Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PREFACE
After a great endevor WBSEBEA has published this tech-nical diary with the profound support & contribution from different members at all level. West Bengal Engineers' Association invites valuable suggestions from our member towards enrichment of the knowledge base technical diary in the next version. Any error which has been inadvertently incorporated in this diary may be communicated to this end for future guidance. Secretary West Bengal State Electricity Board Engineers' Association
INDEX
Content 1. Year Callender 2. STD Code No. 3. I.S.D. 4. World time Chart 5. Air Distance 6. Road Distance 7. Greetings 8. National information 9. Festivals 10. Conversion facter 11. Graphical symbols. 12. Priliminaries of Tower loading concept 13. Concept of Tower foundation 14. Drawing for 220kv & above transmission system. 15. 132/220/440 kv transmission system. 16. Typical substation equipment specification 17. Typical F.L. current rating of transformer. 18. Amorphous core transformer 19. 33/11 kv substation (Indoor type) 20. 33/11 kv of substation (out door type) 21. Basic technology of functional details of transformer 22. Transformer testing 23. Transformer protection. 24. Inspection & maintenance schedule of transformer & circuit breaker 25. Maintenance scheduleof transforemr equipments. 26. Test report of transformer 27. Test report of CB 28. Significance of importance of tests of transformer oil. 29. Online reclamation of transformer oil 30. DBPC oxident for reclaimed transformer oil. 31. Mixing of transformer oil. 32. Approximate requirement of major materials for R.E. works. 33. Typical S/C data for 33/11 kv Transformer 34. Clearance 35. Gap setting 36. Relays 37. Earthing 38. Battery Page No. 4 5 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 25 43 44 48 50 50 51 52 54 73 80 98 105 109 114 116 126 130 132 135 138 140 142 147 184 193
Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 39.Multiplying ftactor for calculating size of capacitor 40. Regulation constant for overhead line. 41. Transformer loss calculation 42. Surge impedence & economic loading of a overhead line. 43. Fuse wire rating 44. Cable rating 45. Current rating of motor. 46. Current rating of Almunium conductor 47. Permissible span of overhead lines. 48. Weight of materials . 49. Wattage of electrical domestic appliances. 50. Rating of electrical equipments. 51. Assessment of bills incase of L & MV consumers. 52.Conversion factor MVA. Vs. AMPS. 53. Trouble shooting of felxicom type MRI 54., Trouble shooting of Analogic type MRI. 55. Display item of ABB Meter 56. Accucheck Meter connection diagram 57. Data for civil work 58. Planning of Building 59. Salient features by WBSERC 60. VSAT Technology 61. Network security 62. Reference 202 204 205 210 211 212 218 219 224 225 228 229 232 233 234 236 238 240 243 244 246 250 254 256
YEAR - 2006
January 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 February 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 March 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 April 14 15 16 17 18 4 5 6 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 18 19 20 21 22 30 31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 June 23 24 25 26 27 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Week
5 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
10
13 14 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 29 30 31
22 29 23 24 25 26 27 28
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
August 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 23 30 24 31 25 26 27 28
September 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
October 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
November 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 28 22 29 23 30 24 25 26 27
December 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1 2 3 4
1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4
WBSEBEA - 6
STD CODE NO
A Abohar 01634 Adipur 0283686 Adilabad 08732 Adoni 08512 Adoor 04734 Agartala 0381 Agra 0562 Ahmedabad 079 Ahmednagar 0241 Aizwal 0389 Ajmer 0145 Akbarpur (up) 05111 Akola 0724 Alamuru 08853-82 Alibaug 02141 Aligarh 0571 Alipurduar 03561-55 Allahabad 0532 Alleppy 0477 Almora 05962 Alur 08172 Alwar 0144 Amlapurum 08856 Amravati (MP) 0721 Ambaji 02749 Ambala 0171 Ambikapur 07774 Amethi 0536 Amritsar 0183 Anmand 02692 Anant Nag 01932 Anavatti 08184 Asansol 0341 Aska 06822 Attur 04282 Aurangabad (BR) 06186 Aurangabad (MH) 0240 Ayodhya 05276 Azamgarh 0546 B Baad Badarpur Badrinath Bagdogra Bakreswar Balaghat Balasore Balia Ballarpur Ballavipur Banda (UP) Bangalore Bankura Barabanki Baragarh Barakar Barauni (BGS) Bareilly 08386 03845 01381 0353 034667 07632 06782 0549 07174 02841 0519 080 03242 05242 06646 0341 06343 0581 Baroda (GUJ) 0265 Basti 05542 Begun 01474 Begusarai 06342 Belgaum 0831 Berhampur (Orissa) 0680 Berhampur (WB) 03482 Bhabhua 06189 Bhadarak 06784 Bhagalpur 0641 Bhandara 07184 Bhavnagar 0278 Bhawani Patna 06670 Bhilai 0788 Bhilwara 01482 Bhopal 0755 Bhubaneswar 0674 Bhusawal 02582 Bijapur 08352 Bikaner 0151 Bilaspur (MP) 07752 Bokaro Steel 06542 Bolangir 06652 Bolpur 03463 Bulandshahar 05732 Bongaigaon 03664 Burdwan 0342 Burla 066382 Buxar 06183 C Calicut 0495 Cambay 02698 Cannanore 0497 Chakdah 03473 Champa 07819 Chandanpur 06752 Chandigarh 0172 Chandipur 06785 Chandrapur (MP) 07172 Chanchal 03513 Chapra 06152 Chas 06548 Chatrapati 045685 Chennai 044 Chatrapur 06811 Chidambaram 04144 Chirala 08594 Chittaranjan 0341 Chittore (A.P) 08572 Chittorgarh 01472 Chowdwar 0671792 Chowk 02146 Cochin 0484 Coimbatore 0422 Contai 03220 Coochbehar 03582 Coonoor 0423 Cuddalore 04142 Cuttack 0671 D Dadri Dalhousie Daltongunj Daman Danapur (PT) Darbhanga Darjeeling Deesa Dehradun Dehari on Sone Deogarh Deoghar Dewas Dhanbad Diphu Dhubri Diamondharbour Dibrugarh Digha Dimapur Dispur (GH) Durg Durgapur Dwaraka E Elnaji Eluru Erapatty Ernakulam Erode Etawah F Faizabad Falta Faridabad Faridkot Fatehpur (UP) Ferozepur Ferozabad G Gadwal 08546 Gandhinagar (GUJ) 02712 Gandhinagar 0481 Gangotri 01377 Gangtok 03592 Ganjam 06811 Gaya 0631 Gazipur 0548 Ghatal 03225 Ghatkesar 084152 Giridih 06532 Goa (Punjim) 0832 Gokul 05664 Goal Para 03663 Golaghat 03774 Gorakhpur 0551 05272 031722 0129 01639 0518 01632 05618 04858 08812 0428685 0484 0424 05682 05737 01899 06562 02636 0612 06272 0354 02744 0135 06128 06641 06432 07272 0326 03671 03662 03174 0373 03220 03862 0361 0788 0343 02892 Gudawal Gulmarg Guntur Gurazala Gurgaon Guwahati Gwalior H Hailakandi Haflong Haldia Hamirpur (UP) Hapur Hardoi Haridar Hassan Hathras Haveri Hazaribagh Hazipur (BIHAR) Hissar Hojai Hospet Hossur Husnabad Hyderabad I Ichalkaranji Imphal Indore Islampur (MH) Ismailabad Itanagar Itarsi J Jabalpur 0761 Jagalpur 07782 Jagadishpur (Sultan)05362 Jagatpur 0671 Jaipur (Raj) 0141 Jalgaon 0257 Jallundhar 0181 Jammu 0191 Jamshedpur 0657 Jarora 07414 Jaunpur 05452 Jeypore 06854 Jhansi 05172 Jharia 0326 Jharsuguda 06645 Jhumritilaiya 06534 Jhunjhunu 01592 Jhusi 053287 Jodhpur 0291 Jorhat 0376 Junagadi (Guj) 0285 Junagarh (Orissa) 06672 0230 03852 0731 02342 01744 0360 07572 03844 03673 03224 05282 0122 05852 0133 08172 05722 08375 06546 06224 01662 03674 08394 08337 08721 040 074824 01953 0863 08649 01272 0361 0751
WBSEBEA - 7
STD CODE NO
K Kakdwip Kakinada Kalimpong Kalka Kalunga (RKL) Kanchipuram Kannauj Kanyakumari Kanpur Kapurthala Karimnagar Karimganj Karnal Kashipur Katihar Katni Khajuraho Khamaria Khammam Khanna Kharagpur Khurda Khurja Kisanganj Kodaikanal Kohima Kolhapur Kolkata Koraput Korba Kota Krishnagar Kundara Kurnool Kurseong Kyalanur L Lanka Latur Lucknow Ludhiana Lumding M Madhubani Madurai Mahabaleshwar Mahabalipuram Maharajgung (up) Maina (MP) Maldah Malkapuram Mangalore (PCR) Mangalore Mani Manipal (Udipi) Masauri Masur (SMO) 06276 0452 02168 04113 05523 07560 03512 0891 08534 0824 08255 08252 06129 08376 0367485 02382 0522 0161 036746 03210 0884 03552 017852 06619 04112 05694 04652 0512 01822 08722 03843 0184-72 05947 06452 07622 076861 05416 08742 01622 03222 06755 05738 06456 04542 04866 0231 033 06852 07759 0744 03472 04755 08518 03554 08152 Mathura Mayapur (W.B) Merut How Midnapore Mirzapur Moghalsarai Mohara Mokama Monghyr Moradabad Moranhat Mumbai Motihari Mussoorie Muzaffarpur Muzaffar Nagar Mysore N Nagarcoil 04652 Nagpur 0712 Naini 0532 Nainital 05942 Nalanda 061194 Nalbari 03624 Nandikal 08159-86 Narasannapeta 08942 Nasik 0253 N awada 06324 New Bongaigaon 03664 New Delhi 011 Nizamabad 08462 Noida 0577 Nowgaon 03672 North Lakhimpur 03752 O Obaa Okha Ooty Osmanabad Ozar P Paburia Palghat Panagarh bazar Panaje Panduah Panipath Paradeep Pathankot Patialala Patina Phagwara Pilibhit Pondicherry Portblair Pratap Garh 06847 0491 0343 08251 09113 01742 06722 0186 0175 0612 01824 05882 0413 03192 05342 05445 02892 0423 02472 02533 0565 03472 0121 073183 03222 05442 05412 0171 06133 06344 0591 037543 022 06252 01362 0621 0131 0821 Premnagar Pune Puri Purnia Purulia Puttur (Kerala) Q Quilandy Quilon R Raibareilly 0535 Raichur 08532 Raigarh 07762 Raipur (MP) 0771 Rajahmundry 0683 Rajgar (MP) 07372 Rajganjpur 06624 Rajgir 06119 Rajkot 0281 Rajnagar 06729 Rameswaram 04573 Ramgarh Cantt. 06553 Rajganjpur 06624 Ramnagar 05419 Ranchi 0651 Raniganj 0341 Ratlam 07412 Raxaul 06255 Rayagade 06856 Renukut 054461 Rewa 07662 Rishkesh 0136-4-11 Rohtak 01262 Roorkee 01332 Rourkella 0661 Rupanarayanpur 03444 S Sagar 08183 Sagar (MP) 07582 Sahugunj 06436 Saidapur 08473 Salem 0427 Samastipur 06274 Sambalpur 0663 Sanglo 0233 Satana 02555 Satna 07672 Secunderabad 040 Seoni 07692 Shahjhanpur 05842 Shaktinagar (VS) 054463 Shillong 0364 Sibsagar 03772 Silchar 03842 Siugguri 0353 Simla 0177 Sindri 06544 04961 0474 013583 020 06752 06454 03252 08251 Sirsa (UP) Sitamarhi Swan Sonepat S rinagar Srirampur Sundargarh Surat Suri T Taccode Tajpur Talchar Tanuku Tezu Tejpur Thal Thane Tinsukia Tiruneveli Tirupati Tiruvellore Trichur Trivandrum Triveni Tumkur Tundla Tura Tuticorin U Uchagaon Udaipur Udhampur Udipi (Monipal) Ujjain Ullal Uliasnagar Unnao Upleta Utkamong (Ooti) Uttarkashi V Vadipatti Vapi Vairag Valakom Valliur Varanasi Vashi Vasko Vellore Vijayawada Visavadar Visakhapatnam Vissannapet Vizianagram Virindaban W Wardha Warora Whitefield Wokha Y Yamunanagar Yamunotri Yeotmal Z Zaheerabad 0831 0294 01992 08252 0734 0824 0251 0515 02826 0423 01374 04543 02638 02184 047570 04637 0542 022 08345 0416 0866 02873 0891 086737 08922 05664 07152 071763 08045 0386 01732 01379 07232 084512 08253 062752 06765 08819 03804 03712 021433 022 0374 0462 08574 04116 0487 0471 03167 0816 05611 03651 0461 053289 06226 06154 01264 0194 02422 06622 0261 03462
WBSEBEA - 8
ISD CODE NO
Country Angola
Argentina
Code 244
54
City
Luanda Buenos Aires Cordoka Mendoza
Code
2 1 51 61 8 7 3 2 9 51 2 41 3
Country
Greece
Code
30
City
Athens Piraesus
Code
1 1 39 2
Guyana
592
Corprivertion Georgetown
Australia
61
Imonesia
62
Ban jakapta
Bangladesh
880
Iran
98
Asara Mashar
32 975 55
Antwerp
Iraq
964
Baghdad Babylon
61 21 2 1 613 416 42 2 1 21 4 7 8 5 3 3 2 66 1 1 30 421 40 30 Maldives 960 Macedonia Malaysia 389 60 Iibya 218 Kuwait Iebanonl 965 961 Jordan Kenya Korea (South) 962 254 82 Japan 81 Itally 39 Israel 972
Nastriya Bethlehem Jerusalem Ramalla Rome Malano Kyoto Osaka Tokyo Yokohama Amman Nairobi Pusan Seoul Kuwait Grand Beirut Zahle Benina Sabh Sert Skopje Kualalumpur Kuantan Malf
Burma
95
Mandalay Rangoon
Canada Chile
1 56
Egypt
20
679 33 49
WBSEBEA - 9
ISD CODE NO
Country
Mexico
Code
52
City
Acapuloo Mexico city
Code
746 5 61 671 20 1747 9 71 4 9 1 2 51 21 42 51 54
Country
Spain
Code
34
City
Badalona Vigo
Code
3 86 1 51 31 31 22 1 4 2 2 2 41 42 044 2 4 6 21 272 71 81 61 907 312 212 218 702 215 415 202 37 2 43 11
Namibia
264
Industira Tsumlo
94 249
Nepal Netherlands
977 31
Switzerland
41
New Zealand
64
Taiwan
886
Taichung Taipel
Nigeria
234
Abuja Lagos
Thailand
66
Bangkok Thonbiri
47 968 92
90 256 7 971
Peru
51
Areouota Lima14
United Kingdom
44
pOLANO
48
Bedzin Sopot
33 58 31 91 095 812 3 3 1 1 21 12 11 Vietnam Yugos Lavia Zimbabway 84 381 263 Uzbekistan Venezuela 7 58 USA 1
qATAR Rowna
974 40
Alaska Chicago Newyork Hollywood Lasvegas (ny) Phladefhia San Francisco Washington DC Tashrent Carasas Varacay HBBelgrade
Russia
Saudi Arabia
966
221 65 252 27
..
WBSEBEA - 10
-1 10.30 am -2 9.30 am -4 7.30 am -22 2.00 pm -9 2.30 am -3 8.30 am +6 6.30 am -2 9.30 am -1 10.30 am +2 2.30 pm +1 1.30 pm -9 2.30 am -3 8.30 am -9 2.30 am -3 8.30 am -10 1.30 am -10 1.30 am +4 4.30 P M -4 7.30 am -4 7.30 am -3 8.30 am -8 2.30 am -11 12.30 am 12.00 noon -4 7.30 am + 12.30 pm - 3 8.30 am - 2 9.30 am +4 4.00 pm 12.00 noon -10 1.30 am -2 9.30 am -2 9.30 am -11 0.30 am -2 0.30 am -4 7.30 am -10 1.30 am -9 2.45 am +2 2.30 pm -22 2.00 pm -3 8.30 am -2. 9.30 am -3 8.30 am - 11.30 am
WBSEBEA - 11
9.6 12.3 5.4 3.0 4.9 9.0 1.7 2.3 1.2 9.5 2.2 2.2 7.4 4.2 9.4 5.4 8.8 3.7 1.4 2.4 3.0 1.9 6.6 4.3 4.7 3.6 7.0 1.0 5.1 9.8 6.3 7.0 7.3 6.2 5.6 3.9
14.2 18.2 0.5 4.9 1.9 4.8 6.0 4.4 9.0 6.6 4.8 9.2
7.6 8.7 18.4 1 3 1. 7.0 6.0 2.3 1.2 4.7 3.6 6.6 5.5 5.1 3.4 9.5 2.2 7.2 1.0 5.5 2.9
5.3 18.4 9.5 5.4 3.9 8.8 6.2 4.3 1.0 9.3
2.2 8.9 8.8 18.4 4.3 9.0 6.5 4.8 0.3 9.3
7.1 6.3 12.5 6.5 8.3 3.7 1.4 7.5 2.5 4.6
5.6 3.9 10.1 5.0 6.7 6.8 5.8 12.0 6.6 7.9 8.6 10.3 16.5 9.4 9.4 2.2 2.6 5.5 0.9 4.6 0.3 7.4 0.8 2.9
6.9 1 6 7.6 1.
0.7 7.6 10.3 16.3 9.2 9.6 3.8 1.1 2.8 2.5 7.4 2.5
8.2 10.8 16.9 9.5 8.2 4.8 6.3 2.7 8.8 6.1
8.9 10.9 17.0 9.8 9.6 5.9 2.9 2.5 2.4 8.3 6.0 0.8 4.9 9.1 4.7 6.8
2.8 2.5 10.8 4.8 5.2 6.4 16.9 8.8 5.8 4.6 9.5 6.1
6.3 1.0 3.0 10.4 4.0 7.5 8.2 16.3 7.8 1.7 0.4 9.4 0.5
9.6 1 6 10.4 1. 6.0 3.04.2 14.5 9.3 10.9 9.7 2.2 2.6 7.4 0.8 2.9 5.5 4.6
0.4 8.0 10.8 16.8 9.6 6.3 4.9 2.7 8.0 14.3
0.0 10.7 17.0 9.8 9.7 3.9 3.3 6.4 8.5 13.8 9 9
1.4 7.2 10.4 16.0 9.7 8.9 5.9 2.5 2.4 6.3 1.0 3.0 8.3 0.8
0.7 8.8
5.0 9.00 3.9 10.0 3.3 16.3 6.4 8.5 9.6 9.9 0.7
5.8 10.3 12.0 16.5 6.6 7.9 4.8 9.4 9.4 0.3
0.9 0.3 10.9 2.9 5.5 6.6 17.0 9.1 3.7 3.2 5.8 5.3 9.8 4.7 9.6 6.8
6.0 4.9 10.7 0.7 7.8 17.0 7.5 1.7 8.2 0.4 9.8 9.7
4.0 3.2 5.3 10.3 7.3 7.8 1 66 2.1 2.1 9.6 9.6
9.3 1 1 10.0 1.
0.5 13.8
WBSEBEA - 12
DISTANCE IN KILOMETERS AGARTALA AGRA AHMEDABAD ALLAHABAD AMRITSAR ASANSOL BANGALORE BARODA BHOPAL BHUBANESWAR CALICUT CHANDIGARH CHENNAI COCHIN COIMBATORE DELHI GWALIOR HUBLI HYDERABAD IMPHAL INDORE JABALPUR JAIPUR JAMSHEDPUR JULIANDUR KANPUR KOLHAPUR KOLKATA LUCKNOW LUDHIANA MADURIA MEERUT MUMBAI NAGUR NASIK PANJIM PATNA PONDICHERRY PUNE RANCHI SHILLONG SHIMLA SURAT TRIVANDRUM VARANASI VIJAYAWADA VISAKHAPATNAM
3305 855 1207 1332 1842 1514 119 571 1829 1648 1135 1848 1832 1669 886 852 1101 1220 3067 442 901 625 1870 1285 1168 911 2006 1133 1220 1922 1092 552 999 504 1165 1656 1818 675 1781 2698 1254 273 2197 1329 1491 1857
3824 1819 1514 1652 2453 2187 1408 1379 1430 520 2268 334 546 333 2019 1700 391 566 3489 1601 1335 2049 1842 2416 1855 484 1883 1900 2358 432 2072 1033 1034 1035 440 2071 303 839 2098 3120 2387 1284 690 1763 638 1004
2286 1556 1829 1102 2202 523 1430 1604 1175 1923 1994 1225 1895 1633 1754 1496 1620 1063 2100 1355 1087 1775 439 2413 1283 1622 480 1266 2088 1687 1822 1691 830 1516 1455
2998 449 1135 892 223 1503 2268 1181 990 1994 2741 2406 2814 2669 248 568 2101 1702 2752 1052 1046 510 1566 154 661 1910 1691 748 105 2785 381 1657 1234 1466 2028
3493 4304 2708 1957 2278 1848 1832 1790 2216 2603 3011 200 886 643 446
2801 2281 1863 2252 3593 2696 3365 3507 1681 3661 3442 230 290 1242 369 1208 785 1005 1715 885 2119 1229 552 999 504 1165 1656 1818 675
625 1168 2006 1133 673 707 1304 193 799 926 1888 789 226
237 1444 618 1155 1419 402 1952 1465 945 1854 1431 1665 2237 1531 2765 1875 825 2040 1122 1746 2300 395 2024 1955 440 2071 303 839
1899 1258 1693 1394 556 1601 1127 813 379 191
1857 2544 1262 334 546 2019 1739 1763 1151 1517 1925 741
2049 1855 1883 1900 1033 1034 1035 789 1230 1937 1311 735 585 1456 703 433 774 789 345
457 1158 1582 1735 454 605 1143 1016 1679 810
1063 1335 910 1998 1702 1053 704 1795 112 1804 912 1964 1453 1134 806 497
1775 1283 480 1266 1691 830 1516 1455 862 1387 1608 2523 2260 2346 2339 1171 1483 1193 510 661 1691 576 2476 566 984
748 1657 1234 1466 2028 1332 1568 1678 909 2096 162 1173 798 2601 548 1169 800 2434 410 1005
2187 2049 1678 2038 1367 1172 1366 2457 2385 2347 2446 1351 1580 1390 2369 2218 2057 2297 1192 1441 1241 263 351 481 1442 280 1232
569 1408 985 1220 1782 1086 2319 1429 359 1085 666 641 995 739 468 891 1467 406 2000 1110 646 754 190 1998 653 437 765 1469 865 545
638 774 1854 704 1112 1453 3298 4035 2503 1795 1804 1529 1885 2187 2457 806 800 263
2533 2134 1620 1979 3316 2455 3218 3360 1534 3460 337 405 845 1347 891 689 1620 543 1167 917 1472 867 308 855 1869 768 589 445 414 1115 1205 1963 523 943 1088 736 1697 1003
298 1176 1015 1248 1488 1115 2300 1300 838 1958 1097 1788 2229 473 1799 979 868 1778 1354 1591 2146 1460 2785 791
2049 2385 481 910 934 1664 1678 2347 1442 2038 2446 2552 3027 569 310
517 - 1010 79 1278 777 1103 1813 596 2217 1312 1518 1779 2045 1858 426 1050 456 2091 2047 907 247 1472 1010 598 570 963 2081 1220 1849 974 621 1840 2102
- 1370 866 1182 1883 566 2200 1391 803 1770 1280 1528 1805 1395 2720 1726 872 2561 333 1238
1756 1115 995 2091 1470 739 468 754 815 589 445 414
2496 2345 2110 2424 1458 1568 1467 327 537 1497
453 1468 994 1242 1805 934 2434 1440 - 861 861 197 584 1856 1336 164
700 1247 993 1334 882 701 701 1679 1363 209 - 1804 739 501 - 2264 2738 739 2264
1248 1103 1849 1182 2496 1613 974 1885 596 621 566 1856
862133220962601 1086 1469 1387 1608 560 1739 2113 1579 1953 980 792 426 2568 1678 1480 2383 119 1325 3051 1014 1973 2110 162 548 2319 1173 1169 1429 1767 2455 1214 2929 3666 2134 2525 2933 368
2349 2217 1840 2200 1336 1334 1363 1300 1314 2102 1391 1243 726 414 164 882 209
2164 1699 1251 1610 2947 2086 2800 2925 1019 3051 2968 629 846 1610 867 1776 1353 1567 2130 1434 2687 1797 301 747 262 913 1742 1789 432 792 2827 622 1533
2782 2611 2376 2690 1376 1834 1742 795 315 677
286 1590 729 1399 1524 280 1063 1116 39 1428 876 1664 595 816
1891 1687 879 1742 1376 876 1596 1206 1334 961 1182
WBSEBEA - 13
GREETINGS
National a) Kind rememberence and all good wishes for the independence day. b) Sincere greetings for the republic day. c) Long live the republic Election a) Hearty congratulations on success in Election b) Best wishes for your success in the Election Festival Heartiest Diwali Greeting Id Mubarak Heartiest Bijoya Greetings A Merry Christmas to you My Heartiest Holi Greetings to you Heartiest Pangal Greetings Heartiest Onam Greeting Heartiest Ugadi Greeting Wish you a happy Bihu A Happy Easter Heartiest Greetings on Buddha Jayanti Heartiest Guru Ravidas Purnima Greetings Special Occations A Happy New Years to you Many Happy Returns of the day Greeting on the duation of Paryushan
Day of Universal Forgiveness. Hearty Congratulation on the new Arival. Heartiest Congratulation on Griha Pravesh Wedding Best Wishes for a long & happy Married life Many Heaven's choicest Blessing be showered on the young couple. Wish you both a happy & prosperous Wedded life Convey our Blessings to the Newly Married couple. Best Wishes on your Wedding anniversary. General Congrtualation of the Distinction conferned to you. Hearly congratulations on your success in the Examiantion Best Wishes for a safe & pleasant journey Many Thanks for your Good wishes which I/ We reciprocate Most Hearitily Congratulations Loving Greetings. Wishing the function Every Success. Many thanks for your kind massage to greeting. Best Wishes for your success in the Examination.
