ -quanta from the subsequent de ay π 0 → 2γ .

6.3

Áûñòðûé ýëåêòðîí, èìåþùèé ñêîðîñòü V , ñòàëêèâàåòñÿ ñ íåïîäâèæíûì

ÿäðîì ìàññû M è èñïóñêàåò òîðìîçíûé îòîí. Êàêóþ ìàêñèìàëüíóþ ýíåðãèþ
ìîæåò èìåòü ýòîò îòîí?

A fast ele tron with the speed V ollides with a motionless nu leus of mass
M and emits a bremsstrahlung photon. What maximal energy this photon an
have?

6.4

Ê ÷åìó ñòðåìèòñÿ îòíîøåíèå ìàêñèìàëüíûõ óãëîâ ðàçëåòà â ðàñïàäàõ φ →

K +K − è φ → π + π − äëÿ î÷åíü áîëüøèõ ýíåðãèè φ-ìåçîíà?

To what limit tends the ratio of the maximal opening angles in de ays φ →
K +K − and φ → π + π − for very energeti φ-meson?

6.5

Íåïîäâèæíûé ω -ìåçîí ðàñïàäàåòñÿ ïî ñõåìå ω → π + π − π 0 . Â êàêèõ ïðåäåëàõ

ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ ýíåðãèÿ π − -ìåçîíà, åñëè ýíåðãèÿ π + -ìåçîíà ðàâíà E1 =
300 ÌýÂ?

ω -meson at rest de ays under the s heme ω → π + π − π 0 . In what limits an

vary the energy of the π − -meson if the energy of the π + -meson is equal to
E1 = 300 MeV?

11
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 7
7.1

 öåíòðå ìåòàëëè÷åñêîãî æåëîáà ëåæàò äâà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ øàðà ñâÿçàííûõ

íèòüþ. Ìåæäó øàðàìè íàõîäèòñÿ ñæàòàÿ ïðóæèíà. Íèòü ïåðåæèãàþò è
øàðû ïðèîáðåòàþò îäèíàêîâûå ïî âåëè÷èíå è ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå ñêîðîñòè
u. Ïîêà øàðû íå óïàëè ñ æåëîáà, ëàìïî÷êà â ïîêàçàííîé íà ðèñóíêå ñõåìå
íå ãîðèò, ò.ê. ýëåìåíò ïèòàíèÿ êîðîòêî çàìêíóò. Íî øàðû óïàäóò îäíîâðåìåííî
è ëàìïî÷êà âñå ðàâíî íå çàãîðèòñÿ. Îäíàêî, â ñèñòåìå íàáëþäàòåëÿ, êîòîðûé
äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V êàê íà ðèñóíêå, ïðàâûé øàð ïàäàåò ðàíüøå è
ëàìïî÷êà äîëæåí çàãîðèòüñÿ. Îáúÿñíèòå ïàðàäîêñ.

In the enter of a metal gutter two metal spheres onne ted by a strand lay.
Between spheres there is a ompressed spring. The strand is burnt through
and the spheres a quire identi al in magnitude and opposite speeds u. While
spheres have not fallen from the gutter, the bulb in the ele tri s heme shown
in the figure does not burn, sin e the ele tri element is short ir uited. But
spheres will fall simultaneously and the bulb will not light up either. However,
in the frame of an observer whi h moves with the speed V as in the figure, the
right sphere falls earlier and the bulb should light up. Explain the paradox.

7.2

àêåòà óäàëÿåòñÿ îò Çåìëè ñ ïîñòîÿííûì ñîáñòâåííûì óñêîðåíèåì g . ×åðåç

âðåìÿ τ ïîñëå ñòàðòà ðàêåòû, ðàäèîëîêàòîð ïîñûëàåò åé âäîãîíêó êîðîòêèé
ñèãíàë ñ ÷àñòîòîé ν . Êàêóþ ÷àñòîòó îòðàæåííîãî ñèãíàëà çàèêñèðóþò íà
Çåìëå?

A ro ket leaves the Earth with onstant proper a eleration g . After time τ from
its start, a radar sends to it a short signal with frequen y ν . What frequen y
of the refle ted signal will be registered on the Earth?

12
7.3

Ýëåêòðîí è ïðîòîí íàõîäÿòñÿ ðÿäîì â ýëåêòðè÷åñêîì ïîëå. Ïðè÷åì â íà÷àëüíûé

ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ïðîòîí íåïîäâèæåí, à ýëåêòðîí èìååò ýíåðãèþ E è äâèæåòñÿ
â íàïðàâëåíèé ïîëÿ. Äëÿ êàêèõ E ïîéäåò ðåàêöèÿ e− + p → e− + p + e− + e+
êîãäà ýëåêòðîí è ïðîòîí ñòîëêíóòñÿ?

An ele tron and a proton are lose to ea h other in the ele tri field. At the
initial moment of time the proton is motionless and the ele tron has the energy
E and moves in the dire tion of the field. For what E would the rea tion
e− + p → e− + p + e− + e+ be allowed when the ele tron and the proton do
ollide?

7.4

àêåòà óäàëÿåòñÿ îò Çåìëè ñ ïîñòîÿííûì â ñîïóòñòâóþùåé ñèñòåìå óñêîðåíèåì

g . Êàê ñâÿçàíû 4-êîîðäèíàòû ñîáûòèÿ (ct′ , x′, y ′ , z ′ ) â ñèñòåìå ðàêåòû ñ 4-
êîîðäèíàòàìè ñîáûòèÿ (ct, x, y, z) â ñèñòåìå Çåìëè?

A ro ket leaves the Earth with onstant proper a eleration g . How are related
the 4- oordinates (ct′ , x′, y ′ , z ′ ) of an event in the ro ket's frame with 4- oordi-
nates of the event (ct, x, y, z) in the Earth's frame?

7.5

Èäåàëüíîå çåðêàëî ìàññîé 1 êã óñêîðÿåòñÿ ëó÷îì ëàçåðà ìîùíîñòè 9·109 Âò,

ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà Çåìëå. Çà êàêîå âðåìÿ çåðêàëî óëåòèò íà ðàññòîÿíèå
1015 ì?

An ideal mirror of mass 1 kg is a elerated by a beam of the laser of power

9 · 109 watts, lo ated on the Earth. For what time will the mirror depart on the
distan e 1015 m?

13
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 8
8.1

Îäíîðîäíûé ñòåðæåíü äëèíû l îïèðàåòñÿ íà ãëàäêóþ ãîðèçîíòàëüíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü

è íà÷èíàåò ïàäàòü íà ïëîñêîñòü áåç íà÷àëüíîé ñêîðîñòè èç âåðòèêàëüíîãî
ïîëîæåíèÿ. íàéòè òðàåêòîðèþ âåðõíåãî êîíöà ñòåðæíÿ.

A homogeneous rod of length l leans on a smooth horizontal surfa e and starts

to fall on the plane without initial speed from the verti al position. Find the
traje tory of the top end of the rod.

8.2

Ýëåêòðîí â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò ïîêîèëñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè H îò áåñêîíå÷íîé

ïðîâîäÿùåé íåçàðÿæåííîé ïëîñêîñòè. Íàéòè âðåìÿ, çà êîòîðîå ýëåêòðîí
äîñòèãíåò ïëîñêîñòè.

At the initial moment an ele tron at rest was situated upon distan e H from
the infinite, ondu ting, not harged plane. Find the time for whi h the ele tron
will rea h the plane.

8.3

Òî÷êà ñ ìàññîé m äâèæåòñÿ â ïîëå ñ ïîòåíöèàëîì

x
!
2
U (x) = U0 tg .
a
Íàéòè çàêîí äâèæåíèÿ òî÷êè.

A point with mass m moves in a field with potential

x
!
2
U (x) = U0 tg .
a
Find x(t).

8.4

Øàðèê ìàññû m ïàäàåò ñ âûñîòû H íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíóþ ïëèòó è óïðóãî

îòñêàêèâàåò. Íàéòè âûñîòó ïîñëåäóþùåãî ïîäúåìà øàðèêà, åñëè ñèëà ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ

14
âîçäóõà F = −αV 2 .

A ball of mass m falls from the height H on a horizontal plate and elasti ally
rebounds. Find the height of the subsequent rise of the ball, if the air resistan e
for e is F = −αV 2 .

8.5

Ýëåêòðîí äâèæåòñÿ â ïîëå ìàãíèòíîãî ìîíîïîëÿ

~ = g ~r .
B
r3
~ = ~r × p~ îò åãî ðàäèóñ-âåêòîðà?
Êàê çàâèñèò ìîìåíò èìïóëüñà ýëåêòðîíà L

An ele tron moves in the field of a magneti monopole

~ = g ~r .
B
r3
~ = ~r × p~ as a fun tion of its
Find the angular momentum of the ele tron L
radius-ve tor.

8.6

Îäíîðîäíîå è ïîñòîÿííîå ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå ïîëå E íàïðàâëåíî âäîëü îñè x. Èç

íà÷àëà êîîðäèíàò, âäîëü îñè y âûëåòàåò ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèé ïðîòîí ñ ýíåðãèåé
E0. Íàéòè åãî òðàåêòîðèþ.

A homogeneous and onstant ele tri field E is dire ted along the x-axis. A rel-
ativisti proton with initial energy E0 darts along the y -axis from the beginning
of oordinates. Find its traje tory.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 9
9.1

Äâà ïîðøíÿ, ñïîñîáíûå äâèãàòüñÿ áåç òðåíèÿ â ãåðìåòè÷íî ñîåäèíåííûõ

òðóáàõ, ñâÿçàíû æåñòêèì ñòåðæíåì, êàê ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñóíêå. Ïëîùàäè
ïîðøíåé ðàâíû S1 è S2 . Â ðàâíîâåñèè îáúåì âîçäóõà ìåæäó ïîðøíÿìè
ðàâåí V . Íàéòè ÷àñòîòó ìàëûõ êîëåáàíèé ïîðøíåé, åñëè èõ ñóììàðíàÿ

15
ìàññà âìåñòå ñî ñòåðæíåì ðàâíà m. Òåìïåðàòóðà ïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ ïîñòîÿííîé.
Àòìîñåðíîå äàâëåíèå ðàâíî p.
Two pistons apable to move without fri tion in tightly onne ted pipes are
onne ted by a rigid rod, as shown in the figure. The areas of pistons are equal
to S1 and S2 respe tively. At equilibrium the air volume between the pistons
is equal to V . Find the frequen y of small os illations of the pistons if their
total mass together with the rod is m. The temperature is kept onstant. The
atmospheri pressure is equal to p.

9.2

Òîíêèé è ãèáêèé íåðàñòÿæèìûé êàíàò äëèíû L, ñëîæåííûé ïîïîëàì, óëîæåí

â òîíêîé ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ãëàäêîé òðóáêå. Îäèí êîíåö íèòè çàêðåïëåí, è
ïðèìûêàþùàÿ ê íåìó ïîëîâèíà êàíàòà ïîêîèòñÿ, à âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ñîîáùàåòñÿ
íà÷àëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü V0 . Íàéòè äëèíó ïîêîÿùåéñÿ ÷àñòè êàíàòà â òîò ìîìåíò,
êîãäà ñêîðîñòü òî÷êè èçãèáà ñòàíåò ðàâíîé ñêîðîñòè çâóêà u.

The thin and flexible not extensible rope of length L, ombined half-and-half,
is laid in a thin horizontal smooth tube. One end of the rope is fixed, and the
half of the rope onne ted to it is at rest, while the initial velo ity V0 is given
to the se ond half. Find the length of the motionless part of the rope at the
moment when the speed of the bending point be omes equal to the speed of
sound u.

9.3

Òåëî, ìàññà êîòîðîãî ðàâíà m, ìîæåò ïåðåìåùàòüñÿ ïî ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé

ïðÿìîé. Ê íåìó ïðèêðåïëåíà ïðóæèíà, êîýèöèåíò æåñòêîñòè êîòîðîé

16
k . Âòîðîé êîíåö ïðóæèíû óêðåïëåí â íåïîäâèæíîé òî÷êå, êàê ïîêàçàíî
íà ðèñóíêå. Ïðè óãëå α = α0 ïðóæèíà íå äåîðìèðîâàíà. Íàéòè ÷àñòîòó
ìàëûõ êîëåáàíèé òåëà.

A body of mass m an move on a horizontal straight line with a spring of

rigidity k atta hed to it. The se ond end of the spring is fixed as shown in the
figure. When the angle α = α0 , the spring is not deformed. Find the frequen y
of small os illations of the body.

9.4

Íàéòè èçìåíåíèå ïåðèîäà ãàðìîíè÷åñêîãî îñöèëëÿòîðà ïðè ìàëîé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêîé

4 2 2
äîáàâêå δU = mβx
4 ≪ U ê ïîòåíöèàëó U (x) = mω2 x .

Find the hange of the os illator period when a small anharmoni perturbation
4
mω 2 x2
δU = mβx4 ≪ U is added to the harmoni potential U (x) = 2 .

9.5

Ôîòîí è ýëåêòðîí äâèæóòñÿ íàâñòðå÷ó. Ïîñëå ëîáîâîãî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò

ðåàêöèÿ γ + e− → e− + e− + e+ . Íàéòè ýíåðãèþ îòîíà, åñëè âñå ïðîäóêòû
ðåàêöèè ïîêîÿòñÿ.

Photon and ele tron move towards ea h other. After a head-on ollision the
rea tion γ + e− → e− + e− + e+ happens. Find the energy of the photon if all
rea tion produ ts are at rest.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 10
10.1

Øàðèê ìàññû m ïðèêðåïëåí ê êîíöàì óïðóãîé áåçìàññîâîé íèòè, êîòîðàÿ

ïåðåêèíóòà ÷åðåç äâà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ ãëàäêèõ ñòåðæíÿ. Ñòåðæíè íàõîäÿòñÿ

17
íà îäíîì óðîâíå è ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó íèìè l. Äëèíà íèòè â íåíàïðÿæåííîì
ñîñòîÿíèè 2l. Íàéòè ÷àñòîòó ìàëûõ âåðòèêàëüíûõ êîëåáàíèé øàðèêà, åñëè
â ñîñòîÿíèè ðàâíîâåñèÿ íèòü îáðàçóåò ðàâíîñòîðîííèé òðåóãîëüíèê.

A ball of mass m is atta hed to the ends of an elasti massless string whi h
is stret hed over two horizontal smooth ores. The ores are at the same level
and the distan e between them is l. The length of not deformed string is 2l.
Find the frequen y of small verti al os illations of the ball if at equilibrium the
string forms a equilateral triangle.

10.2

Ëèíåéíîìó îñöèëëÿòîðó ÷àñòîòû ω ïåðåäàåòñÿ ýíåðãèÿ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì

2 2
ñèëû F (t) = F0 e−t /τ . Êàêîâ äîëæåí áûòü τ , ÷òîáû ïåðåäà÷à ýíåðãèè
áûëà ìàêñèìàëüíî ýåêòèâíîé? Â ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t = −∞ îñöèëëÿòîð
ïîêîèëñÿ â ïîëîæåíèè ðàâíîâåñèÿ.

Energy is transferred to a linear os illator of frequen y ω under influen e of the

2 2
for e F (t) = F0 e−t /τ . For what τ is the energy transfer maximally effe tive?
At the time t = −∞ the os illator was at rest in the equilibrium point.

10.3

Íàéòè çàêîí âûíóæäåííûõ êîëåáàíèé ëèíåéíîãî îäíîìåðíîãî îñöèëëÿòîðà

ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ñèëû F (t) ïðè íàëè÷èè ñèëû òðåíèÿ Fòp = −αV .

Find the law of for ed os illations of a linear one-dimensional os illator under

influen e of the for e F (t) in presen e of the fri tion for e Fòð = −αV .

10.4

Ïåñî÷íûå ÷àñû, â êîòîðîì óñòàíîâèëñÿ ñòàöèîíàðíûé ïîòîê ïåñêà, ïîñòàâèëè

íà âåñû. Äîêàçàòü, ÷òî ïîêàçàíèÿ âåñîâ áóäåò áîëüøå ÷åì Mg , ãäå M ìàññà

18
ïåñî÷íûõ ÷àñîâ (âìåñòå ïåñêîì ðàçóìååòñÿ).

An hourglass, in whi h the stationary stream of the sand was established, have
been put on a sensitive balan e. Prove that the display of the balan e will be
more than Mg , where M is the mass of the hourglass (with the sand of ourse).

10.5

Èç-çà ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèõ ýåêòîâ ïåðèîä ãàðìîíè÷åñêîãî îñöèëëÿòîðà çàâèñèò

îò àìïëèòóäû. Ñ÷èòàÿ, ÷òî ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèå ýåêòû ìàëåíüêèå, íàéòè
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùóþ ïîïðàâêó.

Be ause of the relativisti effe ts the period of harmoni os illator depends on

its amplitude. Assuming the relativisti effe ts are small, find the orresponding
orre tion.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 11
11.1

Äâå îäèíàêîâûå ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìàÿòíèêè, ìàññû m è ÷àñòîòû ω , ñâÿçàíû

ñëàáîé ïðóæèíîé æåñòêîñòè k ≪ mω 2 . àññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè ïîäâåñà
ìàÿòíèêîâ ðàâíî äëèíå íå äåîðìèðîâàííîé ïðóæèíû. Îäèí ìàÿòíèê îòêëîíèëè
îò ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ íà ìàëåíüêóþ âåëè÷èíó. ×åðåç êàêîå âðåìÿ êîëåáàíèÿ
ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåéäóò êî âòîðîìó ìàÿòíèêó?

Two identi al mathemati al pendula, with mass m and frequen y ω , are onne -
ted by a weak spring of rigidity k ≪ mω 2 . The distan e between the hanging
points of the pendula equals to the length of the not deformed spring. One
pendulum is set at a small distan e from the equilibrium point and begins to
swing. What time it takes the os illations to pass ompletely to the se ond
pendulum?

19
11.2

Ýëåêòðîí äâèæåòñÿ ïî îêðóæíîñòè ðàäèóñà R â îäíîðîäíîì ìàãíèòíîì

ïîëå. Âåëè÷èíà ïîëÿ ìåäëåííî âîçðàñòàåò. Êàêîé áóäåò ðàäèóñ îðáèòû
ýëåêòðîíà êîãäà ïîëå óâåëè÷èòñÿ â äâà ðàçà? Ëàãðàíæèàí çàðÿæåííîé
÷àñòèöû â îäíîðîäíîì ìàãíèòíîì ïîëå, íàïðàâëåííûì âäîëü îñè z , èìååò
âèä (â ñèñòåìå CGSE)

mV 2 qB
L= + (xẏ − y ẋ).
2 2c

An ele tron moves on a ir le of radius R in a homogeneous magneti field.

The field slowly in reases. What will be radius of the ele tron orbit when the
magneti field will in rease twi e? Lagrangian of a harged parti le in a ho-
mogeneous magneti field, dire ted along the z -axis, looks like (in the CGSE
system of units)
mV 2 qB
L= + (xẏ − y ẋ).
2 2c

11.3

Ìàëåíüêîìó êîëüöó, íàäåòîìó íà ïðîâîëî÷íóþ ãîðèçîíòàëüíóþ îêðóæíîñòü

√
ðàäèóñà R, ñîîáùèëè íà÷àëüíóþ ñêîðîñòü V0 ≪ gR. Êîýèöèåíò òðåíèÿ
êîëüöà î ïðîâîëîêó ðàâåí µ. ×åðåç êàêîå âðåìÿ êîëüöî îñòàíîâèòñÿ?

To a small ring on a horizontal ir ular wire of radius R an initial velo ity

√
V0 ≪ gR have been imparted. The fri tion oeffi ient between the ring and
the wire is equal to µ. After what time will the ring stop?

11.4

Íà êðûøå ñ óãëîì íàêëîíà ϕ ëåæèò ñâèíöîâûé ëèñò äëèíû l. Êîýèöèåíò

òðåíèÿ ñâèíöà î êðûøó µ > tg ϕ. Êîýèöèåíò ëèíåéíîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ
ñâèíöà α.  òå÷åíèè N ñóòîê óñòîé÷èâîé ïîãîäû ñóòî÷íûé ïåðåïàä òåìïåðàòóðû
ñîñòàâëÿë ∆t. Íà êàêîå ðàññòîÿíèå ñïîëçåò ëèñò?

On a roof with an angle of in lination ϕ a lead leaf of length l lays. The fri tion
oeffi ient between the lead and the roof µ > tg ϕ. Linear thermal expansion
oeffi ient of lead is α. During N days of steady weather daily temperature
drop was ∆t. On what distan e will the leaf slip?

20
11.5

Íåïîäâèæíûé τ ëåïòîí èñïûòûâàåò ðàäèàöèîííûé ðàñïàä τ − → π − π 0 ντ γ .

 êàêèõ ïðåäåëàõ ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ ýíåðãèÿ îòîíà, åñëè ìàññû ïîäñèñòåì
(π − π 0 ) è (ντ γ) ðàâíû äðóã äðóãó è ñîñòàâëÿþò îäíó òðåòü ìàññû τ ëåïòîíà
mτ . Ìàññà íåéòðèíî ντ ðàâíà íóëþ.

τ lepton at rest undergoes radiative de ay τ − → π − π 0 ντ γ . In what limits

hange the energy of the photon if invariant masses of subsystems (π − π 0 ) and
(ντ γ) are equal to ea h other and onstitute one third of the τ lepton mass mτ .
The mass of ντ neutrino is equal to zero.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 12
12.1

Ïðè êàêîì íàïðàâëåíèè íà÷àëüíîé ñêîðîñòè êîñìè÷åñêèé àïïàðàò óïàäåò

íà ïîâåðõíîñòü Çåìëè âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò âåëè÷èíû íà÷àëüíîé ñêîðîñòè?

At what dire tion of the initial speed a spa e vehi le will fall to Earth's surfa e
irrespe tive of the initial speed magnitude?

12.2

 êàêîì öåíòðàëüíîì ïîëå òî÷êà äâèæåòñÿ ïî òðàåêòîðèè

p
= 1 + e cos (ǫϕ)?
r
Çäåñü p, e è ǫ  íåêîòîðûå êîíñòàíòû.

In what entral for e field does a point move on the traje tory
p
= 1 + e cos (ǫϕ)?
r
Here p, e and ǫ are some onstants.

12.3

Íàéòè íàèâûãîäíåéøèé (ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ìèíèìèçàöèè ïîòðåáíîé íà÷àëüíîé

ñêîðîñòè) óãîë çàïóñêà ê ãîðèçîíòó áàëëèñòè÷åñêîé ðàêåòû íà ñåâåðíîì

21
ïîëþñå, ÷òîáû îíà ïîïàëà íà ýêâàòîð.

Find the optimal laun hing angle to the horizon of a ballisti missile on the
North Pole (from the point of view of minimization of the initial speed) for the
missile to land on the equator.

12.4

Êàê èçìåíèòñÿ òðåòèé çàêîí Êåïëåðà, åñëè ó÷åñòü äâèæåíèå Ñîëíöà, âûçâàííîå
ïðèòÿæåíèåì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïëàíåòû?

How does Kepler's third law get modified if the movement of the Sun, aused
by an attra tion of the orresponding planet, is taken into a ount?

12.5

Äâà ñïóòíèêà, èìåþùèå ðàâíûå ìàññû, äâèæóòñÿ â îäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ïî

êîìïëàíàðíûì îðáèòàì, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ  êðóãîâàÿ ðàäèóñà R, à äðóãàÿ
 ýëëèïòè÷åñêàÿ ñ ðàññòîÿíèÿìè ïåðèãåÿ è àïîãåÿ R è 8R ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.
Ïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ñïóòíèêè ïóòåì íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé ñòûêîâêè ñîåäèíèëèñü äðóã
ñ äðóãîì â òî÷êå ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ èõ îðáèò è äàëüíåéøåå äâèæåíèå ïðîäîëæèëè
âìåñòå, íàéòè àïîãåé èõ íîâîé îðáèòû.

Two satellites, having equal masses, move in the same dire tion on oplanar
orbits, one of whi h is ir ular of radius R, and the another  ellipti with
the perigee and apogee distan es R and 8R respe tively. Assuming that the
satellites have been joined to ea h other at the ontiguity point of their orbits
and the further movement have ontinued together, Find the apogee of their
new orbit.

12.6

Äëÿ êàêèõ çíà÷åíèé ìîìåíòà èìïóëüñà L ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé ÷àñòèöû âîçìîæíû

êðóãîâûå îðáèòû â ïîòåíöèàëå
α
U (r) = − , α > 0, β > 0?
rβ

For what values of the angular momentum L are ir ular orbits possible in the

22
potential
α
U (r) = − , α > 0, β > 0,
rβ
for relativisti parti les?

