BasicPowerFlowEquations

DrMSRMurty
1
ComplexPower PhasorDomain
*
I V S
u u sin cos I V j I V S + =
) sin (cos ) 0 sin 0 (cos
*
u u j I j V I V S + + = =
u
V
I
IMPORTANT
u is the power factor angle
Q j P S + =
u Z = I I
Real Power
Reactive Power
PowerSystemRepresentation
A balanced three phase power system is
assumed.
The transmission system is represented by its
positive phase sequence network of linear
lumped series and shunt branches.
The generators are assumed to be three
phase balanced voltage sources and only the
generator positive voltages are present.
PowerSystemRepresentation
(contd.,)
The generator are shown as the constant P
Q models; i.e as the injected powers into the
system. Therefore, the internal impedance of
generators do not enter in the Z
bus
or Y
bus
matrix formulation.
The load on each bus is assumed to be three
phase balanced load.
The load models are constant P Q models.
YBusMatrixFormation
4 Buspowersystem:OLD
5
ImpedanceDiagram
6
AdmittanceDiagram
GeneratorEqCkts
convertedtocurrent
sourceform
7
NodalCurrentBalanceequations
8
( ) ( )
( )
3 13 2 12 1 13 12 11
3 1 13 2 1 12 1 11 1
V Y V Y V Y Y Y
V V Y V V Y V Y I
+ + =
+ + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
4 24 3 23 2 24 23 12 22 1 12
4 2 24 3 2 23 1 2 12 2 22 2
V Y V Y V Y Y Y Y V Y
V V Y V V Y V V Y V Y I
+ + + + =
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
4 34 3 34 23 13 2 23 1 13
4 3 34 2 3 23 1 3 13
0
V Y V Y Y Y V Y V Y
V V Y V V Y V V Y
+ + + =
+ + =
( ) ( )
( )
4 34 24 3 34 2 24
3 4 34 2 4 24
0
V Y Y V Y V Y
V V Y V V Y
+ + =
+ =
MatrixEquation:I=YV
9
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

+
+ +
+ + +
+ +
=
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
34 24 34 24
34 34 23 13 23 13
24 23 24 23 12 22 12
13 12 13 12 11
2
1
0
0
0
0
V
V
V
V
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
I
I
TheYBusmatrix

=
=
n
j
kj k
Y Y
1
Y
bus
isasymmetricmatrixinwhichthesumofalltheelementsof
thek
th
columnisY
kk
.
ImpedanceMatrix
10
Thebusimpedanceandadmittancematricesareinversesofeachother.
Zbus
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
4
3
2
1
I
I
I
I
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
V
V
V
V
GivenImpedances
11
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

15 5 10
5 9 4
10 4 14
Y Bus Matrix
Givenadmittances
12

S
G1

S
D2
=400+j250 V
1
=1.05Z0
|V
3
|=1.04
S
G3
=200 MW
10-j20
16-j32
10-j30
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
=
62 26 32 16 30 10
32 16 52 26 20 10
30 10 20 10 50 20
j j j
j j j
j j
Y
PowerFlowEquations
Powersystemisacomplexelectricnetwork
anditisrequiredtofindthevoltages,currents
andpowersatvariouspoints.
Intheloadflowproblem,activeandreactive
powers,ratherthanshuntimpedances,are
specifiedatmostnetworkbusses:
13
Purposeoftheloadflowprogram
Tocomputebusvoltagesandline/transformer/
cablepowerflowsoncenetworktopology,
impedances,loads,andgeneratorshavebeen
specified.
Ideally,thecomputedbusvoltagesforthestudy
systemshouldremainwithinacceptableranges,
andline/transformer/cablepowerflowsshould
bebelowtheirratedvalues,forareasonableset
ofoutagecontingencies.
14
PowerFlowProblem
Known:
realandreactivedemands
realpowergeneration,and
thegeneratorterminalvoltages,
networktopology,
Compute:
thevoltagemagnitudesandanglesatallbuses
Frombusvoltagemagnitudesandangles,allof
therealandreactivepowerflowsalongthe
circuitscanthenbedirectlycomputed.
15
Nodalequationsatanode3ofa4bus
powersystem
16
*
3 3 3
I V S =
3 3 3 D G
S S S =