WBSEBEA - 14
NATIONAL INFORMATION
States Andhra Pradesh Assam Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Delhi Goa Gujrat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Main Language Telugu Assemise Tribal Hindi Hindi Konkani, Marathi Gujrati Hindi Hindi, Pahari Kashmiri Capital Hyderabad Dispur Itanagar Patna New Delhi Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Shimla Jammu (Winter) Srinagar (Summer) Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamilnadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Wet Bengal Kanada Malayalam Hindi Marathi Manipuri Tribal Mizo Angami Oriya Punjabi Hindi Tamil Tripuri Hindi Bengali Bangalore Trivandrum Bhopal Mumbai Imphal Shilong Aizwal Kohima Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Jaipur Chennai Agartala Lucknow Calcutta Best Season Nov. to Mar Oct to May Oct to May Oct to Mar Oct to Mar Oct. to May Oct to Mar Oct to Mar April to Oct Dec. to Mar Apr. to Oct. Nov. to Apr Oct to Apr. Sept to March Nov to May Sep to Apr. Nov to Mar Oct to May Oct to Mar Oct. to Mar Oct to Mar Oct to Mar Nov. to Mar Sept. to Mar Oct to Mar Oct to Mar 192 39 443 308 22 22 21 17 156 50 7 130 10 294 88 Area in 100 sp.km 277 79 89 174 1.5 3.8 196 44 56 22
WBSEBEA - 15
DAYS
DATES
1ST JANUARY 11TH JANUARY 14TH JANUARY 23RD JANUARY 26TH JANUARY 3RD FEBRUARY 3RDFEBRUARY 9TH FEBRUARY 26TH FEBRUARY 14TH MARCH 14TH MARCH 1ST APRIL 7TH APRIL 11TH APRIL 15TH APRIL 1ST MAY 9TH MAY 11TH APRIL 13TH MAY 13TH JUNE 27TH JUNE 11THJULY 13 TH JULY
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CONVERSION FACTORS
Quantity Length Imperial Unit Inch (in Foot (ft) Yard (yd) Furlong (fur) Mile International nautical mile (for Navigation) Ounce (oz) Pound (ib) Stone Ton Square inch (in2) Square foot (ft2) Metric Unit Milimeter (mm) or Centimeter (cm) Centimeter or meter (m) Meter or Kilometer (km) Kilometer (km) 1 mole = 1862 m Gram (g) Gram or Kilogram (kg) Kilogram (kg) Tonne (t) Square centimeter (cm2) Square centimeter (cm2) or Square meter (m2) Square meter (k2) Square meter (m2) Hectare (ha) Hectare (ha) Square kilometer (km2) Cubic centimeter (cm2) Cubic meter (m3) Cubic meter (m3) Cubic meter (m3) Mililiter (ml) Mililiter (ml) or liter (1) Liter (1) or cubic leter (m3) cubic liter (m3) or magaliter (ML) Newton (N) Kilonewton (kN) Kilopascal (k Pa) Kilopascal (kPa) or megapascal (MPa) Megapascal (MPa) Milibar (mb) Kilometer per hour (km/h) Imperial to Metric Unit 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 ft = 30.5 cm 1 yd = 0.194 m 1 fur = 301 m 1 mole = 1.61 km 1 km = 3.28 ft. 1 oz = 28.3g 1 lb = 254 g 1 s tone = 6.15 kg 1 ton = 1.02 t 1 in2 = 6.45 cm2 1 ft2 = 929 cm2 Metric to Impertal Unit 1 cm = 0.39 in 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 m = 1.09 yd 1 km = 4.97 fur 1 km = 0.621 mile
Mass
Area
Square yard (yd2) Perch (p) Rood (rd) Acre (ac) Square mile Volume Cubic inch (in2) Cubic foot (ft3) Cubic yard (yd3) Bushel (bus) Fluid ounce (fl oz) Pint (pt) Gallon (gal) Acre foot Pound-force (1bf) Ton-force (tonf) Pound per square inch (psi) Atmosphere (atm) Ton per square inch (ton/in2) Inch per mercury (in Hg( (for navigaton) Velocity Mile per hour (mph) Knot (kn) (for navigation) Degree Fahrenheit (F) Pound per cubic inch (ib/in2) Ton per cubic yard Energy British thermal unit (Btu) Therm (for electrical energy) Horsepower (hp) Minute (min)
1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 1 p =25.3 m2 1 rd = 0.101 ha 1 ac = 0.405 ha 1 sq.mile = 2.95 km2 1 in2 = 16.4 cm3 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3 1 yd3 = 0.765 m3 1 bus = 40.0364 m3 1 ft oz = 28.4 ml 1 pt = 568 ml 1 gal = 4.55 liter 1 acre foot = 1230 m3 = 1.23 ML 1 lbf = 4.45 N 1 tonf = 9.95 Kn 1 psi = 6.89 kP2 1 atm = 9;.96 101 kPa 1 ton/in2=15.4 MPa 1 in Hg=33.9 mb 1 mph=1.61 km/h =1 kn=1.58 km/h oC=5/9 (F-32) 1 1b/in2=2.7 g/cm3 1 1b/in3=27.7 t/m3 1 ton/yd3=1.33 t/m3 1 Btu = 1.06 KJ 1 therm=106 MJ =kWh=3.60 MJ 1 hp=0.746 kW 1 min=60s 1 h = 1600s
1m2 = 108 yd2 1 m2=0.395 p 1 h a = 9.88 rd 1 ha = 2.47 ac 1 Km2=0.386 sq.mile 1 cm3=0.610 in3 1 m3=35.3 ft.2 1 m3=1.31 yd3 1 m3=27.5 bus 1 ml = 0.0352 ft. oz 1 ml = 1.76 pt 1 m3 = 220 gel 1 ml=0811 acre foot 1 N = 0.225 1bl 1 kN = 0.100 tonf 1 kPa = 0.145 psi
Volume (fluid)
Force
Pressure
Temperature Density
Degree C elcius (oC) Gram per cubic cm (g/cm2) =tonne per cubic meter (t/m3) tonne per cubic meter (t/m3) Kilojoule (KJ) Megajoule (MJ) Kilowatt hour (kWh) Kilowatt (kW) Second (s) hour (hr)
oF=9/5 (C+32) 1 g/cm3=0.036 inch 1 t/m=0.0316 1b/in3 1 t/m=0.752 ton/yd2 1 KJ=0.948 Btu 1 MJ=9.48x103 therm 1 kW=1.34 hp
Power Time
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GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
for use in connection with interior electrical installation Description B.1. CONTROL GEAR AND DISTRIBUTION FUSEBOARDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Main fuse-board without switches, lighting ... ... ... Main fuse-board with swi tches, lighting ... ... .... Main fuse-board without switches, power ... ... ... Main fuse-board with switches, power Distribution fuse - board without switches, lighting ... Distribution fuse-board with swticehs, lighting ... Distribution fuse - board without switches power ... Distribution fuse-board with sitches power ... Main switches, lighting .. .. Symbol Description 19. Bulk-head fitting 20. Power factor capacitor (when installed remote from the lamp unit 21. Lighting outlet connection to an emergency system 22. Choke (when installed remote from the lamp unit) B.3. SWITCH OUTLETS 23. One-way switch 24. Two-way switch 25. Intermediate switch 26. Pendant switch 27. Pull Switch B.4. SOCKET OUTLETS 28. Socket-outlet, 3 pin 5 A 29. Socket outlet and switch combined. 3 pin 5 A 30. Socket - outlet, 2pin 15A. 31. Socket-outlet, 3 pin 15A 32. Socket-outlet and switch combined, 2 pin 15A. 33. Socket outlet and switch combined 3 pin 15 A.
CW R C
Symbol
10. Main s witchs, power ... ... 11. Meter ... ... ... B.2. CEILING OUTLETS 12. Single light pendams .. ... 13. Counter weight pendant .. ... 14. Rod pendant 15. Chain pendant 16. Light Bracket 17. Batten lampholder 18 . Water - tight light fitting
BN WT
B.5. FIXED HEATING OUTLETS 34. Convention heater 35. Electric unit heater 36. Immersion heater 37. Thermostat 38. Immersion heater with incorporated thermostat
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Description 39. Self-conditioned electric water heater 40. Humidistat B.6. BELLS AND BUZZERS 41. Bell push 42. Bell 43. Buzzer 44. Indicator (at 'N', Insert number of ways) 45. *Relay B.7. CLOCKS 46. Synchronous clock outlet 47. Impulse clock outlet 48. Master clock B.8. FIRE ALARMS 49. Fire alarm push 50. Automatic contact 51. Bell connected to fire alarm 52. Fire alarm indicator (at 'N' Insert number of ways) B.9. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM 53. Amplifier .. 54. Control board 55. Microphone outlet N
H
Symbol
Description 56. Loudspeaker outlet B.10.RADIO RECEPTION OUTLETS 57. Receiver outlet 58. Aerial B.11. FIXED APPARATUS OUTLETS 59. Ceiling fan
Symbol
VV
v v v
62. Fan regulator 63. Cooker control unit B.12. EARTHING 64. Earth point 65. Surge diverter B.13. OTHER SYMBOLS 66. Pilot or corridor lamp 67. Indicator (buzzer may be added if required) 68. Relay N
A .....
This general symbol is applicable to any system by the addition of an identifying symbol (appropriate to particular system) in the upper half, for example, bell system relay. Where items of operations are combined, the symbols may be combined, for example, idicator and bell At 'N' insert the number of ways.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(A)
(B) (C)
(B)
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(N.C.)
(B.W.C)
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D.E. (N.C.)
EFFECT OF WIND
Basic wind speed VbReference wind speed VR VR = Vb/Ko, Ko = Factor to convert 3 sec. peak gust into averaging period of 10 min - 1.375 Designed wind = Vd = VR x K1 x K2 speed
Pd Ac = GT =
Design wind pressure in N/m2 Cdt = Drag coeff Net suface area Gust response factor, related to ground roughness & ht above ground level.
Wind on conductor & G.w. Fwc = Pd x Cdc x L x d x Gc Pd = design wind pressure, Cde - drag coeff - for conductor - 1 for GW 1./2
Wind load on Insulator st.. Fri - Cd x Pd x Ai x Gi Edi = drag coeff taken as 1.2
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Strands In Aluminium Strand in Steel Diameter .. Sectional Area Unit Weight Modulus of Elasticity Coffe. of Linear Exrn. Ultimate Strength Wind Pressure Details Full Wind Pressure ... Exposure Factor ..
5.125
4.175 6.640*
Fos REQD
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HU
HL
HLten HUtan
B HUtan H'Ltan
Upper Portion A1 = B2 + 4 x B HL Tan a + A (HL tanA)2 A2 = B2 + 4 x B x (HL tan a + HU tan B) + A (HL tan a + HU tan B)2 VU = HU/3 [A1 + A2 + A1 x A2] Lower Portion B2 HL + 2B HL2 tana + A / 3 HL3 - tan2
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Annexure - I
3.
Black Cotton
4.
Black Cotton
5.
Wet
6.
Wet
7.
Partially submerged
8.
Fully Submerged
9.
10. Where top layer is lissured rock followed by good soil/sandy soil with/without presence of water 11. Where normal soil/tissured rock extends upto 85% of the depth followed by hard rock
Special foundation
Dry fissured Rock with under cut in Fisured Rock combined with anchor bar for hard rock ddsign Submerged Fissured Rock
12. Where fissure rock os encountered with subsoil water within 0.75m or below 0.75m from G.L. (Top layer may be either a good soil or black cotton soil) 13. Where Hard Rock is cncountered at 1.5 m or less below ground level. 14. Where Hard Rock is encountered from 1.5 m to 2.5m below G.L. (Top layer being good soil)
Hard Rock
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15. Where hard rock is encountered from 1.5m to 2.5 m below G./L. (Top layer either in Black cotton) soil or fissured Rock) 16. Where fissured rock is encountered at the bottom of pit (with black cotton soil at top) 17. Where hard rock is encountered at bottom with water and black cotton soil at top and hard rock layer depth is less than 1.5 m. 18. Sandy soil with clay content not exceeding 10% 19. Sandy soil with water table in the pits
Hard Rock Foundation design with chimneys designed for wet black cotton soil. Composite Foundation
Hard Rock
Dry Sandy soil foudation Wet sandy soil design to be developed considering the depth of water. Normal dry with undercut
20. Where top layer upto 1.5 m below G.L. is normal dry soil and thereafter hard soil/murrum 21. Where bottom layer is marshy soil with top layer of good soil/fissured rock/black cotton
Soil investigation is to be carried out and special foundation design to be developed. Normal dry with undercut
22. Where the top layers are a combination of clinker mixed with firm soil, gravel and stone chips upto 60% of foundation deapth from ground level followed by hard murrum 23. Where top layers are combination of hard murrum, soft rock etc. followed by yellow/black clayee soil
Any other combination of soil not covered above shall require development of special foundation design.
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866
30
367
1350
100 250
200
15
Lean Concrete (1
= 11.861
50
Y X
Www
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 2.0. Over Load of Concrete (kgs.) : Compression = 228 = 11295 = = 11523 3.0. Dry Soll Volume : (Cu.m.) = 2 2 A1 = 5.19 + 4 x 5.19 x 0.362 + 3.14 x 0.362 A2 = 5.192 + 4 x 5.19 x (0.866+0.362) + 3.14 x (0.866+0.362)2 V = (1.5/3) (34.857+57. 160+ (34.857 x 57.160) 4.0. Wet Soil Volume : (Cu.m) 5.192 x 1.45 5.19 x 0.362 x2 x 1.35 3.14/3 x 0.3622 x 1.35 Check for Uplift Resistance Against Uplift = 68.327 x 1440 + 44.311 x 940 + 5337 = 145380 kgs. F.O.S. (NC) = 145380 / 140917 = 1.032 > 1.0 Hence O.K. F.O.S. (BWC) = 145380 / 130185 = 1.120 > 1.0 Hence .O.K. Moment due to side Thrust at Foundation Toe Normal Condition (Transverse Side Thurst) Side thrust force = (F) = 1/2 x w x h2 x 83 x 1 + Where W = 940 kg/m3 = Angle of Earth Frustum = 150 B3 = 0.65 1+Sin1590 F = 1/2 x 940 x (h)2 x x 0.65 1Sin150 n = (F/518.8) F1 = ST = 5907 kgs h = (5907/ 518.86) = 3.374m Since h > (2.4.0.5) i.e. 1.9 m depth. Resisting and force F = 518.86 x 1.92 = 1873.09 kg Momenet due to side thrust at the base of the footing = 590 x (2.95 + 0.225) - 1873.09 x (0.55 + 1.9/3) = 16538.85 kg m WBSEBEA - 32 Sin 1-Sin Uplift 228 608 4501 5337
0.65 x 0.225 x 2400 (11.681 - 0.095) x (2400-1440) 0.652 x 1.5 x (2400-1440) (11.861 - 1.347-0.095-0.634 x (1400-940)
Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Normal Conditions (Longitudinal Side Thurst) Side thurst force = (F) 1/2 x w x h x B3 x 1+Sin 1/sin W = 940 kg/m3 = Angle of Earth Frustrum = 150 B3 = 0.65 m 1+Sin1590 F = 1/2 x 940 x (h)2 x x 0.65 1Sin150 h = (518.86) F1 = Sl = 825 Kgs h = (825/518.96) = 1.261m Since h < (2.4-0.5) m therefore the soil pressure will only be mobilised in 1.261 m depth from root of the chimney. Resisting soil force F = 518.86 x 1.2612 = 825kg Moment due to side thrust at the base of the footing = 825 x (2.95 + 0.225) - 825 x (0.55 + 1.261/3) = 1818.85 kg m 6.3 Broken Wire Condition (Transverse Side Thrust) 1+Sin Side thrust force = (F) = 1/2 x w x h2 x B3 x 1-Sin Where W = 940 kg/m3 = Angle of Earth Frustrum = 150 B30 = 0.65 m 1+Sin150 F = 1/2 x 940 x (h) x x 0.65 1-Sin150
2
h = (f/518.86) F1 = ST = 8283kgs h = (8283/518.86) = 3.996m Since h > (2.4.0.5) m therefore the soil pressure will only be mobilised in (2.4-0.5) i.e., 1.9m in Resisting soil force F = 518.86 x 1.92=1873.09 kg. Moment due to side thrust at the base of the footing = 82830 (2.95 + 0.225) - 1873.09 x (0.55 + 1 .9/3) = 24082.70 kg m
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 6.4 Broken Wire Condition (Longitudinal Side Thrust) 1+Sin Side thrust force= (F) = 1/2xwxh2 x B3 x 1-Sin Where W - 940 kg m3 = Angle of Earth Frustrum = 150 B3 = 0.65 m 1+Sin150 F = 1/2 x 940 x (h)2 x ox 0.65 1-Sin15 h = (F/518.86) F1 = SL = 4983Kgs h = (4983/518.86) = 3.099m Since h> (2.4-0.5) m therefore the soil pressure will only be mobilised in 1.9 m depth. Resisting soil force F=518.86 x 1.92 = 1873.09 kg Moment due to side thrust at the base of the footing = 4983 x (2.95 + 0.225) - 1873.09 x (0.55 + 1.9/3) 13605.2 kg m 7.0. Check for Bearing Capacity 165598 / 1.036 + 11523 2 x (165598/1.036) x 0.192570x0.6 NC = + 5.192 1/6 x 5.193 16538.86 1818.85 + + 1/6 x 5.193 1/6 x 5.193 = 6362 + 1585.3 + 710 + 78' = 8736 kg/m2 < 13675 kg/m2
Hence O.K.
154376 / 1.036 + 11523 2 x (154376/1.036) x 0.192570 x (0.6) BWC = + 5.192 1/6 x 5.193
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 8.0. Design of chimney A) Compression with bending Area of steel in compression ASC = 24 x /4 x (2.0)2 = 75.40 cm2 percentage of steel = p = ASC / B32 x 100 : B3 = 65 cm = 1.785 p/fck = 1.785/15 = 0.119 Normal Condition Puc = 165698 kgs = 1624516N Puc 1624516 = = 0.256 fck.bd 15x650x650 d' = 50(20/2) = 60 d = 650 therefore d'/d = 0.10 As per chart 44 of Sp. 16 For the values of Puc/fckbd Mux1/fckbd2 = 0.65 Mux1
= 0.256 & p/fck = 0.119 = 0.165 x 15 x 650 x 6502 = 679.7 x 106 N-mm = 679.7 kN-m
Also Muy 1=679.7 kN-m From the calculation shown in $6.0 Moment at the root of the chemney Mux = 5907 x (2.4+0.225) - 187309.09 x (1.9/3) = 14320.21 kgm = 140.5 kN m Muy = 825 x (2.4 + 0.225) - 1873.09 x (1.9/3) = 1818.88 kg m = 1 7.84 kN m Ref : Clause 38.6 of IS-456-1978 PUZ = 0.45 x fck x AC + 0.75 fy ASC = 0.45 x 15 x (650)2 + 0.75 x 415 x (24 x /4 x 202) = 5198650.2 N = 5198.65 kN PUC = 165598 Kgs = 1724.5 kN PUC PUZ 1624.5 = = 0.3125 5198.65 1.1875 1.1875 17.84 679.70
(MUX) MUX1)
(MUY) (MUY1)
140.50 679.7
Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. BROKEN WIRE CONDITION PUC = 154376 kgs = 1514.4 kN PUC / fckbd = 1514.4 x 1000 / 15 x 650 x 50 = 0.239 p/fck = 0.119 As per chart 44 of SP 16 MUX 1/fckbd2 = 0.167 MUX1 = 0.167 x 15 x 6502 = 687.90 x 106 N-mn = 687.90 kN-m Also MUY1 = MUX1 = 687.90 kN-m From the calculation shown in $ 6.0 Moment at the root of the chimney Mux = 8283 x (2.4+0.225) = 1873.09 x (1.9/3) = 20557.21 kg m = 201.67 kN m Muy = 4983 x (2.4 + 0.225) - 1873.09 x (1.9/3) = 11894.71 kg m = 116.69 kN m PUZ = 5198.65 kN
(MUX) (MUX1)
(MUY) (MUY1)
201.67 687.90
116.69 687.90
= 0.243+0.129 = 0.373 < 1.0 Hence OK Tension with Bending Normal Condition PUt = 140917 kgs = 1382396 N Put/fckbd = 1382396 / 15 x 650 x 650 = (-) 0.22 P = 1.785 p/fck = 0.119 From Chart 79 of SP 16 Mux 1 / fckbd - 0.085 Mux 1 = 350 15 kN m Muxc 1 = Muy 1 = 350.15 kN m Mux = 140.5 kN m Muy = 17.85 kN m
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. As per c1.38.6 of IS : 456 : 1978 n n (MUY) + (MUY1
[ [ [
(MUX) (MUX1)
< 1.0
[ [
(MUY) (MUY1)
140.5 17.85 + 350.15 350.15 = 0.452 < 1.0 Hence O.K. BROKEN WIRE CONDITION Put = 130185 kgs = 1277.1 kN Put/fckbd = 1277115/15 x 650 x 650 = (-) 0.202 P-1.785 p/fck - 0.119 d/d = 0.10 From Chart 79 of S P 16 ...... Mux 1 = 370.75 kN m Mux 1 Muy 1 = 370.75 kN m Mux = 201.67 kN m Muy = 116.7 kN m As per c1.38.6 of IS-456.-1978 n
n < 1.0
[ [
(MuX) + (MUX1)
[ [
(MUY) (MUY1)
201.67 116.70 = + 370.75 370.75 = 0.858 < 1/0 < 1.0 Hence O.K.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 9.0. Design of Base Slab Design Bearing Pressure = (P/A) + (P.ex / Z) + MAX (ST moment, SL moment) / Z = 6362 + 1585.3/2 + 710 = 7865 kg / m2 = 0.07715 N/mm2 d1 = Eff. depth at Section XX = 550-50-6-8 = 476 mm d2 = Eff. depth at Section YY = 350-50-16-8 = 276 mm Compression Reinforcement (i) Bending Moment at Section X-X Bearing Pressure = 7865 kg/m2 = 0.07715 N/mm2 MUX1 = 0.077 15 x (B-B3)2/8 x 5190 = 0.07715 x (5190-650)2 / 8 x 5190 = 1031708 030 N-mm = 1031.6 kN m MU, LIM = 0.36 Xu, max/d) (1-0.42 xu, max/d) bd2 fck As per C1.37.1 f of IS - 456 for Fe 415 grade steel Xumax/d = 0.48 Mu.LIM = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) x 1740 x (476)2 x 15 = 815.8 kNm < 1 031.7 kNm Mux1/bd2 = 1031.7 x 106 / (1740 x 4762) = 2618 > 2.06
a)
Hence section to be designed as doubl reinforced reinforced section. d'/d = 50+16+8) / 476 = 0.15 From table 49 of SP 16 Pt = 0.8956, Pc = 0.192 Hence Ast = (1740 x 476 x 0.8965) / 100 = 7418 mm2 Provide 37 bars of 16 mm dia. Ast provided = 7437 mm2 > 7418 mm2 Asc = (1740 x 476 x 0.192) / 100 = 1590.2 mm2 Provide 8 bars of 16 mm dia.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. This is the minimum reinforcement to be provifded at sectionX-X for uplift. Bending Moment at Section Y-Y Muy 1 = 0.07715 x (5190-1740)2 x 5190 / 8 = 595.73 kNm
Muy1/bd2 = 595.73 x 106 / (4690 x 267)2 = 1.67 < 2.06 Hence section to be designed as singly reinforced section. From table 1 of SP 16 Pt = 0.546 Hence Ast = (4690 x 276 x 0.546) / 100 = 7068 mm2 Provide 37 bars of 16 mm dia. Ast provided = 7437mm2 > 7067 mm2 Uplift Reinforcement Bearing Pressure P2 = 140917/(5.192-0.652) = 5314.9 kg/m2 = 0.052139 N/mm2
Bending Moment at Section X-X MUX2 = 0.052139 x (5190.650)2/8 x 1000 = 134333520 N mm/m
MUX2 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 476 (1-Ast 415/1000 x 276 x 15) Ast = 820.81 mm2 / m-width = 8.21cm2 / m-width Ast reqd 8-21 x 1.74 =14.29 cm2 Provide 8 bars of 16 mm Ast. Provided = 16.08 cm2 > 14.29 cm2 Hence depth provided at Section X-X is ok. Bending Moment at Section Y-Y = 0.052139 x (5190-1740)2 / 8 x 1000 = 77573055 N. mm/m = 0.87 x 415 x Ast. x 276 (1-Ast x 415 / 1000 x 276 x 15) = 850.9 mm2 / m-width = 8.51 cm2 / m-width Ast. reqd. 8.51 x 4.69 = 39.91 cm2 Provide 22 bars of 16 mm Ast Provided - 44.22 cm2 > 39.91 cm2 Hence depth provided at Section Y-Y is ok. MUY2 MUY2 Ast
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Check For One Way Shear At S ection X-X Design bearing Pressure p-07715 N mm2 B-B2 Shear force = V1 = - dt x p 2 = 0.07715 x [(5190.650) /2-476] x 1000 = 138407 N/m width Shear Stress = 138407 / 476 x 1000 = 0.291 N/mm2 % of Steel (p) = (Ast/bd) x 100 = (74.37 x 100) / (5190 x 476) x 100 = 0.301 As per table 13 of IS:456-1978 Allowable Shear Stress = 0.3806 N/mm2 > 0.291 N/mm2 Hence O.K. At Sec Y-Y p=0.07715 N/mm2 B-B2 Shear force = V2 = - d2 x p 2 0.07715 x [(5190-1740) / 2.276] x 1000 = 111790 N/m Shear Stress = 111790 / 276 x 1000 = 0.4050 N/mm2 Ast/ bdx 100 = 74.37 x 100 / (5190 x 276) x 100 = 0.5192 Allowable Shear Stress = 0.468 N/mm2 > 0.405 N/mm2 Hence OK. d) Check for Two Way Shear At Section X-X p = 0.07715 N/ mm2 Shear force = V2 (B2-(B3+D1)2] x p = 0.07715 x [51902 - (650 + 476)2 ] = 1980304 N Shear Stress = 1980304 / 4 x 476 [650+476) = 0.924 N/mm2 Allowable Shear Stress = 0.25 x (15) = 0.968 N/mm2 > 0.024 N mm2 Hence OK.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. At Section Y-Y p = 0.07715 N/mm2 Shear force = V2 (B2-(B3+D1)2] x p = 0.07715 x [51902 - (1740 +276)2 ] = 1764563 N Shear Stress = 1764563 / 4 x 276 [1740+276) = 0.793 N mm2 Allowable Shear Stress = 0.25 x 15 = 0.968 N/mm2 > 0.793N mm2 Hence OK. e) Check Against Uprooting of Stub : Design Uplitt = 140917 Kgs. Stab section 200 x 200 x 16 Stub depth below GL = 2800 mm Ult. Load resisted by stub in slab due to Bond Us = [D x (X x 2.0 + (X-Ts) x 2.0) Npx (X+ (X-Ts)) x k] x s Where X = flange width of stub. D = Depth of slub in stub s = Ultimate permissible bond stress between stub & concrete Ts = Thickness of stub section. Np = No. of cleat pair (Pair consists of outer and inner cleats) k = Flange with of cleat section Us = (40 x (20 x 2 + (20-1.6) x 2) -3x (20+(20-1.6) x 11) x10 = 18048 x kg Ultimate permissible bearing stress in concerete = 68.84 kg/cm2 Use outer cleat = 3 nos. 110 x 110 x 8 - 400 mm long Use inner cleat = 3 nos. 110 x 110 x 8 - 250 mm long provide 4 nos. of 16 dia. bolts per cleat pair of 5.6 grade resisted by cleat in bearing Uc = bx (Lo+Li) x Np x (k-Ct) Where b/ = Ultimate Bearing pressure in concrete Lo = Length of outer cleat Li = Length of Inner cleat Ct = Thickness of cleat Section. Uc = 68.84 x (40 + 25) x 3 x (110.8) = 136923 kg (i)
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Ultimate shear strength of bolts Ub= Total no of bolts x 2.0 x 2.01 x 3160 (considdering M-16 bolt grade 5.6 & double shear for cleat connected in pair) = (4x3) x 2.0 x 2.01 x 3160 = 152438 KG ..... (ii)
Stimate bearing strength of blolt in stub or cleat = = = Total nos. bolts x 1.6 x (Ts or 2 x Ct) x 5200 take Ts or 2 x Ct which ever is less (4x3) x 1.6 x 1.6 x 5200 159744 kg...... (iii)
Effective strength of stub and cleat = = = Us + Least of the strength of case (i) (ii) (iii) 18048 + Least of the strength of case (i) (ii) (iii) 18048 + 136923 154971 kg which is more than Ult. Uplitt = 140917 kg (Hence safe)
f)
Check For Bond Design bearing pressure = 0.07715 N/mm2 (5190-650) Maxm. Shear force = - 476 x 5190 x 0.07715 2 = 718333N As per Appendix - E or IS, 456-1978 Xu/d = 0.87 fy Ast. / 0.36 lak bd 0.87 x 415 x 7437 = 0.36 x 15 x 5190 x 476 = 0.2013 j = 1-Xu/d x 1/3 = 10.2013/3 - 0.933 Bond Stress = 718333/0.933 x 476 x 37 x x 16 0.877 N/mm2 > 1.6 N-mm2 Hence OK.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 10.0. Check for Sliding F1 = 1/2 x 1.5 x 6480 x 0.65 F2 = 1/2 x (2395 + 3832) x 0.9 xc 0.65 F3 = (0.2/2) (3832 +4151) x 1.74 F4 = (0.25/2) (4550 + 4151) x (4.69+5.19) F5 = (0.1/2) (4550 + 4710) x 5.19
= = = = = =
F.O.S. in NC = 14145 / 5907 = 2.40 > 10 F.O.S. in BWC = 14145 / 8283 = 1.71 > 1.0 Hence O.K. Check for Overturning Resultant Side Thrust (i) Under NC (ii) Under BWC = = = = (59072 + 8252) 5964 kg (82832 + 49832) 9666 kg
Total overturning Moment (i) Under NC = (140917/1.036) x (5.19/2-5.19/6) + 5964 x (2.95+0.225) 5338 x (5.19/2-5 a9/6) = 245016 kg mm (ii) Under BWC = (130185 / 2.036 x (5.19/2.5 19.6) + 9666 x (2.95 + 0.225) = 5338 x (5.19/2 - 5.19/6 = 238849 kg. m Total Resisting Moment = 1/2 x (68 327 x 1440 + 44311 x 940) + (5/6 x 5.19) = 3028.43 kg m Factor of Safety Under NC = 3028.43 / 245016 = 1.236 >1.0 Under BWC = 302843 / 238849 = 1.268 > 1.0 Hence O.K. Quantities per Tower Concrete Volume Excavation Volum Reinforcement 42.06 m3 + 5.39 m3 (M15) (M10) 361.68 m3 4962 kgs
10.