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 13
13.1

Íàéòè çàâèñèìîñòü óãëà ðàññåÿíèÿ îò ïðèöåëüíîãî ïàðàìåòðà äëÿ áûñòðûõ

ýëåêòðîíîâ, ïðîëåòàþùèõ ìèìî î÷åíü òÿæåëîãî ìàãíèòíîãî ìîíîïîëÿ.

Find the dependen e of the s attering angle on the impa t parameter for fast
ele trons flying past a very heavy magneti monopole.

13.2

Íàéòè ñå÷åíèå ðàññåÿíèÿ íà óãîë, áîëüøèé 90◦ , â öåíòðàëüíîì ïîëå ñ ïîòåíöèàëîì

α
U (r) = , α > 0.
r2
Íàëåòàþùàÿ ÷àñòèöà èìååò êèíåòè÷åñêóþ ýíåðãèþ T .

Find the ross se tion for s attering at angles greater than 90◦ in the entral
for e field with the potential
α
U (r) = , α > 0.
r2
The in oming parti le has a kineti energy T .

13.3

×åòûðå çâåçäû îäèíàêîâîé ìàññû M , íàõîäÿñü î÷åíü äàëåêî äðóã îò äðóãà,

ðàñïîëîæåíû â âåðøèíàõ êâàäðàòà è èìåþò îäèíàêîâûå ïî âåëè÷èíå ñêîðîñòè
V , ïðèöåëüíûå ïàðàìåòðû êîòîðûõ, îòíîñèòåëüíî öåíòðà êâàäðàòà, òîæå
îäèíàêîâû è ðàâíû b. Íàéòè óãîë ðàññåÿíèÿ çâåçä.

23
Four stars of identi al mass M , being very far from ea h other, are lo ated
at vertexes of a square and have identi al in magnitude speeds V . Impa t
parameters of the stars, with regard to the enter of the square, are also identi al
and equal b. Find the s attering angle of the stars.

13.4

Îäèíàêîâûå ãëàäêèå ïëàñòèíû äëèíû a óêëàäûâàþòñÿ îäíà íà äðóãîé.

Êàêîå ìèíèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïëàñòèí ïîíàäîáèòñÿ, ÷òîáû ïîñòðîèòü ðàâíîâåñíóþ
êîíñòðóêöèþ ñ ïðîëåòîì L = 3a?

Identi al smooth plates of length a are pla ed one on another. What minimum
number of plates is required to onstru t an equilibrium onstru tion with
overhang L = 3a?

13.5

Îäíîðîäíûé øàð âåñà Q è ðàäèóñà R è ãèðÿ âåñà P ïîäâåøåíû íà âåðåâêàõ

â òî÷êå A, êàê ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñóíêå. àññòîÿíèå îò A äî öåíòðà øàðà
AO = l. Îïðåäåëèòü, êàêîé óãîë îáðàçóåò ïðÿìàÿ AO ñ âåðòèêàëüþ ïðè
ðàâíîâåñèè.

A homogeneous sphere of weight Q and radius R and a weight P are suspended

on ords fixed in a point A, as shown in the figure. The distan e from the point

24
A to the enter of the sphere AO = l. Find the angle the straight line AO
forms with the verti al at balan e.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 14
14.1

Òåëî ìàññû M âèñèò íà ãèáêîì êàíàòå ìàññû m. Íàéòè ÷àñòîòó âåðòèêàëüíûõ

êîëåáàíèè, åñëè êîýèöèåíò æåñòêîñòè êàíàòà ðàâåí k .

A body of mass M hangs on a flexible rope of mass m. Find the frequen y of

verti al os illations if the oeffi ient of rigidity of the rope is equal to k .

14.2

Êîëüöî ìàññû m ïîäâåøåíî ñèììåòðè÷íî íà òðåõ íåðàñòÿæèìûõ íèòÿõ

äëèíû l êàæäûé. Íàéòè ÷àñòîòó ìàëûõ êðóòèëüíûõ êîëåáàíèé êîëüöà
îòíîñèòåëüíî âåðòèêàëüíîé îñè ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç åãî öåíòð.

A ring of mass m is suspended symmetri ally on three not extensible strings

of length l ea h. Find the frequen y of the small torsion os illations of the ring
around the verti al axis passing through its enter.

25
14.3

×àñòèöà äâèæåòñÿ âíóòðè ÷àøêè ïî êðóãîâîé ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé îðáèòå ðàäèóñà

r. Ïîâåðõíîñòü ÷àøêè èìååò îðìó ãèïåðáîëîèäà âðàùåíèÿ ρ2 − z 2 = R2
(â öèëèíäðè÷åñêèõ êîîðäèíàòàõ). Äëÿ êàêèõ çíà÷åíèè ðàäèóñà r òàêîå
äâèæåíèå ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåñòàáèëüíûì?

A parti le moves inside a up on a ir ular horizontal orbit of radius r. The

surfa e of the up has the form of a hyperboloid of revolution ρ2 − z 2 = R2
(in ylindri al oordinates). For what values of radius r does the orbit be ome
unstable?

14.4

Îäíîðîäíûé ñòåðæåíü ìàññû M ïîäâåøåí íà äâóõ âåðòèêàëüíûõ íåðàñòÿæèìûõ

íèòÿõ îäèíàêîâîé äëèíû, ïðèêðåïëåííûõ ê êîíöàì ñòåðæíÿ. Íàéòè íàòÿæåíèå
îäíîé èç íèòåé â ìîìåíò îáðûâà äðóãîé.

A homogeneous ore of mass M is suspended on two verti al not extensible

strings of identi al lengths, atta hed to the ends of the ore. Find the tension
of one string at the moment of breakage of another.

14.5

Îäíîðîäíûé öèëèíäð ñ ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé îñüþ ñêàòûâàåòñÿ ïîä äåéñòâèåì

ñèëû òÿæåñòè ñî ñêîëüæåíèåì ïî íàêëîííîé ïëîñêîñòè ïðè êîýèöèåíòå

26
òðåíèÿ ñêîëüæåíèÿ µ. Ïðè êàêîì óãëå íàêëîíà ïëîñêîñòè ê ãîðèçîíòó ýòî
âîçìîæíî?

A homogeneous ylinder with a horizontal axis rolls down under gravity with
sliding on an in lined plane at sliding fri tion oeffi ient µ. For what in lination
angles of the plane to the horizon is this possible?

14.6

Íà êîíöàõ òðóáêè ñî ñæàòîé ëåãêîé ïðóæèíîé óäåðæèâàþòñÿ íèòüþ îäèíàêîâûå

øàðèêè ìàññîé m. Ïðè ðàçðûâå íèòè øàðèêè ðàçëåòàþòñÿ ñ îäèíàêîâûìè
ñêîðîñòÿìè u. Îáúÿñíèòå êàê ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ èìïóëüñ ïðè ýòîì ïðîöåññå ñ
òî÷êè çðåíèÿ íàáëþäàòåëÿ, êîòîðûé äâèæåòñÿ âäîëü îñè òðóáêè ñ ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé
ñêîðîñòüþ V > u.

On the ends of a tube with the ompressed massless spring two identi al balls
of mass m are kept by a string. At à breakage of the string the balls fly away
with identi al in magnitude speeds u. Explain how momentum is onserved in
this pro ess from the point of view of an observer who moves along the axis of
the tube with relativisti speed V > u.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 15
15.1

Ïîëóöèëèíäð ðàäèóñà R ñêîëüçèò ïî íàêëîííîé ïëîñêîñòè ñ óãëîì íàêëîíà

α ê ãîðèçîíòó è ñîâåðøàåò ìàëûå êîëåáàíèÿ âîêðóã ñâîåé îñè, êîòîðàÿ
ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíà ê ïëîñêîñòè ðèñóíêà. Íàéòè ÷àñòîòó ýòèõ êîëåáàíèé. Òðåíèå
îòñóòñòâóåò.

27
A half ylinder of radius R slides on an in lined plane with the angle of in li-
nation α to the horizon and performs small os illations around its axis whi h is
perpendi ular to the plane of the figure. Find the frequen y of these os illations.
Fri tion is absent.

15.2

Ïåñî÷íûå ÷àñû ïëàâàþò â òðóáêå, ïîëíîñòüþ çàïîëíåííîé âîäîé, íåìíîãî

äàâÿ íà âåðõíþþ êðûøêó òðóáêè. Âåñü ïåñîê íàõîäèòñÿ â íèæíåé ÷àñòè
÷àñîâ. Íà÷íóò ëè ÷àñû âñïëûâàòü, åñëè òðóáêó ïåðåâåðíóòü? Âíóòðåííèé
äèàìåòð òðóáêè ëèøü íåíàìíîãî áîëüøå âíåøíåãî äèàìåòðà ïåñî÷íûõ ÷àñîâ.

aaaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
In a sealed tube ompletely filled with water a run out hourglass floats pressing
a little on the top over of the tube. The tube is flipped over. Does the hourglass
start to float to the top? The internal diameter of the tube is only somewhat
larger than the external diameter of the hourglass.

15.3

Äâà áàêàëà ñ âèíîì ñòîÿò îêîëî êðàåâ äâóõ ñîñåäíèõ ñòîëîâ. Íà íèõ îïèðàåòñÿ
äëèííûé è òîíêèé îäíîðîäíûé äåðåâÿííûé ñòåðæåíü. Ïðîëüåòñÿ ëè âèíî,
åñëè ñ ðàçìàõà óäàðèòü æåëåçíîé ïàëêîé ðîâíî ïî ñåðåäèíå ñòåðæíÿ?

A broomsti k rests on two wine glasses as shown in the figure. Will the wine
spill out after a strong downward blow to the enter of the broomsti k with an

28
iron rod?

15.4

Íàéòè óãîë ðàññåÿíèÿ ýëåêòðîíà ñ ïðèöåëüíûì ïàðàìåòðîì ρ è ñî ñêîðîñòüþ

V â ïîëå ìàãíèòíîãî ìîíîïîëÿ

~ = g ~r .
B
r3

Find the s attering angle of an ele tron with the impa t parameter ρ and ve-
lo ity V in the field of a magneti monopole

~ = g ~r .
B
r3

15.5

Îäíîðîäíûé øàð êàòèòñÿ áåç ïðîñêàëüçûâàíèÿ ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîâîðîòíîãî

ñòîëà, êîòîðûé âðàùàåòñÿ ñ óãëîâîé ñêîðîñòüþ Ω. Íàéòè òðàåêòîðèþ øàðà,
åñëè â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ðàäèóñ-âåêòîð öåíòðà øàðà ðàâåí ~r0 , à
~0 (Îòíîñèòåëüíî ëàáîðàòîðíîé ñèñòåìû).
åãî ñêîðîñòü V

A homogeneous ball rolls without slipping on the surfa e of a turntable whi h

rotates with angular velo ity Ω. Find the traje tory of the ball if at the initial
~0
moment of time the radius ve tor of the ball equals to ~r0 and its velo ity is V
(with regard to the laboratory frame).

15.6

Ïðîâîëî÷êà, êîíöû êîòîðîé çàêðåïëåíû, íàõîäèòñÿ â íåîäíîðîäíîì ìàãíèòíîì

ïîëå. Ïðè ýòîì íàòÿæåíèå ïðîâîëî÷êè ðàâíî T . Êàêîé òîê òå÷åò ïî ïðîâîëî÷êå,
åñëè åå îðìà ñîâïàäàåò ñ òðàåêòîðèåé ïðîòîíà ñ èìïóëüñîì p â ýòîì ïîëå?

A urrent- arrying wire with fixed ends is pla ed in a non-uniform magneti

field. The tension of the wire equals to T . What urrent does flow in the wire
if its form oin ides with the traje tory of a proton with momentum p in this
field?

29
 åøåíèÿ
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 1
1.1

àçëîæèì ñêîðîñòü ñîáàêè (â ñèñòåìå çàéöà) íà ðàäèàëüíóþ è òàíãåíöèàëüíóþ

êîìïîíåíòû

Vr = −V + u cos (π − ϕ) = −V − u cos ϕ, Vϕ = u sin (π − ϕ) = u sin ϕ.

Íî Vr = ṙ è Vϕ = rϕ̇. Ïîýòîìó

ṙ = −V − u cos ϕ, rϕ̇ = u sin ϕ.

Äåëèì ïåðâîå óðàâíåíèå íà âòîðîå è ó÷òåì

ṙ dr
= ,
ϕ̇ dϕ
ïîëó÷àåì
1 dr V + u cos ϕ
=− .
r dϕ u sin ϕ
Ïîýòîìó
ϕ
r Z V + u cos ϕ
ln = − dϕ.
L π/2
u sin ϕ
Íî
V + u cos ϕ
Z Z V +z
− dϕ = u dz,
u sin ϕ 1 − z2
ãäå z = cos ϕ. Äàëüøå ðàçëîæèì
V
+z A B 1 V 1 V
! !
u
= + , A = 1 + , B = −1 .
1 − z2 1−z 1+z 2 u 2 u

30
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
V
Z
u +z h
B −A
i
dz = ln (1 + z) (1 − z) .
1 − z2
Ïîýòîìó
Zϕ (1 + cos ϕ)B
!V
 
V + u cos ϕ ϕ u 1 
− dϕ = ln = ln  ctg
π/2
u sin ϕ (1 − cos ϕ)A 2 sin ϕ

è óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè áóäåò

!V
L ϕ u
r= ctg .
sin ϕ 2

1.2

Èç
ṙ = −u(1 + cos ϕ), rϕ̇ = u sin ϕ
ïîëó÷àåì

ṙ(1 − cos ϕ) + rϕ̇ sin ϕ = −u(1 − cos2 ϕ) + u sin2 ϕ = 0.

Íî
d
ṙ(1 − cos ϕ) + rϕ̇ sin ϕ = (r − r cos ϕ).
dt
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
r(1 − cos ϕ) = C,
ãäå C íåêîòîðàÿ êîíñòàíòà. Ïðè t = 0 èìååì (ñì. ðèñóíîê)
q L2
r0 = L21 + L22, cos ϕ0 = − q 2 .
L1 + L22
q
Ïîýòîìó C = L2 + L21 + L22 .

31
 Â ñèñòåìå çàéöà ϕ → π , êîãäà t → ∞. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ϕ̇ = ur sin ϕ > 0,
åñëè ϕ < π , è ϕ âñå âðåìÿ ðàñòåò. Íî ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè ê π , êàê ϕ̇, òàê è ṙ
ñòðåìÿòñÿ ê íóëþ.
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ðàññòîÿíèå ñòðåìèòñÿ ê ïðåäåëüíîìó çíà÷åíèþ
q
C L2 + L21 + L22
rmin = = .
1 − cos π 2

1.3

Íàéäåì èíèíèòåçèìàëüíûå ñìåùåíèÿ âäîëü êîîðäèíàò ξ, η è φ:

v v 
uη
1 u uη
u
d(ξ)~r = t cos φ i + t sin φ ~j + ~k  dξ,
~
2 ξ ξ
v v 
1 u
uξ uξ
u
d(η)~r = t cos φ i + t sin φ ~j − ~k  dη,
~
2 η η
d(φ)~r = ξη (− sin φ ~i + cos φ ~j) dφ.
q

äå, íàïðèìåð, d(ξ)~r = (dx)η,φ=const~i + (dy)η,φ=const~j + (dz)η,φ=const~k . Îðòû -

ýòî åäèíè÷íûå âåêòîðà ïî ýòèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì. Ïîýòîìó ïðîñòî íîðìèðóåì
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èíèíèòåçèìàëüíûå ñìåùåíèÿ. Íàïðèìåð
v
d(ξ)~r 1 u η
~eξ = , |d(ξ)~r| = dξ t1 + .
u
|d(ξ)~r| 2 ξ
 ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëó÷èì
1 √ √
[ η cos φ ~i + η sin φ ~j + ξ ~k],
q
~eξ = √
ξ+η
1 √
[ ξ cos φ ~i + ξ sin φ ~j + η ~k],
q q
~eη = √
ξ+η
~eφ = − sin φ ~i + cos φ ~j.
Ýëåìåíò îáúåìà dV = |d(ξ)~r · [d(η)~r × d(φ)~r]|. Çàìå÷àÿ, ÷òî àáñîëþòíîå
çíà÷åíèå äåòåðìèíàíòà
 r r 
1 η 1 η 1
cos φ sin φ
 
 

 2 ξ 2 ξ 2


r r
1 ξ 1 ξ 1 
cos φ sin φ −2 


2 η 2 η
√ √

 

 − ξη sin φ ξη cos φ 0 

32
ðàâåí 14 (ξ + η), ïîëó÷àåì
ξ+η
dV = dξ dη dφ.
4
Ýëåìåíòû ïëîùàäè ðàâíû
ξ+η
dS(ξ,η) = |d(ξ)~r × d(η)~r| = √ dξdη,
4 ξη
1q
dS(ξ,φ) = |d(ξ)~r × d(φ)~r| = η(ξ + η) dξdφ,
2
1q
dS(η,φ) = |d(η)~r × d(φ)~r| = ξ(ξ + η) dηdφ.
2
Íàêîíåö, ýëåìåíò äóãè
(dξ)2 (dη)2 
 
1
(dl)2 = (dx)2 + (dy)2 + (dz)2 = (ξ + η)  + + ξη(dφ)2.
4 ξ η

1.4
√ √
Âåëè÷èíà ñêîðîñòè ýëåêòðîíà V = ẋ2 + ẏ 2 + ż 2 = b2 + a2 ω 2 íå ìåíÿåòñÿ
ñî âðåìåíåì. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, òàíãåíöèàëüíîå óñêîðåíèå ðàâíî íóëþ è íîðìàëüíîå
√
óñêîðåíèå ñîâïàäàåò ñ âåëè÷èíîé ïîëíîãî óñêîðåíèÿ: gn = ẍ2 + ÿ 2 + z̈ 2 =
2
aω 2 . Íî gn = VR è ðàäèóñ êðèâèçíû
V2 b2
R= = a + 2.
gn aω

1.5

Êîìïîíåíòû ñêîðîñòè â ïîëÿðíîé ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò Vr = ṙ = V cos α,

è Vϕ = rφ̇ = V sin α. Ïîýòîìó
1 dr
= ctg α.
r dϕ
33
Èíòåãðèðóÿ, ïîëó÷àåì óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè

r = r0e(ϕ−ϕ0 ) ctg α .

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 2
2.1

Âî âðåìÿ ïàäåíèÿ ìÿ÷à èç-çà âîçäóøíîãî ïîòîêà òåííèñíûé ìÿ÷èê îòîðâåòñÿ

è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî ñòîëêíåòñÿ óæå îòñêî÷èâøèì ìÿ÷îì. Äëÿ îöåíêè ìîæíî
√
ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî è ìÿ÷, è ìÿ÷èê äâèæóòñÿ íà âñòðå÷ó ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V ≈ 2gh,
ãäå h = 1 ì.  ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ ìÿ÷à, ìÿ÷èê äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ 2V
è îòñêàêèâàåò ñ òàêîé æå ñêîðîñòüþ, òàê êàê åãî ìàññà ìíîãî ìåíüøå
ìàññû áàñêåòáîëüíîãî ìÿ÷à. Ò.å. ìÿ÷èê îòñêàêèâàåò êàê áû îò ñòåíêè.
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â ñèñòåìå çåìëè ñêîðîñòü ìÿ÷èêà ïîñëå óäàðà áóäåò 2V +
V = 3V . Âûñîòà ïîäúåìà ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà êâàäðàòó íà÷àëüíîé ñêîðîñòè,
ïîýòîìó òåííèñíûé ìÿ÷èê ïîäñêî÷èò íà âûñîòó 32 h = 9 ì. ðåàëüíàÿ âûñîòà
ïîäñêîêà áóäåò íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøå èç-çà ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ âîçäóõà è ïîòåðü
ýíåðãèé ïðè óäàðàõ, íî âñå ðàâíî ýòà âûñîòà áóäåò çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå,
÷åì 1 ì.

2.2

 ñèñòåìå ãâîçäÿ ÿñíî, ÷òî áóìàãà ïðîáèâàåòñÿ, ïîýòîìó âåñü âîïðîñ

â òîì, êàê ýòî äîñòèãàåòñÿ â ñèñòåìå öèëèíäðà. Â ìîìåíò ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ
êîí÷èê ãâîçäÿ íàõîäèòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè Lγ îò íà÷àëà öèëèíäðà. Íî îí íå

34
ìîæåò ìãíîâåííî îñòàíîâèòüñÿ. Îí âîîáùå íå çíàåò, ÷òî ñòîëêíîâåíèå
ïðîèçîøëî, ò.ê. ñèãíàë î ñòîëêíîâåíèè ìîæåò ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ âäîëü ãâîçäÿ
ñî ñêîðîñòüþ íå áîëüøå, ÷åì ñêîðîñòü ñâåòà c. Òàê êàê â ñèñòåìå öèëèíäðà
êîí÷èê ãâîçäÿ óáåãàåò îò ýòîãî ñèãíàëà ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V , òî îí ïî÷óâñòâóåò
L
ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ íå ðàíüøå, ÷åì γ(c−V ) . Âñå ýòî âðåìÿ îí äâèæåòñÿ
ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ê ýòîìó ìîìåíòó r âðåìåíè îêàæåòñÿ
r îò
LV
íà÷àëà öèëèíäðà íà ðàññòîÿíèè Lγ + γ(c−V )
= L 1+β 1−β
. Òàê òàê L 1+β
1−β
> L,
òî ãâîçäü íå ìîæåò íå ïðîáèòü áóìàãó.

2.3

òàíãåíöèàëüíîå óñêîðåíèå

dV dq 2 ẋẍ + ẏ ÿ + ż z̈ ~a · V~
aτ = = ẋ + ẏ 2 + ż 2 = √ 2 = .
dt dt ẋ + ẏ 2 + ż 2 V
Íîðìàëüíîå óñêîðåíèå
v
(~a · V~ )2 ~|
u
q u |~a × V
an = a2 − a2τ =
t 2
a − = .
V2 V
V2
Íî an = R, ïîýòîìó ðàäèóñ êðèâèçíû

V2 V3
R= = .
an ~|
|~a × V

2.4

Íàéäåì èíèíèòåçèìàëüíûå ñìåùåíèÿ âäîëü êîîðäèíàò σ è τ .

d(σ)~r = (d~r)τ =const = dσ[τ~i − σ~j], d(τ )~r = (d~r)σ=const = dτ [σ~i + τ~j].

Îðòû ~eσ è ~eτ îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò d(σ)~r è d(τ )~r òîëüêî íîðìèðîâêîé. Ïîýòîìó

τ~i − σ~j σ~i + τ~j

~eσ = √ 2 è ~
e τ = √ .
τ + σ2 τ 2 + σ2
Ýëåìåíò ïëîùàäè dS = |d(σ)~r × d(τ )~r| = (σ 2 + τ 2 ) dσdτ .

35
2.5

Íàéäåì îðòû ñåðè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû êîîðäèíàò.

~r = r sin θ cos ϕ~i + r sin θ sin ϕ ~j + r cos θ ~j.
Ïîýòîìó èíèíèòåçèìàëüíûå ñìåùåíèÿ âäîëü êîîðäèíàò r, θ è ϕ áóäóò
d(r)~r = dr[sin θ cos ϕ~i + sin θ sin ϕ ~j + cos θ ~k],
d(θ)~r = rdθ[cos θ cos ϕ~i + cos θ sin ϕ ~j − sin θ ~k]
è
d(ϕ)~r = r sin θdϕ[− sin ϕ~i + cos ϕ ~j].
Íîðìèðóÿ, ïîëó÷àåì îðòû:
~er = sin θ cos ϕ~i + sin θ sin ϕ ~j + cos θ ~k,
~eθ = cos θ cos ϕ~i + cos θ sin ϕ ~j − sin θ ~k, ~eϕ = − sin ϕ~i + cos ϕ ~j.
Ïîýòîìó ~r = r~er è ñêîðîñòü òî÷êè íà ïîâåðõíîñòè øàðà (êîãäà r = const)
~ = d~r = r~e˙ r . Íî ~e˙ r = θ̇~eθ + ϕ̇ sin θ~eϕ òàê êàê
áóäåò V dt

~e˙ r = θ̇[cos θ cos ϕ~i + cos θ sin ϕ ~j − sin θ ~k] + ϕ̇ sin θ[− sin ϕ~i + cos ϕ~i].
Ìåðèäèàí íàïðàâëåí âäîëü ~eθ . Ïîýòîìó, ñîãëàñíî óñëîâèþ, V ~ ·~eθ = V cos α.
Íî òîãäà V ~ ·~eϕ = V sin α, òàê êàê ~eθ è ~eϕ âçàéìíî-ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíû è ëåæàò
â îäíîé (êàñàòåëüíîé ê øàðó) ïëîñêîñòè ñ V ~ . Ïîñòàâëÿÿ â ýòè ðàâåíñòâà
V~ = rθ̇~eθ + rϕ̇ sin θ~eϕ , ïîëó÷àåì
rθ̇ = V cos α,
rϕ̇ sin θ = V sin α.
θ̇ dθ
Ïîäåëèì îäíî íà äðóãîå è ó÷òåì ϕ̇ = dϕ , ïîëó÷èì
1 dθ
= ctg α.
sin θ dϕ
èñïîëüçóÿ
v
dθ −1 1
Z " 1 − cos θ θ u1
Z # u
= + d cos θ = ln = ln tg , t
sin θ 2 1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ 2
ïîëó÷àåì óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè
θ θ0 (ϕ−ϕ0 ) ctg α
= tg e
tg .
2 2
Ýòà êðèâàÿ íàçûâàåòñÿ ëîêñîäðîìèåé.