=
=
+ + + =
4
1
3
4 34 3 33 2 32 1 31 3
k
k k
V Y
V Y V Y V Y V Y I

=
=
4
1
* *
3
*
3
k
k k
V Y I

=
=
4
1
* *
3 3 3
k
k k
V Y V S

=
=
4
1
*
3
*
3 3
k
k k
V V Y S
17
:
k
j
k
k
j
k
e V e V Y S
u u
=

=
4
1
3
*
3 3
3
Expressing the voltages in their polar form

=
4
1
) (
3
*
3 3
3
k
j
k k
k
e V V Y S
u u
k
j
k k k k
e Y jB G Y
3
3 3 3 3

= + =
k
k
k
G
B
3
3
3
tan =
Differentformsofthepowerflow
equations:Basis
PolarFormofYbuselements
RectangularFormofYbuselements
18
k
j
k k k k
e Y jB G Y
3
3 3 3 3

= + =
PFEquationsusingYbuspolarform
19

=

=
4
1
) (
3 3 3
3 3
k
j
k
j
k
k k
e V V e Y S
u u

=

=
4
1
) (
3 3 3
3 3
k
j
k k
k k
e V V Y S
u u
( )

=
+ =
4
1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
) sin( ) cos(
k
k k k k k k
j V V Y S u u u u
PowerflowequationsatNode3
20
{
} ) sin(
) cos(
3 3 3 3
4
1
3 3 3 3 3
k k k k
k
k k k k
V V Y j
V V Y S
u u
u u
+
=

=
3 3 3
jQ P S + =

=
=
4
1
3 3 3 3 3
) cos(
k
k k k k
V V Y P u u

=
=
4
1
3 3 3 3 3
) sin(
k
k k k k
V V Y Q u u
Powerflowequationsatanybusi:
21

=
=
n
k
ik k i k i i i
V V Y P
1
3
) cos( u u

=
=
n
k
ik k i i i i
V V Y Q
1
3 3
) sin( u u
RectangularformofYbus
22
( )

=
4
1
) (
3 3 3 3
3
k
j
k k k
k
e V V jB G S
u u
( )

=
4
1
) (
3 3 3 3
3
k
j
k k k
k
e jB G V V S
u u
( )( )

=
+ =
4
1
3 3 3 3 3 3
) sin( ) cos(
k
k k k k k
j jB G V V S u u u u
{
( )} ) cos( ) sin(
) sin( ) cos(
3 3 3 3
4
1
3 3 3 3 3 3
k k k k
k
k k k k k
B G j
B G V V S
u u u u
u u u u
+
+ =

=
PFEquationsatabusI:Ybus in
rectangularform
23
3 3 3
jQ P S + =
( )

=
+ =
4
1
3 3 3 3 3 3
) sin( ) cos(
k
k k k k k
B G V V P u u u u
( ) ) cos( ) sin(
3 3 3 3
4
1
3 3 k k k k
k
k
B G V V Q u u u u =

=
( )

=
+ =
n
k
k i ik k i ik k i i
B G V V P
1
) sin( ) cos( u u u u
( ) ) cos( ) sin(
1
k i ik k i ik
n
k
k i i
B G V V Q u u u u =

=
Atanybusi:
( )

=
+ =
n
k
ik ik ik ik k i i
B G V V P
1
sin cos u u ( )
ik ik ik ik
n
k
k i i
B G V V Q u u cos sin
1
=

=
Example:Givenall
admittances:(1 j10)
24
P
g1
P
g2
=0.8830 P
g3
=0.2076
V
1
=10
S
D3
=0.2+j0.1
S
D3
=1.7355+j0.5496 S
D3
=1.7137+j0.5983
V
4

|V
2
|

=1 |V
3
|

=1
V
5

(
(
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
=
20 2 10 1 10 1 0 0
10 1 30 3 10 1 10 1 10 1
10 1 0 20 2 10 1 0
0 10 1 10 1 30 3 10 1
0 10 1 0 10 1 20 2
j j j
j j j j j
j j j
j j j j
j j j
Y
Exampleofcalculation
25
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