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3.0. 13.1.
Reinforcement Detail Barbending Schedule Sketch Length (mm) 5090 Bar (mm) 16 No. of Bas 76 nit wt. Wt/Length Wt/Tower (kg/m) (kgs) kgs 1.58 611.21 2444.84
5090 1640
26090 425 100 281 100 3000 100 100 4590 5352
16
16
1.56
68.00
272.00
16
44
1.58
372.07
1488.28
3350
20
20
2.47
165.49
661.96
550 550
2307
13
0.22
6.60
26.39
225
Stub
C.L G.L 650
Bar Mkd. 'D', 4-20 bars
3000 2800
Bar Mkd. 'E', 6 mm bars 250 c/c Bar Mkd. 'B', (8+8) bars of 16 Bar Mkd. 'C', (22+22) bars of 16 Bar Mkd. 'A', (38+38) bars of 16
2088 5628 6228 50
100 250
REINFORCEMENT
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W
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W W W
W W
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W W
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-STATION a) Step-up sub-station b) Primary Grid Sub-station c) Secondary Sub-station d) Distribution Sub-station. e) Bulk supply & Industrial Sub-station f) Mining sub-station g) Mobile sub-station h) Switching sub-station STANDARD BAY SPACING
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Bus-bar Material : Strain Bus-bar 72.5 kv. 30/7/3.00 ACSR Panther 145 kv 30/7/4.27 ACSR moose 245 kv 54/7/3.53 ACSR twin 420 kv 54/7/03.53 ACSRMoose or Quad. Rigid bus-bar Voltage 33 kv 66 kv. 132 kv. 2 20 kv 400 kv Diameter of pipe IPS (iron pipe size) 1.5 inches 2.0 inches 2.5 inches 3.0 inches 4.0 inches wt/m 1.3 1.90 2.97 3.89 7.68 Current carring capacity 1160 1440 1950 2350 3950
Chemical composition Copper - 0.05 % Magnisium - 0.4-0.9% Silicon - 0.3-0.7% (of Grade 63401wp) Iron, max - 0.5% Managanese, Max - 0.03% Aluminium - Remainder Ultimate tensile strength : 20.5 kg/mm2. Typical Power Transformer ratings : 33/11 kv 5/6.3 MVA 1/1.5/3/3.15 66/11 kv 5 MVA. 66/33/kv 6.3/7.5 MVA. 132/33 kv 12.5, 20, 3 1.5, 50 MVA 132/66 kv 10, 20, 31.5 MVA. 220/132 kv 100, 150, 160 MVA. 400 / 200 kv 3x105 MVA. 3VI Fault mva = , where 106 v = Service voltage I = Fault current
Typical ratings of ABCB (Air blast .... breaker) 12kv 250 MVA 22kv 500 MVA 145kv 3500 MVA 245kv 10000 mva 420kv 35000 MVA
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Typical rating of SF6 breaker Rated voltage (kv) Rated Current (A) Rated s/c current (kv) Breaking Capacity (mva) 36 1250 25 (3sec) 750 72.5 1250 25 (3s) 1000 145 1600 31.5 (3s) 7900 245 1600 40(3s) 16974 420 2000 40(1s) 29098
Rated current of disconnect switch 200, 400, 630, 800, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150, 4000, 5000, 6300, 8000, 10000 Amps (IS : 1 818-1972) Rated Voltage : 3.6, 7.2, 12, 24, 36, 72.5, 123, 145, 245, 420 kv. Typical rating of disconnect switch Rated Voltage (kv) 36 72.5 145 245 420 Rated Current (A) 600/800 800 1250/1600 1600 2000 Ratedf s/c current (kA) 20 (3s) 31.5 (3s) 31.5 (3s) 40 (3s) 40 (3s)
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COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS METAL AND CRGO STEEL KVA Number of Phases No-Load Loss (Watt) Amorpheouse Core Transformer 10 15 25 63 100 3 3 3 1 10 15 25 45 60 CRGO Core Transmfermer 40' 60 100 180 260
AMORPHOUSE CORE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS Transmission and Distribution losses in India is about 21% of the generated energy. Every effort will have to be made in this context to reduce these losses so that the existing generation and Transmission and Distribution system can be used to feed more loads. The no-load loss of the Distribution Transformer is of great importance since these are present even when the transformer is under no-load conditions. The use of amorphous metal in place of CRGO steel for the transformer core reduces the no load loss (Core loss) of the transformer by approx. 75%. Thus the Amorphous core Transformers save energy and there by conserve resources.
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O BC O
6000
9000
BAT FAN
OLTC PANEL
33 kV
VERANDAH 2400x2000
6400
W.C 2400x1400
4500
INCOMING 33 KV LINE
1050 1200 1200 1050
7500
Inco
1200
R O A D
1050
1200
LAS
2100
OUTGOING 33 KV LINE
6600
P U C C A
2100
Out
1200 1050 1200
TRANSF
4300 4300 2400 3100 3700
ISOLATIN
ISOLATIN
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1200
1200
Fuse 6400 L.A.S. 4500 4500 2500 4500 4500 2400 3100 3700 3500 3700
3600
3100
CONTROL ROOM
7500
4600
INCOMING 33 KV LINE
1050 1200 1200 1050
2100
1200
1200
1050
7500
1050
1200
1200
2100
OUTGOING 33 KV LINE
6600
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11kv. FEEDER
6400
6400
NOTES: 1. 33 KV circuit breaker (shown dottod) is to be used only when there are two transformers each with a capacity of 5 MVA or above. 2. Conductors used for 11 KV and 33 KV jumpers and busbars should not be less than 50 sqmm. (CE) ACSR. 3. Expulsion type fuses (preferablyemploying turranol tubes) should preferably be used for proper protection of transformers. 4. The supports will not be guyed but may be suitably concreated. 5. 33 KV lighting arresters will be of station type. 6. Details of 33 KV incoming/outgoing arrengement (shown dottod) will depend upon the nature of the sub-station (terminal or
1750 3500
INCOMING 33 KV LINE
3500
11 KV FEEDERS
intermidiate etc.) & the State Electricity Board may adopt their Standard practices. 7. Circuit breakers on 11 kv side of the transformers will not be provided if the transformer capacity less than 1.6 mva each. In such cases intermediately structures with post insulators (shown dotted) may be used. 8. Cables in the switchyard may be either buried or carried in pucca trenches State Electricity Board.
850
900
900
850
FUTURE
TRANSFORMER ISOLATING SWITCH WITH ARCING HORN ISOLATING SWITCH WITHOUT ARCING HORN FUSE LIGHTING ARRESTER 33 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER
850 900 900 850
(OUTDOOR 11 KV SWITCHGEAR)
11 KV CONTROL KIOSK
Scale: 1:100
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2. A.
(a) (b)
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In Auto-Transformer The ratio : Conductor materials x In Normal Transformer. V2 = 1 ............................... (1) V1 Where V1 = Primary voltage, V2 = Secondary voltage. If V1 = V2, no transformer is required. For a voltage ratio of 2 : 1, approximately 50% saving in conductor materials and Over all saving may be 65-70% of that of normal transformers. So Auto transformers are not generally used where the voltage ratio exceeds 3:1, except for motor starting duty as the advantages preponderate. So in 132/33 system normal transformer will be economical but in 132 / 66KV, 220/132KV and 400/ 220KV systems auto-transformer will be economical. However, auto-transformer have the following disadvantages. (i) Due to electrical continuity between high and low voltage circuit, higher voltages may be impressed upon low voltage circuit which needs to with-stand the same. (ii) Due to direct electrical connection disturbance of one side affect seriously the other side. (iii) Leakage flux between primary and secondary being shall, impedance is low resulting heavy fault current. (iv) The connections on Primary and secondary sides have necessarily to be same i.e. either star / star or Delta / Delta which introduces problem for changing Primary and secondary phase angles. (v) Because of common neutral both the sides have to be either earthed or insulated. (vi) It is difficult to preserve the electromagnetic balance of the windings when tappings are provided as such tappings are limited to avoid larger frame size. Inspite of all such disadvantages, auto transformers are selected for saving in cost when the voltage ratio is not high. TERTIARY WINDIG : A transformer double wound or auto-wound has minimum of two voltages size one corresponding to supply side and the second corresponding to the load side. Many a time a third winding is introduced either becauses of vector grouping or because another voltage is required at the same place to supply loads viz-132/66/11KV or 220/132/33KV etc. In either case the third winding is connected in delta formation and is known as Tertiary winding. In various transformer connections there is serious problem of third harmonic components of the magnetising current. In order that the core flux wave be a sinusoidal as well as the induced voltages, the magnetising current must includes the third harmonic component or triplen harmonics. The tertiary delts provides a short circulated path for the flow of third harmonic current which are time co-phasal in all the three legs of the system, there by eliminating third or multiple of third harmonic pressures from the star connected primary and secondary windings. The neutral points of such windings are, therefore, stable and can be earthed without any ill effects to the transformer on the system. In addition territory winding helps :To reduce unbalancing in primary phases due to unbalanced loads in secondary phases.' To supply an auxiliary load in addition to main load. The short time thermal rating should be limited to 1/3rd that of the main windings. Limitation of fault current depending on impedances between tertiary and main windings. In star/star transformers to allow sufficient earth fault current to flow for the operation of CBS. As a voltage cell in a testing transformers. To interconnect three supply systems operating at different voltages. However, tertiary winding shall be used to supply local loads only, length of readers shall be limited to 5 KM as far as practicable cable.
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Remarks These losses are maximum allowable with no positive tolerance. No. weightage in price for offering lower losses.
In case of Power Transformer, the losses are not fixed by the purchaser unless, of course, the new transformer is to run in parallel with the existing ones. In order to select technically best suited and economically lowest transformer the unique method of "Loss Capitalisation" for evaluation of losses are employed in tender evaluation. In power transformer there are three losses viz (i) Iron (Core) loss, (ii) Load (Copper) loss (iii) Auxiliary losses. The auxiliary losses are the power losses of auxiliary equipment like cooling plants etc. and are considered to be a part of load loss. For the purpose of Comparison capitalised value of iron loss and load loss shall be mentioned in the specification of the purchaser. The tender shall state and guarantee the losses but shall not specify any tolerance limit for the same. Tolerance limit for no load loss is plus 10% of the guaranteed loss and that for load loss is also plus 10% of the guaranteed loss as per I.S.S. The main idea behind loss Capitalisation is that Capitalised value of the losses with I.S. tolerances shall be added with exworks price of the transformer for comparison and selecting lowest bidder and same shall be verified through testing before accepting the same. 4. PERCENTAGE IMPEDANCE : The resistance of a transformer being bery small is unimportant as such discussion will be limited to percentage reactance only. For a given ratio and voltage the size and weight of a transformer is a function of its percentage reactance. The weight is a minimum for a particular reactance called "Economical Percentage Reactance". In the case of a 220KV transformer the cost decreases slightly when the percentage reactance is increased from 10% to 16% . This is because a small percentage reactance means a large main flux requiring large cross-section of the core. As reactance is increased the core section decrease and so the overall size. The iron loss is decreased but the copper loss is increased. The ratio of copper to iron loss is appreciably increased and the total loss is slightly increased. But when the reactance is still more increased the same argument does not hold, the cost increases becauses of high leakage flux. For every voltage there would be a normal range of percentage reactance within which the cost may not very appreciably. The ranger of values in Table-2 corresponds to usual practice. TABLE - 2 Type of Transformer Range (i) Distribution (ii) Industrial S/S (iii) Large unit type ONAN/ONAF/OFAF (iv) Large unit type ONAN/ONAF/ODAF MVA voltage (KV) Upto -1 6 to 20 20 to 50 50 to 300 Height System Range 36 to 100 123 to 170 245 to 4 20 % Impedance
4 to 5 6 to 10 10 to 14 12 to 16
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v) Tank
(ii) It may be seen that metallic support structures for core and coil, windings, lead conductors, core laminations, tank etc. may attain sufficient temperature with the evolution of combustible gas in each case due to overfluxing of transformer and the same gas may be collected in Buchholz Relay with consequent Alarm/Trip depending upon the quantity of gas collected which again depends upon the duration of time the transformer is subjected to overfluxing. This was the reason why Buchholz Alarm came in case of 31.5 MVA transformer at Hizli 132 KV Sub-Station on 28th June, 1990.
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(c)
From the table-4 it may be seen that when overfluxing due to system hazards reaches such that the factor F attains a values 1.4, the transformer shall be tripped out of service instantaneously otherwise there may be a permanent damage.' (d) Protection Against Overfluxing (v/f - Protection) : (i) The condition arising out of overfluxing does not call for high speed tripping. Instantaneous operation is undesirable as this would cause tripping on momentary system disturbances which can be borne safely but the normal condition must be restored or the transformer must be isolated within one or two minutes at the most. (ii) Flux density is proportional to V/f and it is necessary to detect a ratio of V/f exceeding unity, V and f being expressed in per unit value of rated quantities. In a tyhpical scheme designed for over fluxing protection, the system voltage as measured by the voltages transformer is applied to a resistance to product a proportionate current; this current on being passed through a capacitor, produces a voltage drop which is proportional to the functioning in question i.e. V/f and hence to flux in the power transformer. This is accompanied with a fixed reference D.C. voltage obtained across a Zener diode. When the peak A.C. signal exceeds the D.C. reference it triggers a transistor circuit which operates two electromechanical auxiliary elements. One is initiated after a fixed time delay, the other after an additional time delay which is adjustable. The overfluxing protection operates when the ratio of the terminal voltage to frequency exceeds a predetermined setting and resets when the ratio falls below 95 to 98% of the operating ratio. By adjustment of a potentiometer, the setting is calibrated from 1 to 1.25 times the ratio of rated volts to rated frequency.
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400
600
670
890
3920
6200
At high temperature I.R. values will be reduced. The correction factors at different temperature have also been specified by C.B.I.P. For every 10oC. temperature fise, the correction factor may be taken as 2 as very rough general rule. As for example, C.F. at 30oC. is 1.8. So 11 KV winding at 30oC should have a minimum I.R. value of 600/1.8 - 333 Meg. Ohms. Lighting Arrestor is the lowest insulated equipment and transformer is the next higher insulated equipment in any power system, Cost of transformer increases with its insulation level. Depending on technique of surge divertors, insulation level. Depending on technique of surge divertors, insulation level of a t ra transformer can be reduced with consequent reduction in overall cost which can further be reduced with grading of insulation at the neutral end of the transformers aided by suitable protection arrangement depending on system earthing condition. Extent of reduction in insulation level vis-a-vis cost reduction depends on various factors like voltage stress in the windings, axial and radial strength of meg. field etc. However, insulation level of high voltage power transformers shall be verified through impulse testing and chopped wave testing, but distribution transformers shall be verified by double voltage double frequency tests during purchase. So it is very important to use matching L.A.S. with transformers during its operation and maintenance.
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(b) Oil Surge Relay : In bidirectional OLTC, Tap changer and its diverter tank is housed in a separate chamber completely separated from main tank oil. though immersed in the main tank. Conservator is divided into two parts. Bigger part is connected with main tank and Bucoholtz Relay with a Breather and the smaller part is connected with oil surge relay and a breather. Any fault is the tap changer and formation of gas, oil will be forced to enter the relay to operate. (c) Magnetic Oil Gauge (M.O.C.) : This is a dial reading gauge mounted directly on the conservator to give continuous oil level indication. It is normally mounted on the conservator end-cover (detachable) at the inclination 15o to the vertical so that it will be readable from ground. This is supplied with low oil level alarm contacts. This oil gauge is electrically connected to the terminal box and then to Marshalling Box. The dial of the indicator is calibrated to give level of the oil as a function of the conservator capacity. A mercury which is provided so that when oil level falls below a specific level an alarm is sounded. The instrument is a float type and the movement of the float is transmitted to the pointer by means of a magnet hence the name M.O.G. (d) Temperature Indicators : Oil temperature and winding temperature indicators (O.T.I. & W.T.I.) provide local indication of top oil and winding hot spot temperature respectively, are fitted in the junction box or Marshalling box. The thermo meter bulb is connected by capillary tubing to the local indicator. The bulbs are enclosed in oil filled pockets which are either welded or screwed on the transformer cover in the hottest oil region. In O.T.I., the expansion of liquid in the bulb is transmitted through capillary tube to indicating instrument for indication of top oil temperature. W.T.I. may be either with built in heating elements or with separate heater bulb. In case of former the pocket or the bellow has a heating coil around it which is fed by a C.T. (secondary) provided on one of the transformer line terminals of H.V., L.V., T.V. windings, so that any change in the load is reflected in the heating of the pocket / below of W.T.I. The C.T. secondary leads are connected to the instruments in terminal / marshalling box. In case of later a separate pocket is provided on transformer cover for housing the heater bulb (with capillary) and two terminal W.T.I., C.t. secondary leads are connected to the terminal inside the tank and connections from pocket terminals to heater bulb are made internally in the pocket. This pocket is air filled. Instruments in both the cases are housed in terminal / marshalling box. It is to be ensured that the transformer oil is filled in the various thermo-meter pockets on cover before commissioning of transformer. The dial type thermometer is also provided with mercury switches for an Alarm and Trip circuit operation in the event of executive temperature raise and W.T.I. also controls operation of cooling fans, oil pump motors at certain present temperatures. A potentio meter device or a digital method is also provided for remote temperature indication. The signalling contacts of O.T.I. are generally set to operate at the following temperatures or at a slightly lower values depending on condition of the transformer.
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Protection System Alarm On O.T.I. W.T.I. 85oC 100oC Trip Off 95oC 100oC On 85oC
(e) Fault Current : Fault current at different system voltages are furnished below :Line to line Nominal system voltage in KV Steady state Fault Current KA (R.M.S.)
11
33
132
220
400
13.1
25
30
40
50/60
18.
19.
(i) (a)
So Transformers should be protected against such shock and should be tripped by the circuit Breakers within 3 cycles or now a days 2-21/2 cycles. Oil Testing : In power Transformers decision for reconditing has to be taken if the I.R. value is poor, IP-valve is not satisfactory as well as rigorous oil testing results are not also satisfactory. But in large number off 11/.415 KV transformers all such testing will not be practicable, economical, and a continuous time taking process. So the following simple test may be conducted to ascertain the healthy condition of the transformer besides IR value measurement. Crackle Test for 11/0.415 KV transformer : In 11/0/415 KV distribution transformers all such detailed processes may not be economic. So a simple test called "Crackle Test" may be done as a quality checking of transformer oil vis-a-vis insulation resistance. Oil sample from the transformer may be collected in a pot. A metal rod 1/2" (12.7mm) dia heated to a dull redness is dipped into the sample of oil and when stirring, there will be no crackle sound. One end of piece of a stool tube of about 1.2" dia shall be closed and closed and is heated at dull redness. The heated and of the tube shall all be plunged into the oil sample taken in a container with the ear closed to the open of the tube. If a sharp crackle sound is heared, it indicates moisture in the oil. Above tests are very simple to carry out and if presence of moisture is indicated in the test, oil of the transformer shall be replaced, otherwise the same will be burnt. Distribution Wing should follow this test to reduce the failure of such transformers which is alarming in numbers. Causes of failure of transformers : Prematured death of transformer within its life period of 25 years shall be considered as a crime to the society. The reasons of failure of transformers may be due to (i) Internal Factors (ii) External Factors, which are discussed below in short :Internal Factors : High Temperature : Internal factors responsible for the failure of transformers are due to bad and improper design. Con siderable amount of power fed to the primary circuit of a transformer is lost as core loss or iron loss and cu-loss or load loss, the former maintains the magnetic circuit and this latter is converted into thermal power or heat and needs to be effectively dessipated otherwise there will be high temperature rise and should be limited within 75 to 80oC. The losses are undesirable no doubt but unavoidable, as such shall be dealt properly for economic and effective design of transformers, In the design and operation of a transformer, two losses are considered separately but they should be considered jointly in respect of thermal power generated hence rise of temperature. So many transformers are failing due to high temperature.
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Impulse Test Voltage (KV Peak) 75 170 250 550/650 950/1050 1300/1425
High voltage winding of the transformer shall have graded insulation. The insulation class of the neutral and of the H.V.Winding shall be graded to short time power frequency withstand voltage of 38 KV (r.m.s.) The L.V. neutrals shall be graded as per voltage class of the neutral but not less than respective line voltages in case of 11 KV or lower voltages. (ii) The cost of a transformer increases with the insulation level. Other things being equal, substantial decrease in the cost of transformers can be brought about by reducing the insulation level permitted by the progress with technique of surge divertors, Depending on the system earthing conditions i.e. for solidly earthed system, cost can be reduced (more for higher voltages) by grading of insulation at the neutral end.
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(ii) The necessity and importance of fixing impulse level and power frequency withstand voltage for different voltage classes of transformer windings is very important for the reasons that over voltages encountered in electrical networks may be divided according to their origin, into two main classes : (a) External over voltage due to lighting and associated phenomenon. (b) Internal over voltages, due to sudden alteration in the internal circuits of the network itself. (iii) (a) in order to withstand external over voltage of high frequencies, the transformer windings shall be manufactured as per specified insulation levels and to be ascertained through testing. As higher insulation levels higher costs, minimum safe insulation levels are to be determined from system studies and to be specified in the specification to comply with. (b) Internal over voltage may be divided into two principal classes viz (1) Dynamic over voltages at system frequency due to unsymetrical faults, sudden loss of loads of turboalternator or a transformer connected to the end of a transmission line etc. (2) Transient over voltages at medium frequency due to rupturing of capacitive currents by restoring circuit breakers, or due to dead earthing of one of two phases. The transients of these nature may be 1.1 to 3.5 times the normal system voltages and usual range may be taken approximately as 1.7 to 2.2 In order to withstand such over voltages of power frequency and medium frequency transformer windings shall conform to the power frequency withstand voltages specified above different voltage classes and to be verified through testing. 23. Short Circuit Level : (i) Short Circuit level of different system voltages shall be as follows :
25,000 MVA or 20,000 MVA 15,000 MVA or 10,000 MVA 10,000 MVA or 5,000 MVA 1,000 MVA or 750 MVA 750 MVA 250 MVA.
