A. Ramos and J. A. Simões

HYPERMESH FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR: SOME CONSIDERATIONS
A. RAMOS and J. A. SIMES

BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO
3810-193 AVEIRO
PORTUGAL


PRESENTATION OUTLINE

OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SIMPLIFIED MODEL
PROXIMAL INTACT FEMUR MODEL
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SIMPLIFIED MODEL
PROXIMAL INTACT FEMUR MODEL
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION

EVALUATE AND COMPARE DIFFERENT FINITE ELEMENT MESHES OF
SIMPLIFIED AND REALISTIC PROXIMAL INTACT FEMURS USING
HYPERMESH FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

MANY PUBLISHED BIOMECHANICAL STUDIES USING DIFFERENT
TYPES OF FINITE ELEMENTS AND MESHES (REFINED VS COARSE;
TETRAHEDRAL VS HEXAHEDRAL)

FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSED:

HEXAHEDRAL (8 AND 20 NODE BRICK ELEMENTS)
TETRAHEDRAL (4 AND 10 NODE TETRAHEDRONS)

SIMULATIONS PERFORMED ON PC:

PENTIUM IV @ 2.53 MHZ
2 GBYTE RAM MEMORY


SIMPLIFIED FEMUR MODEL
M. Viceconti, L. Bellinger, L. Cristofolini and A. Toni
A comparative study on different methods of automatic mesh generation of human femurs
Med. Eng. Phys., 20, pp. 1-10, 1998

APPROXIMATION IN SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS OF A FEMUR

LOADED WITH FORCES COMPARABLE TO THOSE IN VIVO

CREATE SIMILAR STRESS FIELD

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

YOUNGS MODULUS = 14 200 MPa
COEFFICIENT OF POISSON = 0.3

DISTAL END FULLY CONSTRAINED




THEORETICAL EQUIVALENTE STRESSES
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+

=
s
2
) * 1 cos * 1 (
2
* *
) ( * )) cos (Re * 1 * * 1 ( ) cos 1 * 1 (
) 60 (
A
sen x F y F
ri e A
Rn ri R x F sen R y F
A
x F sen y F
eq
u u
u u u u
u
o
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+

+

+
+
+
+ +
=
>
2
) * 2 cos * 2 * 1 cos * 1 (
2
* *
) ( * ) * 60 (Re* * 2 (
* *
) ( * )) cos * 60 cos (Re* * 2 (
* *
) ( * )) cos (Re * 1 * * 1 (
) * 2 cos * 2 cos 1 * 1 (
) 60 (
A
sen x F y F sen x F y F
ri e A
Rn ri sen R sen y F
ri e A
Rn ri R x F
ri e A
Rn ri R x F sen R y F
A
sen y F x F x F sen y F
eq
u u u u
u
u
u u
u u u u
u
o
F1y
F1x
R - 48 mm
Ri - 33 mm
Re - 63 mm
Rn - 46.798 mm
e = R-Rn = 1.202mm
F1x - 928 N
F1y - 1745 N



THEORETICAL DISPLACEMENTS
Kx
sen R
Ri R sen sen R sen Ri
R y F
sen R
sen Ri R R Ri
R x F
R Ri R R Ri x F R Ri R y F
EI
xi +
+

+
+
+ +
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2
)
3
( 1 *
2
*
2
1
3
cos * cos * * )
3
1 ( *
3
* Re* cos *
3
* Re* *
6
* * 2
)
3
cos *
3
*
2
1
12
( *
2
)
3
1 ( * ) cos * *
3
cos * (Re* cos *
3
cos * Re* *
6
* * 2
)
4
*
2
cos * * Re* cos * Re* *
2
( * 1 )
2
1
cos * ( *
2
* 1
1
t
t
|
t t
|
t t
t t t
t
|
t
|
t t
t
| |
t
|
|
ky
sen R
sen Ri R sen sen Ri sen R
R y F
sen sen Ri R
sen R sen Ri R
R x F
sen Ri R R sen Ri R x F sen Ri R R y F
EI
yi +
+

+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
3
cos *
3
*
2
1
12
*
2
3
cos * * * *
3
* Re* *
6 3
cos *
3
* Re*
* * 2
)
3
1 ( * * *
2
)
3
( 1 *
2
*
2
1
*
3
cos * Re* *
6
2
)
3
(cos * Re*
* * 2
) * *
2
*
2
1
* Re* *
2
(Re* * 1 ) *
2
( *
2
* 1
1
t t t
t
| |
t t t t
t
|
t
|
t t t
| |
t
|
t
|
F1y
F1x
F2x
F2y
Qx
Qy



THEORETICAL EQUIVALENTE
STRESS
INFLUENCE OF THE
ABDUCTOR MUSCLES
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DEGREE
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
INSIDE RADIUS
OUTSIDE RADIUS



THEORETICAL EQUIVALENT
DISPLACEMENTS
1,80
1,85
1,90
1,95
2,00
2,05
2,10
2,15
2,20
2,25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DEGREE
D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
M
E
N
T

(
m
m
)
INSIDE RADIUS
OUTSIDE RADIUS



CPU VERSUS NDOF
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
NDOF
C
P
U

(
s
)
HEXA_ 20
HEXA_8
TETRA_4
TETRA_10


THEORETICAL VERSUS NUMERICAL
TETRAHEDRAL_4 NODE LINEAR
TETRA_4 NODE LINEAR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DEGREE
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
THEORETICAL
5874 dof
21270 dof
389277 dof
591543 dof


