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00aXhmeia-Tetradio Ergasion
Hochgeladen von
Christos ZaxaropoulosCopyright:
Verfügbare Formate
periex
27/7/2006
03:00
periex
27/7/2006
03:00
, ,
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... / / 2.2.1 / 2.2.1.:
.
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75% 25% .
periex
27/7/2006
03:00
. , . , . , . ,
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periex
27/7/2006
03:00
periex
27/7/2006
03:00
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
12
15
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 % w/w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 % w/v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 %v/v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10-2.11
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3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
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40
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44
46
48
50
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
56
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1 : .
2 :
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3 :
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9 :
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.......
60
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64
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70
periex
27/7/2006
03:00
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
E 1
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
1.1.
1. :
.
.
.
. ()
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.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2. :
. ......................................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................................
3. :
.
, (). , .
:
;
;
;..
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4. .
:
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
5. .
:
()
( )
..
..
..
1.
2.
3.
6. . ( ,
), ( C ),
, ( , ) .
5
.
.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................
4. ......................................................................................................................................
5. ......................................................................................................................................
: .
. , . , 1992.
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
10
1.2.
1.
:
. , ,
.
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
2. :
39 C
357 C. , ..............................
39 C .............................. 357
C . 39
357 C
3. :
10
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
11
4.
:
(C)
( 1 atm)
218
117
113
801
(C)
25 C
183
78
100
445
1413
i. , 25 C 50 C, ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
ii. 25 C , ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
5.
:
6. ,
, , .
.
. .
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
11
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
12
1
7. , , . ,
, .
. 30 7 .
. :
.
3 min;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
, ,
.
, ,
. :
(min)
C
0
20
40
1
60
1
80
2
100
4
100
6
100
. ( )
.
. 3 min;
......................................................................................................................................
.
.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
12
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
13
1.3.
1. , , , , , , , g/cm3.
2.
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. / (http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/) :
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
13
kef1
13/7/2006
04:08
14
1
4. :
. : ............................................................................................
. : ....................................................................
. : ..................................................................................................
. : ..........................................................
. : ....................................................
m
V
m = V
=
V=
:
(, , ),
. .
5. 5 cm3 13,5 g.
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
6. 13,6 g/cm3. 200 cm3 ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
7. :
. ......................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................
. ................................................................................................................
. ..............................................................................................................
. ..................................................................................................................
14
kef2
13/7/2006
04:12
15
E 2
15
kef2
13/7/2006
04:12
16
2.1.
1. , .
..........................................................................................................................................
2. ,
, 180 L () .
, , :
70
40
35
15
12
5
3
.
. , 2 ( ).
.
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
16
kef2
13/7/2006
04:12
17
3. :
L *
150
300
600
22.000
1.000
250
2.500
8.500
380.000
*
. :
, .
.
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4. :
. "
",
,
, "
, 85
...
, 4-9-1997
, ( ),
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
17
kef2
13/7/2006
04:12
18
2
. 5.
.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
6.
180 L
2. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
18
kef2
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04:12
19
2.2.
2.2.1 2.2.2
1. , .
.
_ _ _ _ _ _ : ....................................................................................................
2. .
.
.
:
3. .
, , . - (.. ). :
19
kef2
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04:12
20
2
.
(.. ),
.
.
..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4.
. ;
; :
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/glindicators/water/oxygenb.html
http://www.waterontheweb.org/under/streamecology/gases.html
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
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20
kef2
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21
2.3.
2.3.1. % w/w
1. : 15% w/w;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. 200 g 10%
w/w, :
. 20 g 200 g , . 10 g 190 g , . 20 g
180 g ;
3. .
. .
100 g
3,2 g
3,3 g
4,7 g
4,8 g
3,5 g
0g
120 mg
124 mg
4.
225 g.
,
,
.
100 g
451 kcal
75 g
8,5 g
13 g
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
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21
kef2
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2
5.
. % w/w
, 1.000 kg 10 g ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
6. 40% w/w.
. 25 g ;
. % w/w 25 g ,
200 g;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
7. 100 g 5% w/w.
, 50 g
. % w/w ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2.3.2. % w/v
1. 20% w/v
. 330 mL
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
22
kef2
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23
2. : 250 mL. : ( ), 4% w/v. 100 mL
. :
. g
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. % w/v
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. 100 mL 40% w/v
400 mL.
% w/w ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4. 4% w/v.
(150 mL) ,
300 mL. % w/v ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5. (250 mL) 5 . 5 g , 23
kef2
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24
2
% w/v ; (
.)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2.3.3. % v/v
1. 20 L 15,8 L . % v/v
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. , 12% vol, (120 mL).