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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
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TRANSFORMER TESTING
While discussing test on tranformer it is needless to say these tests are normaly done for the power transformer. As the distribution transformers are manufactured in a lot and very low in costs in comparison to the power transformer all these tests are normally not performed on distribution transformer. Detail transformer tests are done mainly at factory and at site during its first installation and commissioning. (i) Factory Tests : (A) Routine tests (a) Winding resistance (b) Vector group analysis (c) Open circuit / No load current and loss (d) Load current and loss (e) Insulation resistance between HV-E, LV-E & HV-LV (f) Dielactric tests of insulation, bushings etc (g) Tests of protecting equipments (h) Tap changer (i) Test of cooling circuit. (B) Tyre tests (a) Temperature rise test (b) Lighting impulse test (c) Switching Impulse test (d) Partial discharge test. (C) Special test (a) Zero sequence impedence test (b) Short circuit test (c) Measurement of hermonic of no load current (d) Measurement of noise. (e) Cooling power loss test (f) Main tank vaccum test (g) Oil leakage test. At site before testing of the transformer and its commissioning following things are checked. (i) Oil level in bushing, main conservation tank and diverter tank. (ii)Condition of explosion vent, silicagel breather (iii)Neutral and body earthling of the transformer.(iv) Leakage of oil from any part of the transformer (v)Operation of tap changer (vi) Trapped air release (viii) Setting of relays (viii) Matching of vector group (ix) Visual Test. Test performed at site : (i) Polarity test (ii) Ratio test (iii) Winding resistance and various tap position. (iv) Vector group analysis. (v) Insulation resistance. (vi)Tests of oil (vii)Tests of protective equipments like bucholz, PRD, OSR, winding and oil tamp indicator. (viii)Auto, manual and remote, local operation of tap changer and cooling arrangement (ix)Tests of relays and protechtion scheme (x) Tests of indication of annunciation scheme. One format of testing report which is normally used at WBSEB is enclosed. Technical & proceedural details of same important transformer testing are detailed below.
TABLE - II
Neutralisation Value, mg KOH/g Total sludge, % by weight Reclaimed Recleimed oil with reclaimed Reclaimed oil with oil 0.5% DBPC Oil 3.3% DBPC 0.20 0.225 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.050 0.070 0.090 0.11 0.33 0.39 0.41 0.45 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.15 0.16
Hours of ageing 100 164 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
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Of course in the above arrangement, the current driven through the transformer is not much but still a clear picture so as to correctness of connection of secondaries of the relay is obtained. For testing with higher values of current the transformer winding is by phase by a temporary jumper parnal a current injection set employed as shown below.
For a healthy connection the spill current through RF relay should be negligible compared to main or secondary currents. If restricted earth f ault is applied for winding connected in delta the stability of the relay is
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Furn Analysis _ Insultating materials normally consists of (i) Cellulose (89%) linear polymer of a kind of sugar molecule (D-anhydro-gluco-pyranose) (ii) Pentosanes (7-8%) called also hemicellaloses
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TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
1. INTRODUCTION Power Transformers are one of the most important links inaa power transmission and distribution system. It also possess a wide range of characteristics and certain special features which make complete protection difficult. These conditions must be reviewed before the detailed application of protection is considered. The chocie of suitable protection is also governed by economic considerations. Wide range of transformer ratings are used in transmission and distribution system which vary from a few KVA upto several hundred MVA. Protection with fuse can be justified for transformers of lower ratings, whereas those of the highest ratings should have the best protection that can be designed. In our system transformer ratings upto 3 MVA are generally protected only by fuse. Fuses are overcurrent devices and must have ratings well above the maximum transformer load current in order to carry, without /'blowing', the short duration overal oads that may occur because of such as motor starting, also the fuses must withstand the magnetising inrush current drawn when power transformers are energised. Protective relaying minimises : (a) Cost of - repair of damage. (b) Possibility of spreading and involving other equipments. (c) Time the equipment is out of service (d) Loss in revenue. Protection provided must : (a) Discriminate between faulty and healthy equipment. (b) Must be sensitive i.e. operate under minimum generating condition. (c) Operate with correct speed i.e. fast clearance of fault to minimise damage and increase power system stability. (d) Stabilized under external fault condition and should not result in undesired tripping when there is no fault in the equipment protected. In order to apply the principles of protection to any e quipment the nature and characterisics of the equipment should be elearly understood and an assessment made of the requirements to be taken care of. Thus for a transformer as it is virtually an impedance connected to the system the megnitude of fault current will vary according to the position of fault in the windings. Consideration has to be made whether the transformer neutral is solidly earthed or impedance earthed. So also the operating duty of the transformer as in the case of a traction power supply where frequent short time overloads are quite expected. With all these requirements in view, modern high capacity transformers should be provided with a list selective relaying scheme as primary protection and also to achieve high degree of reliability and safeguard against failure of the protective elements themselves provision of stand by arrangement know as Back up protection should be included in the complete protection scheme. We will now discuss the necessity and application of protection to transformers with emphasis on the requirements for Three Phase Power Transformers which have wide application in the Power Supply System. 2. TYPES OF FAULTS AND EFFECTS : To design a potective scheme it is necessary to have an intimate knowledge of the faults that have to be detected. With regard to transformers the types of fault that can be experienced are :' (a) Earth fault on H.V. external connections. (b) Phase to phase fault on H.V. external connections. (c) Internat earth fault on H.V. winding.
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2.
Commn
3.
Interturn fault
Common
4.
5.
Core fault
6.
Insulation failure between windigs primary to secondary ground fault. Laminations getting bridged, core bolt insulation failure. Choking of pipes by sluge in oil, cooling ducts also maybe affected.
Rare
Common
common
3. Abnormal operating condition : Abnormal operating condition of transformer which may ultimately to winding damage may be summarised as (a) Operation on short circuit : External short circuits overheat the winding with more than rated current. Particularly in distribution system there is a t endency of repeated application of short cicuit due to feeder faults in order to segregate or isolate any faulty sectien. Such operation, in addition to overheating also imposes evere
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CT
RELAY PILOT
CT
2'
Q v 1 P R
S 2'
Unbalance Voltage
3 P
P.Q. is voltage of CT-A, RS is the voltage of C.T.-B, QR is the voltage drop across pilot, so also SP. The leeatiens of the CTs, A and B may be such that the distance from the relay location may be unequal. Thus there will be unequal burden imposed on the two CTs, thereby when external short circuits are being fed the CTs will unequially saturate and develop different voltages both the magnitide and phase. This may lead to undesired operation of differential relay. (Voltage Balance Scheme : When the distance between the CTs is largeas in case of feeder transformers the lead burdens - become excessive and voltage balance scheme at Translay Scheme would become a better preposition). Stability We have new noticed that the increase in current due to external short circuit leads to increase in the unblance current in the circuitating current differential protection. The protection designer must take action so that the relay stablises and does not operate under this condition. There are various ways of stablishing the relay against through fault.
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- i2
i1 - i 2 i2 i1 + i 2 i2
i2
i1 + i 2 i2 i1 - i 2
-i 2
This relation can be utilised to design a comparator which compares the differences of current against the sum of currents. In the rectifier bridge comparator the differential current after rectification floows through relay in one direction tending to operate the relay and the through current after rectification flow through the relay in res training direction.
Tranf.
CT
CT
DIFF CT
THRU CT
Relay R
More difference cu rrent is-required if through fault current is more for operation of the relay. This system has the disadvantage of more differential current required at low level of fault current i.e the relay has less sensitivity. The practical requirement would be more stablisheation a ......... on low levels of through fault current i.e. increased sensitiviity for small fault current.
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i1 - i 2
OP. Coil
i1
i1
Diff. Current
i1 + i 2
e on gZ in rat pe O
Non-Operating Zone
Rest Current
i1 + i 2
Current through Bias Windings or restraint coils prevent relay operation. This gives a sloped operating characteristics to the relay. The current through the restraint coils or the restraint amp. turns is controlled to give a setting range of 15-40% slope. Practically it means that when the normal pick up current of the operating coil of the relay is say 1.5A, for - a through current flow of 20A through the restraint coils when the slope setting is 25% the pick up increases to 5A. The % sloaping characteristics is chosen on the basis of (a) Tap changing % variation (b) Mismatch between C.T. current and relay tap (c) Difference of errors between C.Ts. on the two sides. Making the pick up settings unduly sensitive increases the chances of false operation as such the transformer differential protection for one end feed is given generally a pick up value of 20-30% of rated current i.e. for a 5A relay it is 1-1.5A. Under one end feed condition the current in the operating coil is equal to the current in the restraint coil. Hence there is every chance of operation of the differential relay under inrush condition which is practically a one and feed condition. Thus a bias relay will not satisfctorily stablished against inrush. (iii) The stablishation may also be effected by use of magnetic biasing where a 3-limb core type auxiliary transformer is made to saturate by the flow of the through current so th at differential current requirement is more to induce sufficient emf in the 3rd winding which is connected to the differential operating relay.
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OPR Coil
This has the added advantage of stablishing against inrush. Magnetishing current of transformers : Some basic concepts of transformer magnetising currents are discussed hereunder. Magnetising current contains harmonics of odd order (3,5,7,9) ... etc) Amplitude of harmonics increases as maximum flux density is raised. Sinusoidal flux wave is required by sinusoidal applied voltage. Since flux demand magnetising current with harmonic content, magnetising current is supplied the flux will be flat topped and emf induced by it will be peaky i.e. will contain odd harmonics.
Flux Density SINE FLUX MAS CURRENT
MAG CURRENT
For single phase transformer the 3rd harmonic voltage generated circulate a current through the supply source and the transformer winding depending on the impedances to 3rd harmonic current. Thus there is a reduction of 3rd harmonic cmf as flat top wave is made more sinusoidal by 3rd harmonic current the flux due to which become additive to the fundamental.For 3 phase transformers of the shall type or single phase units where the phases are magnetically sepearatre such core must itself produce therequiredflux. Dd connection :Provide path for 3rd harmonic currents which are cophasal or with zero phase sequence. The supply of course providing only fundamental sinusoidal magnatising current - this results in flat topped flux wave - which induced peaky emf ith 3rd harmonic component that circulates 3rd harmonic current in the closed delta. This becomes additive with supply flux and builds up the total flux required. this the primary voltage and current waves are sine waves, the flux is very nearly sine and the 3rd harmonic magnetising current is circulated in the delta.
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ir
i r-b
30
30
i b-y iy ib
IB
IY I Y-R
STAR SIDE
DELTA SIDE
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i y-r
i r-b ir
a2
b1
IY
i y-r iy
b2
c1
IB I B-Y
i b-y ib
c2
IY R I R-B
To Relay Terminal
i b-y
i y-r i r-b
To Relay (iii) Transformer Neutral Connection : The type of C.T. secondary connections necessary are also influenced by the Power Transformer Neutral connection to ground or source neutral. It means that if there is a parth for zero sequence current to flow in the primary, for effective stabilsation against external fault the zero sequence current is to be eliminated from the differential relay circuit. For the normal star-Delta transformers if the star point is solidly or resistance earthed there is path for earth fault current to flow through the star windings and will appear in the primary in the star side - but delta side no earth fault current can flow in the lines. Thus the zero sequence curent would appear in the secondary circuit as differential current. If the differential C.T. secondary on the star
IO
IO
iO
IO
IO
iO
IO
IO 3 IO
iO
3IO
side is connected in delta then the zero sequence current which are co-phasal would eirculate within the delta and would be absent in the differential C.T. secondary connection to the relay and would thus be kept out of the differential relay.
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With insulated neutral star connected trans former operation however the above problem is not experienced and the differential C.T. secondary may be connected either is star or in delta. As a ganeral rule it maybe said that the C.T. secondary connections on the star side of the transformer be in delta and on the delta side of the transformer it should be in star. Delta connected C.T. secondary eliminates zero sequence current from relay. The positive and The negetive sequence currents due to the external fault circulate within the differential C.T. secondaries on the primary and secondary circuits and are out of the differential relay operating coil. For the in zone E/F the differential relay gets the positive and negative sequence currents as operating quantity. Stability on Extn. E/F on Delta Side If the earthing transformer on the Delta Side is outsides the Zone of protection the E/F in the delta system outside C.T. locations would produce current distributions as shown which circulate within the differential C.T. secondaries and is kept out of operating coils.
IO
IO IO IO IO 3IO
IO IO IO
3IO IO IO IO
IO
IO 3IO
IO
IO
3IO
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current principle for external E/F current. The relay used may be of high impedance variety for stabilising action but can be made very sensitive and instantaneous in operation to sense the fault current in the transformer winding only. The scheme is also applied in solidly earthed neutral transformer and almost fault coverage of the winding is obtained as the fault current is completely s ensed and there is increased sensitivity. It also serve as a fst back up to the normal differential protection provided for all the windings of the transformer which would also satisfactorily sense E/F in the star connected winding. (F) Back up protection : External short circuit fault back up is provided by inverse time O/C relay on the source side and these also work as back up to the main differential protection
O/C Prot
Doff Prot
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(A)
Recommended Maintenance Schedule for Transformers of Capacities Less Than 1000 KVA (i.e. 630 KVA) Inspection frequency (2) Hourly " Daily Items to be inspected (3) Load (amperes) Voltage Dehydrating breather Inspection notes (4) Check against rated figures " Check that air-passages are clear. Check colour of active agent Check transformer oil level Examines for creack and dirt deposits Check for dielectric strength and water content. Check for acidity and sludge Overall inspection in cluding lifting of core and coils Action required if inspection shows unsatisfactory condition. (5) If silicagel is pink, change by spare charge, The old charge may be reactivated for use again. If low, top up with dry oil Examine transformer for leaks Clean or replace. Take suitable action to restore quality of oil.
(iv)
Monthly
(v) (vi)
Quarterly Yarly
(vii)
5 yearly
Recommended Maintenance Schedule for Transrormers of Capacities of 1000 KVA and Above (1600 KVA, 3150 KVA & 5000 KA) Hourly " " Ambient temperature Winding temperature Oil temperature
Load (amperes) check agaisnt rated Voltage figures Oil level in transformer Check agaisnt transformer oil level Oil level in bushing Relief diaphragm Dehydrating breather Check that air possages are free. Check colour of active agent.
Shut down the transformer and investigate it either is persistently higher than normal. If low, top up with dry oil, examine transformer for leaks. Replace if cracked or broken. If silicagel is pink change by spare charge. The old charge may be reactivated for use again.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. (x) Quarterly Bushing Oil in transformer Examine for cracks and dirt deposits Check for dielectric strength and water content Check for ac idity and sludge Clean or replace Take suitable action to restore quality of oil. Filter or replace
(xi) Quaterly
(xii) Yearly (or Oil in transformer earlier if, the trasnfroemr can conveniently be taken out for checking) (Ref IS : 1886-1967) (xiii) Yearly (or earlier Oil filled bushings if, the transformer can conven iently be taken out for checking) (xiv) " Gasket joints
Test Oil
Filter or replace
(xv)
"
Cable boxes
"
(xviii)
"
Earth resistance
Check for sealing arrangements for filling holes. Examine compounds for cracks Examine for cracks and dirt depsits. Examine relay and alarm contacts, their operation, fuses, etc. Check relay accuracy etc.
Tighten the bolts even ly to avoid uneven pressure. Replace gaskets, if leaking.
Clean or replace. Clean the component and replace contacts and fuses if necessary. Change the settings, if necessary. Take suitable action, if earth resistance is high. Wash by hosing down with clean dry oil. "
1000 to 3000 KVA Overall inspection in cluding lifting of core and coils Above 3000 KVA "
1. With respect to on-load tap changers, the manufacturer's recommendation should be followed. 2. The silicagel may be reactivated by heating it to 150o to 200oC 3. Every time the drying medium is changed, oil seal should also be changed. 4. No work should be done on any transformer unless it is disconnected from all external circuits and the tank and all windings have been solidly earthed. 5. In case of anything abnormal occuring during service, make's advice should be obtained, giving him complete particulars as to the nature and extent of occuraence, together with the name plate particulars in order to assist indentification.
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"
" "
"
(i) Load
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. B. SCHEDULES FOR PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE Note : The steps recommended below are to be carried out in addition to the steps already pointed out in respect of various items under inspection programme. Frequency of maintenance 1 After 30 Nos. of trippings (kee record of trippings) or earlier, if necessary Equipments / items Details of the maintenance to be maintained work to be done 2 (a) Cleaning (b) Oil 3 Remove all loose external dirt with clean and dry cloth (i) Test for dielectric strength moisture and acidity, if necessary. (ii) Change or filter the oil as necessary and fill up to t he level. (iii) Check allso if the oil has become thick or carbonised. (iv) Keep record of oil test results. (c) Contacts (i) Check for correct alignment of contacts and proper contact pressure. (i) The contacts under short circuit conditions should be examined at the earliest. (ii) Use only somoth files/fine and paper for In case of heavy short circuit, the oil should be examined immediately. Remarks 4
"
(e) Insulators
(ii) Also check if three contacts close a simultaneously for removing the carbon deposits and burns, etc. without disturbing the profile of contacts) (iii) Examine by burning and other damages of contacts such as burns and pittings, Recondition or replace, where necessary. (iv) Lubricate the contacts with petroleum jelly (i) Inspect for any deterioration. (ii) Check for proper contact and apply a thin film of vaseline (i) Clean and examine for signs of damage (ii) Check insulation resistance Replace & renew where necessary (iii) Keep continuous record of insulation tests WBSEBEA - 104
Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Frequency of maintenance 1 Quarterly Equipments / items to be maintained 2 (f) Mechanism Details of the maintenance work to be done 3 (i) Check for tightness of all bolts, nuts & screws. (ii) Check trip plunger and reset corectly (iii) Check and lubricate racking mechanism, truck wheels, racking interlock and all other moving parts (iv) Check operation of tank lowering device & lubricate, as necessary (v) Examine tank linings for any deterioration due to absorption of moisture, etc. and replace, if necessary Examine, clean and adjust, as necessary Check and renew where necessary Inspect and tighten (i) Examine auxiliary wiring and other connections for being intact. (ii) Megger test the control wiring, closing and tripping coils, etc. Recondition or replace, as necessary Check for satisfactory operation Adjust, where necessary Check leads and tighten connections (i) Examine and clean the bushings (ii) Check oil for correct level & proper dielectric strength (iii) Megger test CTs & PTs, recondition or replace, as necessary These should be got tested from the M & T department as pr their standard practice Remarks 4
(g) Auxiliary Switches (b) Auxiliary fuses (i) Main connections (j) Small wiring & other connections
(k) Indicators & Measuring Instruments. (l) Earthing (m) CTs & PTs
Before returning the OCB to service, close and check for correct operation. Periodical measurement of insulation resistance of the complete breaker in closed position, but disconnected on the incoming and outgoing sides, should also be done.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. C. SCHEDULE OF OVERHAULS Note : The points already described under inspection & maintenance schedules should be taken into consideration in addition to the points given belowFreq. of overhands 1 Fiver-yearly (The period can be changed depending up-on the load cycle of the equipment and manufacturer's recommndation) Equipment / items to be over hauled 2 Defails of the work to be done 3 Clean, lubricate and examine the operation of internal mechanism Check the operation of trip circuit. Also clean the tank and CTs chambers, remove the old tank lining and gaskets, replace the oil, if necessary also change compound in the CT chamber and paint the body of OCB. All auxiliary switches, wirings, fuses and other asociated equipments should be cleaned and thoroughly checked. Per form all standard tests such as contact resistance measurement tank and bushing insulation test, CT and control wiring insulation test etc. remarks 4
OCB
'
(Ref. Maintenance Schedule for Distribution System' issued by CBIP - Technical Report 2 July 1974).
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Schedule of Inspection & Maintenance of switch yard and other sub-station equipments No. & Name of apparatus 1 1. Yard, bus-bars, supports, insulators, air break switches fuses, contacts, etc. Details 2 Examine post & switch insulators, (insulators) Bus bar, expansion joints, etc. etc. cleaning contacts, and lubricting bearing swival pins of AB switches. Period between Inspection 3 Half yearly during pre-arranged shut downs.
Note : Check if all parts are mechanically tight on all switches and adjustment stops should be checked since they are intended to absorb the shock of operations. If the stops are not adjusted properly, the AB switch post type unit may fail. All AB switches should be oiled and kept in condition. Interlocks should be checked priodically. 2. Lightining arrester (a) Cleaning, examining for cracks or damaged glass and meggering (b) Check gap settings (c) Oxide film arresters charging 3. Batteries (a) Checking specific gravity and voltage of each cell (i) Station Batteries Half yearly or whenever prearranged shut downs for other orks are arranged. - do Yearly, preferably before the lightning season
(ii) Nife cells (b) Cleaning of terminals applying vaseline & top ping up with distilled water. (c) Overhaul of Nife 11/2 years or recommended Batteries by manufacturers. (d) Leakage test by lamps or voltmeter method 4. Station earths including transformers and lightning arresters (a) Combined earth resistence Each shift
Before & after charge & weekly when trickled charges exist. Monthly Weekly for lead storage batteries
(b) Checking the earth connnections at joints etc. (c) Watering of sub-station earths (d) Watering of distribution transformer station earths. Conducting megger tests for transformers, PTs, CTs
Monthly at all stations by Operation and Maintenance Staff & half yearly by MRT staff on their test visits Monthly at all stations. Daily Thrice a week Monthly or when shut downs are arranged for other works. In recording the reading, it should
5. Insulation Resistance
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. No. & Name of apparatus 1 Details 2 Period between Inspection 3 be noted whether the apparatus is hot or cold, the temperature being given wherever possible. At 60oC IR value should be 2 megohms / KV At lower temperature the IR value should be corecpondingly more. The insulation resistance of Power Transformers should be taken with a 1000 volts megger immediately after the transformer is switched off after a load run and the temperature at which these insulation resistance are meggered should also be noted. Yearly
(i) Examination and topping up Six months after first servicing (ii) Meggering Quarterly Meggering Quarterly as and when O.C.B. is taken up for maintenance. Cleaning, checking up all bolts and nuts, vermin proofing arrangement, checking of all portion inside and out side of kiosks against cracks or damage. Greasing of links and contacts. Relay Testing (a) Checking liquid level (b) Testing and refilling (c) Testing containers for pressure.
8. Kiosks
- d0 -
Should be tested by the M.R.T. once a year Monthly Yearly Once in 3 years.
Oil test result Breakdown Voltage Kv (diebddic strength) Specific resistance at 27oC ohm-cm Water content Diebctric dissipation factor (Tan delta at 90oC) New tralisation value mg of KOH / gm of oil Inter f acial tension N/M at 27oC Flash point Sludge
As per I.S.S. (for New Oil) 50 KV (RMs) 500 x 1012 500 ppm 0.005 0.03 0.04 140oC 0.1 percent by wt.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Trouble Shooting Non working of bell Work attended a. Loose Connections b. Disturbing of bell adjustment. c. Burning of bel coil d. Alarm D.C. Fusa blown. a. Fusing of bulb. b. Loose connections c. Resistance found open circuited d. Alignment of aux. contacts C.B. getting disturbed. a. Failure of A.C. b. Failure of A ux. Transformer 220/110V c. Putting Remote / Local switch on Local Non operation from remote. d. Contact problem in Lower/raise button. e. Tripping of miniature ckt. breaker of A.C. motor a. Pressure switch faulty b. Loose connection a. Loose connection b. Open circuit of trip coil c. Mechanical trouble d. Allgnment of A ux. contacts of C.B. Getting disturbed. a. Open circuit of secondary C.T. Circult b. Loose connection in C.T. secondary ckt. a. Failure of A./C. Supply b. Failure of limit switch/ C.B. Aux. switch defective motor. a. Loose connection b. Open circuit in closing coil c. Mechanical trouble. d. Alignment of Aux. contacts C.B. getting disturbed. e. Spring was not charged. f. Non resetting of trip/master relay. g. Non closing from remote and if local / remote switch on. a. Failure of insulation b. Short circuit due to lizard/rats etc. a. Failure of L.A. b. Loose connections. c. Providing improper cord\e C.Ts d. Failure of L.V. cable box. e. Failure of C.T. f. Failure of insulators within differential zone g. Magnetising in-rush current in case of DDT type relay.
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Trouble Shooting 11. "Flashor on " without fault 12. Tripping of transformer on buchalz Work attended a. D.C. Leakage a. Due to oil surge. b. due to moisture / water inside the connection box. c. Improper operation of bucholz relay. d. Shorting of terminal due to failure of backalite plate. e. Low oil level. a. D.C. leakage b. Sticking of low oil level pointer. c. Rain water inside the connection box. a. Mechanied defect. a. D.C. leakage b. Accept switch faulty c. Aux relay faulty a. D.C. leakage b. Push buttom faulty a. The oral / remote switch on local possition b. Loose connection c. Trip / close switch faulty a. The local / remote switch on local possition b. Loose connection c. Trip/close switch faulty
13. Low oil level indication on panel was appearing continiously 14. Flag not resetting 15. Non-resetting of bell
16. Non-resetting of indication 17. Non-tripping of O.C.B. from remote end. 18. Capacitor bank tripping
19. Tripping of breaker without indication a. Due to shorting of DC (+) ve b. Leakage of D.C. 20. Continious riging of bell a. D.C. leakage b. Adjustment of Aux Relay contact is disturbed. 21. Abnormal noise in C.T. 22. Mal operation of relay 23. Bttery charger not working a. Winding is open a. Defects in relay a. Failure of transformer b. Failure of diode c. Failure of A.C. supply switch faulty. a. Defect in temp indicator b. Defect in contactor c. Loose connection a. Fusing of Lamp b. Defect in Aux switch c. Loose connection. a. Defect in Aux switch b. Loose wire c. Semaphor coil burnt d. Non-availability of Aux contractor for isolater.
24. Transformer cooling fans auto start, not working 25. Indication Lamp not indicating
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Date of Test :
(f) Name Plate details : Make : KVA Maker's No. No. Load Voltage Type Imp. % Vector Group Current Connection Diagram No. Phase
HT LT LT LT
HT Type of ceiling LT Vol. of oil Frequency Wt. of core & Hdg. Tem risc Wt. of oil Year of Manufacture Total Wt. (g) Connection Diagram (h) Tapping, switch connection No. of taps : % variation of voltage. Insulation Resistance of Windings : by 5000V / 2500V / 2000V Meggar Windings : H.V. - Earth : L..V. - Earth : H.V. - L.V. : Tertiary Earth H .V.- Tertiary L.V.-Tertiary
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 7. Dielectric strength ofl. : (a) Top sample : (b) Bottom sample : (c) Tap changer tank : (d) Diverter Tank : 8. Arching Horn Gap. : HV side : LV side : 9. Heat - Run Results : (a) Filtration : Hot/Cold/Hort circult (b) Duration : Hours (c) Temp. rise : (d) Insultation Resistance : (i) Initial : M. ohms at
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at
(b) (i)
Winding Temperatures Indicator : Particulars : Make : Type / Model : Sl. No. (ii) C.T. Perticulars : (iii) Setting :' Cooler Starts : OC Coolar steps Alarm : OC Trip : OC 12. Miscellatious chedking : (a) Condition of explosion rent (Diaphgram ): (b) Oil level in the conservator tank in coordination with temperature. (c) Breather : (i) Condition of silica gel : (ii) Oil level in the post : (iii) Air tight fitting of pipe :
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2.3. The recent Indian Standard Specification on new insulating oils for Transformers and Switchgears incorporates the above properties for acceptance purposes as detailed in Table III.