36
2.6

Âåêòîðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå àíòèêîììóòàòèâíî, ò.ê.

~ + B)
0 = (A ~ × (A
~ + B)
~ =A
~ ×B
~ +B
~ × A.
~

Òàêæå ìîæíî äîêàçàòü, ÷òî ñìåøàííîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå (A~ × B)

~ ·C
~ ìåíÿåò
çíàê ïðè ïåðåñòàíîâêå ëþáûõ äâóõ ñîìíîæèòåëåé. Íàïðèìåð,
~ + C)
0 = ((A ~ × B)
~ · (A
~ + C)
~ = (C
~ × B)
~ ·A
~ + (A
~ × B)
~ · C.
~

~èB
Äëÿ ëþáûõ äâóõ âåêòîðîâ A ~ , íîðìà |A
~ × B|
~ 2 ðàâíà
  2  2

 ~
~·B
A ~   
~·B
A ~ 
~ × B
~  = A~− ~ 2 = |A|
~  |B| ~ 2 |B|
~ 2 − (A
~ · B)
~ 2.
  
A − B B
 

 ~ 2
|B| 


 ~ 2 
|B| 

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äëÿ ëþáûõ äâóõ âåêòîðîâ ñïðàâåäëèâî ñîîòíîøåíèå

~ × B)
(A ~ · (A
~ × B)
~ = (A
~ · A)(
~ B ~ · B)
~ − (A
~ · B)
~ 2.

Òåïåðü ðàññìîòðèì
~ × (B
|A ~ × A)
~ − (A
~ · A)
~ B~ + (A
~ · B)
~ A|
~2=

~ × (B
= |A ~ × A)|
~ 2 + |A|
~ 4 |B|
~ 2 − (A
~ · B)
~ 2|A|
~ 2 − 2|A|
~ 2 (A
~ × (B
~ × A))
~ · B.
~
Íî ýòî ðàâíî íóëþ, òàê êàê
~ × (B
|A ~ × A)|
~ 2 = |A|
~ 2 |B
~ × A|
~ 2 = |A|
~ 4 |B|
~ 2 − (A
~ · B)
~ 2|A|
~2

è
~ × (B
(A ~ × A))
~ ·B~ = (B
~ × A)
~ · (B
~ × A)
~ = |A|
~ 2 |B|
~ 2 − (A
~ · B)
~ 2.
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
~ × (B
A ~ × A)
~ = (A
~ · A)
~ B~ − (A
~ · B)
~ A~. (1)

îäíàêî, õîðîøî èçâåñòíîå äëÿ òðåõìåðíîãî âåêòîðíîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ñîîòíîøåíèå

~ × (B
A ~ × C)
~ = B(
~ A~ · C)
~ − C(
~ A~ · B)
~ (2)

â îáùåì ñëó÷àå íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ. ×òîáû äîêàçàòü ýòî, ðàññìîòðèì òåðíàðíîå

ïðîèçâåäåíèå (êîòîðîå ðàâíî íóëþ, åñëè âûïîëíÿåòñÿ (2))
~ B,
{A, ~ C}
~ =A
~ × (B
~ × C)
~ − B(
~ A~ · C)
~ + C(
~ A~ · B).
~

37
Òîæäåñòâî (1) îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî òåðíàðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå, íàïîäîáèå ñìåøàííîãî
ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, òîæå êîñîñèììåòðè÷íàÿ óíêöèÿ ñâîèõ àðãóìåíòîâ. Íàïðèìåð,
~ + B,
0 = {A ~ A~ + B,
~ C}
~ = {A,
~ B,
~ C}
~ + {B,
~ A,
~ C}.
~

Ïóñòü ~ei , i = 1 ÷ n íåêîòîðûé îðòîíîðìèðîâàííûé áàçèñ â ìíîãîìåðíîì

âåêòîðíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Òîãäà
~ · (~ei × B)
(~ei × A) ~ = ((~ei × B)
~ × ~ei ) · A
~ = [B
~ − (B
~ · ~ei )~ei] · A
~

è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
n
X
~ · (~ei × B)
(~ei × A) ~ = (n − 1)A
~ · B.
~ (3)
i=1

Èñïîëüçóÿ ýòî òîæäåñòâî, ïîëó÷àåì

n
X
~ B}
{~ei , A, ~ · {~ei , C,
~ D}
~ =
i=1

~ × B)
= (n − 5)(A ~ · (C
~ × D)
~ + 2(A
~ · C)(
~ B ~ · D)
~ − 2(A
~ · D)(
~ B ~ · C).
~ (4)
Ïîýòîìó
n
X
~ · {~ei , ~ej , B}
{~ei , ~ej , A} ~ = (n − 1)(n − 3)A
~ ·B
~ (5)
i,j=1
è n
(6)
X
{~ei , ~ej , ~ek } · {~ei , ~ej , ~ek } = n(n − 1)(n − 3).
i,j,k=1

Ïîñëåäíåå óðàâíåíèå ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå {~ei , ~ej , ~ek } íå ðàâíû íóëþ,
åñëè n > 3. Òàêèì îáðàçîì òîæäåñòâî (2) äåéñòâèòåëüíî ñïðàâåäëèâî òîëüêî
äëÿ îáû÷íîãî òðåõìåðíîãî âåêòîðíîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ (n = 1 ñëó÷àé, êîíå÷íî,
íå èíòåðåñåí, ïîòîìó ÷òî ýòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òîæäåñòâåííî ðàâíîìó íóëþ
âåêòîðíîìó ïðîèçâåäåíèþ).
Äàëåå çàìåòèì, ÷òî èñïîëüçóÿ
~ B
A×( ~ × C)+(
~ ~ B)×
A× ~ C~ = (A+
~ C)×
~ B~ ×(A+
~ C)−
~ A×
~ B
~ × A−
~ C~ ×B
~ ×C
~ =

~ ·C
= 2A ~ B
~ −A
~·B
~ C
~ −B
~ ·C
~ A
~
è
~ = 1 A
"
~ × (B
A ~ × (C
~ × D)) ~ × (B
~ × (C
~ × D))
~ + (A
~ × B)
~ × (C
~ × D)−
~
2
~ × B)
−(A ~ × (C
~ × D)
~ − ((A
~ × B)
~ × C)
~ ×D
~ + ((A
~ × B)
~ × C)
~ × D+
~

38
 ~ × (B
+(A ~ × C))
~ ×D~ − (A
~ × (B
~ × C))
~ ×D~ −A
~ × ((B
~ × C)
~ × D)+
~
#
~ × ((B
+A ~ × C)
~ × D)
~ +A
~ × (B
~ × (C
~ × D))
~ ,
ìîæíî ïðîâåðèòü ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî
~ × {B,
A ~ C,
~ D}
~ = −{A,
~ B,
~ C
~ × D}
~ +A
~ × (B
~ × (C
~ × D))
~ − {A,
~ C,
~ D
~ × B}+
~

+A~ × (C
~ × (D
~ × B))
~ − {A,~ D,
~ B~ × C}
~ +A ~ × (D
~ × (B
~ × C))
~ =
~ B,
= −{A, ~ C
~ × D}
~ − {A,
~ C,
~ D
~ × B}
~ − {A,~ D,
~ B~ × C}
~ + 3A~ × {B,
~ C,
~ D}.
~
Ïîñëåäíåå ðàâåíñòâî ñëåäóåò èç
~ C,
3{B, ~ D}
~ = {B,
~ C,
~ D}
~ + {C,
~ D,
~ B}
~ + {D,
~ B,
~ C}
~ =

~ × (C
=B ~ × D)
~ +C
~ × (D
~ × B)
~ +D
~ × (B
~ × C).
~
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, òåðíàðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå óäîâëåòâîðÿåò èíòåðåñíîìó ñîîòíîøåíèþ
~ × {B,
2A ~ C,
~ D}
~ = {A,
~ B,
~ C
~ × D}
~ + {A,
~ C,
~ D
~ × B}
~ + {A,
~ D,
~ B
~ × C}
~ (7)

Ïîýòîìó äîëæíî âûïîëíÿòüñÿ ðàâåíñòâî

n
|~ei × {~ej , ~ek , ~el }|2 =
X
4
i,j,k,l=1

n
|{~ei , ~ej , ~ek × ~el } + {~ei , ~ek , ~el × ~ej } + {~ei , ~el , ~ej × ~ek }|2 .
X
=
i,j,k,l=1

Ëåâóþ ñòîðîíó ìîæíî ëåãêî âû÷èñëèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ (3) è (6):

n
|~ei × {~ej , ~ek , ~el }|2 = 4n(n − 1)2(n − 3).
X
4
i,j,k,l=1

×òîáû âû÷èñëèò ïðàâóþ ñòîðîíó, ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî

n
X
~ · {~ei , ~ej × B,
{~ei , ~ej , A} ~ C}
~ = −(n − 3)(n − 6)A
~ · (B
~ × C),
~ (8)
i,j=1

êîòîðîå ñëåäóåò èç (4) è èç ðàâåíñòâà

n
X
~ · ((~ei × B)
(~ei × A) ~ × C)
~ =
i=1
n
=
X
~ · [2~ei · C
(~ei × A) ~ B
~ −B
~ ·C
~ ~ei − ~ei · B
~ C
~ − ~ei × (B
~ × C)]
~ =
i=1

39
 ~ · (B
= −(n − 4)A ~ × C).
~
Òåïåðü, èìåÿ (5) è (8) ïîä ðóêîé, ìîæíî äîâîëüíî ïðîñòî âû÷èñëèòü
n
|{~ei , ~ej , ~ek × ~el } + {~ei , ~ek , ~el × ~ej } + {~ei , ~el , ~ej × ~ek }|2 =
X

i,j,k,l=1

= 3n(n − 1)2(n − 3) + 6n(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 6) = 3n(n − 1)(n − 3)(3n − 13).

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äîëæíû èìåòü
4n(n − 1)2(n − 3) = 3n(n − 1)(n − 3)(3n − 13)
è
3n(n − 1)(n − 3)(3n − 13) − 4n(n − 1)2(n − 3) = 5n(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 7) = 0.
Ýòî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî íåòðèâèàëüíîå âåêòîðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå îïðåäåëåíî
òîëüêî â ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ ñ ðàçìåðíîñòÿìè òðè è ñåìü.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 3
3.1

L0
Ïóñòü L0 ñîáñòâåííàÿ äëèíà ñòåðæíÿ. Òîãäà L = γu è L0 = γu L. Â ñèñòåìå
S ′ ñòåðæåíü èìååò ñêîðîñòü
u−V
u′ = u ⊖ V = .
1 − uV
c 2

L0 γu
Ïîýòîìó äëèíà ñòåðæíÿ â ýòîé ñèñòåìå L′ = γu′ = γu′ L. Íî

uV
!
γu⊖V = γuγV 1 − .
c2
Ïîýòîìó
L
L′ = 
uV
.
γV 1− c2

3.2

Ñîãëàñíî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèþ Ëîðåíöà èìååì ct′ + x′ = γ[ct − βx + x − βct] =

γ(1 − β)(ct + x) è ct′ − x′ = γ(1 + β)(ct − x). Íî
v v
u1 −β u1 + β 1
u u
γ(1 − β) = t , è γ(1 + β) = t = .
1+β 1−β γ(1 − β)
40
ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, x′+ = e−ψ x+, x′− = eψ x− , ãäå
v
u1 +β 1 1+β
u
eψ = γ(1 + β) = t , èëè ψ = ln .
1−β 2 1−β
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî

eψ − e−ψ γ(1 + β) − γ(1 − β)

th ψ = ψ = = β.
e + e−ψ γ(1 + β) + γ(1 − β)

3.3

Ïóñòü ñèñòåìà S1 äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V1 îòíîñèòåëüíî S , à ñèñòåìà S2

ñî ñêîðîñòüþ V2 îòíîñèòåëüíî S1 . Òîãäà
v v
u1 + β1 u1 + β2 (1)
u u
(1) (2)
x− = t x− è x− = t x− .
1 − β1 1 − β2
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, v
u (1 + β1 )(1 + β2)
u
(2)
x− = x− .
u
t
(1 − β1 )(1 − β2)
Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû v
u1+β
u
(2)
x− = t x− ,
1−β
ãäå
β1 + β2
β = β1 ⊕ β2 =
1 + β1 β2
ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé ñóììå ñêîðîñòåé V1 è V2 .  ñëó÷àå n ñêîðîñòåé
ïîëó÷èì
1+β (1 + β1 )(1 + β2) · · · (1 + βn )
= .
1−β (1 − β1 )(1 − β2) · · · (1 − βn )
îòñþäà ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü β .  ÷àñòíîñòè, åñëè β1 = β2 = · · · = βn , òî
(1 + β1 )n − (1 − β1 )n
β= .
(1 + β1 )n + (1 − β1 )n

3.4

àññìîòðèì òî÷êó A ëàìïû ñ êîîðäèíàòîé x′ â ñèñòåìå ëàìïû. Âñïûøêà â

òî÷êå A â ýòîé ñèñòåìå ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè t′ = 0, ïîýòîìó â ñèñòåìå íåïîäâèæíîãî
íàáëþäàòåëÿ âñïûøêà ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè t = γ(t′ + cV2 x′ ) = γ cV2 x′ è â òî÷êå

41
 2
ñ êîîðäèíàòîé x = γ(x′ + V t′ ) = γx′ = cV t. Ýòî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî â ýòîé
2
ñèñòåìå âñïûøêà ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ cV . Òî ÷òî ýòà ñêîðîñòü
ïðåâîñõîäèò ñêîðîñòü ñâåòà â âàêóóìå c ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî âñïûøêè ðàçíûõ
÷àñòåé ëàìïû ïðè÷èííî íå ñâÿçàíû äðóã ñ äðóãîì, ò.ê. â ñèñòåìå ëàìïû
îíè ïðîèñõîäÿò îäíîâðåìåííî. Åñëè ïðè÷èíîé âñïûøêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîäà÷à
íàïðÿæåíèÿ, íàïðèìåð, íà ëåâûé êîíåö, òî âñïûøêà â ñèñòåìå ëàìïû áóäåò
ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ ñ êîíå÷íîé ñêîðîñòüþ u′ < c. Òîãäà â òî÷êå x′ âñïûøêà
′
ïðîèçîéäåò ïðè t′ = xu′ . Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî â Ë-ñèñòåìå áóäåì èìåòü

x′ V ′  x′ 
   
1 V V
! !
t = γ ′ + 2 x = γx′ ′ + 2
 èx=γ x′ + V ′ = γx′ 1 + ′ .
u c u c u u
Ò.å. ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âñïûøêè â ýòîé ñèñòåìå áóäåò

x 1 + uV′ u′ + V ′
u= = 1 V = u′ V = u ⊕ V < c.
t u′
+ c2 1 + c2

3.5

Ïðåäñòàâèì ñåáå, ÷òî âäîëü îáðàçóþùåé öèëèíäðà ïîñòàâëåíû òî÷êè. Êàæäûé

ïîïåðå÷íûé ñðåç öèëèíäðà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ÷àñû, ãäå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ
òî÷êà èãðàåò ðîëü êîíöà ñòðåëû.  ñèñòåìå S ′ ýòè ÷àñû ñèíõðîíèçîâàíû,
ò.å. îäíîâðåìåííî ïîêàçûâàþò, íàïðèìåð, 1200. Â ñèñòåìå S îíè óæå íå
ñèíõðîíèçîâàíû, ò.å. êîãäà ÷àñû ñ ëåâîãî êîíöà öèëèíäðà ïîêàçûâàþò 1200,
÷àñû ñ äðóãèõ ÷àñòåé öèëèíäðà ïîêàçûâàþò äðóãîå âðåìÿ. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
íàøè òî÷êè â ñèñòåìå S óæå íå ëåæàò íà îäíîé ëèíèè â êàæäûé äàííûé
ìîìåíò âðåìåíè. Ýòî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî öèëèíäð â ñèñòåìå S äîëæåí áûòü
ñêðó÷åííûì.

Ïîñìîòðèì áîëåå âíèìàòåëüíî. Ïóñòü â ìîìåíò t = 0 òî÷êà B , êîòîðàÿ

íàõîäèòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè L âäîëü öèëèíäðà îò òî÷êè A, ïîâåðíóòà íà óãîë
ϕ. Êîîðäèíàòàì xA = 0, tA = 0 è xB = L, tB = 0 â ñèñòåìå S ′ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò
x′A = 0, t′A = 0 è x′B = γ(xB − V tB ) = γL, t′B = γ(tB − cV2 xB ) = −γ cV2 L.
Ïðè ýòîì, â ýòîé ñèñòåìå òî÷êà B â ìîìåíò t′B òîæå ïîâåðíóòà íà óãîë

42
ϕ, ò.ê. ïîïåðå÷íûå ðàçìåðû ïðè ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè Ëîðåíöà íå ìåíÿþòñÿ è,
ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïîïåðå÷íûé óãîë òîæå íå ìåíÿåòñÿ. Çà âðåìÿ t′A − t′B =
γ cV2 L òî÷êà B äîëæíà óñïåòü ïîâåðíóòñÿ íà óãîë ϕ, ò.ê. â ñèñòåìå S ′ ÷àñû
ñèíõðîíèçèðîâàíû è êîãäà A ïîêàçûâàåò 0, B òîæå äîëæåí ïîêàçûâàòü
òàêîå-æå âðåìÿ. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè, â òîì ÷èñëå
è ïðè t′ = 0, âñå òî÷êè äîëæíû ëåæàòü íà îäíîé ëèíèè â ñèñòåìå S ′ .
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ϕ = γ cV2 Lω ′, ò.ê. â ñèñòåìå S ′ öèëèíäð âðàùàåòñÿ ñ óãëîâîé
ñêîðîñòüþ ω ′ . Òàêèì îáðàçîì â ñèñòåìå S èìååì êðó÷åíèå íà åäèíèöó
äëèíû Lϕ = γ cV2 ω ′ . Èç íàøåãî ðàññóæäåíèÿ ÿñíî, ÷òî êðó÷åíèå ïðîèñõîäèò
â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîì ê âðàùåíèþ íàïðàâëåíèè (ñì. ðèñóíîê).

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 4
4.1

 ñèñòåìå S êîìïîíåíòû ñêîðîñòè îòîíà cx = c cos θ, cy = c sin θ . Â

ñèñòåìå S ′ áóäåì èìåòü
cy
c′y = c sin 2θ =  ,
γ 1 − cxc2V
èëè
sin θ
sin 2θ = .
γ(1 − β cos θ)
Íî θ ≪ 1, ïîýòîìó sin θ ≈ θ, sin 2θ ≈ 2θ è cos θ ≈ 1. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
v
1 u1 + β
u
2= =t
γ(1 − β) 1−β
è β = 53 .

4.2

 Ë-ñèñòåìå êîìïîíåíòû ñêîðîñòè ïàäàþùåãî îòîíà ñóòü cx = c cos θ1 ,

cy = c sin θ1. Â ñèñòåìå çåðêàëà áóäåì èìåòü
cx − V c cos θ1 − V ′ cy c sin θ1
c′x = = , c =  = .
1 − ccx2V 1 − β cos θ1 y γ 1 − ccx2V

γ(1 − β cos θ1)
À ïîñëå îòðàæåíèÿ c′′x = −c′x è c′′y = c′y . Ïîýòîìó â Ë-ñèñòåìå y -êîìïîíåíòà
ñêîðîñòè îòðàæåííîãî îòîíà áóäåò
c′′y c sin θ1 1
c sin θ2 = c′′x V = ′ .
γ 2 1 − β ccx 1 − β cos θ1
   
γ 1+ c2

43
Íî
c′x cos θ1 − β 1
1−β =1−β = (1 + β 2 − 2β cos θ1).
c 1 − β cos θ1 1 − β cos θ1
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî
sin θ1 (1 − β 2) sin θ1
sin θ2 = 2 = .
γ (1 + β 2 − 2β cos θ1) 1 + β 2 − 2β cos θ1

4.3

 Ë-ñèñòåìå 4-ñêîðîñòè ñèñòåì S1 è S2 èìåþò âèä u1 = (γ1 c, γ1 V ~1 ) è u2 =

(γ2c, γ2V~2 ), òîãäà êàê â ñèñòåìå S1 áóäåì èìåòü u′1 = (c, ~0), u′2 = (γc, γ V
~ ),
~ åñòü îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü S1 è S2 (ñêîðîñòü S2 â ñèñòåìå S1 ). Íî
ãäå V
ñêàëÿðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå 4-âåêòîðîâ èíâàðèàíòíî: u1 ·u2 = u′1 ·u′2 . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
γ1γ2 (c2 − V~1 · V~2 ) = γc2. Îòñþäà γ = γ1 γ2(1 − β~1 · β~2 ). Íî

1 (1 − β12)(1 − β22) β12 + β22 − 2β~1 · β~2 + (β~1 · β~2 )2 − β12β22

β2 = 1 − = 1 − = .
γ2 (1 − β~1 · β~2 )2 (1 − β~1 · β~2 )2

Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû (β~1 × β~2 )2 = β12 β22 (1 − cos2 θ) = β12 β22 − (β~1 · β~2 )2 , è
îêîí÷àòåëüíî
2 (β~1 − β~2)2 − (β~1 × β~2 )2
β = .
(1 − β~1 · β~2 )2

4.4

Ïóñòü â ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t = 0 ñòåðæåíü â S -ñèñòåìå çàíèìàåò ïîëîæåíèå

êàê íà ðèñóíêå. Òîãäà â ñèñòåìå S ′ áóäåì èìåòü t′A = 0, x′A = 0, yA ′
=0è
V
t′B = −γ cV2 xB = −γ c2 L cos θ, x′B = γxB = γL cos θ, yB′ = yB = L sin θ, ãäå L
 äëèíà ñòåðæíÿ â ñèñòåìå S . Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî t′A 6= t′B , òî÷êè (x′A, yA ′
)
è (x′B , yB
′
) îïðåäåëÿþò îðèåíòàöèþ ñòåðæíÿ â ñèñòåìå S ′ , òàê êàê â ýòîé
ñèñòåìå ñòåðæåíü íåïîäâèæåí. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, tg θ ′ = tgγ θ è tg θ = γ tg θ ′.

44
4.5

Ïóñòü S ëàáîðàòîðíàÿ ñèñòåìà îòñ÷åòà â êîòîðîé â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò

−−→
AB ñîñòàâëÿåò íóëåâîé óãîë ñ îñüþ x, à ïîñëå ïîëíîãî îáîðîòà ìåíÿåò
îðèåíòàöèþ íà 180◦ . Çàìåíèì äâèæåíèå ïî îêðóæíîñòè íà äâèæåíèå ïî
ïðàâèëüíîìó N -óãîëüíèêó, ãäå N → ∞. Ïóñòü äâèãàÿñü ïî n-îé ãðàíè
ìíîãîóãîëüíèêà, êîòîðàÿ íàêëîíåíà ïîä óãëîì ϕ ê îñè x ñèñòåìû S , âåêòîð
−−→
AB ñîñòàâëÿåò óãîë β ñ îñüþ x, à ïðè ïåðåõîäå íà ñëåäóþùóþ ãðàíü, ñ
óãëîì íàêëîíà ϕ + α, α = 2π
N , óãîë ñòàíîâèòñÿ β + dβ .