(330 mL)
5% vol. ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. 20% v/v 80% v/v . L
L ;
:
0,5 L,
15 .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
24
kef2
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25
4. 400 L .
12% vol.
,
500 L. % v/v
.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5. .
:
,
,
.
.
.
. % v/v ,
( ).
.
.
()
(% v/v)
(mL)
(mL)
6. .
.
.
.
( ).
. .
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
25
kef2
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26
2
. .
, 2.10
.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. .
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
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26
kef2
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27
2.4.
1. :
1975,
(UNEP),
.
(Med Po), . . , 17 18
, ,
. ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
.
1985.
.....
(, , ),
,
.
......
,
(, ) .
8
: , ,
, , ,
.
. ( )
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
.
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
27
kef2
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28
2.5.
1. ,
-.
.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2.
, , :
, , ,
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. : )
) .
.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
28
kef2
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29
4. . . , .
:
. , ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
29
kef2
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30
2.6.
1. 135 g ,
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2.
:
3
=
2
(g) (g) , 500 ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. 70% w/w .
80 kg,
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4. :
.. (C)
-252
1.413
2.970
100
-85
445
357
.. (C)
-259
801
1.060
-115
113
-39
2,17
19,3
0,.0010045
2,1
13,6
(g/mL) 0,000083
30
kef2
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31
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
: ) )
..
: ) )
.
: ) ) ..
: ) ) .
: ) ) ..
: ) , ) )
.
: )
) .
: )
) .
.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5. :
31
kef2
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32
2
6. :
1 .
Hofmann, .
32
kef2
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33
2.7.
1.
. ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. , ,
. .
, .
.
.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. ,
, .
30,9 g
. ,
19,9 g. ( g)
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4. 2,4 g , 4 g .
.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
33
kef2
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34
2.8.
1.
.
. ..,
.
.
.
.
. .
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
2. :
() ().
. 2 .
. 3 .
. .
. .
. .
3. ,
, .
:
34
kef2
13/7/2006
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35
:
.
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. ;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
. .
.
;
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
35
kef2
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36
2.9.
1. ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. : . ;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. :
12
24
14
+2
-3
4. () ();
.
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
36
kef2
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37
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
. .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5. ion. ;
, .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
37
kef2
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38
2.10. 2.11.
1. ,
, . ,
: 1 , - .
:
35
17 Cl ............... ...................
...... , ............. ......... .
2. ,
1.
: , .
.....................
.......................
......................
3. () ():
.
. ....................
38
kef2
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39
.
. ....................
. ,
. ....................
. Ca2+O2-
. ....................
4. (2) (2)
2.
: )
) .
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5.
Sir Anthony HOPKINS.
;
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
39
kef2
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04:12
40
kef3
27/7/2006
03:03
41
E 3
41
kef3
27/7/2006
03:03
42
3.1.
1. () ():
. . ....................
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20,3% v/v, 19,4% v/v.
.
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42
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27/7/2006
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( 80%),
(10%), .
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43
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27/7/2006
03:03
44
3.2.
1. , , , ;
. 22 + 2 2H2O
. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
. S + 2 SO2
2. :
22 + 2 ...
CH4 + 2O2 .. +
S + O2 ...
2Mg + O2 ...
4Fe + 3O2 ...
3. .
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4.
.
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5. :
. C + O2 CO2
C
44
O2
CO2
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27/7/2006
03:03
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. S + O2 SO2
S
O2
SO2
O2
22
. 22 + 2 22
22
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45
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27/7/2006
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3.3.
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46
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03:03
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.
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47
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3.4.
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48
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27/7/2006
03:03
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. (SSO2); (Y .)
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.)
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49
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27/7/2006
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. ()
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50
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E 4
51
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4.1.
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52
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13/7/2006
04:16
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53
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13/7/2006
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4.2.
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13/7/2006
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55
kef4
13/7/2006
04:16
56
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
57
57
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
58
1 :
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58
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
59
1 :
2:
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m1 (g)
V (mL)
m2 (g)
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59
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
60
2 :
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60
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
61
2 :
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61
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
62
3 :
1:
(% w/w)
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62
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
63
4 :
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63
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
64
5 :
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64
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
65
6 :
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65
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
66
7 :
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66
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
67
8 :
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67
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
68
9 :
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68
Fila ergasias
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10:29
69
Fila ergasias
26/7/2006
10:29
70
,
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7
1129 15/21 1946 ( 1946, 108, ).
, (copyright), .
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