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3.
Characteristics
Table - III Schedule of Characteristics as per IS : 335-1992 Requirement The oil shall be clear & transpare 0.89 g/cm3 27 cst Under consideration 0.04 N/m Min 140oC -6oC 0.03 mg KOH/g Nil Non corrosive
4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
Appearance Density at 29.5oC, Max Kinematic Viscosity, Max (a) at 27oC (b) at 40oC Interfacial tension at 27oC, Min Flash point, pensky martin (Closed), Pour point, Max Neutralisation value (i) Total acidity, Max (ii) Inorganic acidity/alkalinity Corresive Sulphur Electric Strength (Breakdown voltage), Min. (a) New untreate doil
(b) After treatment 10. Dielectric dissipation factor (Tan Delta) (at 90oC, Max 11. Specific Resistance (Resistivity)
30 kv (rms) if the above value is not attained the oil shall be treated. 60 kv (rms) 0.002
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0.40 mg KOH/g 0.10% by weight The oil shall not contain antioxidant additives. 50 ppm
2.5 x 1012 ohm-cm 0.2 x 1012 ohm - cm 0.20 0.05 mg KOH/g 0.05 % by weight under consideration
The significance of these tests are not well-known and an attmpe in brief to bring out these benefit of users of the oil has been made in this paper. Significance of Tests Physical Tests : (a) Density : The density of an oil is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the oil to the weight of the same volume of water. The test can be conducted either by using a hydrometer or a density bottle if greater accuracy is desired. The specific gravity is used extensively to facilitate volume to weight conversions, especially while conducting oxidation stability, neutralisation number tests etc. The transformer heat co-efficient is determined by the physical properties of the coolant, density, specific heat. thermal conductivity and viscosity in addition to other variable factors. The density of transformer oil usually varies within a fairly narrow range, of 0.85 to 0.89. Higher density of oil results in higher viscosity which in turn affects the heat dissipation characteristics of the oil. Further, the prescribed value of the density (0.85-0.89) also facilitates easy separation into distinct layers of free oil and oil with dissolved moisture. (b) Viscosity : The viscosity of an oil is a measure of its resistance to continuous flow without the effect of external forces. It is expressed as the kinematic viscosity (unit being a stoke). Viscosity is measured by determining the time required for a fixed volume of liquid to flow through a long capillary tube, e.g., Ostwald U-type Viscometer. The oil must be mobile as heat transformer in transformers occurs mainly by convection currents. A low viscosity is therefore, advantageous. The oil viscosity may have marked effect on the dielectric losses generated under A.C. voltages at the higher frequencies. It is important that at low temperatures the viscosity of transformer oil be as low as possible. In other words, the curve characterizing the temperature dependence of oil viscosity should be as fault as possible. Otherwise, with a high viscosity in the cooled transformer, the removal of heat from its windings will be difficult in the initial period after energizing, leading to over eating. An increase in the viscosity of oil in transformer tap exchanger and oil circuit breakers impedes the movement of the moing pars of the apparatus and thus impairs normal operation.
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4.0. ECONOMICS OF MOBILE RECLAMATION : The cost of batch process is considerably high compared to mobile reclamation system designed & developed by CPRI. The increased cost of the batch process is due to the requirement of high volume reaction vessel and setting tanks. The space and the process cycle time is also high. The cost of ther 1000 liters capacity plant works out to 8.0 lakhs. The cost of reclamation per liter of oil is worked out in full detail. I. Fixed charges per day 1. Reclamation plant of 1000 liters capacity, consisting 8.00 Lakhs oil filteration unit. Reaction columns. Pumps, Heater unit and trollcy etc. (excluding the cost of LMV). 2. Portable Electric Strength equipment 0.75 3. Oil quality Index left 0.10 4. Baking oven for earth heating 0.40 Total : 9.25 lakhs Interest on fixed change at 18% 1.665 Lakhs Depriciation at 10% 0.925 Total 2.59 lakhs Taking an average of 8 Hrs. / day for 300 days in a year. Fixed charge per day = 225000/300 = Rs.863/II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Running cost of the plant for 1000 Liters. Cost of 250 Kgs earth @ Rs.3/- kg Power Consumption Labour ch arges Cost of DBPC (2.6 kgs @ 750/- per kg) Wastage of oil @5% (50 Hts. x Rs.7)
750/300/300/1950/350/Total : 3650/Total cost for reclaiming 1000 liters oil (Fixed + Running cost) = Rs. 863 + 3650 = 4513 Cost of reclamation per liter of oil Rs. 4513/1000 = Rs.4.51 The cost of fresh transformer oil is Rs.22/- litre, where as the cost of reclamation is only Rs.4.50 per litre. Hence the process of r eclamation is very attrative. 5.0. ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE RECLAMATION SYSTEM : 1. The reclamation process can be carried out at site with the transformer under equipment condition. 2. The system is compact, simple and can be attached to a light vehicle. 3. Calculation of hot oil through the information formed inside the transformer. This clikinates the requirement of prior cleaning as done in case of new oil fill up.
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Earth
v
Allow to stand for 16 hrs at ambient
v
Decant and filter under vacuum 0.5 kPa and filter porosity 5-15 um
v
Reclaimed oil
v
Add 0.3% by wt. DBPC
v
Oil ready for use
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SYNOPSIS
Mineral insulating oils used in transformers deterioprate in service due to oxidation. Proper equipment design, such as inclusion of conservator, breather, etc., and production of properly refined oils have to some extent helped in prolonging the life of these oils. Despite these measures, insulating oils deteriorate with time leading to the formation of sludge and acides which prevent the officient performance of the equii=pments in which these are used. When sludge and acid contents exceed certain limits, and the oil becomes unfit for further use, reclamation is resorted to. The reclaimed oil has however poor oxidation stability characteristics. For effecting improvement in oxidation stability characteristics, anti-oxidants have been developed. 2,6 ditertiary butyl para cresol (DBPC) is one among them. This paper covers the investigations carried out at CPRI regarding the indigenous DBPC antioxidant for use in reclaimed transformer oil and analyses the influence of this product on the xodation stability characteristics of the oil. INTRODUCTION : Ever since the introduction of mineral oil as an insulating medium in transformers, efforts have been continuously made to prevent its deterioration so as to improve the service life of the oil as well as that of the quipment in which it is used. Mineral insulating oils, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons, react with available oxygen, normally atmospheric, to give rise to acids and sludge. This reaction, a chemical one, is enhanced at elevated temperatures and catalysed by the presence of certain metals, particularly copper. The deterioration products viz. acids and sludge beyond certain limits render the oil unfit for further use. At this stage the oil is normally discarded or reclamation is resorted to for its r e-used. It is observed that oil obtained after reclamation by chemical or absorption process has all the characteristics required of a new oil except the right amount of stability against oxidation This is attributed to the fact that the natural antioxidants inherent in new oil are used up during the service life of the oil and are removed during the reclamation. The characteristic could be improved by adding a compon ent to the oil which would increase its oxidation stability without harming any of its other properties. DBPC possesses the desired characteristics of suitable antixodant. PROCESS OF OXIDATION AND ANTIOXDIANTS : Osidation of mineral oils is a consequence of the reaction between the hydrocarbons of the oil and oxygen. It begins with the formation of free radicals in the presence of heat, light, metal or by reaction with oxygen : RH - R* (1) After the initiation step, two propagation steps may occur : R* + O2 - RO2* -(2) and RO2* + RH - RO2H + R* (3) Reaction (2) is generally very rapid, having an activation energy E of about zero value. Reaction (3) is less rapid and possesses a value of E in the vicinity of 7 kcal / mole. After the propagation steps, three types of termination steps can ensue. These are :2R* Products (4) RO2* + R* - Products (5) 2RO2* Products + O2 (6) These termination reactions are generally very rapid and possess values of E of about 3 kcal / mole. However, in the presence of Oxygen (greater than 100mm), steps (4) and (5) may be neglected. Thus, termination s tep (6) is the most important termination process during oxidation. Copper is the most active oxidation catalyst of hydrocarbons. Its catalytic effect is determined by the formation of free radicals : RO2H + Cu++ - RO2* + H+ + Cu+ (7) RO*2 + RH - RO2H + R* (8)
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CH 3
OH H3C RO 2 + H 3 C H3C C C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3
CH 3
O
H3C RO 2 H + H 3 C H3C
+
CH 3 C C CH 3 CH 3
CH 3
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CH 3
CH 3
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.. nsity gm. per cm.2 at 20oC cosity, centistokes, at 35oC fractive index ur point, oC sh point, oC crfncial tensions, dyne per cm. utralization number ng. of KOH per gm. onification value, mg per strip corrosion test tric strength (40 kv er min.)
0.8823 29.58 1.4806 - 51 147 35.2 0.00 0.06 passes test With stands
0.8772 28.91 1.4808 - 48 144 25.0 0.004 0.06 passes test With stands
0.8737 33.42 1.4777 - 51 153 38.5 0.008 0.03 passes test With stands
0.8968 35.22 1.458 - 51 147 33.0 0.0013 0.12 passes test With stands
0.8954 32.84 1.4913 - 40 162 45 .0 0.00 0.05 passes test With stands
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2.
ACSR 30 mm2
- 3 wire - do-
2 wire
ii)
4 wire
iii)
- do -
3.
AAC 50 mm2
4-wire
i)
4.
AAC 25 mm2
4-wire
i)
2 wire
ii)
- do -
5.
Barbed wire
i) ii)
on 11 KV. line barbed wire may be fixed on compounnd structure supports at all road crossing & the supports inside the village locality as per I.E. Rules. 3% allowance to cover wastage
6.
i)
9 meter to 11 meter +3% for ordinary stay with guy insulator with PCC Pole support. 12 meter + 3% for Y-stay with guy insulator with PCC Pole support.
ii)
- do -
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Sl.No. Description of materials 1 2 7. G.I. Wire 5 mm (6SWG) i) ii) iii) Requirement per unit work 3 12 meter + 3%-per PCC Pole earthing 25 meter + 3% per PCC D.P. earthing 75 meter + 3% per PCC Sub-Station D.P. Earthing with PMEN system Remakrs 4 3% extra to cover wastage - do - do -
iv) 4 x Crossing span length +3% for craddle guard with 4-wire. v) 2x Crossing span length +2% for crodle guard with 2 wires. 3-meter/safety device +3% for 3-phase L.T. line 15 meter/safety device +3% for 1 phase L.T.line
- do -
- do -
8.
i) ii) iii)
- do - do -
2.8 m/lacing X No. of lacing +3% for craddle guard - do As per drawing No. (SE/PCC/16) 4.12 meter + 3% for transformer platform (63KVA) as per drawing No.RE/SS/44 1.38m to 3.38m +3% for extension channel cum top adopter at road crossing As per drawing No. (RE/PCC/16) 0.35m + 3% - for top channel of single PCC Pole for 11 KV line (substitude of tapadopter) 3% allowance to cover wastage and scrap. - do -
i)
ii)
iii)
- do -
i)
4.12 meter + 3% for transformer plat form (25KVA) As per - do drawing No. RE/SS/44 4.12m + 3% for PCC sub station D.P. top channel 2 (drawing no. RE/SS/44) 2 meter +3% for transformer support, isolator rod & handle support. As per drawing No. RE/SS/44.
ii) iii)
- do -
iv) 4.12 meter + 3% for isolator support. As per drawing No. RE/SS/44.
- do -
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Sl.No. Description of materials 1 2 v) Requirement per unit work 3 2.35 metre + 3%for each craddlle guard backet. As per drawing No. (RE/PCC/16) vi) 1.35 metre +3%for bottom channel of single PCC Poles for 11 KV line (Substitute of 'V' bracket) As per drawing no. RE/LF/51. i) 4.12 metre +3% for main switch support. As per drawing No. RE/SS/44 ii) 1 metre to 1.24 metre + 3% for L.T. bracket (Drawing No. RE/LF/50) iii) 3.48 metre +3%for 2 L.t. box bracket. As per drawing No. RE/SS/4 i) 5.4 metre +3%for 2 Nos diagonal bracking of each PCC D.P. As per drawing No. RE/PCC/3A. ii) 3 metre +3%for 2 Nos. horizontal bracing on each PCC, D.P. As per drawing no. RE/PCC/3A. iii) 4.5m + 3%for sub-station fuse support. As per drawing No. RE/SS/44. iv) 8.46m + 3%for tie of L.T. box bracket. As per drawing No. Re/SS/49. i) 0.5 m+3% - for clamp required for fixing of 11 KV top adopter & V bracket on single PCC Pole. 0.1m to 0.9m + 3% for top channel support cum stay clamp required at PCC D.P. Structure (Re/PCC/3A) 0.6m + 3% - for clamp required for cross bracing - do Remakrs 4
- do - do -
-do -
- do -
i)
- do -
iii)
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. TYPICAL S/C DATA OF 33/11 KV TRANSFORMER STANDARISED BY REC. Transformer Capacity kva 630 1600 3150 5000 S/S Capacity 2 x 630 kva 2 x 1600 kva 2 x 3150 kva 2 x 5000 kva % Impedence % of full load 33kv (short circuited) 75 6 54 54 Fault level 25 mva 53 mva 90 mva 143 mva Current 11 kv (short circuited) 25 21 18 18
5 6 7 7
(Considering % Imp) 5% 6% 7% 7%
Insulation resistance limit value (with 1000 volts mgger) Rated voltage of winding 33kv 33 kv Minimum safe insulation resistance in megohms at temperature (oC) 30o 500 400 40o 250 200 50o 125 100 60o 65 50
33/11 kv. transformer with TC fuse rating Cpacity kva 5000 3150 1600 630 Size of T.C. Fuse wire 33kv 11kv mm (SWG) mm (SWG) 1.80 (15) 1.25 (18) 0.80 (21) 0.63 (23) 0.90 (20)
Bushing insulator test, as IS : 2099-1973 Nominal Rated Visible Arrest System voltage discharge voltage voltage of bushing voltage rating kv (RMS) 11 33 12 36 9 27 9 30 one minute Wet & dry test Maxm 100% 1.2/50 sparkover voltage 32.5 108.0 Lightening impulse with standard tegt (implse voltage)
35 75
75 170
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CORROSION IN SOIL Range of sril resistivity (Ohm-metre) 0-25 25-50 50-100 above 100 class Severely corrosive Moderately corrosive Mildly corrosive Very mildly corrosive
Recommended steel conductor size (mm of steel flat) Transformer Order of Capacity (kva) fault current (Amp) Soil resistivity more than 100 - m welded joints 2 x 630 2 x 1600 2 x 3150 2 x 5000 1300 2800 4800 7500 10 x 6 20 x 6 30 x 6 50 x 6 bolted joints 10 x 6 20 x 6 30 x 6 40 x 6 Soil resistivity (25-100) - m Soil resistivity less than 25 ( -m) or soil has been treated welded bolted joints joints 10 x 6 20 x 6 30 x 6 50 x 6 10 x 6 20 x 6 40 x 6 60 x 6
Soil resistivity ( - m) 25
Transformer No. of earth electrode Value of earthing Capacity (kva) recommended resistance 2 x 630 2 x 1600 2 x 3150 2 x 5000 2 x 630 2 x 1600 2 x 3150 2 x 5000 2 x 630 2 x 1600 2 x 3150 2 x 5000 6 6 10 15 12 13 12 15 15 15 15 15 1.77 1.77 1.24 0.76 1.97 1. 97 1.97 1.52 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82
Remarks
50
100
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. H. T. LINES Tree Clearance to be generally adopted Voltage of line i) low/ medium voltage 240v to 415 v. ii) 11 kv normal lines Tree clearance required Clerance of 3' (0.914m) should be cut Relexation Nil
All growth within 4.572m (15ft) on either side from centre line of support and all trees which may fall and foul the line All growth within 6.096 m (20 ft) from the centre line of support and all trees which may fall & foul the line. All trees with 40' (12.19m) on either side should be cut.
In case of betel leaf garden all growth with in 3.048 m (10 ft) on either side of line. nil
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Voltages Upto & including 11 kv Above 11 kv & upto 66 kv. Above 66 kv & upto 132 kv Above 132 kv & upto 220 kv Above 220 m & upto 400 kv.
Board metre & narrow guage Normally by cable 14.10 mtrs 14.60 mtrs 15.40 mtrs 17.90 mtrs.
Minm clearance while working on a railway crane under overhead lines. Normal system voltage Minm safe clearance (in meters) 33 kv 1.50 66 kv 2.00 110 kv 2.25 132 kv 2.50 220 kv 3.50 400 kv 6.,00 Minimum clearance should be maintained above 2.00 mtrs.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Relaxsation by the electrical Inspector (under clause 18...... ] Voltage a) Upto & including 33 kv b) Above 33 kv & upto 66 kv. c) Above 66 kv & upto 110 kv. d) For 110 kv & 132 kv e) For 220 kv f) For 400 kv Broad, meter & narrow gauge (in meter) 4.44 4.44 4.75 5.05 6.58 9.71
Clearance between Gaurd wire & live crossing conductor > 1.5 mtrs. Angle of crosing < 30o Earthing Earth resistance of the crossing line structure < 10 Cable crossing Cable crossing for 25 kv 1Ac. traction should be at last 5 mtrs. away from traction s/s or switching s/s. Type of cable It should be armoured & sheathed type where cable are suspended from supports & not laid in a protective pipe. Pipe shall be laid at not less than one metre below the formation level. Clearance for bare conductor & live parts of any apparatus in outdoor sub-station encluding over head lines of HV/EHV installation. Voltage Not exceeding 11 kv Not exceeding 33 kv Not Exceeding 66 kv Not Exceeding 132 kv Not Exceeding 220 kv Not exceeding 400 kv Ground Clearance (in mtrs) 2.75 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.5 8.0 Sectional clearance (in mtrs) 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.3 6.5
Clearance required for sub-station Clearance of bus/conductor in a s/s System Voltage (kv) 33 66 132 220 400 Clearance (mtrs) (a) 1.5 2.0 2.7 4.5 7.0 (b) 1.5 1.8 2.5 4.0 6.5 Sectional clearance (in mtrs) 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5/5.0 6.5
b a a b
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Relative Dielecetric strength Name of Gas Strength relative to air Air 1 Hydrogen 0.6 Nitrogen Sulfer hexaflouride Freon (CCL2F2) 1.0 2.5 2.5
GAP SETTINGS
System Voltage Gap on transformer bushing inches (MM) 45 (1145) 25 (635) 15.5 (395) No gaps Gap on terminal tower inches (MM) 44 (1120) 23.5 (600) 13 (330) No gaps Gap on next three approach towers inches (MM) 44 (1120)' 24.5 (625) 24.5 (355) No gaps
STANDARD MINIMUM CLEARANCE : OUT DOOR Voltage KV For equipments and Phase to earth rigid conductor in air Phase to Phase inches (mm) inches (mm) 132 (3350) 66 (1675) 48 (1220) 36 (915) 24 (610) 18 (460) 15 (380) 66 (1675) 40 (1015) 30 (760) 24 (610) 18 ( 460) 12 (305) 12 (305) Phase to phase spacing in isolator and switches inches (mm) 132 (3350) 84 (2135) 60 (1525) 30 (760) 30 (760) 24 (610) Switches with arcing hovns inches (mm) 156 (3960) 120 (3050) 84 (2135) 48 (1220) 42 (1070) 36 (915)
220 110 66 33 22 11 04
Indoor clearance for enclosed busbars and connections in air where the space between conductors is not filled with any insulating medium like compound etc.
Rated Voltage KV 33 22 11
Minimum clearance in inches (mm) Between Phase Phase to earth 14 (355) 9.5 (240) 7 (180) 8.75 (335) 5.50 (140) 4.50 (115)
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 1. Clearances along / across the road and cross country (Refer I.E. Rule No. 77) Clearance other than along with road or across the road Voltage 1. Low medium voltage 2. High voltage upto 11 KV 3. High voltage above 11 KV upto 33 KV Across the road 19 ft (5.791 m) 20 ft. (6.096 m) 20 ft (6.096m) Along the road 18 ft (5.486 m) 19 ft. (5.791.m) 19 ft (5.791m) If bare Conductor 15 ft (4.572) 15 ft 4.572 m) 15 ft (5.182 m) If insulated Conductor 13 ft (3.963) 13 ft (93.963) 13 ft
MINIMUM ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE FOR OUTDOOR SWITCHGEAR (Ref : Is : 10118 (part 111)- 1982 clause 2.1.9.) voltage Rating (Highest System Voltage) lmpuise withstand Level* minimum Clearance to Earth+ minimum Clearance Between phases minimum clearance from any point where the man may be Required to stand to the Nearest Unscreened Conductor in Air (Sectional Clearance) (5) mm 2600 2600 2750 3000 3500 3500 4000 3500 4000 4000 4000 4500 4500 5000
(2) kV (peak) 60 75 145 170 325 450 550 450 550 650 650 750 850 950 1050 (List1) (Lisr11) (List1) (List11)
(3) mm 90 120 320 630 900 1100 900 1100 1300 1300 1500 1600 1900 2400
(4) mm 90 120 270 320 630 900 1100 900 1100 1300 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
245
The impulse withstand levels are as given in IS : 2165-1977 Insulation coordination (second revision). For guidance regarding choice between list 1 and List II (as in col 2) for rated voltages 12 KV and 36 kV and between levels against higher rated voltage, see IS : 2164-1977. The values of minimum clearance to earth are based on Table 6A of IS : 3716-1978 Application guide for insulation coordination.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. CLEARANCES OPEN TYPE OUTDOOR SWITCHGEAR AND BUSBAR CONNECTIONS : Rated KV Not exceeding 6.6 11 22 33 66 110 132 220 Min. Clearance to earth in air inches (mm) 5.5 (140) 7 (180) 11 (280) 15 (380) 27 (685) 34 (865) 43 (1070) 70 (1780) Min clearance between phase in air inches (mm) 7 (180) 9 (230) 13 (330) 17 (430) 31 (790) 39 (990) 48 (1220) 81 (2060) Safely sectional clearance inches (mm) 120 (3050) 120 (3050 108 (2745) 109 (2770) 120 (3050) 132 (3350) 138 (3505) 168 (4280)
BUS BAR CLEARANCE IN MM IN OIL OR COMPOUND Rated Voltage between phases or poles kv upto 0.6 3.3. 6.6 11 22 33 Min. clearance to earth inches (mm) 0.5 (12) 0.5 (12) 0.75 (20) 1.0 (25) 1.75 (45) 2.50 (65) Min. clearance between phase inches (mm) 0.5 (12) 0.75 (20) 1.0 (25) 1.5 (40) 2.5 (65) 3.5 (90)
CLEARANCE (IN MM) IN AIR INDOOR SWITCHGEAR Min. length of insulator inches (mm) 3/4 (20) 3/4 (20) 2 (50) 3.5 (90) 5 (125) 6 (150) 8 (200) 12 (305) Min. clearance to earth inches (mm) 5/8 (16) 3/4 (20) 2 (50) 2.5 (65) 3 (75) 4 (100) 5.5 (140) 8.75 (220) Min. clearance between conductors inches (mm) 3/4 (20) 3/4 (20) 2 (50) 2.5 (90) 5 (125) 6.5 (165) 9.5 (240) 14.0 (350)
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PHASES OR BETWEEN CONNECTIONS OF SAME PHASES SEPARABLE ELECTRICALLY FROM EACH OTHER PHASE AND EARTH CLEARANCES IN CABLE BOXES Min. length of to earth inches (mm) 2 (50) 3 (75) Min. clearance to earth inches (mm) 5 (125) 6.5 (165) Min. clearance between conductors inches (mm) 2 (50) 4 (100)
Rated Voltage between phases Upto and including 11 KV Above 11 kv and upto and Including 22 KV Above 22 KV and upto and including 33 KV
4 (100)
8 (200)
5 (125)
Note : (i)
For extra high voltage lines, the clearance above ground shall not be less than 17' (5.182 metres) plus 1 (0.30 metres) for every 33000 volts or part there of by which the voltage of the line exceeds 33 000 volts. (ii) The minimum clearance along or across any treet shall not be less than 20 (6.096 metres)
2. Clearance from building (Refer I.E. Rule No. 79) Voltage 1. Low medium voltage and service line 2. (a) For high voltage lines upto and including 11000 volts (b) For high voltage lines above 11000 V upto and including 33000 volts 3. For extra high voltage line (for every additional 33000 volts or part thereof) Vemrtical Clearance 8' (2.439 m) 12' (3.658 m) 12' (3.658 m) Horizontal Clearance 4' (1.218 m) 4' (1.219 m) 6' (1.829 m)
1' (0.305)
1 (0305)
3. Clearance between lines of different voltages on same or independent supports (i) Between 66, 33, 22, 11 KV LT. OR Telephone lines and 66 KV lines 8' (2.439 m) (ii) Between 1 , 10, 66, 33, 22, 11 KV LT OR Telephone lines and 110 KV lines 9' (2.744 m) (iii) Between all lines upto 230 KV or Telephone lines and 230 KV lines 15' (4.572 m) 4. Clearance over the river : Minimum 10' (3.048 metres) over highest flood level for rivers which are not navigable. For navigable rivers, clearance to be fixed in relation to the tallest mas. in consultation with the concerned navigation authorities. 5. Tree clearance : (i) For E.H.V.T. Lines all tall trees with 40 (12.19 metre) on either side of the line and all trees which are falling or would fall, to be cut. (ii) All bush growth 20' (6.096 metres) on either side to be completely cleared. Grafted fruit tress which will not grow tall may be left out. (iii) All branches or levels which are with 3 (0.914 mitres) from the conductors, neutral and earthwires in case of L.T. Line should be cut.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 6. Clearance from supporting structure of another the (i) Low or medium voltage line 4' (1.210 metres) (ii) High voltage lines 6 (1829 metres) (iii) Extra high voltage lines 9' (2.744 metres) CLEARANCE BETWEEN LINES AND GUARD WIRES The verifical clearance between the guard wire and any conductor under maximum sag shall be as under : (i) L. T. Voltage 4' (1.219 metres) (ii) High Voltage upto 33 KV 4' (1.219 metres) Every guard wire shall be securely bound to earth at each point where its electrical continuity is broken. Guard wires shall have an actual breaking load of not less than 1400 lbs. (635 Kgs) and shall be galvanised. The earth should be efficiently maintained and the earth resistance should not exceed 10 Ohms. The sizes of the guard wire to be used for (i) Railway crossing (a) 7/10 SWG for Longitudinal wires (ii) Road crossing / Telephone (b) 6 or 8 SWG for cross lacing. Equivalent Spacing of conductors No.8 SWG wire. Line voltage Single Circuit 33 KV & 22 KV 5' (1530 mm) 11 KV 4' (1220 mm) LT Vertical 10" (260 mm) Horizontal 9" (230 mm)
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RELAYS
Relay Designation : 2. Time delay starting or closing relay. 3. checking or interlocking relay 21. Distance relay. 25. Sijnehrouising or sychronism check relay. 27. Under voltage relay. 30. Annuration relay. 37. Under current or under power relay. 40. Field failure relay. 46. Reverse phase or phase balma current relay. 49. Machine or transformer thermal relay. 50. Instantanious over current or rate of rise relay. 51. A.C. time over current relay. 52. A. C. circuit breaker. 52a. Ci rcuit breaker auxiliary switch normally open. 52.b. Circuit breaker auxiliary switch normally closed 55. Power Factor relay 56. Field application relay. 59. Over voltage relay 60. Voltage or current balance relay. 64. Earth Fault protective relay. 67. A. C. directional over current relay 68. Blocking relay. 74. Alarm relay. 76. D.C. over current relay. 78. Phase angle measuring or out of step protetive relay.' 79. A. C. reclosing relay. 81. Frequency relay. 83. Automatic selective control or transfer relay. 85. Carrier or pilot wise receive relay. 86. Locking out relay. 87. Differential protective relay.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 'RELAY INDICATION WITH THEIR MEANINGS FOR VARIOUS DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME. Relay meaning Relay meaning
ENGLISH ELECTRIC SR 3V 30A 30B 30C 30D 30G phase A involved in earth fault Phase B involved in earth f ault Phase C involved in earth fault s/c to earth Zone I faulty 30H 30 J 86 AX 86 BX Zone II faulty Zone III faulty Distance relay operated CDD/E/F relay in distance scheme operated.