15
10
10
5
5
4
3
2
u
u
u
u
(

=
(

0 . 1
0 . 1
5
4
V
V
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
5 12 5 15 5 1
4 14 4 14 4 1
3 13 3 13 3 1
2 12 2 12 2 1
1 11 1 11 1 1
5
1
1 1 1 1
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ =
+ =

=
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V P
k
k k k k k
( )

=
+ =
5
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
) sin( ) cos(
k
k k k k k
B G V V P u u u u
6270 . 2
) 10 sin( 10 ) 10 cos( 1 ) 5 sin( 10 ) 5 cos( 1 2
1
=
+ + = P
26
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ) cos( ) sin(
) cos( ) sin(
) cos( ) sin(
) cos( ) sin(
) cos( ) sin(
) cos( ) sin(
5 15 5 15 5 1
4 14 4 14 4 1
3 13 3 13 3 1
2 12 2 12 2 1
1 11 1 11 1 1
1 1
5
1
1 1
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
+
+
+
+
=
=

=
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V
B G V V Q
k k k k
k
k
0708 . 0
) 10 cos( 10 ) 10 sin( 1 ) 5 cos( 10 ) 5 sin( 1 20
1
=
= Q
Busclassification
Foreachbus,therearefourpossiblevariables
thatcharacterizethebuseselectrical
condition.
Realandreactivepowerinjection,P
k
ReactivepowerinjectionQ
k
Voltagemagnitude,|V
k
|and
Voltageangleu
k
27
Busclassification
LoadBusorPQbus
Generatorbus
Swingbus
28
Specialcases
Nongeneratorbus:abuswithloadorabus
withneithergenerationorloadmaybe
classifiedastypePV
Ex:Buseshavingswitchedshuntcapacitorsor
staticvarcompensationsystems(SVCs).
29
TherealpowerinjectionsofthetypePVbuses
arechosenaccordingtothesystemdispatch
correspondingtothemodeledloading
conditions.
ThevoltagemagnitudesofthetypePVbuses
arechosenaccordingtotheexpectedterminal
voltagesettings,thegeneratorsetpoints,of
theunits.
30
Busclassification:Example
Bus1:SwingBus
Bus2,Bus3:TypePV
Buses4and5aretypePQ.
31
P
g1
P
g2
=0.8830 P
g3
=0.2076
V
1
=10
S
D3
=0.2+j0.1
S
D3
=1.7355+j0.5496 S
D3
=1.7137+j0.5983
V
4

|V
2
|

=1 |V
3
|

=1
V
5

Swingbus
Alsocalledslackbus andreferencebus.
Thereisonlyoneswingbus,anditcanbe
designatedtobeanygeneratorbusinthe
system.
Fortheswingbus,weknow|V|andu.The
factthatweknowu isthereasonwhyitis
sometimescalledthereferencebus.
Itisamathematicalartifactofthesolution
procedure(nophysicalsignificance)
32
Swingbus
Theonegeneratorforwhichwedonotsetthereal
powerinjectionistheonemodeledattheswingbus.
Thisgeneratorswingstocompensateforthenetwork
losses,or,onemaysaythatittakesuptheslack.
Thevoltagemagnitudeoftheswingbusischosento
correspondtothetypicalvoltagesettingofthis
generator.
Thevoltageanglemaybedesignatedtobeanyangle,
butnormallyitisdesignatedas0
o
.
RealpowerinjectionoftheswingbusItisanoutputof
thepowerflowsolution
33
Numberofbusesofvarioustypes
N:No.ofbusesofapowersystem
N
G
:No.ofbusesofvoltageregulating
generators.
Oneofthesemustbetheswingbus.
PVbuses:N
G
1
PQbuses:NN
G
Numberingofbuses:
Swingbusisnumberedbus1
PVbusesarenumbered2,,N
G
,and
PQbusesarenumberedN
G
+1,,N
34
NonlinearPFEquations
Fori=2toN
35
( )

=
+ =
n
k
k i ik k i ik k i i
B G V V P
1
) sin( ) cos( u u u u
( ) ) cos( ) sin(
1
k i ik k i ik
n
k
k i i
B G V V Q u u u u =

=
For I = Ng + 1
TheLoadFlowProblem
Therearetwomethodsofsolvingtheload
flowproblem.
A) TheGaussSeidelMethod
B) TheNewtonRaphsonMethod