TETRAHEDRAL_10 NODE QUADRATIC

TETRA_10 NODE QUADRATIC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DEGREE
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
THEORETICAL
4944 dof
23481 dof
419166 dof
562845 dof


HEXAHEDRAL_8 NODE LINEAR

HEXA_8 NODE LINEAR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DEGREE
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
THEORETICAL
5475 dof
21900 dof
386550 dof
565580 dof


HEXAHEDRAL_20 NODE QUADRATIC

HEXAEDRAL_20 NODES
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DEGREE
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
THEORETICAL
5570 dof
20850 dof
413550 dof
595200 dof


ELEMENT TYPE COMPARISON
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DEGREE
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
HEXA_20
HEXA_8
TETRA_10
TETRA_4
THEORETICAL


3D COMPARISON_EQUIVALENT STRESS

HEXA_8

HEXA_20
TETRA_4 TETRA_10


PROXIMAL FEMUR MODEL

3RD GENERATION SAWBONES FEMUR MODEL

STANDARDIZED FEMUR_MODEL 3103

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

YOUNGS MODULUS = 19 000 MPa
COEFFICIENT OF POISSON = 0.26

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND LOADING REPRODUCED LIKE THOSE
ON THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK OF HEINER AND BROWN

RESULTS OBTAINED AT POINT_A OF FIGURE

A. D. Heiner And T. D. Brown, Structural properties of a new design of composite replicate
femurs and tibias, J. Biomech, 34, pp. 773-781, 2001




CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT MESHES

HEXA_A HEXA_G
HEXA_A HEXA_G



Model N_elements N_nodes NDOF CPU(s)
Tetra_A 23197 35433 99763 236
Tetra_B 34733 53200 158496 360
Tetra_C 143904 212737 635724 5117
Hexa_A 1158 5379 15570 11
Hexa_B 2222 10185 29988 29
Hexa_C 4562 20966 61332 244
Hexa_D 2962 13180 38811 105
Hexa_E 3664 16800 49479 180
Hexa_F 4522 20945 61674 290
Hexa_G 5224 23825 70152 409
Model NDOF
Hexa_A 15570
Hexa_B 29988 DOUBLE NDOF OF HEXA_A
Hexa_C 61332 HEXA _A WITH REFINEMENT OF CANCELLOUS ELEMENTS
Hexa_D 38811 HEXA _A WITH DOUBLE CORTICAL ELEMENTS
Hexa_E 49479 HEXA_D WITH REFINEMENT OF CANCELLOUS ELEMENTS
Hexa_F 61674 HEXA_E WITH REFINEMENT OF CANCELLOUS ELEMENTS
Hexa_G 70152 HEXA_E WITH REFINEMENT OF CANCELLOUS ELEMENTS



Model Strain Stress Displacement
(x10-6) (MPa) (mm)
Tetra_A -740.1 15.20 0.3327
Tetra_B -759.0 14.39 0.3874
Tetra_C -945.0 17.99 0.4857
Hexa_A -780.4 15.22 0.3966
Hexa_B -691.7 13.95 0.3825
Hexa_C -730.9 13.98 0.3793
Hexa_D -749.1 14.20 0.3938
Hexa_E -749.8 14.21 0.3936
Hexa_F -751.2 14.23 0.3936
Hexa_G -751.5 14.24 0.3936
Model NDOF
Hexa_A 15570



Model NDOF
Hexa_A 15570
13,6
14
14,4
14,8
15,2
15,6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MODELS
E
Q
U
I
V
A
L
E
N
T
E

S
T
R
E
S
S

(
M
P
a
)
0,376
0,38
0,384
0,388
0,392
0,396
0,4
D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
M
E
N
T

(
m
m
)
A B C D E F G
VON MISES STRESS
DISPLACEMENT



EXPERIMENTAL VERSUS NUMERICAL

-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Hi 2nd hi Mid 2nd lo
Ref. [53]
Present study
Ref. [53] - A. D. Heiner and T. D. Brown
Structural properties of a new design of
composite replicate femurs and tibias
J. Biomech, 34, pp. 773-781, 2001
POSITION ON THE LATERAL SIDE OF THE FEMUR

CONCLUSIONS
THE MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO ASSESS THE INFLUENCE
OF ELEMENT TYPE AND NDOF IN STRESSES ANS STRAINS
USING SIMPLIFIED AND REALISTIC PROXIMAL FEMUR
BONES

REFINEMENT OF THE CORTICAL BONE SEEMS RELEVANT

REFINEMENT OF CANCELLOUS STRUCTURE NOT SO IMPORTANT

HEXA_8 ALLOWS MORE REALIABLE RESULTS (APPARENTELY)

NECESSARY EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION

COMPARATIVE STUDYS MUST USE SIMILAR NUMBER OF DEGREES
OF FREEDOM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FUNDAO PARA A CINCIA E A TECNOLOGIA
MINISTRIO DA CINCIA E DO ENSINO SUPERIOR

FUNDING ANTNIO RAMOS THROUGH GRANT
SFRH/BD/63217/2002

PROJECT POCTI/EME/38367/2001

A. Ramos and J. A. Simões

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HYPERMESH FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR: SOME CONSIDERATIONS

A. RAMOS and J. A. SIMES

HYPERMESH FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR: SOME CONSIDERATIONS

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