àññìîòðèì ñèñòåìó S̃ , êîòîðàÿ íåïîäâèæíà îòíîñèòåëüíî S , íî îñü x

êîòîðîé ïîâåðíóòà íà óãîë ϕ è ñìîòðèò âäîëü n-îé ãðàíè. Òîãäà â ñèñòåìå S̃
−−→
âåêòîð AB ñîñòàâëÿåò óãîë θ = β −ϕ ñ îñüþ x ïðè äâèæåíèè ïî n-îé ãðàíè
è óãîë θ + dβ  ïðè äâèæåíèè ïî (n + 1)-îé ãðàíè. Âûáåðåì íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà
âðåìåíè òàê, ÷òî t = 0 ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïåðåõîäó îò n-îé ãðàíè ê (n + 1)-
îé. Ïåðåä ïåðåõîäîì, ïðè t = 0−, êîîðäèíàòû òî÷åê A è B èìåþò âèä
−−→
x̃A = 0, ỹA = 0, x̃B = ˜l cos θ, ỹB = ˜l sin θ. Ïóñòü S ′  ñèñòåìà â êîòîðîé AB
ïîêîèòñÿ ïðè äâèæåíèè âäîëü n-îé ãðàíè. Ïî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿì Ëîðåíöà
íàõîäèì
V
t′A = 0, x′A = 0, yA′ = 0, t′B = −γ 2 x̃B , x′B = γ x̃B , yB′ = ỹB .
c
−−→
Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî t′A 6= t′B , óãîë íàêëîíà âåêòîðà AB ê îñè x â ñèñòåìå
S ′ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èç
′ yB′ tg θ
tg θ− = ′ = ,
xB γ
45
 −−→
ò.ê. â ñèñòåìå S ′ âåêòîð AB íåïîäâèæåí.
−−→
Ïîñëå ïåðåõîäà íà (n+1)-óþ ãðàíü, âåêòîð AB óæå äâèæåòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî
S ′ . Ñðàçó ïîñëå ïåðåõîäà, ïðè t = 0+, áóäåì èìåòü

x̃A = 0, ỹA = 0, x̃B = ˜l cos (θ + dβ), ỹB = ˜l sin (θ + dβ).

Íàéäåì ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t = tB òàêîé, ÷òî ñîáûòèþ (tB , x̃B (tB )) îòâå÷àåò
âðåìÿ t′B = 0 â ñèñòåìå S ′ . Èìååì
V
!
t′B = γ tB − 2 x̃B (tB ) .
c
V
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, tB = c2 x̃B (tB ). Íî x̃B (tB ) = x̃B + (V cos dϕ)tB ≈ x̃B + V tB ,
ãäå dϕ = 2π
N . Îòñþäà

x̃B 2 V 2
x̃B (tB ) ≈ = γ x̃ B è tB = γ x̃B .
1 − (V /c)2 c2

Ïîýòîìó x′B = γ(x̃B (tB ) − V tB ) ≈ γ x̃B = γ ˜l cos (θ + dβ) è yB′ = ỹB (tB ) =
ỹB + (V sin dϕ)tB ≈ ỹB + V tB dϕ = ˜l sin (θ + dβ) + (γ 2 − 1)˜ldϕ cos (θ + dβ).
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óãîë íàêëîíà θ+ ′
, ïîñëå ïåðåõîäà íà (n+1-óþ ãðàíü, îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ
èç
′ 1h
= tg (θ + dβ) + (γ 2 − 1)dϕ .
i
tg θ+
γ
−−→
Íî â ñèñòåìå S ′ âåêòîð AB ïåðåíîñèòñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíî ñàìîìó ñåáå, ò.å.
θ+′ ′
= θ− è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, tg θ = tg (θ + dβ) + (γ 2 − 1)dϕ. Íî

tg θ + tg (dβ) tg θ + dβ
tg (θ + dβ) = ≈ ≈ tg θ + (1 + tg2 θ)dβ.
1 − tg θ tg (dβ) 1 − dβ tg θ
Ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷àåì
dβ
= −(γ 2 − 1) cos2 θ,
dϕ
èëè ñ ó÷åòîì θ = β − ϕ,
dθ
= − 1 + (γ 2 − 1) cos2 θ .
h i

dϕ
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
Zθ dθ
ϕ=− .
0
1 + (γ 2 − 1) cos2 θ

46
Èíòåãðàë ìîæíî âçÿòü ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîäñòàíîâêè tg θ = x:
Z dθ Z dx 1 x 1 tg θ
= = arctg = arctg .
1 + (γ 2 − 1) cos2 θ γ 2 + x2 γ γ γ γ
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî, tg θ = −γ tg (γϕ). Ïî óñëîâèþ çàäà÷è, ïîñëå ïîëíîãî îáîðîòà
θ = π . Ïîýòîìó äîëæíû èìåòü tg (γ2π) = 0, ò.å. γ ïîëóöåëîå
√
÷èñëî (öåëûì
γ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò θ = 0). Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü, V = 35 c, ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ïðè
γ = 23 .

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 5
5.1

Ïóñòü S ′ ñèñòåìà öåíòðà ìàññ, êîòîðûé äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ u. Âòîðàÿ

÷àñòèöà, êîòîðàÿ íåïîäâèæíà â ñèñòåìå S , â ñèñòåìå S ′ äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ
−u. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïåðâàÿ ÷àñòèöà â ýòîé ñèñòåìå äâèæåòñÿ ñî ñêîðîñòüþ
u (÷òîáû ñóììàðíûé èìïóëüñ ðàâíÿëñÿ íóëþ). Ïóñòü óãîë ðàññåÿíèÿ â
ñèñòåìå S ′ ðàâåí θ ′ . Ñêîðîñòè ÷àñòèö ïî âåëè÷èíå íå ïîìåíÿþòñÿ, ò.ê.
ðàññåÿíèå óïðóãîå. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïîñëå ðàññåÿíèÿ V1,x ′
= u cos θ′ , V1,y
′
=
u sin θ′ , V2,x
′
= −u cos θ′ è V2,y
′
= −u sin θ′ . Ïî îðìóëå ñëîæåíèÿ ñêîðîñòåé,
â ñèñòåìå S áóäåì èìåòü
′ ′
V1,x +u 1 + cos θ′ V1,y sin θ′
V1,x = ′ u
V1,x
=u , V1,y = 
V′ u
 =u ,
1+ 1 + βu2 cos θ′ γu 1 + 1,x γu (1 + βu2 cos θ′)
c2 c 2

1 − cos θ′ sin θ′
V2,x = u è V 2,y = −u .
1 − βu2 cos θ′ γu (1 − βu2 cos θ′)
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî V1,x > 0 è V2,x > 0. Ïîýòîìó â ñèñòåìå S óãëû ðàññåÿíèÿ
θ1 < π2 è θ2 < π2 . Áîëåå òîãî,

sin θ′
 
 V1,y 
 
tg θ1 =   =
 V1,x  γu (1 + cos θ′)
 

47
è
sin θ′
 
 V2,y 
 
tg θ2 =   = .
 V2,x  γu (1 − cos θ′ )
 

Ïîýòîìó
1
tg θ1 · tg θ2 = .
γu2
Èëè
1 1 π π
! !
tg θ1 = 2 ctg θ2 = 2 tg − θ2 < tg − θ2 ,
γu γu 2 2
ò.ê. γu > 1. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, θ1 < π2 − θ2 è θ1 + θ2 < π2 .

5.2

 ñèñòåìå S ′ îòîí èìååò y -êîìïîíåíòó èìïóëüñà

hν ′
p′y = sin θ′ .
c
Íî p′y = py è â ñèñòåìå S
hν
py = sin θ.
c
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî ν ′ sin θ ′ = ν sin θ è
ν′
sin θ = sin θ′.
ν

5.3

àññìîòðèì ðàñïàä â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ K 0 -ìåçîíà. Â ýòîé ñèñòåìå, êàæäûé

ïèîí èìååò ýíåðãèþ ε′ = m2K (ïîëîæèëè c = 1) è èìïóëüñ
v
mK u 4m2π
u
q
p′ = ε′2 − m2π = t1 − .
u
2 m2K
 Ë-ñèñòåìå ýíåðãèÿ π -ìåçîíà, êîòîðûé â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ âûëåòåë ïîä óãëîì
θ′ , áóäåò ε = γ(ε′ + βp′x) = γ(ε′ + βp′ cos θ′ ). Ïîýòîìó
εmax ε′ + βp′ 1 + ββπ′
α= = ′ = ,
εmin ε − βp′ 1 − ββπ′
ãäå v
p′ u 4m2π
u
′
βπ = ′ = 1 − 2
u
t
ε mK

48
åñòü ñêîðîñòü π -ìåçîíà â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ K 0-ìåçîíà. Îòñþäà ñêîðîñòü K 0 -
ìåçîíà
α−1 1
β= .
α + 1 βπ′
2
Äëÿ ýíåðãèè E = √mc (âîññòàíîâèëè c) ïîñëå íåêîòîðîé àëãåáðû ïîëó÷èì
1−β 2
v
m2K − 4m2π
u
α+1 u
E = mK c2 .
u
αm2K − (α + 1)2 m2π
t
2
 Ë-ñèñòåìå èìïóëüñ ïèîíà áóäåò
ε′ 
   
′ β
px = γ px + β
 = γp′ cosθ′ + ′  .
c βπ
β
Âèäíî, ÷òî px ≥ 0, åñëè βπ′
≥ 1. Ò.å. äîëæíû èìåòü

α−1 4m2
≥ βπ′2 = 1 − 2π .
α+1 mK
Îòñþäà
m2K
α≥ − 1.
2m2π

5.4

Äëÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòè â çàäà÷å 4.3 ïîëó÷èëè

(β~1 − β~2)2 − (β~1 × β~2 )2

βu2 = .
(1 − β~1 · β~2 )2
Òàê êàê ðàñïàä ñèììåòðè÷íûé, òî β1 = β2 è áóäåò èìåòü
2β12(1 − cos θ) − β12 sin2 θ
βu2 = .
(1 − β12 cos θ)2
Íî 2(1 − cosθ) − sin2 θ = 2(1 − cos θ) − (1 − cos θ)(1 + cos θ) = (1 − cos θ)2 .
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî
2
2 2 (1 − cos θ)
βu = β1 .
(1 − β12 cos θ)2
q
E
Ýíåðãèÿ
r
π -ìåçîíà ïîñëå ðàñïàäà E1 = 2
, èìïóëüñ pr
1 = E12 − m2π =
E 4m2π p1 4m2π
2
1− E2
(ïîëîæèëè c = 1). Ïîýòîìó β1 = E1
= 1− E2
. Íî cos θ

49
îäíîçíà÷íî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ çàäàíèåì E . Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, èç çàêîíîâ ñîõðàíåíèÿ
ýíåðãèè mK γ = 2mπ γ1 è èìïóëüñà mK βγ = 2mπ β1 cos θ ñëåäóåò
β
cos θ = .
β1
2
(β1 −β) (1−β12 )(1−β 2 )
Ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷àåì βu2 = (1−β 1 β)
2 . Îòñþäà 1 − βu =
2
(1−β1 β)2 , èëè γu =
γ1γ(1 − β1 β). Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû,
1
γ1 (1 − β1 β) = γ1 (1 − β12 cos θ) = p1 · p2 ,
m2π γ1
ãäå p1 , p2  4-èìïóëüñû ïèîíîâ. Èç çàêîíîâ ñîõðàíåíèÿ 4-èìïóëüñà pK =
p1 + p2 ñëåäóåò m2K = (p1 + p2 )2 = 2m2π + 2p1 · p2 è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
m2K − 2m2π
p1 · p2 = .
2
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî,
1 m2K
γu = 2 p1 · p2 = −1
mπ 2m2π
è r
2
1 − 4m π
v
u
1 m2K
βu = t1 − 2=
u
2
γu 1 − 2m
m 2
π
K

íå çàâèñèò îò E .
Áîëåå ïðîñòî ýòîò ðåçóëüòàò ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü, åñëè çàìåòèòü, ÷òî γu =
γV~1 ⊖V~2 = γ1 γ2(1 − β~1 · β~2 ) è
m2K − 2m2π
= p1 · p2 = E1E2 − ~p1 · ~p2 = m2π (1 − β~1 · β~2).
2
2 2
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, γu = mK2m −2mπ
2 äàæå äëÿ íåñèììåòðè÷íîãî ðàñïàäà.
π
Åùå îäèí ïðîñòîé ñïîñîá: ðàññìîòðèì ðàñïàä â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ îäíîãî
èç ïèîíîâ. Â ýòîé ñèñòåìå äî ðàñïàäà K 0 -ìåçîí äâèæåòñÿ ñ íåêîòîðîé
ñêîðîñòüþ V ′ , à âòîðîé ïèîí ïîñëå ðàñïàäà ñî ñêîðîñòüþ u. Çàêîí ñîõðàíåíèÿ
ýíåðãèè áóäåò èìåòü âèä mK γ ′ = mπ + mπ γu (íàïîìíèì, ÷òî c = 1), à çàêîí
ñîõðàíåíèÿ èìïóëüñà mK β ′ γ ′ = mπ βu γu . Ïîýòîìó
m2π
′2
γ = 2 (γu + 1)2
mK
è
m2π 2
!2
′ ′ 2 ′2mπ
(β γ ) = γ − 1 = βu2 γu2 = 2 (γu − 1).
mK mK
50
Îòñþäà
m2π m2π 2 m2π 2 2m2π
" #
2 2
(γ u +1) −1 = (γ −1), 1 = γ +2γ u +1−γ +1 = (γu +1)
m2K m2K u m2K u u
m2K
è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
m2K
γu = − 1.
2m2π

5.5

Äèåðåíöèðóÿ u · u = c2 , ñðàçó ïîëó÷àåì a · u = 0. Íàéäåì êîìïîíåíòû

aµ .
du0 dγ
a0 = = cγ .
dτ dt
Íî
dγ
= β β̇γ 3,
dt
ò.ê. γ = (1 − β 2 )−1/2. Çäåñü β̇ = dβ dt - èçâåñòíàÿ óíêöèÿ ïî óñëîâèþ.
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, a0 = cγ 4 β β̇ .
d~u d(V~ γ) ~
d(βγ)
~a = =γ = γc = γc(βγ ~˙ + ββ
~ β̇γ 3).
dτ dt dt
Ò.ê. äâèæåíèå ïðÿìîëèíåéíîå, β ~ = β~n è β~˙ = β̇~n, ãäå ~n - åäèíè÷íûé âåêòîð.
Ïîýòîìó
~a = γ 2cβ̇~n(1 + β 2γ 2) = cγ 4 β̇~n.
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, aµ = (cγ 4 β β̇, cγ 4 β̇~n) è

a · a = (cγ 4β̇)2(β 2 − 1) = −c2 γ 6β̇ 2.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 6
6.1

4-èìïóëüñû îòîíîâ
hν1 hν1 hν2 hν2
,
p1 = ( ~n) è p2 = ( ,− ~n),
c c c c
ãäå ~n  åäèíè÷íûé âåêòîð.
h2 h2
M 2 c2 = (p1 + p2)2 = [(ν 1 + ν 2 ) 2
− (ν 1 − ν 2 ) 2
] = 4 ν1 ν2 .
c2 c2
51
Ïîýòîìó ìàññà ñèñòåìû
2h √
M= ν1 ν2 ,
c2
à ñêîðîñòü
~ ~pc2 ν1 − ν2
V = =c ~n.
E ν1 + ν2

6.2

àññìîòðèì ðàñïàä π 0 → 2γ . Èç ñîõðàíåíèÿ 4-èìïóëüñà p = k1 +k2 ïîëó÷àåì

(ïîëîæèëè c = 1) m2π0 = 2k1 · k2 = 2E1 E2 (1 − cos θ) = 4E1 E2 sin2 2θ è

θ 2m2π0 m2π0
sin = = .
2 4E1E2 4E1(E − E1)

Êîãäà E1 = E2 = E2 , E1 (E − E1 ) äîñòèãàåò ìàêñèìóìà è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,

ìèíèìàëüíûé óãîë ðàçëåòà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èç

2 θmin m2π0 1
sin = 2 = 2 ,
2 E γπ 0

èëè θmin = 2 arcsin γ10 . Ýòîò óãîë òåì ìåíüøå, ÷åì áîëüøå γπ0 . Ò.å. â
π
ðàñïàäå φ → π + π − π 0 íàäî îáåñïå÷èòü ìàêñèìàëüíóþ ýíåðãèþ π 0 -ìåçîíà.
àññìîòðèì π + π − ñèñòåìó êàê îäíó ÷àñòèöó 4-èìïóëüñîì p∗ . Òîãäà pφ −
pπ0 = p∗ è (pφ − pπ0 )2 = m2φ − 2mφE + m2π0 = m∗2. Îòñþäà

m2φ + m2π0 − m∗2

E=
2mφ
è îíà ìàêñèìàëüíà, êîãäà m∗ ìèíèìàëüíà. Íî â ñèñòåìå öåíòðà ìàññ π + π −
ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòèöû m∗2 = (E+′
+ E−′ , ~0)2 = 4(m2π± + p′2). Îòñþäà âèäíî, ÷òî
ìèíèìóì äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïðè p′ = 0 è m∗2 min = 4mπ ± . Ïîýòîìó
2

m2φ + m2π0 − 4m2π±

Emax =
2mφ
è ñàìûé ìèíèìàëüíûé óãîë ðàçëåòà γ -êâàíòîâ áóäåò
2mπ0 mφ
θmin = 2 arcsin .
m2φ + m2π0 − 4m2π±

52
6.3

àññìîòðèì ýëåêòðîí è ÿäðî äî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ êàê îäíó ÷àñòèöó ñ ìàññîé

M1 , à ïîñëå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ  êàê îäíó ÷àñòèöó ñ ìàññîé M2 . Ïðè÷åì M12 =
(pe +pA )2 = m2 +M 2 +2ME , ãäå pA  4-èìïóëüñ íåïîäâèæíîãî ÿäðà. Èç p1 −
k = p2, ãäå k 4-èìïóëüñ îòîíà, à p1,2 4-èìïóëüñû ñèñòåìû ýëåêòðîí-ÿäðî
äî è ïîñëå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ, ïîëó÷èì â ñèñòåìå öåíòðà ìàññ M12 − 2M1 Eγ′ =
2 2
M22 . Ò.å. â ýòîé ñèñòåìå ýíåðãèÿ òîðìîçíîãî îòîíà Eγ′ = M2M 1 −M2
1
. Â Ë-
ñèñòåìå áóäåì èìåòü Eγ = γ1 Eγ (1 + β1 cos θ ), ãäå β1 , γ1 îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ñèñòåìå
′ ′

ýëåêòðîí-ÿäðî äî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ. Âèäíî, ÷òî Eγ ìàêñèìàëüíà êîãäà θ ′ = 0

è M2 ìèíèìàëüíà. Íî M2,min = m + M , ò.ê. â ñèñòåìà ïîêîÿ ýëåêòðîí-
√ √
ÿäðî (ïîñëå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ) M2 = m2 + p′2 + M 2 + p′2 , ãäå p′  âåëè÷èíà
èìïóëüñà ÷àñòèö â ýòîé ñèñòåìå. Ïîýòîìó

M12 − (m + M)2
Eγ,max = γ1 (1 + β1 ).
2M1
Íî M12 − (m + M)2 = m2 + M 2 + 2ME − m2 − M 2 − 2mM = 2M(E − m) è

γ1 (1 + β1 ) γ12(1 + β1) 1 1
= = ,
M1 M1 γ1 E + M 1 − β1
ãäå M1 γ1 = E + M åñòü ýíåðãèÿ ñèñòåìû ýëåêòðîí-ÿäðî äî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ, à
p
β1 = E+M  ñêîðîñòü öåíòðà ìàññ ýòîé ñèñòåìû. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, Eγ,max =
M (E−m)
E+M −p . Åñëè âîññòàíîâèòü c (âûøå ìû ïðåäïîëàãàëè c = 1):

M(E − mc2 ) mMc2 (γ − 1)

Eγ,max = E p = .
c 2 + M − c
mγ + M − mβγ
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî
−1/2
V 2
#−1 
m
"
2
Eγ,max = mc (γ − 1) 1 + γ(1 − β) , ãäå γ = 1 − 2
 .
M c
m
Ò.ê. M ≪ 1, òî Eγ,max ïðàêòè÷åñêè ðàâíà êèíåòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè ýëåêòðîíà.
Îòâåò ìîæíî çàïèñàòü åùå â òàêîì âèäå
Mc2 (E − mc2 ) mc2 (γ − 1)
Eγ,max = = r .
E − pc + Mc2 1+ Mm 1−β
1+β

53
6.4

àññìîòðèì ðàñïàä A → B +B − â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ ÷àñòèöû A. Ïóñòü â ýòîé

ñèñòåìå B + èìååò ñêîðîñòü βB′ è âûëåòàåò ïîä óãëîì θ ′ îòíîñèòåëüíî ñêîðîñòè
A â ëàáîðàòîðíîé ñèñòåìå. Òîãäà äëÿ ñêîðîñòè B + â Ë-ñèñòåìå áóäåì èìåòü
βB′ cos θ′ + βA βB′ sin θ′
β1,x = è β1,y = .
1 + βB′ βA cos θ′ γA (1 + βB′ βA cos θ′ )
À äëÿ ñêîðîñòè B −:
−βB′ cos θ′ + βA −βB′ sin θ′
β2,x = è β1,y = .
1 − βB′ βA cos θ′ γA (1 − βB′ βA cos θ′ )
Ïîýòîìó B + è B − â Ë-ñèñòåìå âûëåòàþò ïîä óãëàìè (θ1 îòñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ

ïðîòèâ ÷àñîâîé ñòðåëêè, à θ2  ïî ÷àñîâîé)

βB′ sin θ′ βB′ sin θ′
tg θ1 = è tg θ 2 = .
γA (βA + βB′ cos θ′) γA (βA − βB′ cos θ′ )
Óãîë ðàçëåòà θ = θ1 + θ2 è
tg θ1 + tg θ2 2βA βB′ γA sin θ′
tg θ = = 2 2 .
1 − tg θ1 tg θ2 γA (βA − βB′2 cos2 θ′ ) − βB′2 sin2 θ′
Íî γA2 (βA2 − βB′2 cos2 θ ′ ) − βB′2 sin2 θ ′ = γA2 (βA2 − βB′2 ) + βB′2 (γA2 − 1) sin2 θ ′ =
γA2 [βA2 − βB′2 + βA2 βB′2 sin2 θ′], ò.ê. γA2 − 1 = γA2 βA2 . Ïîýòîìó
2βA βB′ sin θ′
tg θ = .
γA βA2 − βB′2 + βA2 βB′2 sin2 θ′
Ôóíêöèÿ
x
f (x) =
βA2 − βB′2 + βA2 βB′2x2
ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñóíêå.