ENGLISH ELECTRIC SSRR 3V A B C AB BC CA Phase A involved in earth fault Phase B involved in earth fault Phase C involved in earth fault Phase AB shorted Phase BC shorted Phase CA Shorted Zone 1 Zone II Zone III 186 A 186 B 86 X I Zone I f aulty Zone II faulty Zone III faulty Breaker lockout Breaker lockout Auxiliary trip relay.
ENGLISH ELECTRIC MM 3V 30A 30B 30C 30AB 30BC 30CA 30G Phase A involved in earth fault Phase B involved in earth f ault Phase C involved in earth fault Phase A&B shorted Phase B&C shorted Phase C&A Shorted Fault in 1st zone 30H 30 J 86 Y 186 A 186 B VARM Fault in 2nd zone Fault in 3rd zone Distance relay operated CB lockout CB lockout Auto reclose operated.
ABB RAZFE RN SN TN 2 V Start indication For 1ph fault RN Start indication For 1ph fault SN Start indication For 1ph fault TN Start indication For 2ph fault (RS ST RT) Start indication for 3ph fault General tripping TK-2 TK-3 P DC Z-I Z - II Operation of step 2 time lay relay Operation of step 3rd time lay relay Power Swing blocking DC Power supply inturruption. Zoen - I Zone - II
ABB RAZOA Trip R S T Tripping occured Start Ph R Start Ph S Start Ph T N 2 3 4 Start Nutral N Step 2 time lag relay operated Step 3 time lag relay operated Step 4 time lay relay operated
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. MM3T & OTHER (400 KV) PROT A-B B-C C-A Z-2 Z-3 A-N B-N C-N 85 S 85 X2 86-A 86-B 86-C 97-X 2 98 2A 64 A-B ph fault B-C ph fault C-A ph fault Zone II fault Zone - III fault A Ph earth fault B Ph earth fault C Ph earth fault carrier send operated Carrier receive A Ph trip B Ph trip C Ph trip 64 x Back up E/F trip operated 96TBCYL Remote and tripping when transfer 162 Cricuit breaker pol discripan trip operated 2L Local breaker back up AL Protection operated 186 A Auto reclose lack out 59 X A NZ3 B NZ 3 C No. 3 A-B-Z3F B-C-Z3F C-A-Z-3F 85L0 Over voltage trip A Phase E/F in Zone - III B Phase E/F in Zone - III C Phase E/F in Zone - III Fault beta A & B Ph in Zone-III Fault beta B & C Ph in Zone-III Fault beta C & A Ph in Zone - III Lock out trip retmote end fault.
Main VT fuse failed Zone - II timer operated Regulator protection timer operated Aununciation timer operated Back up E/F trip operated ENGLISH ELECTRIC (GEC - ALSTHOM) DISTANCE SCHEME ' MM3T" For Feeder to 220 KV STPS Feeders 1 & 2 - do - KTPS Feeders 1 & 2 220 KV STPS Feeder 1 & 2 220 KV Howerah Feeders 1 & 2 220 KV Durgapur Feeders 1 & 2 RELAY INDICATION OF "MM3T" (FOR 220 KV LINES)
Phase to Earth fault. Zone 1. 2. 3. R-E M2 (A) 186 M2 (A) Z2 (E), 186 S2 (A), Z3 (E), 186 Y-E M2 (B), 186 M2 (B), Z2 (E), 186 S2 (B), Z3 (E), 186 B-E M2 (C), 186 M2 (C), Z2 (E) 186 S2 (C), Z3 (E), 186
Note :M is the measuring relay indication (for zone 1 & 2 there is no indication for starting relay) S2 is the starting and measuring relay for zone 3 and 186 is the tripping relay indication. Phase to Phase Fault Zone 1. 2. 3. R &Y M1 (A-B), 186 M1 (A-B), Z2 (Ph), 186 S1 (A-B), Z3 (Ph), 186 YB M1 (B, C), 186 M1 (B-C) Z2 (Ph), 186 S1 (B-C), Z3 (Ph), 186 BR M1 (CA), 186 M1 (CA) Z2 (Ph), 186 S1 (C-A) Z3 (Ph), 186
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. ENGLISH ELECTRIC (GEC - ALSTHOM) DISTANCE SCHEME 'MM3VA' No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Installed at sub-Station Liluah Rishra Durgapur Purulia Sainthia Gokarna Raghunathganj Kasba Joka Salt Lake Ashoknagar Dharampur Haldia Kharagpur Bishnupur For Feeders to Bandel Liluah & Hind Motor - Liluah BTPS 1 & 2, DPL 1 & 2, Bishnupur Sainthia 1 & 2 Santaldih 1 & 2 Gokarna 1 & 2 Sainthia 1 & 2, Raghunathguni, Malda Gokarna Ashoknagar Lakshmikantapur Ashokenagar Dharmpur, Kasba BTPS 1 & 2, Ashoknagar 1 & 2 Kolaghat / KTPS (S/Stn) Feder 1 & 2 DVC Incoming, Egra Durgapur
RELAY INDICATION OF "MM3V DISTANCE SCHEME (FOR 132 KV LINES) I. Phase to Earth Fault : Flag Starting Tripping / Locking (a) R-E 30A Y3AX 186 (b) Y-E 30B Y3BX 186 (c) B-E 30C Y3CX 186 II. Phase to Phase : (a) R-Y (b) Y-B (c) B-R 30 (A-B) 30 (B-C) 30 (C-A) Y3AX, Y3BX Y3BX, Y3CX Y3CX, Y3AX 186 186 186
In all the above cases zone indications will be as below : Zone 1 : 30G
Zone 2 : Zone 3 : Zone 4 : (Non-Dir) 30G, 30H 30G, 30J 2A, 30G, 30J
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. SIEMENS DISTANCE SCHEME DISTANCE SCHEME RR3V Sl. No. 1.
2. 3. 4.
5. I.
Malda (NHPC)
Relay Indications Starting Y3AX Y3BX Y3CX Measuring 30A 30B 30C
II.
Zone Indication First Zone 30G Second Zone 30G, 30H Third Zone 30G, 30J Fourth Zone 30G, 30J, 2A.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. REALY TARGETS FOR R3Z24 So. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Note : Type of Fault RE YE BE RY YB BR RYB Over current starting Impedence starting Tripping Ground Fault O/C JR JM RA RF JS JM SB SG JT JM TC TH JR JS RA SB RF SG JS JT SB SG TC TH JR JT RA TC RF TH JR JS JT RA SB TC F SG TH JR' JS' Jt' RA SB TC : for R, Y, B phase RF SG TH : Respectively. JM
Zone Indications in all the above cases will be as follows : 1st Zone : Instantaneous 2nd Zone : 0.5 Sec. 3rd Zone : 1.0 Sec. 4th Zone : 1.5 Sec. 5th Zone : 2.0 Sec. RELAY INDICATIONS Make : Siemens Type : R3Z24 use in 132 KV line Red Yellow Blue Earth fault Starting : JR JS JT JM Fault recording : RA SB TC Final Tripping : RF SG TH Zone selection Timer : 1st Zone : Instantaneous 2nd Zone : 0.5 Sec. 3rd Zone : 1.0 Sec. 4th Zone : 1.5 Sec. 5th Zone : 2.0 Sec.
Directional : Non-Directional :
2. Make : English Electric : T ype : MM3V - used in 132 KV line Red Yellow Blue Starting : Y3 A Y3 B Y3 C Phase - Neutral : 30A 30B 30C Phase-Phase : 30 (A-B) 30 (B-C) 30 (C-A)
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Zone Selection : 30G 1st Zone : Instantaneous 30-G, 30-H2nd Zone : 0.5 Sec. 30-G, 30-J 3rd Zone : 1.0 Sec. 30-G, 30-J, 2A timer, 1.5 Sec.
None-Dir
3. Make : English Electric Type : MM3T (YCG) (used in 220 KV line) Red Yellow Blue Phase - Selection : A-N B-N C-N ) Phase Neutral M2 (A) M2 (B) M2 (C) ) (A-B) M1 (A-B) Zone Selection : (B-C) M2 (B-C (C-A) ) Phase-Phase M1 (C-A)
1st Zone - Instantaneous 2nd Zone (Z2) 0.5 Sec. 3rd Zone (Z3 + Z3) 1.0 Sec. Ofset 25% of 3rd Zone Selling.
Back Up Protection : The protection system to suppliment to the main protection in case the latter is ineffective. The Power System generally comprises in distribution of EHV lines, transformers, reactors. The protective schemes are accordingly designed by various companies either electromagnetic or static. EHV Lines For very short lines (less than 3 Kms) Pilot wire Schemes GEC Co's Horn Relays are used. For medium and l ong lines Unit protection based on Phase Comparison (Static Schemes) 400 KV Lines EE Co. P-40 220 KV & below P-10 Distance Schemes generally used for 66 KV to 220 KV in our grid. Electro-magnetic Schemes : G.E.C. Alshtom A.B.B. RR 3V L3 / L6 SSRR3V RY2FB Solid State / Static Schemes : EE. Co. ABB E.R. PYTS RAZOA THR3PE1 Quadra Mho RAZFE THR3PE2 All distance schemes are backed by Over Current & Earth Fault relays. Presently static back up protection with high set are also available. This reduces the size of the relay too. Solid State / Static Distance Schemes generally used for 400 KV Lines in our grid, as Main Protection & Main II protection GEC Alstom ABB MM3T & P 40 RAZEF & RALDA Micro Mho & P-40 REZ & RAZFE
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. The distance schemes are used alongwith protection couplers to get carrier aided tripping to avoid delay in tripping. Various types of solid state / Static schemes presently used : MM3T - This scheme is static three step scheme suitable for Phase & Earth Fault protection of high voltage transmission line. It provides high speed clearance of all types of fault and is particularly suitable for use with carrier equipment. The second and third zone time are independently adjustable for Phase and Earth Fault. Micro Mho - This is a microprocessor based (static) distance protection which provides phase and earth fault protection for high voltage and exra high voltage transmission lines. The measurement of fault impedance is done by a comparator. Three phase faults and three earth fault comparators are provided for each zone. Very fast operating speed (10mS) high measuring accuracy very low current and voltage burden built in testing facility and monitoring. P-40-It is a unit protection which makes comparison of phase angle of currents at both ends by modulating high frequency signal transmission over a line. The phase comparison scheme consists of a high lfrequency transmitter receiver for two way communication between two ends of line. Quadre Mho - Microprocessor scheme logic with wide range of built in scheme selected by option swithes : Full 3 zone distance relay with 18 measuring elements. Continuous self monitoring on demand and periodic self testing. TH R3PE1-Relay provides phase and Earth fault coverage from a single common measuring element with two zones of direction protection and a third zone which is provided with shaped offset starting elements. THR4PE2-This relay has got additional measuring element (to THR3PE1) connected to measure in the reverse direction. This gives a fourth zone. This has four zones of phase and Earth Fault protection and two measuring elements. RAZOA - The scheme is static, high speed distance relay which provides complete multizone phase and ground fault protection. The relay has a combined reactance and resistance measurement characteristic (each independent). RAZFE - The operating characteristics of the relay for ground faults has a reactance characteristic and for phase to phase faults Mho characteristic. High speed operation of relay. REZ - This is the line protection terminals which form part of the PYRAMID system. (The PYRAMID system includes complete range of flexible object terminals, functional sub stn., controls & sub-stn. monitoring). The characteristic of the relay is same as RAZFE Each zone has its own setting for resistive and reactive reach and earth fault compensation. EHV Transformers are provided with gas operated protection (Bucholz) Differential / P.R.V./R.E.F./Winding and oil Temperature protection and Over current E/F protection as back up. Incase of EHVT Transformers also electro magnetic & solid state protection are provided. 400 KV Reactor : Reactors are provided with Gas operated (Bucholz) Differential PRV / Winding and oil Temperature protection and distance scheme as back up. Bus bar protection : The B/B protection is provided to clear the bus fault very fast instead of clearing from remote end. Presently the CAG Relay of M/s. GEC Alsthom & RADSS scheme of ABB are used in our grid. Local Breaker Back up : Protection; The LBB protection is provided to clear the stack breaker fault very fast instead of clearing f rom remote end. Presently the CTIG relay of M/s GEC Alsthom & PX19 of M/s ABB are used in our grid.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Differential relay connection diagram
Voltage Tranformer
10
TYPICAL EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CONNECTIONS FOR TYPE VAPM 31 (Fuse Failure Relay)
Distribution Transformer
Generator
9 10
Alarm
Trip
SOL SW
Operating Coil
Shading Coil
52 T
PR 52 T A 52 I
Protective Relay Contact Circuit Breaker Trip Coil Alarm Device Circuit Breaker Auxilary Contact
TYPICAL EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CONNECTIONS FOR TYPE VDG 14 Generator Stator Earth Fault Relay
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V. T. Alarm
1 2 3
Trip
4 5 9 10
Aux. Unit
T R 1 2
Surge Protector
10
CAG 17 Relay
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A B C
Alarm Trip CT shorting contact
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 5 6 7 8 9 10
T1
T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
CT CONNECTION
Note: One over current element is shown. Other two over current elements will be similarly connected. Alarm & trip contacts are paralled.
A B C
Alarm Trip CT shorting contact
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
52 T
C R
Note: One over current element is shown. Other two over current elements will be similarly connected. Alarm & trip contacts are paralled.
A Seal in indicator
52 T
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A B C
P1 S1 S2
P2
V1 V2
9
Current Coil
7
Voltage Coil
V2 V1
10
10
10
P1 S1 S2
P2
V1 V2
V2
V1
Current Coil Voltage Coil
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T1 T1
V1 V2 V2
T2 T2 T2
T1
Alarm
1 2
Trip
3 4 6 7 8
10
CT Shorting Contracts
CDD 21 VOLTAGE POLARISED DIRECTIONAL EARTHFAULT RELAY WITH SHUNT REINFORCING UNIT
Initiating contacts
Power supply to relay Square ware oscillator Binary coded decimal counter Binary coded decimal switches
Comparator
Output Element
VOIT
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Comparator
Inhibit
oscillator
Output Element
P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
A
P2 P1
S1 S2
B
P2
A5 + A3 A4 D9 D 10
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
DC Supply
To Annunciation
CA
RS 2 CA 2
9C
13
RT C
R7
VOIT
AB
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IA-B ( RT
1 WC
=V2
If, (
1 WC
3 2
RS and RT =
Rs 2
Vout = V1 +V2=0
IC
IB
VOUT
IC-A R5=V1
P2
S1 S2
P1
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Generator
9
Main V.T Relay current coil
5 Earth Resistance
10
k4
k3 k2
C PoL
k1
Cup Unit
REST
k5
Auto Transformer
PoL
k5 k3 & k4 k2 k1
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Restrain
ad Lo . P.F ing gg La
UPF Load
-R
Operate
d oa .L P.F ing ad Le
-X
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11
A CB Aux Switches
Trip Supply
+
18
10
Trip Supply
Alarm Contract
Trip Relay
12 9 11
Trip Coil
A B
10
Trip Supply
A-1 B-1
CB Aux Switches
17
Alarm Supply
1 2 3 4 5 6
Alarm Contract
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Busbar
V2
A
V.T
O/C O/C
O/C
V1
V
Vn
10
P1 S1 S2
P2 Load Current
V1
Busbar
Vn
Vn
O/C O/C O/C
V2 V1
10
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Relay Type SKD & SKE VARM III VAPM 31 MVAPM32 VDG14 VDG 11 CTIG CAA , VAA CAF, VAF CAG, VAG VAM VAJ13 VAJS13 VAJH 13 CDG 13 CDG12 CDG 13 COG 14 CDG11 CAG 13 CDG 21 CDG31 CDG51 CDG61 VAX VAX21 VAX31 VAJH13 VAJS13 VAJHM13 CDD CDD21 CDD23 CDD24 VTT 11 VTT 14 VTT 12 VTT 15 CDV 22 CDV 62 CTN CTNM31 Function Check sychronising relays Static autoreclose relays Fuse Failure Relay Voltage balance relay for Generator VT Supervision Inverse Time voltage nutral displacement relay Inverse Time over voltage relay Circuit breaker fail protection Auxiliary relay Indicating relay Measurement relay Semaphore Indicator Very high speed Tripping Relay Self reset tripping relay Hand reset tripping relay nondirection inverse time O/C relay with a definite minimum time Long time delay O/C relay very inverse time o/c relay extrelmly inverse time o/c relay. Self powerd inverse time o/c & E/F relay high set instaintanious o/c & E/F unit (for s/c) Singh pole type CDG 11 with high set instantanious tripple unit with 3 o/c unit or 2 o/c & E/F tipple pole unit type CDG31 with high set instanious unit on two outer elements. Tripple pole unit type CGD21 Trip circuits upervision relay monitor trip circuits only when CB is closed (after closing supervision) monitor trip circuits continiously (both preclosing & after closing supervision) High speed tripping relay. High Speed tripping relay with self reset contracts High speed tripping relay with hand resetcontact Direction inverse time o/c & E/F relay Directional version of CDG11 (inverse) Directional version of CDG13 (very inverse) .... CDG14 (etremely inverse) - Time delay relay
Time delayed drop oft. Voltage controlled over current relay both for fault & o/c for alternator. Negative ph sequence relay (for generals protoction) Rarriation in test point only.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. VDG 11 VDG14 VDG13 VTIG 12 VTIG M12 VTU 21 VTUM21 VAR41B CCUM, YCGF CAA VAA CAF VAF inverse time over voltage protoction of A.C. circuits, static capacitors, & m/c such as generator & synchronous motors. intomtanious operation in over voltage or unde voltage. definite time operation, with adjustable time (independent of input voltage). Auto reclosing relay Definite time reverse power relay. Field failure relay Attracted armeture relay for current operation. Attracted ameature relay for voltage openition indicating relay.
PROGRAMABLE INVERSE TIME CURRENT RELAY Requirement a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) Single pole over current relay Single pole E/F current relay Two pole O/C relay Three pole o/c relay Three pole combined o/c & E/F relay Four pole combined o/c & F/F relay Single pole relay o/c with highest inst unit Single pole E/F relay with high set Inst. unit Two plle o/c relay with high set Inst. unit Three pole o/c relay with high set Inst. unit Three pole combined o/c & FE relay with Three pole combined o/c E/F relay with High set instutions unit for o/c only. m) Three pole combined o/c & E/F relay with High set instantanious unit JRV171 JRV 172 IRV 173. JRV 181 JRV 182 JRV 188 Relay type JRCO51P JRCO51 JRCO52 JRCO53P JRCO53 JRCO54 JRCO62P JRCO62 JRCO64 JRCO66P JRCO66 JOCO67 JRCO68 JRCO68 IDMI Phase Earth 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 Phase High set Earth 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 Auxiliary Relay
electromechanical hinged armeture type high speed relays for tripping CB (self reset contact)
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Setting adjustement Switch A Switch B for selecting different cirres. inverse time set ting To set 50% = 50 + [0+0+0+0] = 50% To set 100% = 50 + [0+10+0+10] = 100% To set 200% = 50 + (80 + 40+ 20+10) = 200% Switch C Inverse time current setting for E/F To set 5% - 5+ [0+0+0+0+0] To set 80%-5+ [40+20+10+5] Switch DTo set time multipler setting on (Ok) To set 0.1 = (0+0+0+1) x 0.1 = 0.1 To set 1.0 = (8+0+2+ 0) x0.1 = 1..0 Switch E To set Tms calibration from 0.01 to 0.09 To set 0.09 = (8+0+0+1) x 0.01 = 0.09
Toset 0.11 = {[0+0+0+1] x 0.1}+ [0+0+0+1] x 0.01 Switch H = Instanious high set o/c setting. minimum setting - 200% = (0+0+0+2) x 100 maximum setting - 3000% = (16+8+4+3) x 100
19 20
POWER SUPPLY
R PH 1 2 3 4 B PH 5 6 7 8 Y PH
O/C ALARM
11 12
O/C TRIP
13 14
O/C ALARM
15 16 17 TRIP 18
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CB
TRIP COIL
CT
i i i i
IF
IF I
E/F
O/C
O/C
TO FEEDER LINE
ASS
i i
A R Y B
Y
i
ASS
O/C or E/F Relay ASS Ammeter selector switch Ammeter Corresponding secondary curent
Amm. Sel. switch internal connections showing current measurement of Y- Phase. Y-Phase is shorted to Pt. 1 and R & B phases to Pt. 2 through selector switch and as such star Pt. is formed at Pt. 2, because Y-Phase current meets R & B phase currents at Pt. 2 after ammeter.
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CB (Incoming)
i i
TRIP COIL
CT (Ratio=100/5)
i i
E/F
F
O/C
O/C
1000 A ASS
i
1
A
R Y B
11 kv Bus
CB (Feeder)
i i
TRIP COIL
CT (Ratio= 50/5)
i i
i
E/F O/C O/C
ASS
E/F
1
A
i
F
=1000 A
Earth fault at Red phase of a Feeder showing current flow through 11kv Feeder and Incoming Protn. CTS & relays.
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R Y
BRK .
I
B
T/C
BR
I I I
33 KV. DIS
R
R 3I
n r
NCT
B
LEGEND :
1. RESTRICTED E/F RELAY - 64 R 2. PRIMARY CURRENT - I 3. SECONDARY CURRENT-i 4. NEUTRAL CT - NCT 5. E / F RELAY - R
REMARKS:
2. O / C RELAY WILL BE ENERGISED
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B
T/C
BRK.
RK.
T/C
ASS A
3I
STRIBUTION LINE.
2I
3i
E/F [ 64 R ]
O/C
E/F
ASS METER
GH - 64 R BRK.
T/C
EEN
R Y B
11 KV. BUS
OUGH SHOWN
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ISO
BRK
T/C
BRK.
33 KV. DISTR
1. RESTRICTED E/F RELAY - 64 R 2. PRIMARY CURRENT - I 3. SECONDARY CURRENT-i 4. NEUTRAL CT - NCT 5. E / F RELAY - R
3. ISO. NEAR 33 KV. BRK. HAS NOT BEEN SHOWN TO AVOID COMPLEXITY
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BRK. T/C
O/C METER - INST
RIBUTION LINE.
E/F [ 64 R ]
22 3
E/F
ASS METER
- 64 R BRK.