54
Îíà èìååò ìàêñèìóì â òî÷êå
v
u
1 1
x0 = − .
u
t
βB′2 βA2
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî â íàøåì ñëó÷àå βA > βB′ , ò.ê. ýíåðãèÿ K -ìåçîíà î÷åíü áîëüøàÿ.
Êðîìå òîãî x = sin θ ′ è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äîëæíû èìåòü x20 ≤ 1, èëè

βB′2
βA2 ≤ ,
1 − βB′2
1 ′
÷òî äàåò βA ≤ βB′ γB′ = mB p , ãäå p′ åñòü èìïóëüñ B ± â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ
q
÷àñòèöû A. Íî â r
ýòîé ñèñòåìå çàêîí ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýíåðãèè äàåò mA = 2 p′2 + m2B .
m2A
Îòñþäà p′ = mB 4m2B
− 1 è ïîëó÷àåì óñëîâèå
v
m2A
u
u
βA ≤ − 1.
u
4m2B
t

Â
s
ñëó÷àå ðàñïàäà φ → π + π − óñëîâèå x20 ≤ 1 íå îãðàíè÷èâàåò βφ , òàê êàê
m2φ
4m2π − 1 > 1. Êîãäà θ′ ìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0 äî π , tg θ ìåíÿåòñÿ òàê

Ìàêñèìàëüíîìó óãëó ðàçëåòà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò θ0′ è

v
1 1
u
sin θ0′ =
u
u
− .
βπ′2 βφ2
t

55
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,

2βφβπ′ βφ2 − βπ′2/βπ′ βφ

q
1
tg θmax = = .
2(βφ2 − βπ′2) γφ βφ2 − βπ′2
q
γφ

Òàê êàê γφ ≫ 1, òî
(π) 1 γπ′
θmax ≈ q = .
γφ 1 − βπ′2 γφ
s
m2φ
Íî äëÿ ðàñïàäà φ → K K , + −
4m2K − 1 < 1 è äëÿ áîëüøèõ ýíåðãèè φ-
s
m2φ
ìåçîíà, êîãäà βφ > 4m2K
− 1, ìàêñèìóì x0 ëåæèò âíå èçè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè
(ò.å. íå äîñòèãàåòñÿ íè ïðè êàêîì θ ′ ).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå tg θ ìåíÿåòñÿ òàê

π
è ìàêñèìàëüíûé óãîë ðàçëåòà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò θ ′ = 2, ò.å. ñèììåòðè÷íîìó
ðàçëåòó. Òîãäà
′ ′
2βφ βK 1 2βK
tg θmax = ′2 + β 2 β ′2 ≈ γ .
γφ βφ2 − βK φ K φ

′
2βK
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, θmax
(K)
≈ γφ . Ïîýòîìó â ïðåäåëå î÷åíü áîëüøèõ ýíåðãèè φ-
ìåçîíà
θmax(φ → K +K −) 2βK′
≈ ′ .
θmax(φ → π + π − ) γπ
m2A
r
mA 1
Êàê óæå íàøëè, γB′2βB′2 = γB′2 − 1 = 4m2B − 1. Ò.å. γB′ = 2mB è βB′ = 1− ′2
γB =
r
4m2B
1− m2A . Ïîýòîìó, îêîí÷àòåëüíî,
v
+ −
θmax(φ → K K ) 4mπ u 4m2K
u
≈ t1
u
− ≈ 0.14.
θmax(φ → π + π − ) mφ m2φ

56
6.5

Çàêîí ñîõðàíåíèÿ 4-èìïóëüñà p = q0 + q+ + q− äàåò (ïðåäïîëàãàåì c = 1)

(p − q0 )2 = m2ω + m2π0 − 2mω E0 = (q+ + q− )2 = 2m2π± + 2(E+E− − p+p− cos θ.
Îòñþäà óãîë ðàçëåòà ìåæäó π + è π −
2E1E− − m2ω − m2π0 + 2m2π± + 2mω (mω − E1 − E− )
cos θ = q q ,
2 E12 − m2π± E−2 − m2π±
òàê êàê E+ = E1 è E0 = mω − E+ − E−. Íî cos2 θ ≤ 1, ÷òî äàåò óñëîâèå
4(E12 −m2π± )(E−2 −m2π± ) ≥ [2E1E− −m2ω −m2π0 +2m2π± +2mω (mω −E1 −E−)]2.
Ïîñëå íåêîòîðîé àëãåáðû, ïîëó÷èì 4E− 2
(m2ω − 2mω E1 + m2π± ) + 4E−(E1 −
mω )(m2ω − 2mω E1 − m2π0 + 2m2π± ) + (m2ω − 2mω E1 − m2π0 + 2m2π± )2 − 4m2π± (E12 −
m2π± ) ≤ 0. Óäîáíî ïåðåéòè ê áåçðàçìåðíûì âåëè÷èíàì
E1 E− mπ± mπ0
x1 = , x= , µ= è µ0 = .
mω mω mω mω
Òîãäà 4x2 (1 − 2x1 + µ2 ) − 4x(1 − x1 )(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µ2 ) + (1 − 2x1 − µ20 +
2µ2 )2 + 4µ2 (x21 − µ2 ) ≤ 0. Íî 16(1 − x1)2(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µ2 )2 − 16(1 − 2x1 +
µ2 )(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µ2)2 − 64µ2(x21 − µ2 )(1 − 2x1 + µ2 ) = 16(x21 − µ2 )[(1 − 2x1 −
µ20 + 2µ2)2 − 4µ2 (1 − 2x1 + µ2 )] è (1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µ2 )2 − 4µ2(1 − 2x1 + µ2 ) =
(1 − 2x1 − µ20 )2 +4µ4 +4µ2(1 − 2x1 − µ20 ) − 4µ2(1 − 2x1 +µ2 ) = (1 − 2x1 − µ20 )2 −
4µ2 µ20 = (1 − 2x1 − µ20 − 2µµ0 )(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µµ0 ). Ïîýòîìó, îêîí÷àòåëüíî,
xmin ≤ x ≤ xmax, ãäå
√
(1 − x1)(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µ2) − D
xmin = ,
2(1 − 2x1 + µ2 )
√
(1 − x1)(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µ2 ) + D
xmax = ,
2(1 − 2x1 + µ2 )
è
D = (x21 − µ2 )(1 − 2x1 − µ20 − 2µµ0 )(1 − 2x1 − µ20 + 2µµ0 ).

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 7
7.1

Åñëè ñîáñòâåííàÿ äëèíà æåëîáà 2L, êîîðäèíàòû ñîáûòèé ïàäåíèÿ øàðîâ â

ñèñòåìå S ðàâíû tL = Lu , xL = −L è tR = Lu , xR = L. Â ñèñòåìå íàáëþäàòåëÿ
(S ′ ) áóäåì èìåòü
L V L V
! !
t′L = γV + L è t′R = γV − L ,
u c2 u c2
57
ò.å. ïðàâûé øàð ïàäàåò ðàíüøå. Íî ïîñëå åãî ïàäåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèå òîêà â
ñå÷åíèè AA íå ìîæåò èçìåíèòüñÿ ìãíîâåííî: èíîðìàöèÿ î òîì, ÷òî êîðîòêîå
çàìûêàíèå èñ÷åçëî äîéäåò íå ðàíüøå, ÷åì ÷åðåç âðåìÿ τ ′ = 2L/γ
c−V .
V

Íî
1 V 1 V 1 V 2 L
" !# " #
t′R +τ ′ = LγV − 2 +2 1+ = LγV + 2+ = t′L +2γV > t′L .
u c c c u c c c
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ê òîìó âðåìåíè êîãäà â ñèñòåìå S ′ ñå÷åíèå AA óçíàåò,
÷òî êîðîòêîå çàìûêàíèå èñ÷åçëî, ëåâûé øàð òîæå îêàæåòñÿ óïàâøèì è
ëàìïî÷êà íå çàæãåòñÿ.

7.2

Ïóñòü ñèãíàë äîãîíÿåò ðàêåòó â ìîìåíò, êîãäà ñêîðîñòü ðàêåòû ðàâíà V .

 ñîïóòñòâóþùåé èíåðöèàëüíîé ÑÎ ÷àñòîòà ñèãíàëà áóäåò ν ′ = γν(1 − β).
Ïîñëå îòðàæåíèÿ, â ýòîé ñèñòåìå ÷àñòîòà íå ïîìåíÿåòñÿ, à èìïóëüñ îòîíà
ïîìåíÿåò çíàê. Ïîýòîìó â Ë-ñèñòåìå ÷àñòîòà îòðàæåííîãî ñèãíàëà áóäåò
1−β
νîòð = γν ′(1 − β) = νγ 2(1 − β)2 = ν.
1+β
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, νîòð = Zν , ãäå

1−β 2
Z= = − 1.
1+β 1+β
Ïîñìîòðèì êàê ìåíÿåòñÿ Z ñî âðåìåíåì.
dZ 2 dβ
=− .
dt (1 + β)2 dt
Íî
dβ g
= 3
dt cγ

58
(óñêîðåíèå ðàêåòû â Ë-ñèñòåìå γ 3 -ðàç ìåíüøå). Ïîýòîìó
√
v
dZ 2g 1 2g u1 − β
u
2g
=− 3 = − (1 − β) t = − (1 − β) Z.
dt cγ (1 + β)2 c 1+β c
Ïåðåéäåì ê çàïàçäûâàþùåìó âðåìåíè t− = t− xc = xc− (âñïîìíèòå ïåðåìåííûå
ñâåòîâîãî êîíóñà). Òîãäà dt− = dt − dx c = (1 − β)dt è óðàâíåíèå äëÿ Z
ïåðåïèøåòñÿ òàê
dZ 2g √
=− Z,
dt− c
èëè
dZ g
√ = − dt−.
2 Z c
Èíòåãðèðóÿ è ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå, ÷òî â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò √ t = 0, x g= 0
è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, t− = 0, Z(0) = 1 (ò.ê. β(0) = 0), ïîëó÷àåì Z−1 = − c t− .
Ñèãíàë ïðîøåë ðàññòîÿíèå x çà âðåìÿ t − τ . Ïîýòîìó x = c(t − τ ) è t− =
√ 2
t − xc = τ . Îêîí÷àòåëüíî, Z = 1 − gτc è Z = 1 − gτc . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,


!2
gτ
νîòð = 1 − ν.
c

7.3

Èìïóëüñû ýëåêòðîíà è ïðîòîíà ïåðåä ñòîëêíîâåíèåì áóäóò pe,x = pe,0 − eEt

è pp,x = eEt. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, pe,x + pp,x = p0 , ãäå p0 = pe,0  íà÷àëüíûé
èìïóëüñ ýëåêòðîíà. àáîòà ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñèë îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî êîíå÷íûìè
è íà÷àëüíûìè ïîëîæåíèÿìè ÷àñòèö. Ïîýòîìó ïåðåä ñòîëêíîâåíèåì ýíåðãèé
÷àñòèö áóäóò Ee = E0 − eEl è Ep = mp c2 + eEl. Ò.å. Ee + Ep = E0 +
mp c2 . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñóììàðíûé 4-èìïóëüñ ïåðåä ñòîëêíîâåíèåì áóäåò
(ïîëîæèëè c = 1) (E0 + mp , p0 , 0, 0). Èç ñîõðàíåíèÿ 4-èìïóëüñà ñëåäóåò
(E0 + mp )2 − p20 = (p′e + p′p + qe+ + qe− )2 , ãäå p′e, p′p  4-èìïóëüñû ýëåêòðîíà
è ïðîòîíà ïîñëå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ, à qe+ , qe−  4-èìïóëüñû íîâûõ ÷àñòèö. Íî

59
(E0 + mp )2 − p20 = E02 − p20 + 2E0mp + m2p = m2e + m2p + 2E0mp è (p′e + p′p +
qe+ + qe− )2 ≥ (me + mp + 2me )2 = 9m2e + m2p + 6me mp (èíâàðèàíòíàÿ ìàññà
(p′e + p′p + qe+ + qe− )2 ìèíèìàëüíà, êîãäà â ñèñòåìå öåíòðà ìàññ âñå ÷àñòèöû
íåïîäâèæíû). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, m2e + m2p + 2E0 mp ≥ 9m2e + m2p + 6me mp è
(âîññòàíîâèëè c)  
m e
E0 ≥ me c2 3 + 4  .
mp

7.4

Ñïåðâà íåêîòîðûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ äëÿ ðàêåòû. Òàê êàê â ñèñòåìå çåìëè óñêîðåíèå
ðàêåòû a = γg3 , òî β̇ ≡ dβ g
dt = cγ 3 . Íî γ̇ = γ β β̇ è
3

d g
(βγ) = β̇γ + β γ̇ = β̇γ(1 + β 2 γ 2) = β̇γ 3 = .
dt c
√ r
2 2
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, βγ = gtc è γ = 1 + β 2 γ 2 = 1 + gc2t . Çà âðåìÿ τ ðàêåòà
óëåòèò íà ðàññòîÿíèå
2
Zτ Zτ Zβ cγ 3 c2 Zβ c2
−3/2
L= V (t)dt = c βdt = c β dβ = (1 − x) dx = (γ − 1).
0 0 0
g 2g 0
g

Ïðè ýòîì ñîáñòâåííîå âðåìÿ ðàêåòû

Zτ dt Zτ dt c gτ
′
t = = r = arcsh .
0
γ 0 1+ g 2 t2 g c
c2

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
v
′
gt′ gt′
     
c gt g 2 t2 1
u
è γ(t) = 1 + 2 = ch  , β 2(t) = 1 − 2 = th2  ,
u
τ = sh   t
g c c c γ c
ò.å.
gt′ 
 

β(t) = th  .
c
Êîîðäèíàòû â ñèñòåìå ðàêåòû S ′ ñîâïàäàþò ñ êîîðäèíàòàìè â ìãíîâåííîé
ñîïóòñòâóþùåé ñèñòåìå S̃ ′ . Íî â ìîìåíò t = 0 íà÷àëà ñèñòåì S è S̃ ′ íå
ñîâïàäàþò è ÷àñû S̃ ′ ïîêàçûâàþò íå íóëü, à íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ

c  gt′ 
 
′ ′ τ ′
t0 = t − = t − th .
γ g c

60
Ïîýòîìó ðàññìîòðèì åùå äâå èíåðöèàëüíûå ñèñòåìû: S̃ ′ 1 êîòîðûé â ìîìåíò
t = 0 íàõîäèëñÿ â òîé æå òî÷êå ñ êîîðäèíàòîé
c2   gt′  c2  gt′   gt′  c2 1 c2
       

x0 = L − V τ = ch − 1 − th
 sh = ′ − ,
g ch gtc
 
g c g c c g

ãäå íàõîäèëñÿ íà÷àëî ñèñòåìû S̃ ′ , íî ÷àñû S̃ ′ 1 ïðè ýòîì ïîêàçûâàëè t′1 = 0.

Âòîðàÿ ñèñòåìà S1 íåïîäâèæíà îòíîñèòåëüíî Çåìëè, íî åå íà÷àëî íàõîäèòñÿ
â òî÷êå ñ êîîðäèíàòîé x0 (â ñèñòåìå Çåìëè). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â ìîìåíò
t = t′1 = 0 íà÷àëà S1 è S̃ ′ 1 ñîâïàäàþò. Ïîýòîìó ñòàíäàðòíûå îðìóëû
ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ Ëîðåíöà ïðèìåíèìû äëÿ ýòèõ ñèñòåì áåç ìîäèèêàöèè
è ïîëó÷àåì x1 = γ(x̃′1 + V t˜′ 1 ) è t1 = γ t˜′ 1 + c2 x̃′1 . Íî x = x0 + x1
V
 

(çàìåòèì, ÷òî x0 < 0) è t = t1 . Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, x̃′1 = x̃′ = x′ è

′
t˜′ 1 = t˜′ − t˜′ 0 = t′ − t˜′ 0 = gc th gtc . Ïîýòîìó

gt′ c2 gt′
   

x1 = ch   x′ + th2  
c g c
è
c2 gt′ c2 gt′ c2
    
1 
x = x1 + x0 = − + ch   x′ + th2   +  ′ =
g c g c g ch2 gtc
gt′   ′ c2  c2
  

= ch  x + − .
c g g
Êðîìå òîãî

gt′   c  gt′  x′  gt′  c  gt′ 

       "
g
#
t = t1 = ch  th + th = sh 1 + 2 x′ .
c g c c c g c c
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷àåì, ÷òî êîîðäèíàòû ñîáûòèÿ (ct′ , x′, y ′ , z ′ ) â ñèñòåìå
ðàêåòû è êîîðäèíàòû (ct, x, y, z) â ñèñòåìå Çåìëè ñâÿçàíû ñîîòíîøåíèÿìè

gt′ gt′ c2 c2
 "   
c g
#
t = sh   1 + 2 x′ , x = ch   x′ +  − , y = y ′ , z = z ′ .
g c c c g g

7.5

Ïîëó÷èì óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ äëÿ çåðêàëà. Çà âðåìÿ dt íà çåðêàëî óïàäåò

ó÷àñòîê ëó÷à ëàçåðà äëèíîé dl = (c − V )dt. Ëàçåð ýòîò ó÷àñòîê èçëó÷èò
çà âðåìÿ dt0 = dlc = (1 − β)dt. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, íà çåðêàëî óïàëî ñâåòîâîé
ýíåðãèè E = N dt0 = N (1 − β)dt, ãäå N  ìîùíîñòü ëàçåðà. Åñëè èç ýòîé

61
ýíåðãèè E ′ îòðàçèëàñü, òî çàêîíû ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýíåðãèè è èìïóëüñà áóäóò
′
èìåòü âèä E + E = E ′ + E + dE è Ec + p = − Ec + p + dp. Îòñþäà d(E + cp) =
2E = 2N (1 − β)dt. Íî E = mc2 γ è p = mcβγ . Ââîäÿ çàïàçäûâàþùåå âðåìÿ
t− = t − xc è çàìå÷àÿ, ÷òî dt− = (1 − β)dt, ïîëó÷àåì
d 2N
[γ(1 + β)] = .
dt− mc2
Îòñþäà v
+β u12N
u
γ(1 + β) = =
t t− + 1,
1−β mc2
ò.ê. â íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò t− = 0 è β = 0. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
2
2N

mc2 t− +1 −1
β= 2 .
2N

t
mc2 −
+1 +1
Çåðêàëî óëåòèò íà ðàññòîÿíèå
Zt Zt−
β
x= cβdt = c dt− .
0 0
1−β

Íî 2
2N

β mc2 t− +1 −1
=
1−β 2
è
t  !2 !3
x 1 Z−  2N mc2
  
2N t−
= t− + 1 − 1 dt− =  t− + 1 − 1 − .
c 20 mc2 12N mc2 2

Îòñþäà
!3
x mc2  2N
 
x
2 + t− = t + = t− + 1 − 1 ,
c c 6N mc2
èëè !3
N 2N
6 2 t+ = t− + 1 − 1,
mc mc2
ãäå t± = t ± xc . Íî
Nx 9 · 109 · 1015 1
3
= 24
= .
mc 1 · 27 · 10 3
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
#3
ct 2 ct
! " !
2 +1 = −1 +1 − 1.
x 3 x
62
Ïóñòü
2 ct
!
− 1 + 1 = τ.
3 x
Äëÿ τ áóäåì èìåòü óðàâíåíèå 3τ + 2 = τ 3 . Èëè 3(τ + 1) = τ 3 + 1 =
(τ + 1)(τ 2 − τ + 1). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, (τ + 1)(τ 2 − τ − 2) = (τ + 1)2(τ − 2) = 0.
Óñòðàèâàåò òîëüêî τ = 2, ò.ê. τ > 0. Ïîýòîìó
ct 3τ − 1 5 5 x 5 1015 5 7
= = è t= = = 10 ñåê.
x 2 2 2c 2 3 · 108 6
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çåðêàëî óëåòèò íà ðàññòîÿíèå 1015 ì çà 56 107 ñåê.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 8
8.1

Ïóñòü êîîðäèíàòû âåðõíåãî êîíöà â íåêîòîðûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè x è y . Â x-

íàïðàâëåíèè íà ñòåðæåíü ñèëà íå äåéñòâóåò, ïîýòîìó öåíòð ìàññ ñòåðæíÿ O
áóäåò ïàäàòü âåðòèêàëüíî è âñåãäà áóäåò íàõîäèòñÿ íà îñè y . Ò.ê. ñòåðæåíü
îäíîðîäíûé, AO = OB è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, A′ O = OB ′ = y2 . Òîãäà èç
2 2
ïðÿìîóãîëüíîãî òðåóãîëüíèêà OB ′ B ïîëó÷àåì x2 + y4 = l4 . Ýòî è åñòü
óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè âåðõíåãî êîíöà è ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ýëëèïñ.

8.2

e2
Ýëåêòðîí ïðèòÿãèâàåòñÿ ê ïëîñêîñòè ñ ñèëîé (2z)2 , ãäå z  ðàññòîÿíèå äî
2
e
ïëîñêîñòè. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ áóäåò mz̈ = − 4z 2 . Óìíîæàåì

63
îáå ÷àñòè íà ż ,

md 2 e2 e2 d 1
!
mż z̈ = (ż ) = − 2 ż = .
2 dt 4z 4 dt z
2
e2
Îòñþäà m2ż − 4z
= const. Íî âíà÷àëå z = H è ż = 0. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
e2
const = − 4H è
mż 2 e2 1 1
!
= − .
2 4 z H
Ïîýòîìó (çàìåòèì, ÷òî ż < 0, ò.ê. îñü z ó íàñ íàïðàâëåíà âåðòèêàëüíî
ââåðõ) v
u 2
dz u e 1 1
!
=− t
− .
dt 2m z H
àçäåëÿåì ïåðåìåííûå è èíòåãðèðóåì
Z0 dz ZH dz
T =− r = r .
e2 1 1 e2 1 1
  
H 2m z
− H 0 2m z
− H

Ñäåëàåì ïîäñòàíîâêó v v
u1 1 u 1
u u
t
− = t tg ϕ,
z H H
ò.å.
1 1 1
= (1 + tg2 ϕ) = 2
è z = H cos2 ϕ.
z H H cos ϕ
Ïîëó÷àåì
π/2
v
H√ t mH
πH u
Z u
T =2 2mH cos2 ϕ dϕ = .
l 0
l 2

8.3

Çàêîí ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýíåðãèè

mẋ2 x
!
+ U0 tg2 = E.
2 a
Îòñþäà v
dx u 2 x
u !!
=t E − U0 tg2
dt m a

64
è (âûáèðàåì íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà òàê, ÷òî â ìîìåíò t = 0 êîîðäèíàòà x = 0)
Zx Zx y
 
m dy m cos a dy
s s
t= r = r  .
2E U0 y 2E E+U0 2 y
 
0 1− E tg2 a 0 1− E sin a

Ñäåëàåì ïîäñòàíîâêó
v
uE + U0 y
u !
t
sin = sin ϕ.
E a
Òîãäà v
1ut E + U0 y
u !
cos dy = cos ϕ dϕ
a E a
è ϕZmax
m cos ϕ dϕ m
v v
u u
t= at = at ϕmax,
u u
2(E + U0) 0
cos ϕ 2(E + U0)
ãäå v
uE + U0 x
u !
sin ϕmax = t
sin .
E a
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
v v 
uE + U0 x u 2(E + U0 ) t
u ! u
t
sin = sin  t 
E a m a
 

è, îêîí÷àòåëüíî,
v v 
E t 2(E + U 0 ) t 
u u
u
u
x= a arcsin t sin  .
E + U0 m a

8.4

àññìîòðèì ñíà÷àëà äâèæåíèå øàðèêà âíèç. Îñü x íàïðàâèì âíèç. Èçìåíåíèå

êèíåòè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè øàðèêà
mV 2
∆ = mg∆x − αV 2∆x.
2
2
Íî ∆ mV2 = mV ∆V è ïîëó÷àåì mV dV
dx
= mg − αV 2. Îòñþäà mV dV
mg−αV 2
= dx è
VZmax 1 2 2
 
2 mdV m  αVmax
H= = − ln 1 − .
0
mg − αV 2 2α mg

65
Ýòî îïðåäåëÿåò ñêîðîñòü øàðèêà ïåðåä óäàðîì
2 mg  2αH

Vmax = 1 − e− m .
α
Ò.ê. óäàð óïðóãèé, øàðèê îòñêî÷èò ñ òàêîé æå ñêîðîñòüþ. àññìîòðèì
òåïåðü äâèæåíèå ââåðõ. Îñü x íàïðàâèì ââåðõ. Áóäåì èìåòü
mV 2
∆ = −mg∆x − αV 2 ∆x.
2
dV
Èëè mV dx = −(mg + αV 2 ). Îòñþäà âûñîòà ïîäúåìà
Zh Z0 1 2 2
 
2 mdV m  αVmax
h= dx = − 2
= ln 1 + .
0 Vmax
mg + αV 2α mg
Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ Vmax
2
, îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷àåì
m  2αH

h= ln 2 − e− m .
2α

8.5

~
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî dL
dt
= ~r × d~
p
dt
, ò.ê. d~r
dt
× p~ = V~ × p~ = 0. Íî
d~p e ~ ~
~ = eg V × ~r .
= V ×B
dt c c r3
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
dL ~ eg
= 3 ~r × (V~ × ~r).
dt cr
~ × ~r) = r2 V~ − (~r · V~ )~r, ïîëó÷àåì
Èñïîëüçóÿ ~r × (V
~ eg  ~r˙ ~r · ~r˙ 
 
dL
= − 3 ~r .
dt c r r
Íî ~r · ~r˙ = 1 d
r 2)
2 dt (~ = 1 d 2
2 dt (r ) = rṙ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì
~ eg  ~r˙
 
dL ṙ  eg d ~r
!
= − ~r = .
dt c r r2 c dt r
èëè
d ~ eg ~r ~ − eg ~r = L ~ 0 − eg ~r0 ,
!
L− =0 è L
dt c r c r c r0
ãäå L0 è r0 åñòü çíà÷åíèÿ ìîìåíòà èìïóëüñà è ðàäèóñ-âåêòîðà â íà÷àëüíûé
ìîìåíò âðåìåíè. Îêîí÷àòåëüíî,
eg ~
r ~
r
!
~ =L~0 + 0
L − .
c r r0

66
8.6

Ñîãëàñíî ðåøåíèþ çàäà÷è 5.29 èç [1℄,

eEc2 t E0V0
Vx = q 2 è Vy = q .
E0 + (eEct)2 E02 + (eEct)2
Îòñþäà
v 
Zt Zt 2 !2
u
1 d(eEct) E0  u
eEct
x= Vx dt = = t1 + − 1
u 
q
0
2eE 0 E02 + (eEct)2 eE 
E0 

è
Zt
E0V0 Zt d(eEct) E0V0 eEct
y= Vy dt = q = arcsh .
0
eEc 0 E02 + (eEct)2 eEc E0
Èç âòîðîãî óðàâíåíèÿ
eEct eEcy
= sh
E0 E0 V0
ïîäñòàâèì â ïåðâîì:
E0 eEcy
!
x= ch −1 .
eE E0 V0
Ýòî è åñòü óðàâíåíèå òðàåêòîðèè.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 9
9.1

Ïóñòü ïîðøíè ñäâèíóëèñü ñïðàâà íà x. Îáúåì âîçäóõà ìåæäó ïîðøíÿìè

ñòàíåò V ′ = V − S1 x + S2 x = V − (S1 − S2 )x, à äàâëåíèå
pV p p
p′ = = ≈ p + (S1 − S2)x.
V′ 1 − V1 (S1 − S2 )x V
Âîçâðàùàþùàÿ ñèëà áóäåò
p
F = S1p′ + S2 p − S1p − S2 p′ = (S1 − S2 )(p′ − p) ≈ (S1 − S2 )2x.
V
p
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ýåêòèâíûé êîýèöèåíò æåñòêîñòè k = V (S1 − S2 ) 2 è
÷àñòîòà v
uk p
u s
ω= t
= (S1 − S2).
m mV

67
9.2

 ïðåäåëå áåñêîíå÷íî ëåãêîé ñãèáàåìîñòè êàíàòà, ìåæäó ÷àñòÿìè AB è BC

íåò óïðóãîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ.

Ïîýòîìó, ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî èìïóëüñà ñèëû, êîòîðûé ñîîáùàåò

âåðõíåé ïîëîâèíå ñêîðîñòü V , â òî÷êå A ñèëà íàòÿæåíèÿ èñ÷åçíåò (AB
ïîêîèòñÿ è ñî ñòîðîíû BC íà íåãî íå äåéñòâóåò ñèëà. Ïîýòîìó è â òî÷êå
A íå ìîæåò äåéñòâîâàòü íà AB íèêàêàÿ ñèëà). Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî èìïóëüñ
êàíàòà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ. Åñëè C îòñòîèò îò êîíöà òðóáêè íà x, òî AB = 21 (L +
x) (ýòî ñëåäóåò èç L = x + 2BC ). Ïîýòîìó ñêîðîñòü òî÷êè èçãèáà 2-
ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì ẋ è êîãäà îíà ðàâíà u, âåðõíÿÿ ïîëîâèíà äâèæåòñÿ ñî
1 M M V0
ñêîðîñòüþ 2u. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, 2 (L − x) L 2u = 2 V0 . Îòñþäà x = 1 − 2u L
 

è
V0
!
AB = L 1 − .
4u

9.3

Ïóñòü òåëî ñìåñòèëîñü íà x. Íîâàÿ äëèíà ïðóæèíû

v
x x
q q u !
l= h2 + (x0 + x)2 ≈ l02 + 2x0x = l0 t1 + 2 cos α0 ≈ l0 1 + cos α0 ,
u
l0 l0
ò.ê. x ≪ x0 è x0 = l0 cos α0 . Ñèëà íàòÿæåíèÿ ïðóæèíû F = k∆l =
k(l − l0) ≈ k cos α0 x. Åå ïðîåêöèÿ íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíîå íàïðàâëåíèå Fx =
F cos α ≈ k cos2 α0 x. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ýåêòèâíûé êîýèöèåíò æåñòêîñòè

68
äëÿ ãîðèçîíòàëüíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ ký = k cos2 α0 è ÷àñòîòà
v v
uk
t ý k
u u
u
ω= = t
cos α0 .
m m

9.4

Ïåðèîä äâèæåíèÿ
√ Zx2 √ x
dx ∂ Z 2q
T = 2m q = 2 2m E − U (x) dx.
x1 E − U (x) ∂E x1

Èçìåíåíèå ïåðèîäà
√ ∂
∆T = 2 2m ∆I,
∂E
ãäå
x2Z+δx2 Zx2 q
√
∆I = E − U − δU dx − E − U (x) dx.
x1 +δx1 x1

Íî
√ √
 
δU
E − U − δU ≈ E − U 1 − 
2(E − U )
è
x2Z+δx2 Zx2 √
√
E − U dx − E − U dx ≈ 0,
x1 +δx1 x1
òàê êàê
x2Z+δx2 Zx1
√ √
E − U dx è E − U dx
x2 x1 +δx1
√
âåëè÷èíû âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà ìàëîñòè (âáëèçè òî÷åê ïîâîðîòà E − U ≈ 0).
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
x x
1 Z 2 δU mβ Z 2 x4dx
∆I ≈ − √ dx ≈ − r .
2 x1 E − U 8 x1 E − mω2x2
2
r
mω 2
Ïîñëå ïîäñòàíîâêè y = 2E x, áóäåì èìåòü

Z1
βE 2 y 4 dy 2βE 2 Z1 y 4 dy
∆I ≈ − √ √ =− √ √ .
2m m ω 5 −1 1 − y 2 2m m ω 5 0 1 − y 2

69
Åñëè ñäåëàòü åùå îäíó ïîäñòàíîâêó y = sin θ , ïîëó÷èì
π/2
2βE 2 Z
∆I ≈ − √ sin4 θ dθ.
2m m ω 5 0

Íî
1 1 1
" #
sin θ = (1 − cos 2θ)2 =
4
1 − 2 cos 2θ + (1 + cos 4θ)
4 4 2
è
π/2
Z π/2
Z
cos 2θ dθ = cos 4θ dθ = 0.
0 0
Ïîýòîìó
π/2
π1 1 3π
Z !
4
sin θ dθ = 1+ =
0
24 2 16
è
3βE 2π
∆I ≈ − √ .
8 2m m ω 5
Òîãäà
√ ∂ 3πβE
∆T = 2 2m ∆I ≈ − .
∂E 2mω 5
Ò.å. íîâûé ïåðèîä
2π 3πβE 2π 3 βE
!
T = − = 1 − .
ω 2mω 5 ω 4 mω 4
βE
Ïîïðàâêà ìàëà, åñëè mω 4 ≪ 1.

9.5

Ïóñòü ýíåðãèÿ îòîíà E . Ò.ê. ïîñëå ðåàêöèè ïðîäóêòû ïîêîÿòñÿ, èìïóëüñ

ýëåêòðîíà ïî âåëè÷èíå √
ðàâåí èìïóëüñó îòîíà E (ïîëîæèëè c = 1), à
Ee = m2 + E 2, ãäå m  ìàññà ýëåêòðîíà. Çàêîí ñîõðàíåíèÿ
ýíåðãèÿ ýëåêòðîíà√
ýíåðãèè äàåò E + m2 + E 2 = 3m. Îòñþäà (âîññòàíîâèëè c)
4
E = mc2 .
3

70
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 10
10.1

l
ñìåñòèëè èç ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ íà CD = x. Ò.ê. AE =
Ïóñòü √ 2
è
3
ED = 2
l, óäëèíåíèå íèòè áóäåò
√
v
u 2 v
u l 2 √ √
!2
3 x
u ! u
u
∆l = 2t
u
+  l + x + l − 2l = l 1 + t
3+2 −l ≈l+ 3 x.
2 2 l

Âîçâðàùàþùàÿ ñèëà
√ áóäåò F = 2T cos(α + ∆α) − mg , ãäå α◦ + ∆α = ECB ,
6

T = k∆l = k(l + 3 x). Â ïîëîæåíèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ 2kl cos 30 = mg . Ïîýòîìó

mg mg mg √
k= = √ è T = √ (l + 3 x).
2l cos 30◦ 3l 3l
Äàëåå,
√
3
√ √
2 l+x 3 + 2 xl 1 3 x
cos (α + ∆α) = r √ ≈ r √ x ≈ 2 + 4l .
( 23 l + x)2 + ( 2l )2 2 1+ 3 l

Ïîýòîìó âîçâðàùàþùàÿ ñèëà ðàâíà

√ √
√
 
mg 3 x 2mg 3 7 7mg
F = 2 √ (l + 3 x)  +  − mg = √  l + x − mg = √ x.
3l 2 4l 3l 2 4 2 3l
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ýåêòèâíûé êîýèöèåíò æåñòêîñòè
7mg
ký = √
2 3l
è ÷àñòîòà ìàëûõ êîëåáàíèé ðàâíà
v
uk
v
t ý 7g
u u
√ .
u
ω= = t
m 2 3l

71
10.2

m
Ïåðåäàííàÿ ýíåðãèÿ E = 2 |z| ,
2
ãäå

F0 iωt Zt − t′22 −iωt′ ′

z= e e τ e dt , t → ∞.
m −∞

Íî |eiωt | = 1, ïîýòîìó
 2
 Z∞
F02

′2
− tτ 2 −iωt′
|z|2 = ′
 

e dt  .
m2


−∞ 

Íî
!2 !2 2
t′2 t′2 t′ τ t′ ω2τ 2

′ iωτ iωτ ωτ 
+ iωt = + 2iω + − =  +i + .
τ2 τ2 τ 2 2 2 τ 2 4
Ïîýòîìó
Z∞ ′2 2 2 Z∞ ′ 2 2 Z∞ √ ω2 τ 2
− tτ 2 −iωt′ ′ − ω 4τ −( tτ +i ωτ
2 )
2
′ − ω 4τ 2
e dt = e e dt = τ e e−z dz = π τ e− 4 .
−∞ −∞ −∞

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïåðåäàåòñÿ ýíåðãèÿ

πF02 2 − ω2τ 2
E(τ ) = τ e 2 .
2m
Íàéäåì ìàêñèìóì óíêöèè f (x) = xe−αx . f ′(x) = e−αx − αxe−αx = 0 äàåò
x = α1 . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìàêñèìàëüíî ýåêòèâíî ýíåðãèÿ ïåðåäàåòñÿ ïðè

2 2 πF02 2 −1 πF02
τ = 2 è Emax = e = .
ω 2m ω 2 mω 2 e

10.3

Óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ
α F (t)
ẍ + ω 2 x +
ẋ = .
m m
α
Îáîçíà÷èì m = 2β . Íàäî ðåøèòü óðàâíåíèå
F (t)
ẍ + 2β ẋ + ω 2 x = .
m

72
Ïóñòü z = ẋ + λ1 x è ïîäáåðåì λ2 òàê, ÷òîáû áûëî ż + λ2 z = ẍ + 2β ẋ + ω 2 x.
Íî ż + λ2 z = ẍ + λ1 ẋ + λ2 ẋ + λ1 λ2 x. Ò.å.

 2β = λ1 + λ2
 ω 2 = λ1 λ2

è λ1 , λ2 åñòü ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ λ2 − 2βλ + ω 2 = 0. Ò.å.

q q
λ1,2 = β ± β2 − ω2 = β ± iΩ, ãäå Ω = ω 2 − β 2.

Áóäåì ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ω > β , ò.å. òðåíèå ìàëåíüêîå. Ïóñòü λ1 = β + iΩ

è λ2 = β − iΩ. Òîãäà z = ẋ + βx + iΩx è óðàâíåíèå áóäåò
F (t)
ż + (β − iΩ)z = .
m
åøåíèå îäíîðîäíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî e−(β−iΩ)t . Ïîýòîìó âîçüìåì
z = A(t)e−(β−iΩ)t. Äëÿ A(t) ïîëó÷èì óðàâíåíèå
F (t) (β−iΩ)t
Ȧ(t) = e .
m
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî
 
 Zt F (t′ ) (β−iΩ)t′ ′ 
z = e−(β−iΩ)t z0 +
 
e dt  .

0
m 

10.4

aaaaa
aaaaa
aaaaa
aaaaa
Ïóñòü M  ìàññà ïåñî÷íûõ ÷àñîâ (âêëþ÷àÿ ïåñîê). Ïîëîæåíèå öåíòðà ìàññ
îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì
yZ1 (t) yZ2 (t)
Myö.ì. = yρS(y)dy + yρS(y)dy + C,
0 h

73
ãäå h  âûñîòà óçêîãî ìåñòà ÷àñîâ, ρ  ïëîòíîñòü ïåñêà, S(y) åñòü ïîïåðå÷íîå
ñå÷åíèå ÷àñîâ íà âûñîòå y è C ñîîòâåòñòâóåò âêëàäó â Myö.ì. îò êàðêàñà
ïåñî÷íûõ ÷àñîâ è îò òîé ÷àñòè ïåñêà, êîòîðàÿ â ïîëåòå. Ò.ê. ïîòîê ñòàöèîíàðíûé,
C íå çàâèñèò îò âðåìåíè. Çàìåòèì, ÷òî
fZ(t) f (t+∆t) fZ(t)
 
d 1  Z
F (x)dx = lim F (x)dx − F (x)dx =
dt ∆t→0 ∆t

0 0 0
′
f (t)+f
Z (t)∆t
1
= lim F (x)dx = f ′ (t)F [f (t)],
∆t→0 ∆t
f (t)
ò.ê.
a+∆a
Z
′
f (t + ∆t) ≈ f (t) + f (t)∆t è F (x)dx ≈ F (a)∆a.
a
Ïîýòîìó áóäåì èìåòü
M ẏö.ì. = ρ [y˙1 y1S(y1 ) + y˙2 y2 S(y2)] .
Åñëè ïîòîê ïåñêà ðàâåí µ, òî µ = ρS(y1 ) y˙1 = −ρS(y2 ) y˙2 , ò.ê. ρS(y1 )∆y1 =
ρS(y2 )(−∆y2) åñòü êîëè÷åñòâî ïåñêà, êîòîðîå ïåðåíîñèòñÿ èç âåðõíåé ïîëîâèíû
â íèæíþþ çà âðåìÿ ∆t. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, M ẏö.ì. = µ(y1 − y2 ).  íà÷àëüíûé
µ
ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ẏö.ì. = − M H , H - âûñîòà ÷àñîâ (âåðíåå, âûñîòà âåðõíåãî
óðîâíÿ ïåñêà ïðè t = 0). Ýòó ñêîðîñòü öåíòð ìàññ ïðèîáðåòàåò â íà÷àëüíûé
ïåðèîä óñòàíîâëåíèÿ ñòàöèîíàðíîãî ïîòîêà. Äèåðåíöèðóÿ åùå ðàç, èìååì
M ÿö.ì. = µ(y˙1 − y˙2). Íî
µ µ
y˙1 = è y˙2 = − .
ρS(y1 ) ρS(y2 )
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
µ2  1
 
1 
M ÿö.ì. = + > 0.
ρ S(y1) S(y2)
Ò.å. óñêîðåíèå íàïðàâëåíî ââåðõ, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî ÷òî öåíòð ìàññ îïóñêàåòñÿ
âíèç. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, M ÿö.ì. = F − Mg , ãäå F - ïîêàçàíèå âåñîâ.
Ïîýòîìó F > Mg âñåãäà, ïîêà ñóùåñòâóåò ñòàöèîíàðíûé ïîòîê ïåñêà.

10.5

Ýíåðãèÿ E = mc2 γ + 12 mω 2 x2 ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ.  íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò x = A è

γ = 1, ïîýòîìó E = mc2 + 12 mω 2 A2. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
E ω2 2 ω2 2
γ= 2
− 2
x = 1 + 2
(A − x2).
mc 2c 2c
74
Ïåðèîä êîëåáàíèé
ZA
dx 4 ZA dx
T =4 = .
0
V c0 β
√
γ 2 −1
r
1
Íî β = 1− γ2 = γ . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,

4 ZA γ 8c d ZA q 2
T = √ dx = 2 2 γ − 1 dx.
c 0 γ2 − 1 ω dA 0

Ò.ê.
ω2 2
y = 2 (A − x2) ≪ 1,
2c
òî v
y y
q q u ! !
q
γ 2 − 1 = (1 + y)2 − 1 ≈
u
t2y 1+ ≈ 2y 1 + .
2 4
Ïîýòîìó T = T0 + T1 , ãäå
v
Au
8c d Z u ω2 8 d ZA √ 2
T0 = 2 2
t
2
(A2 − x2 ) dx = 2
A − x2 dx.
ω dA 0 c ω dA 0

Ñäåëàåì ïîäñòàíîâêó x = A sin ϕ. Òîãäà

π π
ZA √ 2 Z2
Z2
2 2 A πA2
A2 − x2 dx = A cos ϕ dϕ = (1 + cos 2ϕ) dϕ =
0 0
2 0
4
2π
è T0 = ω.
π
 
ω d ZA ω d  4 Z2
2 2 3/2 4
T1 = (A − x ) dx = A cos ϕ dϕ .

c2 dA2 0 c2 dA2 
0


Íî #2
1 1 1
" " #
4
cos ϕ = (1 + cos 2ϕ) = 1 + 2 cos 2ϕ + (1 + cos 4ϕ)
2 4 2
è π
Z2 π1 1 3
!
4
cos ϕ dϕ = 1+ = π.
0
24 2 16
Äàëåå,
dA4 2 3π ωA2
= 2A è T1 = .
dA2 8 c2

75
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî,
3 ω 2 A2 
 
2π 
T = 1+ .
ω 16 c2
Çàìå÷àíèå:

d ZA q 2 ZA ∂ q 2 dA q 2
! 

2
γ − 1 dx = 2
γ − 1 dx + 2
γ (x, A) − 1 
 .
dA 0 0
∂A dA 
x=A

Íî âòîðîé ÷ëåí çàíóëÿåòñÿ, ò.ê. γ(x, A) = 1 ïðè x = A.

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 11
11.1

Ïóñòü x1 è x2 ñìåùåíèÿ øàðèêîâ èç ïîëîæåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ (ò. ê. êîëåáàíèÿ

ìàëåíüêèå, âåðòèêàëüíûìè ñìåøåíèÿìè ïðåíåáðåãàåì). Óðàâíåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ
áóäóò mx¨1 = −mω 2 x1 + k(x2 − x1 ) è mx¨2 = −mω 2 x2 − k(x2 − x1 ) èëè
x¨1 + ω 2 + mk x1 = mk x2, x¨2 + ω 2 + mk x2 = mk x1. Ââîäÿ íîâûå ïåðåìåííûå
k
X = x1 + x2 è x = x1 − x2, ïîëó÷àåì Ẍ + ω 2X = 0 è ẍ + ω 2 + 2 m x = 0. Â
 

íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè x1 (0) = A, x2 (0) = 0, x˙1 = x˙2 = 0. Ò.å.

r
X(0) =
k
x(0) = A è Ẋ0 = x˙0 = 0. Ïîýòîìó X(t) = A cos ωt è x(t) = A cos ω 2 + 2 m t.
Íî x1 (t) = (X + x)/2, x2 = (X − x)/2. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
 v 
A k 
u
u
x1 = cos ωt + cos tω 2 +2 t
2 m
è  v 
A k
u
u
x2(t) = cos ωt − cos tω 2 + 2 t .
2 m
Íî v
k k
u
u
t 2
ω +2 ≈ω+
m mω
è
α+β α−β α+β β−α
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos , cos α − cos β = 2 sin sin .
2 2 2 2
Ïîýòîìó
kt kt
x1(t) ≈ A cos ωt cos , x2(t) = A sin ωt sin .
2mω 2mω
76
 kt
Ýòî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî êîãäà 2mω = π2 , êîëåáàíèÿ ïåðâîãî øàðèêà çàòóõàþò, à
êîëåáàíèÿ âòîðîãî ìàêñèìàëüíû. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ÷åðåç âðåìÿ

πmω mω 2
t= =T
k 2k
2π
êîëåáàíèÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåéäóò êî âòîðîìó ìàÿòíèêó. Çäåñü T = ω
åñòü
ïåðèîä êîëåáàíèé, êîãäà øàðèêè íå ñâÿçàíû.

11.2

Ïåðåéäåì ê öèëèíäðè÷åñêèì êîîðäèíàòàì. Òîãäà V 2 = ρ̇2 + ρ2 ϕ̇2 + ż 2 è

xẏ − y ẋ = ρ cos ϕ (ρ̇ sin ϕ + ρϕ̇ cos ϕ) − ρ sin ϕ (ρ̇ cos ϕ − ρϕ̇ sin ϕ) = ρ2 ϕ̇.
Ïîýòîìó
m qB 2
L = (ρ̇2 + ρ2 ϕ̇2 + ż 2 ) + ρ ϕ̇
2 2c
è îáîáùåííûé èìïóëüñ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé êîîðäèíàòå ϕ, áóäåò
∂L qB 2
pϕ = = mρ2 ϕ̇ + ρ.
∂ ϕ̇ 2c
pϕ dϕ àäèàáàòè÷åñêèé èíâàðèàíò. Íî êîãäà ýëåêòðîí âðàùàåòñÿ â ìàãíèòíîì
H

ïîëå B , åãî óãëîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü ω = ϕ̇ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èç mω 2 ρ = qc V B = qB

c ωρ.
qB
Ò.å. ϕ̇ = mc . Ïîýòîìó

qB 2 qB 2 qB
I I !
pϕ dϕ = ρ + ρ dϕ = 3π ρ2 .
c 2c c
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðîèçâåäåíèå Bρ2 ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíâàðèàíòîì
√ è êîãäà ïîëå óâåëè÷èòñÿ
â äâà ðàçà, ðàäèóñ îðáèòû ýëåêòðîíà óìåíüøèòñÿ 2 ðàçà. Çàìåòèì, ÷òî
èíâàðèàíòíîñòü ρ2 B îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ïîòîê ìàãíèòíîé èíäóêöèè ñêâîçü îðáèòó
ýëåêòðîíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ àäèàáàòè÷åñêèì èíâàðèàíòîì.

11.3

Íà êîëüöî äåéñòâóåò êàê ñèëà

√ 2 ïðèòÿæåíèÿ mg , òàê è ñèëà ðåàêöèè N .
Ïîýòîìó ñèëà òðåíèÿ F = µ N + m g . Íî N ñîîáùàåò êîëüöó öåíòðîñòðåìèòåëüíî
2 2

77
óñêîðåíèå. Ïîýòîìó mV 2 /R = N è
v
V4
u
u
F = µmg t1 + 2 2.
g R
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñêîðîñòü êîëüöà óìåíüøàåòñÿ ïî çàêîíó
v
dV V4
u
u
m = −F = −µmg t1 + 2 2
dt g R
è êîëüöî îñòàíîâèòñÿ ÷åðåç âðåìÿ
ZV0 ZV0 V4  V05 
   
1 dV 1 1 
T = r ≈ 1 − 2 2 dV = V0 − .
µg 0 1 + gV2 R2
4
µg 0
2g R µg 10g 2R2

Îêîí÷àòåëüíî
V04 
 
V0 
T = 1− .
µg 10g 2R2

11.4

àññìîòðèì ïðîöåññ òåïëîâîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ ñâèíöîâîãî ëèñòà. ïóñòü ïðè

ýòîì òî÷êà C íà ðàñòîÿíèè x îò âåðõíåãî êðàÿ íåïîäâèæíà îòíîñèòåëüíî
êðûøè. òîãäà ó÷àñòîê AC ïðè ðàñøèðåíèè äâèæåòñÿ ââåðõ, à ó÷àñòîê CB
âíèç. Ýòî îïðåäåëÿåò íàïðàâëåíèå ñèë òðåíèÿ äåéñòâóþùèõ íà íèõ. Òàê
êàê óñêîðåíèÿ öåíòð ìàññ AC è CB î÷åíü ìàëåíüêèå, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî
äåéñòâóþùèå íà íèõ ñèëû óðàâíîâåøåíû. Äëÿ AC ýòî äàåò óðàâíåíèå
m m
xg sin ϕ + µ xg cos ϕ − T = 0,
l l
ãäå T åñòü ñèëà ñ êîòîðîé CB äåéñòâóåò íà AC . Àíàëîãè÷íî äëÿ CB áóäåì
èìåòü
m m
(l − x)g sin ϕ − µ (l − x)g cos ϕ + T = 0.
l l
78
Ñêëàäûâàÿ ýòè óðàâíåíèÿ, ïîëó÷àåì
m m
lg sin ϕ − µ (l − 2x)g cos ϕ = 0.
l l
Îòñþäà
l tg ϕ
!
x= 1− .
2 µ
åñëè òåìïåðàòóðà óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ íà ∆t, äëèíà ëèñòà ñòàíåò l′ = (1 + α∆t)l.