T/C
GH OWN
11 KV. BUS
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1 kv Bus
Trip relay contacts
3 3 3 O/C O/C E/ F 4 4 4
CT
E/F
O/C
O/C
TO FEEDER LINE
ASS
A
E/ F
Bell
Switch
CB
FUSE BLOWN
T.L. FUSES
CT
E/F
O/C
O/C
T.L. FUSES
ASS
TO CONSUMER END
A
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70 KV rms 170 KV peak at 1.2/50 us wave crest non effectively earthed 1.0 DY 11
55 Deg C 45 Deg C Specified Specified depending on rating 1.2 continious 1.9 for 4 trans.
(ALF) Accuracy limit factor i.e. upto 10 time 15 times rated current of C.T. error will by within allowable limit.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. C. T. : 1.0 or 0.5 KIs - Ip Current Error, Accuracy class of metering core. Ip Current Error : Phase angle error :
Instrument Security Factor (I.S.F.) of metring .....core I.S.F. is the multiple or rated primary current at which the current Error at rated burden arounds to 10% with a view 10 protect measuring instruments f rom excessive s.c. current. Metering core should have small I.S.F. P.T. : P.T. : 1.0 or 05. Accuracy class of metering P.T. 3p or 5P Accuracy class of protection P.T. allowable Error : 3 or 5
Load shaing of transformer operated in paonllel 2 - Transformer operated in parallel : H. V P.U. Impedances expressed in same common Base. DY II DY II Transformer T1 T2 TI T2 Capacity 10 MVA 5MVA II I2 % Imp on own base 10 10 ZI Z2 PI P2 P.U. Irup 0.10 x 5/10 0.10 on own base L. V P.U. Im 0.10 x 5/10 0.10 on 5 MVA P= PI + P2 I= I I + I 2 Base (base MVA) = 0.05
2 Trasnfomers operated in Parallel
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. P1 = P. = P. Z1 + Z2 3 Z1 0.05 1 I2 = I. = I = I Z1 + Z2 0.05 + 0.10 3 2 P2 = P 3 3- Transformer operated in parallel base MVA is to be considered : % Imp of T1 Base Z1 = x Rated capacity 1 H. V of T1 in MVA DY II DY II DY II
II
TI ZI PI P2 T2 Z2 P3 L. V T3 Z3
I= I I + I 2 + I 3
P= PI + P2 + P3
Z2Z3 I1 = I. Z!Z2 + Z2Z3 + Z3Z1 Z3Z1 I2 = I. Z1Z2 + Z2Z3 + Z3Z1 I3 = I. Z1 Z2 + Z2Z3, Z3Z1
conditions of parallal operation of... (1) Vector Group of transformter will be identical 2. No volgage Ratio will be identical 3. voltage at the seconary terminal of transformer at the time of parallel operation will be nearty equal. 4. Same phasco are to be connected 5. All protective Equipment and current carrying conductors shall be capable to withstand sinse operate at increased S.C. level due to parallel operation of transformer. Maximum Fault Level. For 3 phase fault current E IF = When E and Z1 are expressed in P.U. Z1 WBSEBEA - 181
Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. For 1 phase to ground Fault Current 3E I1 = Z1 + Z2 + Zo + ZE 3E = (For Transformer Z1 = Z2) 2Z1 + Zo + ZE Say Transformer cpacity 5 MVA, 33/11 K.V. % on own Base : 7% 5 x 103 DY II Rate current at 11 KV. IR = A = 262.43A V3 x 11 Z1 = 0.07 P.U. ; E-1.P.U. TI ZI Max. Fault Current (i) For 3 phase Fault IF 1 I1 = P.U. = 14.28.PU 0.07 = 14.28 times noted current = 3.748 KA F (iii) For single phase to current fault say Zo 0.85 x 0.07 I.v. = 0.0595 and ZE = 0 MAXIMUM FAULT LEVEL 3 IF = P.U. 0.07 x 2 + 85 x 0.07 3 P.V. = 15.0375 P.V. 0.1995 = 15.0375 times rated current = 3.946 KA when 2 suah trasnformer will be operated in parallel for 3 phase fault IF = 2.56 P.V. = 7.496 KV For 1 phase to current Fault If = 30.075 P.V. = 7.692 KA
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Relay co-ordination :
LOC 2 C.T: 400-200/1-1A LOC 3 C.T: 400-200/1-1A 33 kv Bus of 33/11 kv s/s LOC 4 C.T: 400-200/1-1A
33 kv DY II
LOC 5 C.T: 400-200/5-5A LOC 6 C.T: 200-100/5-5A 11 kv Bus of 33/11 kv s/s LOC 7 C.T: 200-100/5-5A
Relay Co-ordination
Protective Non directional Relays at different Locations are shown Relay co-ordination is achieved by : A. 1. Proper current setting For I.D.M.T.L. current play 2. Time multiple setting B. 1. Boper current setting For Definite Time Earth Fault Relay 2. Time settimg Time setting : 1. Minimum difference in time setting may be 0.4 sconds for between two zones of IDMIL relay. 2. Minimum different in time setting may be 0./25 seconds between two zones of definite time earth fault relay.
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2. Earth Fault
1-Element instantaneous E/F relay with timer i.e. definite time earth fault relay.
II. 33 K.V. 8.11 KV patallal Feder protection i.e. directional Feeder Protection at Receiving End. : 1. Over current 3 Element voltage polarisid o/C relay Current setting range : having normal IDMTL unit only 50% to 200% in equal steps time multiplior setting 0 to 1. 2. Earth Fault 1-Element voltage palarised E/F Relay Current setting Range having normal IDMTL unit only 10% to 40% in equal steps Time multipliser setting : 0 to 1. 33/11KV Power Transformer Protection : Vector Group DY 11 a) H.V. Side : 1. Over current Same as in I (4) Same as in 7 (1) 2. Earth Fault Restricted Earth Fault relay Instantanous operation 3. Buchholz Relay Voltage actuated Auxiliary Relay Function (a) Trip Function (b) Non-trip Alarm Function 4. High Winding Temp voltage actuated Auxiliary relay (a) Trip Function (b) Non-Trip Alarm Function 5. High Oil Temp Non-Trip Alarm Function Voltage actuated Auxiliary relay 6. Low oil Level Voltage actuated Non-Trip Alarm auxiliary relay function
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 7. Tripping Function (b) L.V. Side : 1. Over current High speed bipping relay 2-Element O/C Relay having normal IDMTL unit Current setting range 50% to 200% in equal step time multiple setting 0 to 1. current setting range : 10% to 40% in equal s t ep time multiple setting 0 to 1. Setting Range 10% to 40 timer setting range 0 to10.
2. Earth Fault
3. Stand by Earth Definite time earth fault fault (connected relay between nantral IV. 11 KV Radial Feeder Protection : 1. Over current Same as III (b) (1) 2. Earth Fault Same as III (b) (2) Protection system Type of Relay V. 11 KV Shant capacity Bank Protection : 1. Over Current 3-Element o/c Relay having normal IDMTL unit 2. Earth Fault 1-Element E/F Relay having normal IDMIL unit 3. Over voltage Definite time over voltage relay
Setting Range
4. Under voltage
O/V setting Range : 105% to 130% timer setting 0 to 1 Sec. U/V setting range : 30% to 90% timer setting 0 to 1 sec.
5. Unbalance protection (a) Neutral displacement relay by using R.V.T. for single start formulation of capacitor Bank. (b) Current sensing relay using C.T. Connected between two neutral points for double star formulation of capacitor Bank Time delay Relay or timer
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. 33 KV CLASS POWER TRANSFORMERS
S. Capacity Current No in KVA H.V . Amps L.V . Protection NoLoad H.V . L.V . Losses T.C. Wire T.C. Wire in W 26 27 22 20 18 13 C.B. C.B. 21 19 18 15/C.B. C.B. C.B. C.B. C.B. 2200 3000 4500 6400 8000 8500 Full Load Losses in W 11500 16000 23000 36000 47000 52000 % Impedance 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 Total Tr. Weight in Kgs. 4500 6932 5770 10932 12200 16850 17250 Qty.o Oil in litres 1750 2410 1710 2990 3350 4800 5250
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
EARTHING
Range of registivity of soil : Type of earth (i) Fly ash from pulvarised coal fitted boiler (ii) Wet organic soil (iii) Moist soil (iv) Dey Soil (v) Bed soil RISISTIVITY OF VARIOUS ROCK (i) Morain Gravel (ii) Boulder (iii) Gronite Current (Ma) (1-6) (9-25) Resistivity ( - m ) 10 10-1000 100-1000 1000-10,000
1000-10,000 (Av-3000) 3000-30,000 25000 Physiological effects Threshold of perciption let go current un-phasant to sustain Pain ful & can make it difficult / impossible to release energised object grapsed by hand. Mascular contrastion, breating trouble Verticular, fibrillation, stoppage to heart, inhibition of respirary.
(25-60) (60-100(
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Earthing System Design : The earthing system design for the instant case has been done as per AIEF Guide for "safety in alternating current sub-station grounding - Vol. 80, 1961 The detailed calculation is as follows : (A) Basic Technical Data : Natural Soil Resistivity Maximum Fault curent Fault Duration Resistivity adjacemnt to feet (due to gravelling) Area of the ground met Depth of burial
B. Area of Cross section of conductor The area cross section of the conductor is given by a 450.P 1 a 4050 P1 t = I ds Log10 (1+QML) I ds log10 MOhm 1+QeL HOQL Where a - Cross-section of conductor in Cir mils, I - Fault current in amps; p - Resistivity in micro - ohm - cm; (15 for steel) L - Resistance temperature co-efficient (0.00423 for steel) t - duration of fault in sec. d - density of material (7.86 gm/cc for steel) s - specifiec heart of material in Cal/.gm (0.114 for steel) QM - Max. allowable temp. in oC; (900oC for steel). Qe - Ambient temp. in oC (40oC) Substituting the above values, a 4050 x 15 x 0.00423 = I 7.86 x 0.114 x log10 1 + 900 x 0.00423 x t 1 + 40 x 0.00423 = 21.6 x t a = 21.5 x I x / t incircular mils; 1 mol = 0.25 mm 1 Cir. mil = 0.0005067 mm2 Hence a = 21.6 x I x / t x 0.0005067 mm2 = 0.0109 x I x / t mm2 = 0.0199 x 40,000 x 1
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. = 436 mm2 Taking an overall factor of safety of 3, a = 436 x 3 = 1308 mm2 So, diameter of Rod comes to 40.8 mm Hence, size of MS rod chosen = 40mm For risers beneath the ground surface, taking the same factor of safety as 3, size of the strip = 65 x 20 mm for risers portion above ground surface, size of M.S. strip chosen = 75 x 10 mm and galvanised which given an overall safety of 750/436 = 1.72, a corrosion factor of 10 percent is adequate. (c) Tolerable limits of touch and step potentials mayu be computed from the expression - E step = Ik. (RB + RFs) and E touch = IK (RB + RF2P) 165 + Ps 165 + 3000 E step = = = 2165 volts t 1 165 + 0.25 Ps 165 + 0.25 x 3000 E touch = = = 915 volts t 1 With natural soil, 165 + P 165 + 30 E step = = = 172.5 volts t 1 .157 Presently, Ik is taken as, Ik = for 70 kg. ts .116 or Ik = for 50 kg. ts It is evident that the limit of 'step' and 'touch' potential is more stringent now a days. (D) Length of burried conductor (Minimum) : P Km Ki Ig The formula for E mesh = L E mesh = Maximum potential rise in mesh L = Total Length of burried conductor. Equating, E mesh = E touch (Tolerable limit) 165 + 0.25P PK Ki Ig We get, = t l Pkm Ki Iq L = for t = 1 sec. (165 + 0.25P) Km - a co-efficient which takes into account the effect of number n, spacing D, diameter d and depth of burial h of grid conductor Ki - irregularity correction factor to allow for non-uniformity of ground current flow from different parts of the grid.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. The outer corners being finely divided, a figure of 1.4 is quite adequate for the product of Km. Ki (Figures 7 and 8 in page Nos. 21 and 23 may be referred in AIEE guide). 1.4 x 30 x 10000 x /1 Hence L = = 1836 metres. 216 metre 165 + 0.25 x 3000 A B (E) Layout Design. Let the area be 216 x 200 n The main earthmat is laid at spacings of 14m and 13m alternate parallel to AC. Across the main mat 12 nos. of parallel rods are considered according to the availability of space and position of equipments. The total quantity of conductors is as C follows : Q Total quantity = (17 x 200) + (12 x 216) = 5992m. For finer divisions of the meshes at four corners = 400 mm approx. Number of earth Electrondes : Mx. ground fault current The minimum no. of earth electrodes required is given by, 500 40,000 So, in this case, no. of earth electrodes required = = 80 500 We shall use 40 mm dia, 4 m long pipe electrodes. The earthing electrodes should be distributed over the entire grid at suitable distance and specially at the corners of the grid Lighting arrestors, CVTs, transformer neutrals, LMs and towers. Total length of electrodes = 80 x 4 = 320 metres. Hence overall quanity of buried conductros = 592 + 400 + 320 = 6712 = 6700 meters. So it is seen that length of conductor actually required as per above calculation is already more than what is required for gradiant control. F) Maximum value of mesh voltage within the grid. From Equ. (16) of AIEE, Km Ki Pi E Mesh = L Km x Ki = 1.4 (as previously mentioned) L = Total length of buried conductor = 670 m. 1.4 x 30 x 40,000 E Mesh = 250.7 V 6700 This is well within the permissible limit of 915 volts, as the overall quantity of burried conductors is higher than minimum conductor requirement, touch and mesh voltages will be within limits inside the switchyard. (G) Check of step voltages at the periphry. 216 metre
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Step voltage is max. for x = n As per equ. (21) of AIEE guide. Ks Ki Pi E step = L Ks = a co-afficient which takes into account the effect of number, n, spacing D and depth h of grid conductors. Ki = Irregularity factor as defined earlier. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ks = [ + + + + .... + ] 11 2h D+h D 2 3 n-1 As conductors are laid at 14 and 13 m alternate, average spacing D is taken as 13.5 m. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hence Ks = [ + + + + .... + ] 11 1.2 14.1 13.5 2 3 1 1 1 1 = [ + + (2.9271) 11 1.2 14.1 13.5 = 3567 1 D2 1 3 5 7 Ks = + logs + + + .... + 11 16hd 11 4 6 6 1 13.52 == in = 0.3467 2-11 16 x 0.6 x 0.04 (n considered equals 12) Km = 0.633 Product of Km Ki = 1.4, Km = 0 .633 1.4 So, Ki = - 2.21 0.633 0.3567 x 2.21 x 30 x 40,000 Hence E Step = = 141.2 volts 6700 Allowable value - 195.volts. (H) Calculation of Resistance of Grounding system Laurent's formula gives P P R = + 4r L When r = equivalent radius of the switchard. L = Total length of burried conductor = 700 m
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. P = resistivity in ohm - metres = 30 ohm - metre. Area A = 43200 m2 1 2 So, r = 43200 x = 117.2 m 2 11 1 1 R = 30 + 4 x 117 .2 6700 = 0.068 ohm (I) Sustained fault Current : Another point to be examined is whether the sustained ground current is below the let go value of body current of not. The tolerable sustained current which may be permitted to be circulated through the body is 9 MA. Therefore sustained touch potential is 3 9 3 9 E touch (sus) = 1000 + Ps). = (1000 + x 3000) x 2 1000 2 1000 = 49.5 volts. Km Ki PI So, mesh potential i.e. should be less than 49.5 volts L 49.5 x 6700 Km KI PI So I should be less than = 7962 A = 0.633 x 2.21 x 30 L In oprder, however, to make the system safe for sustained ground fault currents, the relay clearing time and ground fault must be set for a minimum pick up current of less than 7900 Amps.
soi
soil resistivity
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his method entails the passing current between two current electrodes(outer) driven into the ground gfhjjgjklgkl;loitot and detecting the voltage appearing due this currents at the two other electrodes(inner). in this methodes 4 electrodes are driven into the earth along a st. line at equal interval. The current in the ground produces an electric field proportional to the current density and to the resistivity of soil . The voltage measured between the inner portion is proportional to this field.Consequently the resistivity will be proportional to the V/I ratio . If the length 'L' of the electrodes in the ground is negligible compared to the spacing 'A' between them,then the soil resistivity 'P' is given by--P=2*3.175*A*V/I (V/I=R) If however L/Ais not very small, then the expression for P is given by-P= 2*3.175*A*R 2 2 1+2A/root(A +4L )-2A/root(4A2+B2) If A>>L ,the equation reduces to P=2*3.175*AR
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EARTHING SYSTEM
1. Earthing of H.T. & L.T. Line supports (i) On metal supports : (ii) On RCC Poles : Every fifth pole and all supports provided with mass or block concrete foundation should be earthed. The metal cross arm and the insulator pins shall be bonded together and earhted at every pole for H.T. lines and at every fifth pole for L.T. Lines.
All special structures carrying switches, transformers, fuses etc., should be earthed. 3. 4. The supports on other side of road, railway or river crossing span should be earthed. All supports metal, wood or RCC of both H.T. & L. T. lines running through inhableted locations, road crossings and along such other places where earthing of all poles is considered desirable from safety consideration should be earthed. In special locations Railway & Telegraph crossings, special structure etc., pipe earth by means of 25 mm G.I. pipe driven 2.5 to 3 Mtrs. into the ground should be adopted. At other locations coil earth consisting of 10 Mtrs. length of No. 6 or No. 8 SWG G.I. wire compressed into coil 1 Mtrs. Length and diameter 75 to 100 mm and buried 1.5 mtr. deep should be adopted. 6. 7. The Ohmic resistance of earth should not exceed 10 ohms. Plate Earth : a) Large power stations and major sub-stations 120 x 1 20 cms cast iron plates of 12.5 mm thick b) Small stations 8. Pipe earthing : a) Large poer stations and major sub-stations b) Small Sub-Stations 9. Earth Connections (a) Main and subsidlary earth connections (b) Branch Connections 10. Earth Resistance : Station a) Large Power Stations b) Major Sub Stations c) Small Stations Not less than 64.5 Sq. mm. Combined resistance of earth in the station - Ohm. (Maximum) 0.5 1.0 2.0 Not less than 161 Sq. mm. Cast iron pipes 152 mm dia 3-Nos. of 0.48 Mrs. long and not less than 12.7 mm thick G.I. Pipe 50.0 mm dia and 3 Mtrs. long 60 x 60 Cm cast iron plates of 9.4 mm thick
5.
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(b) For Equipment Earthing (Applicable to Transformers, Motors, Generators, Switchgears etc.) Rating 400-V 4 ph Size of Earth Conductor 50 cy-equipment Bare Aluminium PVC Galvalsed In KVA Copper Insululated Iron Upto 5 14 SWG 8 Sq. mm 7/22 6 to 15 10 SWG 10 Sq. mm 8 SWG 15 to 50 10 SWG 16 Sq mm 25 mm x 1 1/2 mm 51 to 75 8 SWG 25 Sq. mm 25 mm x 1 1/2 mm 76 to 100 6 SWG 35 Sq. mm 25 mm x 3 mm 101 to 125 4 SWG 50 Sq. mm 25 mm x 6 mm 126 to 150 2 SWG or 70 Sq. mm 25 mm x 6 mm 25 x 1 1/2 mm 151 to 200 25 x 1 1/2 mm 70 Sq. mm 38 mm x 6 mm 201 and above 25 x 3 mm 185 Sq. mm 50 mm x 6 mm Note : Conductor to be protected so that no mechanical damage could be caused. Earth connection for all H.V. equipment and swtich gear should not be less than 0.1 Sq. inch. copper or 185 Sq. mm PVC insulated standard aluminium conductor of 2" x 1/4 G.I. strip.
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BATTERY
Condition of Charged Cell
Active material on positive cell Type of cell Lead Acid Nickel cadmium Positive Plate Lead per exide Nickel Hydrate Negative Plate spongy lead Cadmium Hydoxide
Fully charged cell Sp. Gr. 27C Volts per cell Final / Avg 1.205 1.200 207. 1.75 20.5 1.25 Symptom Free gassing Constant voltage for 3 to 4 hrs.
State of discharge all Type of all 0 Lead acid Nickel Cadmium March-1990 Sp. Gr. VPC 1.240 1.3 At % discharge 25 50 1.200 1.2 1.160 1.15 75 1.130 1.1 100 1.100 1.05 Lower permissible value per cell 1.8 1.0
Preparation of water (in 1 titre of sulphuric - acid of sq. gr. 1.835 Designed Sq.gr. at 27oC 1.400 1.380 1.360 1.340 Distilled water in ltrs. 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 Desired Sp. gr. at 27oC 1.320 1.300 1.280 1.260 Distilled Water in litrs. 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 Desired Sp. gr. 1.240 1.220 1.200 1.180 Distilled Water in litres 3.5 3.9 3.9 5.1
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Acid poured into cells commencing (a. m.) (p.m) on 19 First charge commenced (a.m.) (p.m.) on 19 First charge completed (a.m.) (p.m.) on 19 Total net number of hours of charge (exdludin rests) 19 Numbr of hours at end of chargue, during which specific gravity had remained constant hours (Analysis allos for temperature correction above comparing Sp. Gr. reading) Three hours after completion of charge, specific gravity of acid was at temperature of oC Height of a cid above tops of plates when filled in inches. After completion of charge inches Variation of level of acid during change inches. Level was maintained by addition of NOTE : The acid should be maintained at a constant level by addition of acid unless the specific gravity exceeds the working value given on the instruction Card, in which case and approved water (preferable distilled) instead of acid. ON COMPLETION OF CHARGE - Where the positive plates of a rich chocolata colour? Where the negative plates of light grey colour? Where all the plates gassing freely for some hours before completion? Pilot Cell Readings. One cell out of each group of 60 cells to be taken as a "pilot" cell. Readings to be entered at the end of such hour's net charge (eactuding rests). The cell should be in th e main part of the battery; it should not be an end cell. Enter Temp, corrected Sp. Gr. readings. Pilot Cell No. Air temperature at commencement of charge oC. Hrs. Amps. Corrected Acid Hrs. Amps. Corrected Acid Hrs. Amps. Corrected Acid Hrs. Amps. Corrected Acid Sp. Gr. Temp. Sp. Gr. Temp. Sp. Gr. Temp. Sp. Gr. Temp 1. 16 31 46 2 17 32 47 3 18 33 48 4 19 34 49 5 20 35 50 6 21 36 51 7 22 37 52 8 23 38 53 9 24 39 54 10 25 40 55 11 26 41 56 12 27 42 57 13 28 43 58 14 29 44 59 15 30 45 60 List of all stoppages, their cause and duration Ait temperature on completion of charge oC Also special remakrs about the charge
It is particularly requested that the report be filled-up and forwarded to Exide Industries Limited, 59E, Chowringhee Road, Calcutta - 700 020 so that the details may be carefully considered, and further advice given in necessary. Sufficient sheets are supplied to enable the customer to retain copies if he so desire. PTO
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12
Final Readings 3 Hours After after adjustment Charge (if any) Observed Specific Gravity reading (enter with correction for temperature)
16
20
24
28
32
+ When this form is used as a Continuation Sheet, after "Call No." coloumn as required
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. CHARGING EQUIPMENT AND SPECIAL APPLICATIONS Our technical services are freely available for advice concerning special requirements and to prepare specifications and quotations for charging and control equipment of all types. Stands Teak wood stands are provided, finished with several coats of black antisulphuric paint. No metal fastenings are used in the construction of stands thereby eliminating the risk of corrosion. Where the stand is to be manufactured locally, or at site, constructional drawings will be provided on request. For convencience in handling and to minimise warping, no length of timber should exceed 3050 mm (10 ft.) Insulations Porcelain insulators are used between the stand and the battery room floor when the number of cells in the battery exceeds 55. Battery Layout Recommended space between battery and the wall is 305 mm. (1ft.) with a minimum of 152 mm. (6 in). The width of gangways should be sufficient to allow the withdrawal of cells for any possible overhaul, but with a minimum of 610 mm (2 ft.). A layout drawing will be made for each battery upon receipt of a sketch showing the dimensions of the proposed battery room.
10 h Final YAMP YAMP YAMP YAMP YAMP YAMP YAMP Voltage 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 1.85 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
5th
3h
1.82 1.80 14.1 12.8 21.1 19.2 28.1 25.7 35.2 32.1 42.2 38.5 49.2 44.9 56.3 51.3
* The trickle charge value should be adjusted to keep the cell as at 2.25 to 2.30 volts.
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Final Voltage YXP 7 YXP 9 YXP 11 YX 13 YXP 15 YXP 17 YXP 19 YXP 21 YXP 23 YXP 25 YXP 27 YXP 29 YXP 31 YXP 33
1.85 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
1.82 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352
1.80 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
1.75 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240
2.35 10 13 16 20 24 28 31 34 38 42 46 48 52 56
Ah 360 470 600 700 820 940 1060 1170 1290 1400 1530 1640 1760 1870
Kg 10.5 13.5 15.5 18.0 19.7 22.0 24.3 26.7 29.1 31.5 36.3 38.5 40.8 43.2
Kg 17.0 19.5 21.0 23.0 28.6 30.6 34.9 36.9 41.4 43.4 52.6 54.4 56.4 58.4
Note : (i) E edge to edge (ii) Cell widths are measured parallel to the plates
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Specific Gravity at 28oC = S. G. ToC + 0.0007 (T-27 Where S. T. ToC is the specific gravity as recorded by the Hydrometer. When ToC is the temperature of the Electrolyte.
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Discharge may also produce sulphation t roubles. Internal evidence is apparent by abnormal colour (light brown) of positive plates and presence of white spots on top parts of the plates. Sulphated negatives are gritting and texture. Advanced stages of sulphation need special treatjent and the process is very slow and tedious because rapid charging will cause serious buckling. There are various methods of restoring the capacity of sulphated cells.
1.
2.
3.
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies Trouble Cause Remedy The Cell has a low 1. Plates worn because 1. Replace Plates Capacity of long service 2. Seeding of active 2. Replace is considerable. material from positive If shedding is only slight plates. add 0.5 to 1.0 percent of hydroxylamine sulfate to electrolyte. Check density of electrolyte; if too grant, reduce it. 3. Systematic under charge 3. Carry out a long overor failure to carry out charge cycle. preparatory cycles. 4. Contemination of 4. Replace electrolyte, electrolyte was out cells. 5. Sulfation of plates. 5. Carry out charges to restore capacity (desul fation charging). 6. Leakage of current heavy 6. Check cell continers, self discharge. clean and dry the cells. 7. Battery is used at a low 7. Lag the batter to reduce Temperature the loss of heat, slightly in crease the density of the electroilytt. No voltage or practically Short circuit, high leakage Eliminate short circuit. no voltage across cell of current, sulfation. Wash out cell wash the terminals cell, and clean and dry it Carry out a ddsulfaction charge. Abnormal increase in 1. Execessive charging current 1. Discontinue charge and temperature of electrolyte decrease charging current durring charging. 2. Short circuit in cell 2. Eliminate short circuit. 3. Heavy sulfation 3. Carry out a desulfaction charge.
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Alkaline Cell Troubles and Their Remedes. Trouble 1. Cell shows low capacity Cause 1. Electrolyte is contaminated Remedy 1. Renew electrolyte, check plugs and gaskets, charge with current of increased value. 2. Renew electrolyte, bring density to raised value, charge with increased current. 3. Top up and bring density to required value, charge with increased current. 4. Charge with increased current, carryout "Training" cycles. 5. Carry out cycles of charge and discharge. Check ammeter indications, eliminate cause of current leakage. 6. Carry out a test dischrge and reject the faulty cells. Reew electrolyte and wash out cells, check insulation between cells, clean off dust and dirt. No remedy for plates which have lost their original sizes and shape. 1. See above, item 2 2. Clean contacts and tighten terminal indust. 3. See above, item 2.
3. Reduced level of electrolyte top edges of plates remain exposed. 4. Systematic deep discharges with light currents. 5. Systematic under charging due to leakage of current in charging circuit, incorrect reading of ammeter in charging circuit. 6. Deep discharges of separate cells because of faults in the cells. Short circuit because of large amount of sediment, bulging of plates, "buckling of walls, or leakage of current.
2.
3.
4.
Abnormal voltage; low on upon circuit, high during charge and law during discharge, low during charge and discharge. Gassing is not normal : a) excessive gassing during charge and discharge. (b) absence of gassing in some cells. Rapid formation of carbonates near terminal
1. Short circuit 2. Current leakage poor contacts. 3. Short circuit due to large amount of sediment at bottom of cell. 1. Excessive current 2. Impuritis in electrolyte
1. Use normal-value current 2. Renew electrolyto, charge with increased current. 3. See above, item 2 1. Set normal level of electrolyte.
5.