Ïðè ýòîì åãî öåíòð ìàññ ñìåñòèòñÿ, êàê ïîêàçûâàåò

 ðèñóíîê. Ñìåøåíèå
 ′ ′
ðàâíî ∆ = l2 − x′ − 2l − x , ãäå x′ = l2 1 − tgµϕ . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
  

tg ϕ ′ tg ϕ
∆= (l − l) = α∆t l .
2µ 2µ
Êîãäà òåìïåðàòóðà ïîíèæàåòñÿ, ó÷àñòîê AC äâèæåòñÿ âíèç, à ó÷àñòîê CB
ââåðõ. Ïîýòîìó óðàâíåíèÿ áóäóò (ìû èñïîëüçóåì òå æå ñàìèå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ
x è T , õîòÿ ÷èñëåííî îíè ìîãóò áûòü äðóãèìè):
m m m m
xg sin ϕ−µ xg cos ϕ+T = 0 è (l −x)g sin ϕ+µ (l −x)g cos ϕ−T = 0.
l l l l
 
2x tg ϕ l tg ϕ
Îòñþäà l =1+ µ èx= 2 1+ µ . Ñìåùåíèå öåíòðà ìàññ âíèç áóäåò

l′  tg ϕ
 
l tg ϕ
!
′ ′
∆ = x− − x −
 = (l − l′) = α∆t l = ∆.
2 2 2µ 2µ
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, çà îäíè ñóòêè öåíòð ìàññ ñìåùàåòñÿ âíèç íà
tg ϕ
2∆ = αl ∆t .
µ
Çà N ñóòîê ñìåøåíèå ñîñòàâèò
tg ϕ
αN l ∆t .
µ

79
11.5

Ýíåðãèÿ è èìïóëüñ ïîäñèñòåìû (ντ γ) îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ èç çàêîíîâ ñîõðàíåíèÿ

ýíåðãèè è èìïóëüñà ïðè ðàñïàäå τ − → (π − π 0 ) + (ντ γ) è ðàâíû E = m2τ ,
r √
mτ 2 5
(ïîëîæèëè c = 1). Äàëüøå ðàññìîòðèì ðàñïàä
 
p= E2 − 3 = 6 mτ
m2τ
(ντ γ) → ντ + γ . Ñ ó÷åòîì (pνγ − pγ )2 = p2ν = 0, p2νγ = m2νγ = 9 , p2ν = 0 è
pνγ · pγ = EEγ − p~ · p~γ = Eγ (E − p cos θ), ïîëó÷àåì
m2τ
− 2Eγ (E − p cos θ) = 0.
9
Ïîýòîìó
m2τ
Eγ =
18(E − p cos θ)
è, òàê êàê E 2 − p2 = m2νγ = 19 m2τ ,
m2τ 1 m2τ 1
Eγ,min = = (E − p), Eγ,max = = (E + p).
18(E + p) 2 18(E − p) 2
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî (âîññòàíîâèëè c),
√  √ 
mτ c2  mτ c2 
 
5 5
1− ≤ Eγ ≤ 1+ .
4 3 4 3

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 12
12.1

Ïóñòü êîñìè÷åñêèé àïïàðàò íàõîäèòüñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè r îò öåíòðà Çåìëè è

~ ñîñòàâëÿåò óãîë ϕ ñ íàïðàâëåíèåì íà öåíòð. Àïïàðàò óïàäåò
åãî ñêîðîñòü V
p
íà Çåìëþ, åñëè rmin = 1+e ≤ R, R  ðàäèóñ Çåìëè. Íî
v v
2EL2 u 2Ep
u u
u
e= t
1+ = t
1 + .
mα2 α
80
Ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷àåì
p2
!2
p p 2Ep
−1 = 2 − 2 + 1 ≤ e2 = 1 + .
R R R α
Èëè
p 2 α
!
≤ E + .
R2 α R
Ó÷òåì çäåñü
mV 2 α L2 mV 2 2
E= − è p= = sin ϕ r2 ,
2 r mα α
áóäåì èìåòü
2
 
2r α
mV 2
sin2 ϕ − 1 ≤ 2 (r − R).
R rR
Ýòî íåðàâåíñòâî áóäåò óäîâëåòâîðÿòüñÿ ïðè ëþáîì çíà÷åíèè V , òîëüêî åñëè
r2
2 r
sin ϕ 2 − 1 ≤ 0, èëè sin ϕ ≤ .
R R
Ò.å. âåêòîð ñêîðîñòè àïïàðàòà äîëæåí ëåæàòü âíóòðè òåëåñíîãî óãëà, ñ
êîòîðûì Çåìëÿ âèäíà èç àïïàðàòà.

12.2

Èç íåðàâåíñòâ
m 2
E= (ṙ + r2 ϕ̇2) + U (r)
2
è L = mr2 ϕ̇, ïîëó÷àåì
!2
E 1 dr 1 U (r)
2
= 4
+ 2
+ 2 .
L 2mr dϕ 2mr L
Íî !2 !2
1 dr ds 1
= , ãäå s = .
r4 dϕ dϕ r
Ïîýòîìó
!2
L2  ds
 

U =E− + s2 .
2m dϕ
Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ çäåñü
1
s= [1 + e cos (εϕ)] ,
p
ïîëó÷àåì
L 2 ε2 2 L2 (1 − ε2) L2ε2 1
U (r) = E − (e − 1) − − .
2mp2 2mr2 mp r

81
12.3

Óãîë ϕ îòñ÷èòûâàåì îò îñè x. Ïðè äâèæåíèè ðàêåòû ϕ̇ < 0, ïîýòîìó â

êà÷åñòâå âåêòîðà àìèëüòîíà áåðåì
α̃
~u = V~ + ~eϕ .
L
Çäåñü α̃ = GmM (òàê îáîçíà÷èëè, ò.ê. α ó íàñ îáîçíà÷àåò óãîë). Ñîõðàíåíèå
åãî x-ïðîåêöèè äàåò
α̃
V cos α − = −V cos β
L
(íà ïîëþñå è íà ýêâàòîðå âåëè÷èíà ñêîðîñòè ðàêåòû áóäåò îäíî è òîæå, èç
ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýíåðãèè). Ñîõðàíåíèå y -ïðîåêöèè äàåò
α̃
V sin α = − V sin β.
L
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
α̃
sin α + sin β = = cos α + cos β.
VL
Èëè
α+β α−β α+β α−β
2 sin cos = 2 cos cos .
2 2 2 2
Îòñþäà tg α+β
2 = 1, è β = π2 − α. Òîãäà
α̃ α̃
sin α + sin β = sin α + cos α = = 2
.
V L mV R cos α
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
α̃
V2 =
mR cos α (cos α + sin α)

82
ìèíèìàëüíà, êîãäà ìàêñèìàëüíà cos α(cos α + sin α). Íî
d
[cos α (cos α + sin α)] = −2 cos α sin α + cos 2α = cos 2α − sin 2α = 0
dα
äàåò tg 2α = 1 è α = π8 . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îïòèìàëüíûé óãîë çàïóñêà ðàêåòû
ñîñòàâëÿåò π8 .

12.4

Ìîìåíò èìïóëüñà L = mr2 ϕ̇. Íî 12 r2 dϕ åñòü ïëîùàäü ñåêòîðà OAB . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,

1R 2 L R LT
2 r dϕ = 2m dt îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî 2m =ïëîùàäü ýëëèïñà =πab, ãäå T - ïåðèîä
îáðàùåíèÿ.

√
a2 −b2
Íî èç e = a ñëåäóåò, ÷òî
v
√ u 2EL2
u s
a
b = a 1 − e2 = at− = L ,
mα2 mα
ò.ê. v
2EL2 α
u
è E=− .
u
e= t
1+ 2
mα 2a
Ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷àåì
m √
s
T = 2π
a a.
α
Ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè çàäà÷è äâóõ òåë (Ñîëíöå ñ ìàññîé M è ïëàíåòà ñ ìàññîé
mM
m), â ïðåäûäóùèõ îðìóëàõ ìû äîëæíû ñäåëàòü çàìåíó m → µ = m+M è
α = GmM . Ïîýòîìó áóäåì èìåòü
a
v
u
T = 2π t a.
u
G(m + M)
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
T12 m2 + M a31
= .
T22 m1 + M a32

83
Òðåòèé çàêîí Êåïëåðà
T12 a31
= 3
T22 a2
ïîëó÷èòñÿ, òîëüêî åñëè ïðåíåáðå÷ü ìàññàìè ïëàíåò ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ìàññîé
Ñîëíöà.

12.5

Òàê êàê
α α
E=− =− ,
2a rmin + rmax
ýíåðãèè ñïóòíèêîâ ðàâíû
α mV12 α α mV22 α
E1 = − = − è E2 = − = − ,
2R 2 R 8R 2 R
ãäå V1 è V2 èõ ñêîðîñòè â ïåðèãåå è α = GmM . Îòñþäà
v
α 7α
s u
è V2 =
u
V1 = t
.
mR 4mR
Èç ñîõðàíåíèÿ èìïóëüñà 2mV = mV1 +mV2 , íàõîäèì ñêîðîñòü ïîñëå ñòûêîâêè
√
1 7+2 α
s
V = (V1 + V2 ) = .
2 4 mR
Ïîýòîìó ïîëíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ ïîñëå ñòûêîâêè áóäåò
√ √
2mV 2 2α ( 7 + 2)2 α 2α 21 − 4 7 α
E= − = − =− .
2 R 16 R R 16 R
Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû
2α
E=− ,
R+r
ãäå r íîâûé àïîãåé. Ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷àåì
√ √
11 + 4 7 343 + 128 7
r= √ R= R ≈ 2.07R.
21 − 4 7 329

12.6

Ïðè êðóãîâîì äâèæåíèè

 d~
 p p∆ϕ pV
 

 
 dr 
= =
∆t R
84
Ïîýòîìó äîëæíî áûòü
pV  dU  αβ
 
= −  = β+1 .
R dr r=R R
Íî L = pR (ïðè êðóãîâîì äâèæåíèè). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
LV αβ αβ
= è V = .
R2 Rβ+1 LRβ−1
Îãðàíè÷åíèå íà L âîçíèêàåò, åñëè β = 1. Òîãäà Lα = V < c äàåò
α
. L>
c
Åñëè β 6= 1, êðóãîâûå îðáèòû âîçìîæíû äëÿ âñåõ çíà÷åíèé ìîìåíòà èìïóëüñà.
Åñëè β = 1, ðàäèóñ êðóãîâîé îðáèòû íàõîäèòñÿ òàê: èç pV α
R = R2 èìååì
v
mV 2 α α u V2
u
r = è R= t
1− 2 .
1− V2 R mV 2 c
c2

Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ ñþäà V = Lα , áóäåì èìåòü

v
L2 u α2
u
R= t
1 − 2 2.
mα Lc

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 13
13.1

Ñèëà, êîòîðàÿ äåéñòâóåò íà ýëåêòðîí, ðàâíà (â ñèñòåìå CGSE)

e ~ ~ = eg V~ × ~r.
F~ = V ×B
c cr3
Èçìåíåíèå èìïóëüñà
Z∞
~ eg Z∞ V~ × ~r
∆~p = F dt = dt.
−∞
c −∞ r3
Òàê êàê ýëåêòðîí áûñòðûé, ïðè âû÷èñëåíèè èíòåãðàëà ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî
ýëåêòðîí äâèæåòñÿ ïî ïðÿìîé ñ íåèçìåííîé ñêîðîñòüþ.
√
~ + V~ t è V
Òîãäà ~r = ρ ~ × ~r = V
~ × ρ~. Êðîìå òîãî, r = ρ2 + V 2 t2 . Ïîýòîìó
∞
eg ~ Z∞ dt ~ × ρ~
eg V t

 2eg V~ × ρ~
∆~p ≈ V × ρ~ = √ 
= .
(ρ2 + V 2 t2 )3/2 2 2 2 2 c V ρ2

c −∞
c ρ ρ + V t 
−∞

85
Èìïóëüñ ýëåêòðîíà ïîñëå ðàññåÿíèÿ ~ q = p~ + ∆~p, ïðè÷åì q ≈ p, òàê êàê
∆~p ⊥ ~p. Ïóñòü θ  óãîë ðàññåÿíèÿ. Òîãäà
2eg
|~q × ~p| = p2 sin θ = |∆~p × p~| = 2
|~p × (V~ × ρ~)|.
cV ρ

~ × (V~ × ρ~) = V
Íî p ~ (~p · ρ~) − ρ~ (~p · V~ ) = −~ρ pV , òàê êàê ~p ⊥ ρ~ è p~ k V~ . Ïîýòîìó
ïîëó÷àåì
2eg 2eg
p2 sin θ ≈ ρpV è θ ≈ sin θ ≈ .
cV ρ2 cρp

13.2

Òàê êàê ìîìåíò èìïóëüñà L = mr2 |ϕ̇|, òî ýíåðãèÿ ÷àñòèöû

m 2 mṙ2 L2
E= (ṙ + r2 ϕ̇2) + U (r) = + + U (r).
2 2 2mr2
Îòñþäà ( äëÿ ṙ < 0)
−1/2
L2 

2
dt = −  [E − U (r)] − 2 2 dr.
m mr
dϕ L
Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, èç dt = mr2 ïîëó÷àåì ( çàìåòèì, ÷òî ϕ̇ > 0 è |ϕ̇| = ϕ̇ )
rZmin L Z∞
2mr2
dr ρ dr
r2
ϕ0 = − r = r .
2 L2 ρ2 U (r)
∞
m
[E − U (r)] − m2 r 2
rmin 1− r2 − T

mV∞ 2
Òàê êàê E = T = 2
è L = mρV∞ .

86
 α
Ýòî ñïðàâåäëèâî äëÿ ëþáîãî öåíòðàëüíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà.  ñëó÷àå U (r) = r2
áóäåì èìåòü
Z∞ ρ dr
r2
ϕ0 = ,
1 − (ρ2 + Tα ) r12
q
rmin

ïðè÷åì 1 − (ρ2 + Tα ) r21 = 0 (ïðè r = rmin , ṙ = 0). Ñäåëàåì ïîäñòàíîâêó

min
1
s= r. Òîãäà
Zs0 ρds 1
ϕ0 = , s0 = .
1 − (ρ2 + Tα )s2 ρ2 + Tα
q q
0
Íî
!s0
dx ρ α πρ
Z s
√ = arcsin x è ϕ0 = arcsin ρ2 + s = .


α
2 ρ2 + Tα
q q
1 − x2 ρ2 + T

T

0

Óãîë ðàññåÿíèÿ θ è ϕ0 ñâÿçàíû òàê θ = π − 2ϕ0 . Ïîýòîìó

 
πρ ρ
θ=π−q 2 α = π 1 − q 2 α
.
ρ + T ρ + T

Åñëè θ = π2 , ïðèöåëüíûé ïàðàìåòð áóäåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ èç

ρ 1
q
α = .
ρ2 + T
2
α
Îòñþäà ρ2 = 3T è ñå÷åíèå ðàññåÿíèÿ íà óãîë, áîëüøèé 90◦, áóäåò
απ
σ = πρ2 = .
3T

13.3

Èç ñèììåòðèè çàäà÷è ÿñíî, ÷òî çâåçäû âñåãäà áóäóò â âåðøèíàõ íåêîòîðîãî

êâàäðàòà. Ïóñòü ðàññòîÿíèå îò çâåçä
√ äî öåíòðà ýòîãî êâàäðàòà ðàâíî r.
Òîãäà ñòîðîíà êâàäðàòà áóäåò a = 2 r. Ñèëà ïðèòÿæåíèÿ, äåéñòâóþùàÿ

87
íà çâåçäó ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãèõ çâåçä, íàïðàâëåíà ê öåíòðó è ïî âåëè÷èíå
ðàâíà √
M2 M2 ◦ GM 2
1 + 2 2
F =G + 2G cos 45 = .
(2r)2 a2 r2 4
Òî åñòü ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî êàæäàÿ çâåçäà äâèæåòñÿ â öåíòðàëüíîì ïîëå
ïðèòÿæåíèÿ √
α 1 + 2 2
U (r) = − , α = GM 2
r 4
ñ öåíòðîì â öåíòðå ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî êâàäðàòà. Ïî îðìóëå åçåðîðäà
θ α
tan =
2 MV 2b
íàõîäèì óãîë ðàññåÿíèÿ çâåçä
 √ 
GM 1 + 2 2
θ = 2 arctan  2 .
bV 4

13.4

Äîêàæåì, ÷òî â îïòèìàëüíîé ñèòóàöèè öåíòð òÿæåñòè ëþáîé âåðõíåé ÷àñòè

êîíñòðóêöèè íàõîäèòñÿ íà îäíîé âåðòèêàëè ñ ïðàâûì êðàåì ïëàñòèíû, íà
êîòîðîé îíà îïèðàåòñÿ.

Ïóñòü ýòî íå òàê è öåíòð òÿæåñòè C âåðõíåé ÷àñòè a íàõîäèòñÿ ëåâåå

êðàÿ ïëàñòèíû b. Òîãäà ÷àñòü a ìîæíî ñäâèíóòü âïðàâî ñêàæåì íà x è
îíà âñå ðàâíî óñòîé÷èâî áóäåò îïèðàòüñÿ íà ïëàñòèíó b. Ïðè ýòîì öåíòð
òÿæåñòè D ñèñòåìû b + a òîæå ñäâèíåòñÿ âïðàâî, íî íà ìåíüøóþ âåëè÷èíó
y = MM+m x, ãäå M  ìàññà ÷àñòè a è m  ìàññà ïëàñòèíû. Åñëè òåïåðü

88
ñèñòåìó b + a ñäâèíåì âëåâî íà y , åå öåíòð ìàññ D îêàæåòñÿ â ïðåæíåé
òî÷êå è b + a áóäåò ñíîâà óñòîé÷èâî îïèðàòüñÿ íà íèæíþþ ÷àñòü c. Ïîñëå
ýòèõ ìàíèïóëÿöèé ïðîëåò óâåëè÷èòñÿ íà x − y = Mm +m x. Ýòî äîêàçûâàåò
ñäåëàííîå óòâåðæäåíèå. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìàêñèìàëüíûé ïðîëåò Ln óäîâëåòâîðÿåò
ðåêóððåíòíîìó ñîîòíîøåíèþ Ln = Sn−1 + Ln−1 , ãäå Sn−1 åñòü ðàññòîÿíèå
ïî ãîðèçîíòàëè îò ïðàâîãî íèæíåãî êðàÿ âåðõíåé êîíñòðóêöèè èç (n − 1)
ïëàñòèí äî åå öåíòðà ìàññ ( ñì. ðèñóíîê ).

Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, äëÿ öåíòðà ìàññ êîíñòðóêöèè èç n ïëàñòèí, êîãäà öåíòð

ìàññ âåðõíåé ÷àñòè èç (n − 1) ïëàñòèí ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç ïðàâûé êðàé íèæíåé
ïëàñòèíû, èìååì
m a a 1
Sn = = .
m + (n − 1)m 2 2 n
Ïîýòîìó

Ln = Sn−1 + Ln−1 = Sn−1 + Sn−2 + Ln−2 = . . . = Sn−1 + Sn−2 + . . . + S1 =

a 1 1 1 a
!
= 1+ + + ...+ ≈ ln n
2 2 3 n−1 2
ïðè n ≫ 1. Òîãäà Ln = 3a äàåò ln n = 6 è n = e ≈ 400.
6

13.5

89
Ïðè ðàâíîâåñèè öåíòð òÿæåñòè ñèñòåìû íàõîäèòñÿ íà îäíîé âåðòèêàëè ñ
òî÷êîé ïîäâåñà A. Ïóñòü ïðÿìàÿ AO îáðàçóåò óãîë ϕ ñ âåðòèêàëüþ è íà÷àëî
ñèñòåìû îòñ÷åòà íàõîäèòñÿ â òî÷êå A. Òîãäà â ðàâíîâåñèè
1
0 = xö.ì. = [−Ql sin ϕ + P (R − l sin ϕ)]
P +Q
(öåíòð øàðà íàõîäèòñÿ âëåâî îò âåðòèêàëè íà ðàññòîÿíèè l sin ϕ è ãèðÿ
íàõîäèòñÿ âïðàâî îò âåðòèêàëè íà ðàññòîÿíèè R − l sin ϕ). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
P R = (Q + P )l sin ϕ è
R P
sin ϕ = .
l Q+P

Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 14
14.1

m
Çàìåíèì êàíàò íà ñèñòåìó N ãðóçèêîâ ìàññû N êàæäûé è N íåâåñîìûõ
l
ïðóæèí äëèíû N êàæäûé. Æåñòêîñòü ìàëåíüêîé ïðóæèíêè áóäåò â N -ðàç
áîëüøå, ÷åì æåñòêîñòü êàíàòà (ò.ê. ó íåå äëèíà â N -ðàç ìåíüøå). Ïîýòîìó
óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ i-ãî ãðóçèêà áóäåò
m m l l
! !
S̈i = g − N k Si − Si−1 − + N k Si+1 − Si − , i < N,
N N N N
ãäå Si - åãî êîîðäèíàòà. Ýòî óðàâíåíèå ìîæíî çàïèñàòü òàê
kN 2
" #
S̈i = g + Si+1 − Si − (Si − Si−1) .
m
Íàñ èíòåðåñóåò ïðåäåë N → ∞ ïîýòîìó ââåäåì íåïðåðûâíóþ ïåðåìåííóþ
x ÷åðåç x = i Nl è áóäåì ðàññìàòðèâàòü Si êàê óíêöèþ x: Si ≡ S(x, t).
Òîãäà
∂S(x, t)
Si+1 − Si = S(x + dx, t) − S(x, t) = dx,
∂x
90
 l
ãäå dx = N
, è

∂S(x − dx, t)
Si − Si−1 = S(x, t) − S(x − dx, t) = dx.
∂x
Ïîýòîìó, â ïðåäåëå N → ∞, Si+1 − Si − (Si − Si−1) ìîæíî çàìåíèòü íà

∂S(x, t) ∂S(x − dx, t) ∂ 2S(x, t) ∂ 2S l2

" #
2
− dx = (dx) =
∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x2 N 2
è óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ ïåðåïèøåòñÿ òàê

∂ 2S(x, t) kl2 ∂ 2S(x, t)

− = g.
∂t2 m ∂x2
Íî ýòî äëÿ i < N , ò.å. x < l. Äëÿ ïîñëåäíåãî ãðóçèêà âìåñòå ñ òåëîì M ,
óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ áóäåò
m m l
! ! !
M+ S̈N = M + g − N k xN − xN −1 − .
N N N
Äëÿ ïåðåõîäà ê íåïðåðûâíîìó ïðåäåëó, çàìåòèì ÷òî
∂S(l − dx, t) ∂S(l, t)
N (xN − xN −1) → N [S(l, t) − S(l − dx, t)] → N dx → l .
∂x ∂x
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â íåïðåðûâíîì ïðåäåëå ïîëó÷èì óðàâíåíèå
∂ 2S(l, t) kl ∂S(l, t)
" #
= g − −1 .
∂t2 M ∂l
Êðîìå ýòîãî áóäåì èìåòü ãðàíè÷íîå óñëîâèå S(0, t) = 0, ò.ê. ÷åì áëèæå
òî÷êà ïîäâåñà, òåì ìåíüøå ðàñòÿãèâàåòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ó÷àñòîê êàíàòà.
Ïóñòü S(x, t) = S0 (x) + A(x) cos ωt, ãäå S0 (x) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïîëîæåíèþ
ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Ò.å.
kl2 d2 S0(x) kl dS0 (l)
" #
− 2
=g è 0=g− −1 .
m dx M dl
Ïîäñòàíîâêà S(x, t) â óðàâíåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ äàåò

2 kl2 d2A
Aω + = 0,
m dx2
è, ïðè x = l,
kl dA(l)
ω 2 A(l) = .
M dl
91
Ïîýòîìó v  v 
2 2
t mω x t mω x 
u u
u u
A(x) = a1 cos   + a2 sin  ,
k l k l
ãäå a1 , a2 - íåêîòîðûå êîíñòàíòû. Óñëîâèå S(0, t) = 0 äàåò A(0) = 0 è
kl dA(l)
a1 = 0. Òîãäà êàê ω 2 A(l) = M dl óñëîâèå îçíà÷àåò

m kl m 1 m
"s # s "s #
2
ω sin ω = ω cos ω .
k M k l k
Èëè
m m m
s "s #
ω tg ω = .
k k M
Ýòî òðàíñöåíäåíòíîå óðàâíåíèå îïðåäåëÿåò ÷àñòîòó âåðòèêàëüíûõ êîëåáàíèé
ω . àññìîòðèì íåñêîëüêî ïðåäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àåâ. Åñëè m → 0,
m m m
s "s #
ω tg ω → ω2
k k k
k m m π
è ïîëó÷èì ω 2 = M. Åñëè M → 0, òî tg =∞è + nπ , èëè
hq i q
kω k ω= 2
v
πuk
u
ω = (2n + 1) t , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2 m
m
Ïóñòü òåïåðü M
<< 1. Èñïîëüçóÿ tgx ≈ x + 13 x3, ïîëó÷èì
m 2
m 2 1m 2 k ω m
!
ω 1+ ω ≈ 1 m 2 = .
k 3 k 1− 3 k ω M

åøàÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ω 2 , áóäåì èìåòü

k k 1 m
!
2
ω = ≈ 1 − .
M + 31 m M 3M

14.2

Ïóñòü êîëüöî ðàäèóñà r ïîâåðíóëîñü íà ìàëåíüêèé óãîë θ . Òîãäà îíî ïîäíèìåòñÿ

íà âûñîòó
√ r2 θ2
h = l − l2 − r2θ2 ≈ .
2l
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî
r2θθ̇ rθ
ḣ = = rθ̇ << rθ̇,
l l
92
 mḣ2
ïîýòîìó ýíåðãèåé ïîñòóïàòåëüíîãî äâèæåíèÿ 2 ìîæíî ïðåíåáðå÷ü ïî
2
I θ̇ m 2 2
ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ýíåðãèåé âðàùàòåëüíîãî äâèæåíèÿ 2 = 2 r θ̇ .
Ïîëíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ
êîëüöà
m 1 1 r2
E = r2θ̇2 + mgh = mr2 θ̇2 + mg θ2.
2  2 2 l
g
dE
Ïîýòîìó 0 = dt = mr θ̇ θ̈ + l θ äàåò óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ
2
θ̈ + gl θ = 0.


Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ÷àñòîòà êðóòèëüíûõ êîëåáàíèé ω = gl .

q

14.3

Èç-çà öèëèíäðè÷åñêîé ñèììåòðèè, z -êîìïîíåíòà óãëîâîãî ìîìåíòà Lz =

mρ2 ϕ̇ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ. Ýíåðãèÿ ÷àñòèöû
m 2 2 2
 m 2 m ′2 2 L2z
E= ρ̇ + ρ ϕ̇ + ż + mgz = (1 + z )ρ̇ + + mgz,
2 2 2 2mρ2
dz
ãäå z ′ = dρ . Ýíåðãèÿ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ, ïîýòîìó
dE L2z
" #
0= = ρ̇ mρ̈(1 + z ′ 2 ) + mρ̇2 z ′ z ′′ − 3
+ mgz ′
dt 4mρ
è ïîëó÷èì óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ
L2z
m(1 + z ′ 2 )ρ̈ + mρ̇2 z ′ z ′′ −
3
+ mgz ′ = 0.
4mρ
Ïóñòü ρ = r + x, ãäå r  ðàäèóñ ðàâíîâåñíîé êðóãîâîé îðáèòû, à x 
âîçìóùåíèå. Òîãäà
L2z 1 1 1 3x
!
′ ′ ′ ′′
= mgz (r), z (ρ) ≈ z (r) + z (r)x, = ≈ 1 − ,
4mr3 ρ3 (r + x)3 r3 r
è, ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî ëèíåéíûõ ïî x ÷ëåíîâ, óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ ñòàíåò
L2z 3x
!
′2
m 1 + z (r) ẍ + 3
+ mgz ′′ (r)x = 0.
4mr r
L2z
Èëè, åñëè ó÷òåì 4mr3 = mgz ′ (r),
z ′ (r)
! " #
′2 ′′
1 + z (r) ẍ + g z (r) + 3 x = 0.
r
′
Åñëè z ′′ (r) + 3 z (r)
r > 0, áóäåì èìåòü îñöèëëÿöèè îêîëî ðàâíîâåñíîé îðáèòû
ñ ÷àñòîòîé v
u z ′ (r)
u z ′′ (r) + 3 r
u
ω = tg .
1 + z ′ 2 (r)
93
 ′
Åñëè z ′′ (r) + 3 z (r)
r < 0, âîçìóùåíèå x(t) áóäåò ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíî ðàñòè è
′
îðáèòà íå áóäåò ñòàáèëüíîé. Åñëè z ′′ (r) + 3 z r(r) = 0, âîçìóùåíèå áóäåò
ðàñòè ëèíåéíî ñî âðåìåíåì, è îðáèòà òîæå íå áóäåò ñòàáèëüíîé. Òàêèì
′
îáðàçîì, óñëîâèåì óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ z ′′ (r) + 3 z r(r) > 0. Èç
ρ2 − z 2 = R2 ñëåäóåò, ÷òî zz ′ = ρ. Ò.å. z ′ = zρ . Òîãäà
1 ρz ′
′′ 1 ρ2
z = − 2 = − 3.
z z z z
Ïîýòîìó
z ′ (r) 1 r2 1 1 r2
!
′′
z (r) + 3 = − 3 +3 = 4− 2 .
r z z z z z
Íî z > 0 (èíà÷å âåðòèêàëüíîé êîìïîíåíòû ñèëû ðåàêöèè îïîðû íå áóäåò).
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îðáèòà óñòîé÷èâà, åñëè
r2 r2
4> = .
z2 r 2 − R2
Îòñþäà 3r2 > 4R2 è
2
r > √ R.
3

14.4

Ñòåðæåíü íà÷íåò âðàùàòüñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî òî÷êè O ñ óãëîâûì óñêîðåíèåì

l 2
ω̇ = mg(l/2)
I
, ãäå l -äëèíà ñòåðæíÿ, à I = ml2
12
+ m( 2
) = 13 ml2  åãî ìîìåíò
îòíîñèòåëüíî O. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ω̇ = 23 gl . Òîãäà öåíòð ìàññ ñòåðæíÿ áóäåò
äâèãàòüñÿ ñ ëèíåéíûì óñêîðåíèåì a = ω̇ 2l = 34 g . Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, a =
mg−T 1
m . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, T = m(g − a) = 4 mg .

14.5

Ñèëà òðåíèÿ F ðàñêðó÷èâàåò öèëèíäð ñ óãëîâûì óñêîðåíèåì ω̇ = FIR = mR

2F
.
 òî÷êå êàñàíèÿ A ñêîðîñòü ðàâíà íóëþ. Ïîýòîìó V − ωR = 0, ãäå V åñòü

94
ñêîðîñòü öåíòðà ìàññ öèëèíäðà. Òîãäà a = ω̇R = 2Fm . Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû,
1
ma = mg sin α − F . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, F = 3 mg sin α. Íî ñèëà òðåíèÿ íå
ìîæåò ïðåâûñèòü ìàêñèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå µN = µmg cos α. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî
1
3 mg sin α ≤ µmg cos α è åñëè tg α ≤ 3µ, öèëèíäð áóäåò ñêàòûâàòüñÿ áåç
ñêîëüæåíèÿ. àç öèëèíäð ñêàòûâàåòñÿ ñî ñêîëüæåíèåì, çíà÷èò α > arctg (3µ).

14.6

Ñêîðîñòü øàðèêîâ â ñèñòåìå íàáëþäàòåëÿ íàõîäèì ïî îðìóëå ñëîæåíèÿ

ñêîðîñòåé:
u+V V −u
V1 = è V2 = .
1 + uV
c2 1 − uV
c2
Ñóììàðíûé èìïóëüñ øàðèêîâ (ïîñëå ðàçðûâà öåïè) áóäåò
uV uV
! !
mV1 γ1 + mV2 γ2 = mV1 γV γu 1 + 2 + mV2 γV γu 1 − 2 = 2mV γV γu.
c c
Çäåñü ìû âîñïîëüçîâàëèñü îðìóëîé
~u · V~
!
γV~ ⊕~u = γV γu 1 + 2 .
c
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî p1 + p2 6= 2mV γV = q1 + q2  ñóììà èìïóëüñîâ øàðèêîâ äî
ðàçðûâà öåïè. Äåëî â òîì, ÷òî ñæàòàÿ ïðóæèíà èìååò óïðóãóþ ýíåðãèþ
ïîêîÿ E è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìàññó M = cE2 . E íàõîäèì èç çàêîíà ñîõðàíåíèÿ
ýíåðãèè â ñèñòåìå ïîêîÿ òðóáêè
E + 2mc2 = 2mc2 γu
(Ïðè ýòîì ìû ìàññîé íå äåîðìèðîâàííîé ïðóæèíû ïðåíåáðåãëè). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
E
M = 2 = 2m(γu − 1)
c
è èìïóëüñ ñæàòîé ïðóæèíû áóäåò q = MV γV = 2mV γV (γu − 1). Ïîýòîìó
ñóììàðíûé èìïóëüñ äî ðàçðûâà öåïè åñòü
q + q1 + q2 = 2mV γV (γu − 1) + 2mV γV = 2mV γV γu = p1 + p2.

95
Êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà 15
15.1

 ñèñòåìå ïîëóöèëèíäðà ñèëà èíåðöèè −mg sin α êîìïåíñèðóåò êîìïîíåíòó

ñèëû òÿæåñòè âäîëü íàêëîííîé ïëîñêîñòè. Ïîýòîìó çàäà÷à ýêâèâàëåíòíà
íàõîæäåíèþ ÷àñòîòû ìàëûõ êîëåáàíèé ïîëóöèëèíäðà íà ãëàäêîé ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé
ïîâåðõíîñòè â ýåêòèâíîì ïîëå òÿæåñòè g cos α.

Òàê êàê â ãîðèçîíòàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ñèëà íå äåéñòâóåò, öåíòð òÿæåñòè

ïîëóöèëèíäðà äâèæåòñÿ òîëüêî ïî âåðòèêàëè. Ïðè ìàëûõ êîëåáàíèÿõ ýòèì
ñìåùåíèåì ïî âåðòèêàëè òîæå ìîæíî ïðåíåáðå÷ü è ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ïîëóöèëèíäð
âðàùàåòñÿ âîêðóã öåíòðà ìàññ. Ïðè íàêëîíå ïîëóöèëèíäðà íà óãîë ϕ ≪ 1,
ñèëà ðåàêöèè îïîðû N ≈ mg cos α ñîçäàåò âîçâðàùàþùèé ìîìåíò N b sin ϕ ≈
(mgb cos α)ϕ, ãäå b  ðàññòîÿíèå îò öåíòðà ìàññ C äî ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî
öåíòðà öèëèíäðà O. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ áóäåò Ic ϕ̈ = −(mgb cos α)ϕ
è ÷àñòîòà ìàëûõ êîëåáàíèé
mgb cos α
ω2 = .
Ic
Ìîìåíò èíåðöèè ïîëóöèëèíäðà îòíîñèòåëüíî îñè öèëèíäðà Io áóäåò ïîëîâèíà
ìîìåíòà èíåðöèè öèëèíäðà (ìàññû 2m), ò.å. Io = 12 12 2mR2 = 21 mR2 . Ñ
äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ïî òåîðåìå Øòåéíåðà, Io = Ic +mb2 . Îòñþäà ïîëó÷àåì Ic =
1
2 m(R − 2b ). Âåëè÷èíó b ìîæíî íàéòè ïî âòîðîé òåîðåìå óëüäåíà: îáúåì
2 2

òåëà âðàùåíèÿ ðàâåí ïðîèçâåäåíèþ äëèíû îêðóæíîñòè, îïèñûâàåìîé öåíòðîì

òÿæåñòè èãóðû íà åå ïëîùàäü. Åñëè âðàùàòü ïîëóêðóã âîêðóã ñâîåãî
äèàìåòðà, ïîëó÷èòñÿ øàð. Ïîýòîìó, ñîãëàñíî òåîðåìå óëüäåíà, äîëæíû
èìåòü 43 πR3 = 12 πR2 2πb. Îòñþäà b = 4R
3π è, îêîí÷àòåëüíî,

g cos α 24π
ω2 = .
R 9π 2 − 32

96
15.2

Âûòàëêèâàþùàÿ ñèëà áîëüøå, ÷åì ñèëà òÿæåñòè. Òåì íå ìåíåå ïåñî÷íûå

÷àñû íå ñðàçó íà÷íóò âñïëûâàòü ïîñëå ïåðåâîðà÷èâàíèÿ òðóáêè. Äåëî â
òîì, ÷òî âûòàëêèâàþùàÿ ñèëà ïðèëîæåíà ê ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîìó öåíòðó ñèììåòðè÷íûõ
÷àñîâ, à ñèëà òÿæåñòè  ê öåíòðó ìàññ. Âíà÷àëå, êîãäà ÷àñû ïëàâàþò â
òðóáêå, öåíòð ìàññ íàõîäèòñÿ íèæå ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà è ýòî ñîñòîÿíèå
óñòîé÷èâî îòíîñèòåëüíî íàêëîíà ÷àñîâ, òàê êàê ïðè ñëó÷àéíîì íàêëîíå
âîçíèêàåò âîçâðàùàþùèé ìîìåíò.

Ïîñëå ïåðåâîðà÷èâàíèÿ òðóáêè öåíòð òÿæåñòè îêàçûâàåòñÿ âûøå ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî

öåíòðà è ýòî ñîñòîÿíèå íå óñòîé÷èâî îòíîñèòåëüíî ñëó÷àéíûõ íàêëîíîâ
÷àñîâ.  ñâîåé ïîïûòêå ðàçâåðíóòüñÿ, ÷àñû óïèðàþòñÿ â ñòåíêè òðóáêè è
äàâÿò íà íèõ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçíèêàåò ñèëà òðåíèÿ êîòîðàÿ ìåøàåò âñïëûòèþ
÷àñîâ. Ïîñëå èçðàñõîäîâàíèÿ ïðèìåðíî ïîëîâèíû ïåñêà, öåíòð òÿæåñòè
ïåñî÷íûõ ÷àñîâ ñíîâà îêàæåòñÿ íèæå ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà è ÷àñû íà÷íóò
âñïëûâàòü.

15.3

Óäàð ðàññåêàåò ñòåðæåíü ïîïîëàì. Ïóñòü êàæäàÿ ïîëîâèíà èìååò ìàññó

m è äëèíó l. Èç-çà óäàðà ïîëîâèíêà ñòåðæíÿ ïðèîáðåòàåò ñêîðîñòü V =
1 R
m F dt è ðàñêðó÷èâàåòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî öåíòðà ìàññ ñ óãëîâîé ñêîðîñòüþ
6 R
ω = I1 F 2l dt = ml F dt. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, êîíåö ñòåðæíÿ, êîòîðûé îïèðàåòñÿ
R

íà áîêàë ñ âèíîì, ñðàçó ïîñëå óäàðà áóäåò èìåòü ñêîðîñòü V − 2l ω = −2V

è ïîëåòèò ââåðõ. Ïîýòîìó âèíî íå ïðîëüåòñÿ.
Íî ýòî ðàññóæäåíèå ïðåíåáðåãàåò óïðóãèìè ñâîéñòâàìè ñòåðæíÿ. Íà
ñàìîì äåëå ïîñëå óäàðà âäîëü ñòåðæíÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ âîëíà ïîïåðå÷íîé
äåîðìàöèè è äðóãîé êîíåö ñòåðæíÿ âñå ðàâíî óñïåâàåò íåìíîãî ñäâèíóòüñÿ
âíèç. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ óñïåøíîé äåìîíñòðàöèè îïûòà íàäî ïðåäóñìîòðåòü äåìïèðîâàíè
ñìåùåíèé ïîðÿäêà 1 ìì [36℄.

97
15.4

Èç óðàâíåíèè äâèæåíèÿ
eg ~r˙ × ~r
~¨r =
mc r3
2
ñëåäóåò, ÷òî êâàäðàò ñêîðîñòè ~r˙ è êâàäðàò îðáèòàëüíîãî ìîìåíòà L ~ 2 ÿâëÿþòñÿ
èíòåãðàëàìè äâèæåíèÿ. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, 0 = ~r˙ · ~¨r = 1 d (~r˙ 2 ). À â çàäà÷å 8.5
2 dt
ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî âåêòîð ïóàíêàðå

~ − eg ~r
J~ = L
c r
~ = 0, ïîýòîìó J~ 2 = L
~2+ eg 2 ~2
ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ. Íî ~r · L è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, L
 
c
òîæå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ.
Çàâèñèìîñòü r(t) ìîæíî íàéòè òàê. Èìååì
d2~r 2 d ˙
2
= 2 (~r · ~r) = 2~r˙ 2 = 2V 2 ,
dt dt
ò.ê. ~r˙ · ~¨
r = 0. Ïóñòü íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà âðåìåíè âûáðàíî òàê, ÷òî ïðè t =
0 ýëåêòðîí íàõîäèòñÿ íà ìèíèìàëüíîì ðàññòîÿíèè r0 îò öåíòðà ïîëÿ è,
ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ~r(0) · ~r˙ (0) = 0. Òîãäà èíòåãðèðîâàíèåì
q âûøå ïðèâåäåííîãî
óðàâíåíèÿ ïîëó÷àåì ~r = V t + r0 è r(t) = V 2 t2 + r02 . Ìèíèìàëüíîå
2 2 2 2

ðàññòîÿíèå r0 ìîæíî íàéòè èç ñîõðàíåíèÿ âåëè÷èí ñêîðîñòè è îðáèòàëüíîãî

ìîìåíòà: L = mV ρ = mV r0 . Îòñþäà r0 = ρ.
Äàëåå ðàññìîòðèì ñêàëÿðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå J~ · ~r = Jr cos θ = − egc r. Ýòî
ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî cos θ = − cJ eg
è óãîë ìåæäó âåêòîðàìè ~r è J~ íå ìåíÿåòñÿ
ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè  ýëåêòðîí äâèæåòñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè êîíóñà ñ óãëîì
ðàñòâîðà 2θ , ñ âåðøèíîé â íà÷àëå êîîðäèíàò è ñ îñüþ âäîëü âåêòîðà Ïóàíêàðå
J~. Ïîýòîìó óäîáíî ââåñòè ñåðè÷åñêèå êîîðäèíàòû ñ îñüþ z âäîëü âåêòîðà
Ïóàíêàðå. Òîãäà ~r = r(sin θ cos ϕ~i + sin θ sin ϕ~j + cos θ~k) è

~r˙ = ṙ(sin θ cos ϕ~i + sin θ sin ϕ~j + cos θ~k) + rϕ̇(− sin θ sin ϕ~i + sin θ cos ϕ~j).
Ïîýòîìó
2
V 2 = ~r˙ = (ṙ2 + r2ϕ̇2 ) sin2 θ + ṙ2 cos2 θ = ṙ2 + r2ϕ̇2 sin2 θ.
√
Îòñþäà, ñ ó÷åòîì r(t) = V 2 t2 + ρ2 , ïîëó÷àåì
√
V 2 − ṙ2 Vρ
ϕ̇ = = .
r sin θ (V 2t2 + ρ2 ) sin θ
98
Íî
√ 1
sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = r  .
eg 2

1+ cL
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, r 2
eg

V ρ 1 + cL
ϕ̇ =
ρ2 + V 2 t2
è, èíòåãðèðóÿ â ïðåäïîëîæåíèè ϕ(0) = 0, ïîëó÷àåì
v
!2
eg Vt
u
u
ϕ(t) = t
1+ arctg .
cL ρ
Çàìåòèì, ÷òî ïðè t → ±∞ èìååì ṙ → ±V , rϕ̇ → 0 è
v v
!2 u !2
λπ eg eg
u u
ϕ → ± , ãäå λ =
u
1+ = t1 + .
t u
2 cL mcV ρ
Ïîýòîìó ñêîðîñòü ýëåêòðîíà â îòäàëåííîì ïðîøëîì è â îòäàëåííîì áóäóùåì
äàåòñÿ âûðàæåíèåì
λπ ~ λπ ~
" ! ! #
~r˙ (±∞) = V sin θ ± cos i + sin j ± V cos θ~k.
2 2
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äëÿ óãëà ðàññåÿíèÿ α ïîëó÷àåì

~r˙ (∞) · ~r˙ (−∞) 2 2 λπ

!
cos α = = −1 + 2 sin .
V2 λ 2

15.5

~ . Óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ
Ïóñòü ñèëà òðåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ äåéñòâóåò íà øàð, ðàâíà F
èìåþò âèä
˙
~˙ = R
mV~ = F~ è I ω ~ × F~ ,
ãäå I = 25 mR2 è R ~ åñòü âåêòîð îò öåíòðà øàðà ê òî÷êå êàñàíèÿ (ò.å. ðàäèóñ-
âåêòîð òî÷êè êàñàíèÿ ðàâåí ~r + R ~ ). Òàê êàê øàð íå ïðîñêàëüçûâàåò, â òî÷êå
êàñàíèÿ ñêîðîñòü íà ïîâîðîòíîì ñòîëå ~ ~ è íà ïîâåðõíîñòè øàðà
ω × (~r + R)
V~ + ~ω × R~ ðàâíû äðóã äðóãó. Äèåðåíöèðóÿ ðàâåíñòâî ~ω × (~r + R) ~ =
V~ + ~ω × R~ , ïîëó÷àåì

Ω ~ = 1 F~ + 1 (R
~˙ + ~ω˙ × R
~ × ~r˙ = V ~ × F~ ) × R.
~
m I

99
 ~ × F~ ) × R
Íî (R ~ = R2 F~ − (F~ · R)
~ R~ = R2 F~ , ò.ê. F~ · R
~ = 0 (âåêòîð R
~
ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðåí ê ïëîñêîñòè ïîâîðîòíîãî ñòîëà). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
R2  ~
 
~ ˙ 1 7 ~
Ω × ~r =  + F = F.
m I 2m

Îïðåäåëÿÿ îòñþäà F~ è ïîäñòàâëÿÿ â óðàâíåíèå mV~˙ = F~ , ïîëó÷àåì

˙ 2~ ~
V~ = Ω ×V.
7
Èëè â êîìïîíåíòàõ
2 2
V̇x = − ΩVy , V̇y = ΩVx, V̇z = 0.
7 7
Îòñþäà
2 2 2
!
V̈x = − ΩV̇y = − Ω Vx.
7 7
Íàïðàâèì îñü x âäîëü íà÷àëüíîé ñêîðîñòè V~0 . Òîãäà ðåøåíèåì ýòîãî óðàâíåíèÿ
áóäåò Vx = V0 cos 27 Ωt. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, Vy = − 2Ω
7
V̇x = V0 sin 72 Ωt. Èíòåãðèðóÿ
åùå ðàç, ñ ó÷åòîì x(0) = x0 , y(0) = y0 , ïîëó÷àåì
7V0 2 7V0 7V0 2
x(t) = x0 + sin Ωt, y(t) = y0 + − cos Ωt.
2Ω 7 2Ω 2Ω 7
7V0
Ýòî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî öåíòð øàðà äâèæåòñÿ ïî îêðóæíîñòè ðàäèóñà 2Ω ñ
öåíòðîì â òî÷êå ñ ðàäèóñ-âåêòîðîì
7V ~j = ~r0 + 7 Ω
!
0 ~ × V~0 .
x0 ~i + y0 +
2Ω 2Ω2

15.6

àññìîòðèì ó÷àñòîê ïðîâîëî÷êè ñ ðàäèóñîì êðèâèçíû R è äëèíîé Rα ≪

R. àâíîäåéñòâóþùàÿ ñèë íàòÿæåíèÿ 2T sin α2 ≈ T α óðàâíîâåøèâàåòñÿ
p
ñèëîé Àìïåðà IRαB . Ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷àåì T = IRB . Íî R = eB . Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,
IP
T = e è
eT
I=
p
(âñå âåëè÷èíû â ñèñòåìå ÑÈ).

100
Áëàãîäàðíîñòè
Àâòîð áëàãîäàðèò Â. ßíüøîëå çà ñîñòàâëåíèå ðèñóíêîâ. àáîòà âûïîëíåíà
ïðè ÷àñòè÷íîé ïîääåðæêå ãðàíòîâ ÍØ-905.2006.2 è ÔÔÈ 06-02-16192-à.

Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû
[1℄ Þ. È. Áåëü÷åíêî, Å. À. èëåâ, Ç. Ê. Ñèëàãàäçå, Â. . Ñîêîëîâ, Ñáîðíèê
çàäà÷ ïî ìåõàíèêå ÷àñòèö è òåë. ÍÓ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2000.

[2℄ È. È. Îëüõîâñêèé, Þ. . Ïàâëåíêî, Ë. Ñ. Êóçüìåíêîâ, Çàäà÷è ïî

òåîðåòè÷åñêîé ìåõàíèêå äëÿ èçèêîâ. Èçä-âî ÌÓ, Ìîñêâà, 1977.

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