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. posts. 2. Damaged disckets at t erminal 2. Check glands, tighten posts (see page of electrolyte) lower nuts. 3. Excessive density of 3. Correct to required Electrolyte. Value. 1. Damaged vent plungs or 1. Repair or replace valve valves. parts. 2. Charging with plugs left in place. 2. Charge cell with plugs remvoed. To pemedy bulging discharge cell to 0.81.0V, pour out electrolyte and compress container in a vise between two boards. 3. Building of pocket elements 3. No remedy for this trouble. 1. Switch off the battery, lower current a normal value. 2. Wash out the cell, remedy short circuit. 1. Clean contacts and tighten t erminal nuts. 2. Lower the current, check instrument indications. 3. Top up electrolyte. 1. Correct electrolyte density to value according with climatic conditions. 2. Renew electrolyte. 3. Lag the battery. 1. Charge battery in the evening and at night in a cool place. 2. Renew with a composite electrolyte. Renew electrolyte. If capacity is low, restore it by cycling.
6.
7.
2. Short circuit between the plates. 8. Excessive heating of terminals 1. Poor contact 2. Excessive current 3. Low level of electrolyte 9. Battery fails to operate in winter. 1. Density of electrolyto is too low.
2. Electroryte contains too much potassium carbonate 3. Battery is not lagged. 10. Battery capacity is low in summer 1. Charging is carried out at high temperature. 2. Electroyte contains no lithium hydroxide. 11. Battery foams Electrolyte contains organic
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1.861 1.895 1.798 1.831 1.738 1.771 1.680 1.713 1.614 1.647 1.561 1.592 1.502 1.533 1.454 1.485 1.400 1.430 1.355 1.386 1.303 1.337 1.257 1.291 1.215 1.249 1.171 1.205 1.130 1.164 1.090 1.124 1.051 1.085 1.013 1.047 0.976 1.010 0.939 0.973 0.905 0.939 0.870 0.904 0.836 0.870 0.804 0.838 0.771 0.805 0.740 0.774 0.709 0.743 0.679 0.713 0.650 0.684 0.620 0.654 0.591 0. 625 0.563 0.597 0.534 0.568 0.507 0.541 0.480 0.514 0.453 0.478 0.426 0.460 0.400 0.434 0.374 0.408 0.347 0.381 0.321 0.355 0.295 0.329 0.269 0.303 0.243 0.277 0.217 0.251 0.191 0.225 0.167 0.198 0.141 0.172 0.112 0.143 0.086 0.117 0.058 0.089 0.027 0.058 0.031
Exmple Given 100 KW load to be improved from 77 to 95 Power Factor Factor from table is 500 Capacitor (KV Ar) = 100 x .500 = 50 KVAr.
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RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR RATING FOR DIRECT CONNECTION TO PRIMARY SIDE OF WELDING TRANSFORMER FOR PWOER FACTOR CORRECTION TRANSFORMER RATING KVA CAPACITOR RATING KVAR 12 18 24 30 36 57 95 128 160
9 4
12
15
18
25
45
50
75
The protection of capacitors should be provided by delayed action fuses which must be capable of carrying about 1.7 fines the current for which the capacitor is rated.
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* Reac tance of ACSR conductor is taken at 155 Amps / Sq. cm. Example : 1km S/S A 500 kVA 2km B 500 kVA
Percentage voltage regulation at B for 11 kV feeder of Squirrel Conductor where Es = Sending end voltage kVA km between B & A = 500 x 2 = 1000 Er = Receiving end voltage kVA between A & SS = 1000 x 1 = 1000 Er = Es - [1R cos 0 + IX Sin 0] Total kVA = 1000 + 1000 = 2000 [Es - Er] Constant from table % Voltage Regulation = x 100 therefore % regulation total = kVA km x Es 100 2000 x 0.1237 = = 2.474 % 100 * This should not exceed 6% for LT & 12% for HT For L.T. Lines : The above procedure is also applicable for L.T. Lines by substituting T/C at place of S/S and load in HP in space of KVA at above load beam.
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SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR DETERMINING ACTUAL LOAD LOSS AT 750C FOR THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER (Ambient temp for resistence measurement & load test are 34oC & 35oC respectively.) TRANSFORMER READING Capacity in MVA - 35/25/10 Rated voltage in kv HV / IV / LV = 132 / 6.6 / 3 Rated current in Amps = 153.1 Hv = 2186.8 IV 1924.5 LV D. C. RESISTANCE OF WINDING Measured value of d. c. resistance of HV winding (betn IV-IN say) = 0.8162w. Per phase value = Rdc (Hv) = 0.816 2w Measured value of d.c. resistance of IV winding (betn 2U-2v say ) = 0.004325w Per ph. value = Rdc (IV) = 0.004325 x (3/2) = 0.00649w Measured value of d.c. resistance of L.V. winding (Between 3U-3V, say) = 0.001183W Per phase value = Rdc (LV) = 0.001183 x (3/2) = 0.00178w LOAD LOSS CALCULATION FOR HV-IV AT 25 MVA BASE : I2R loss for all th e 3 ph. in HV winding at 34oC. 25MVA 2 3x ( ) x 0.8162 = 29.274 kw 3 x 132kv
q
vector group = Ynd11d1 Phases = 3 Fren in Hz = 50 Tap possition = Nominal (at HV winding)
1 25MVA 3 x ) x 0.00649 = 31.04 KW 3 3 x 6.6 kv Total calculated I2R loss at 34oC taken HV-IV at 25 MVA base = 29.274 + 31.04 = 60.314 KW Total calculated I2R loss at 35oC 235 + 35 270 (I2R loss) 34oC x = 50.314 x = 60.51 KW 235 + 34 269 Stray loss at 75oC Actual load loss meassured at 35oC for HV-1V = 79.49 KW Stray loss at 35oC = Actual load loss - calculated I2R loss = 79.49 - 60.54 = 18.95 KW I2R loss corrected to 75oC 235 + 75 310 (I2R loss) 35oC x = 60.54 x = 69.51 KW 235 + 35 270
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Stray loss at 75oC. 235 + 35 270 (Stray loss) 35oC x = 18.95 x = 16.5 KW 235 + 75 310 Total full load Cu loss at 75oC = 69.51 + 16.5 = 86.01 KW q Load Loss calculation for HV-LV at 10 MVA base : I2R loss for all the 3 phases in HV winding at 34oC 10 MVA = 3 x ()2 x 0.8162 = 4.85 3 x 132KV I2R loss for all the 3 phases in IV winding at 34oC 2 1 10 MVA = 3 x ( x 0.00178 = 6.593 KW 3 3 x 3 KV)
Total calculated I2R loss at 34oC taken HV-LV at 10 KVA base = 4.685 + 6.593 = 11.278 KW Total calculated I2R loss at 35oC
q
235 + 35 270 (I2R loss) 34oC x = 11.278 x = 11.23 KW 235 + 34 269 Actual load loss measured at 35oC for HV.LV = 14.84 KW Stray loss at 35oC = Actual load loss - Calculated I2R loss = 14.84-11.32 = 3.52 KW I2R loss corrected to 75oC 235 + 75 310 (I2R loss) 35oC x = 11.32 x = 12.997 KW 235 + 35 270 Stray loss at 75oC 235 + 35 270 (I2R loss) 35oC x = 3.62 x = 3.066 KV 235 + 76 310 Total full load Cu loss at 75oC 12.997 + 3.066 - 16.063 KW LOAD LOSS CALCULATION FOR IV - LV AT 10 MVA BASE : I2R loss for all the 3-ph in IV winding at 34oC 1 10MVA 3 x ( ) 2 x 0.0649 = 4.966 kw 3 3 x
q
I2
Total calculated I2R loss at 34oC taken IV-LV at 10 MVA base = 4.966 + 6.593 = 11.559
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Total Calculated I2R loss at 35oC 235 + 35 270 + = 11.559 x = 11.602 kw 235 + 34 269
Actual load loss measured at 35oC for IV - V = 17.31 kw Stroy loss at 35oC = Actual load loss - calculated I2R loss = (17.31 - 11.602) = 5.708 kw 235 x 75 310 I2R loss to 75oC = (I2R loss) 35oC x = 11.602 x = 13.321 kw 235 x 35 270 Stray loss at 75 C 235 + 35 270 = (Stary loss) 35oC x = 5.708 x = 4.971 kw 235 + 75 310 Total full load cu loss at 75oC = (13.321 + 4.971) = 18.292 kw Calculation of total Load loss of the given three winding (HV - IV - LV) Transformer at 75oC
o
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Load loss at 75oC (25MVa) - do - (10 MVA ) - do - (10 MVA) W 1.2 at 35 MVA base W 1.3 at 35 MVA base W2.3 at 35 mva baseq (W 1.2 + W 1.3 + W 2.3) at 35 MVA base loss of all the three wdg. (w1, 2, 3)
= 86.01 kw' = 16.063 kw = 18.292 kw = 168.58 kw = 196.77 kw = 224.08 kw = 589.43 kw = (w1.2 + W1.3 + w2.3) /2 = 294.715 kw Loss of HV WDG W1 = (W1.2.3W 2.3) = 70 635 kw Loss of IVa WDG w2 (W1.2.3 - W1,.3.) = 97.945 kw Loss of LV WDG W3 = (W1.2.3 - W1.2) = 126.135 kw. Converting these losses to their respective MVA rating HV WDG loss at 35 MVA (W1) = = 70.635 kw IVWDG loss at 25 MVA (W2) = (25/36)* 97.945 = 49.972 kw LV WDG loss at 10 MVA (W3) = (10/35)* 126.135 = 10.297 kv Hence total loss of three WDG = (W1 + W2 + W3) = 130.904 kw Note : 1. The present calculation may be considered as supplement of calculation of loss for 2 winding transformer published in Power News, Vol.5 1995-96. 2. It is convenient to calculate the above through a suitable computer programming for planning / testing inspection engineers.
HV - IV (W1.2) HV - LV (W 1.3) IV - LV (W 2.3) = (35/25)* 86.01 = (35/25)* 16.063 = (35 / 10)* 18.292
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Sample Calculation for Determining Actual Load Loss at 750C For Transformer
(Ambient temp. for Resistance Measurement & Load Tests at 20oC & 24oC respectively)
q
Transformer Rating : Capacity = 800KVA, HV/LV = 6.6/0.415 KV Vector Group = DynII, Phases = 3, Tap position= nominal
Measured value of d.c. Resistance for HV winding (between 1U-1V, say) at 20oC = 0.3025 3 Per phase value = Rdc (HV) = 0.302 x = 0.453 2
Measured value of d.c. Residence for LV winding (between 2U-2V, say) at 20oC = 0.57 x 10-3 Per phase value = Rdc (LV) = 0.57 x 10-3 HV winding resistance per phase converted to 24oC (as land loss measurement is made at 24oC) = RHV (24) = RHV (20) 235 + 24 259 = 0.453 x = 460 235 + 20 255
LV winding resistance per phase converted to 24oC (as land loss measurement is made at 24oC) = RLV (24) = RLV (20) 235 + 24 259 = 0.57oC x 10-3 x = 0.6 x 10-3 235 + 20 255
HV side phase current at full load = (800/3 x 66) / 3 = 40.4 A LV side phase current at full load = 800 / (3 x 0.415) = 1113A I2R loss for all 3 phase in HV winding at 24oC = 3x 40.42 x 0.46 = 2252 W I2R loss for all 3 phases in LV winding at 24oC =3 x 11132 x (0.6 x 10-3) = 2237W Total calculated I2R loss at 24oC = 2252 + 2237W = 4489W Actual load loss measured at 24oC = 5120W
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Stray loss at 24oC = Actual load loss measured - Calculated I2R loss = 5120 - 4489 = 653W
Total full load cu loss at 75oC = 5373 + 546W = 5919W Guaranteed load loss as stipulated in specification / order = 5600W x 1.15 = 6440W (15% tolerance as per IS) Conclusion : Loss within limit
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Z=
R1 + WL1 G1 = WC1
This definition gives the surge impedance as a vector, and is used for hyperbolic function in long-line problems. In most cases it is sufficient to use the expressions. positive sequence reactance positive sequence susceptance WL1 WC1 L1 C!
Z=
=
q
Surge Impedance Load : The surge impedance load at al given line to line voltage V is the load PN which a resistance having the ohmic value of surge impedance Z would impose at this voltage. Thus (KV)2 in MW Z
PN
where Z is ohms. Economic Loading : It is peculiar coincidence that the most economic voltage usually is found to correspond closely with Neutral or surge impedance loading i.e. when the leading volt-ampere due to line capacitance are balanced by lagging volt ampere due to line impedance.
q q
Surge Impedance Loading chart (overhead line) Line Voltage (KV) Surge Impedance (ohms) Surge Impedance Load (MW) Current (Amps) 132 350 50 220 275 315 240 500 400 290 550 800 750 265 2100 1600
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M.G. FUSE RATINGS FOR TRANSFORMERS Capacity of trans formers in KVA 5000 3000/3150 1500 / 1600 1000 750 500 500 250 100 75 63 50 25 H.T. Voltage Rating 33 KV " " " " " 11KV " " " " " " Size of T.C. fuse wire in S.W.G. 2 x 20 20 21 22 23 26 20 23 33 33 33 33 38 Horn gap length in mm (inches) 386 (15) " " " " " 205 (8) " " " " " "
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PAPER INSULATED POWER CURRENT RATINGS FOR 11KV SINGLE/3 CORE UNARMOURED Nominal Area Unarmoured 3 single core in of Conductoe Trafoil servings touching mm2 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 225 240 300 400 500 625 800 1000 Ground 63 78 93 115 140 165 185 210 240 260 270 305 355 395 445 495 550 Duct 62 82 96 115 140 165 185 205 230 250 260 285 335 365 410 455 495 Air 66 88 105 130 165 200 230 265 300 340 355 400 490 570 670 750 820 3 core unarmoured and served Belted Cable Ground 55 72 84 105 130 155 170 190 220 240 260 300 345 385 410 Duct 50 64 77 94 115 135 150 170 195 210 235 265 300 330 365 Air 50 65 79 100 125 155 175 200 230 260 275 315 375 425 480 Ground 60 73 92 115 140 165 185 210 245 270 285 310 360 405 435
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R CABLES (PILC) / ARMOURED / BELTED, SCREENED / SL CABLES. 3 core Aromoured & Served Belted calbes Air 59 77 93 115 140 175 200 230 265 280 315 355 405 460 520 Ground 58 72 84 105 130 155 170 190 220 240 250 280 320 360 385 Duct 49 64 74 92 115 135 155 175 200 220 225 250 285 310 345 Air 50 68 80 100 125 155 175 200 230 260 275 310 365 415 470 Ground 61 80 95 115 140 165 185 205 235 260 275 300 340 385 410 Duct 54 65 80 100 125 145 160 180 210 235 240 265 305 330 370 Air 59 77 93 115 140 175 200 230 265 280 310 345 395 450 510
ened Cables Duct 51 66 77 94 115 135 155 175 200 225 235 265 320 350 390
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ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR HEAT RESIST OR UNCARMOURED AND P.V.C. SHEATHED CABLES F (Maximum Conductor Tem
Laid in ground Conductor Area mm2 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 225 240 300 400 500 625 Single Core (3 Nos) Amp 20 28 36 46 60 77 101 117 140 164 205 228 256 280 304 316 345 380 403 456 Twin (Single) Amp 21 29 37 47 64 82 105 129 158 187 222 246 280 322 357 374 415 450 3/12 or 4 core (Single) Amp 18 24 33 41 54 70 89 108 119 158 193 216 246 275 304 322 357 392 427 462
In Single Single Core 3 Nos. Amp 20 28 35 43 60 76 97 117 135 158 181 199 222 246 258 264 286 322 345 374
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TING PVC INSULATED ARMEARED FOR WORKING VOLTAGE UPTO 1100 VOLTS. mperature 85oC)
In Air 3, 312 or 4 core (Single) Amp 16 21 27 35 46 59 74 90 111 135 164 183 205 234 268 275 304 340 368 398 Single 3 Nos. Amp 18 26 33 43 57 77 102 127 159 189 232 268 305 354 390 409 364 531 -586 671 Twin 3, 312 or 4 core (Single) (SDingle) Amp Amp 20 16 26 34 43 57 72 95 121 153 183 226 256 292 336 372 397 445 513 22 28 37 49 61 85 105 128 159 189 220 250 293 302 342 384 458 513 586
e Way Duct Twin (Single) Amp 18 24 32 40 53 68 89 108 135 164 199 222 246 281 304 322 357 404
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Aluminium Conductor PVC insulated armoured & serv (Maximum Conductor Tem
Laid in ground Conductor Area mm2 1.5 2.5 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 225 240 300 400 500 625 Single Core (3 Nos) Amp 1 7 24 31 39 51 66 86 100 120 140 175 195 220 240 260 270 295 325 345 390 Twin (Single) Amp 18 25 32 40 55 70 90 110 135 160 190 210 240 275 30 5 320 355 385 3 or 4 core (Single) Amp 16 21 28 35 46 60 76 92 110 135 165 185 210 235 260 275 30 5 335 365 395 Single Core 3 Nos. Amp 1 7 24 30 37 51 65 84 100 115 135 155 170 190 210 220 225 245 275 295 320
(Single
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n e)
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1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 12 15 20 30 40 50
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CURRENT RATINGS
FOR ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR CABLES SUBJECT TO VOLTAGE DROP Vulcanized Rubber, P.V.C. or Polythene Insulated Cables including tough rubber, P.V.C. lead sheathed types
SINGLE-CORE
CONDITIONS OF INSTALLATION Bunched and enclosed in one conduit, troughing or casing or Bunched in free air or in an open trench Ambient temperature : 30oC (86oF)
Size of conductor Nominal area mm2 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 Number and diameter of wires mm 1/1.40 1/1.80 1/2. 24 1/2-80 1/3.55 7/1.70 7/2.24 7/2.50 7/3.00 19/1.80
2 cables d. c. or single-phase s.c. Current rating amp 10 15 20 27 34 43 59 69 91 Approximate length of run for I-volt drop metres 2-3 2-5 2-9 3.4 4.3 5.4 6.8 7.2 7.9
3 or 4 cables balanced three-phase Current rating amp 9 12 17 24 31 38 54 62 82 Approximate length of run for I-volte drop metres 2.9 3.6 3.9 4.3 5.4 7.0 8.5 9.3 10.1
4 cables d.c. or single - phase s.c. Current rating amp 9 11 15 21 27 35 48 55 69 Approximate length of run for I-volte drop metres 2.5 3.4 4.1 4.3 5.4 6.8 8.5 9.0 10.0
* At rated current
Ratings for larger insulated cable upto 625 mm2 are given in Tables 13 and 15
Ambient Temperature ... ... Rating Factor Grouping Factor Number of cables Rating factor
25 oC (77oF) 1.13
10
12
18
20
D.C. or single-phase A.C. (2 cables per circuit) A.C. balanced three phase (3 cables per circuit, excluding neutral)
0.7 0.8
0.65
0.6 -
0.6
0.55
0.5 -
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CURRENT RATINGS
FOR COPPER CONDUCTOR CABLES SUBJECT TO VOLTAGE DROP Vulcanized Rubber Insulated Cables SINGLE - CORE
CONDITIONS OF INSTALLATION Number of cables in run : 3 or 4 (balanced three-phase) Run in free air or open trench (for cables in throughing or casing, see note below) Ambione temperature : 30oC (86oF)
Cable Sheath
Approxmate length of fun for I-volt drop* Nominal Number and Flat Trefoil Flat Trefoils area diameter of formation formation formation formation inches wires inch amp amp metres metres 1 .15 .2 .3 .4 .5 .75 1.0 19/.083 37/.072 37/.083 37/.103 61/.093 61/.103 91/.103 127/103 155 200 245 325 425 480 610 735 140 185 220 295 360 410 520 630 11.6 11.9 11.9 11.0 7.9 7.6 6.7 6.4 13.4 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.3 13.7 12.5 11.0
Sized of conductor
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CURRENT RATINGS
FOR ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR CABLES SUBJECT TO VOLTAGE DROP* Vulcanized Rubber, P.V.C. or Polythene Insulated Cables* sheathed with tough rubber, P.V.C. lead
Size of conductor
One twin-core cable d.c. or single-phase s.c Current rating Approximate length of run for I-volt drop+ d.c. metres d.c. metres
One 3-core of 40core cable balanced three]-phase Current rating Approximate length of run for I-volt drop+ metres
Nominal area
mm
amp
amp
1/1.40 1/1.80 1/2.24 1/2.80 1/3.35 7/1.70 7/2.24 7/2.50 7/3.00 19/1.80 19/2.24 19/2.50 37/2.06 37/2.24 37/2.50 37/2.80 37/3.00 61/2.50
2.3 2.5 2.9 3.4 4.2 5.3 6.6 7.1 7.7 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.4 12.3 13.5 14.0 14.6
2.3 2.5 2.9 3.4 4.2 5.3 6.6 7.1 7.7 8.8 9.5 10.3 10.7 11.2 11.7 11.9 12.1
3.7 3.9 4.8 5.5 6.8 8.7 10.8 11.7 13.1 14.7 15.7 16.8 17.5 18.4 19.1 19.5 20.0
* These ratings apply for P.V.C insulated and polythene insultated cables the maximum conductor size of which is 50 mm2 + At rated current Ambient Temperature. For ambient temperatures other than 30oC (86oF) multiply the current ratings and divide the lengths for I-volt d rop by the appropriate factor below . Ambient air temperature Rasing factor GROUPING FACTOR Number of cables Rating factor 25 o C (77 oF) 1.13 2 0.8 35 o C (95 oF) 0.86 3 0.7 40 o C (104 oF) 0.69 4 0.65 45 o C (113 oF) 0.47 5 0.6
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Mechanical Characteristics
Stands AI/St. & Dia in mm each Conductor Approx Dia in Wt. in Approx mm Kg/ tensile Strkg/km km ength kg
ALL ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS Rose Gnat Iris Pansy Ant Aster 8 7 6 4 3 2 0.02/20.0 0.025/26.56 0.030/33.0 0.040/42.0 0.05/52.00 0.065/66.96 1.361 1.071 0.850 0.677 0.544 0.423 116 133 150 178 204 239 108 123 138 165 189 198 7/1.96 7/2.21 7/2.48 7/2.78 7/3.10 7/3.51 5.88 6.63 7.44 8.34 9.30 10.53 58 73 92 116 144 184 362 485 582 730 802 1157
A.C.S.R. CONDUCTORS Squirrel 0.02 Weasel Ferret Mink2 8 6 5 40/ 13/ 2.07 20/ 24/ 0.456 48/ 0.275 103.6 80/ 95/ 154.3 0.158 130/ 207.0 140/ 232.5 185/ 316.5 0.122 0.089 1.374 0.911 0.679 234 0.365 325 0.222 0.184 475 0.137 555 680 0686 115 150 181 217 270 300 382 430 440 520 515 630 737 107 139 168 6/1 250 6/7 4.72 354 2.36 398 30/7 2.79 482 30/7 3.18 630 737 6/1 2.11 6/1 10.98 6/1 14.15 30/7 30/7 2.59 19.53 30/7 3.0 22.26 30/7 3.71 54/7 3.18 Moose 0559 836 836 54/7 3.53 31.77 1998 159 6.33 7.77 9.00 255 12.27 394 16.62 18.13 844 21.00 1097 25.7 28.62 85 128 171 2107 318 3299 604 727 7950 976 10210 1492 1621 137 130 9127 2746 0.1 5758 6880 771 1136 1503
Raccoon 1 0.075 77.80 DOG2/0 1.57 Tiger 128.0 Wolf 0.15 65/3/0 4/0
Lynx 6/0 110 0.175 179.0 Panther 0.2 Lion 0.225 Goat 0.3 Zebra
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Mole Squirre1 Weasel RabbH Racoon Dog Wolf Panther Kundah Zebra Moose Morkulla
7/1.40 7/2.09 7/2.56 7/3.31 19/2.46 19/.2.79 37/2.49 37/2.88 37/3.92 61/3.19 61/3.55 61/3.68
12.21 24.02 36.03 60.24 90.31 116.20 180.20 241.16 446.60 487.50 603.70 649.00
4.47 6.27 7.68 9.93 12.30 14.45 13.95 20.16 27.44 28.71 31.95 33.12
33.38 65.68 98.56 164.70 248.10 320.30 496.30 663.80 1230.00 1345.00 1666.00 1791.00
2.759 1.41 0.944 0.5617 0.3789 0.2937 0.1903 0.1417 0.07648 0.07009 0..05678 0.05282
3.41 6.72 10.04 16.82 25.27 32.35 50.26 67.49 121.80 129.00 159.80 171.80
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Dated : 25/7/95 Sub : Drawal of H. T. and L. T. lines following the Maximum / Average permissible span indicated in the Cost Data as far as practicable. This is for information of all concerned afresh that the Maximum permissible spans and approximate average spans for drawal of H.T. and L.T. Lines have ben indicated in the Cost Data (Both R.E.C. & NON_ R.E.C) as under :
Sl. No. Support 1 1. 2 9 Mtr. x 400 Kgs. P.C.C Pole 8 Mtr. x 200 Kgs. P.C.C. Pole - do -
Net size of conductor 3 3 x 100 mm Sq. ACSR 'DOG' 3 x 50 mm Sq. ACSR 'Rabbit'
Voltage 4 33 kv
2.
11 kv
73.5 Mtr.
60 Mtr
3.
3 x 30 mm Sq. ACSR ' Weasel' 4 x 50 mm. Sq. ACSR 4 x 25 mm Sq. AAC 'GENT' 4 x 20 mm. Sq. ACSR Squirrel 4 x 30 mm. Sq. ACSR Weasel'
11 kv
95 Mtr.
80 Mtr
4.
- do -
430 v
63 Mtr.
43 Mtr.
5.
- do -
- do -
59.5 Mtr.
43 Mtr
6.
- do -
- do -
97 Mtr.
80
7.
- do -
- do -
82.5 Mtr.
65 Mtr.
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Particulars 33 KV lines over 9.1 M.PSCC Poles with Dog/Raccon ACSR Conductor Sl. No. Particulars
(i)
11 KV lines over 8.O.M. PSCC poles with ACSR Conductor (a) Rabbit (7/3.35) (b) Weasel (7/2.59) (c) Squirrel (7/2.11) 6.3 KV single phase line over 8.0 M. PSCC poles with ACSR conductor (HVD system) (a) Weasel (7/2.59) (b) Squirrel (7/2.,11) LT. 3.5 wire (Vertical formation) lines over 8.O M. PSCC pole with ACSR conductor (a) 3 x Rabit + 2 x Squirrel (b) 3 x Weasel + 2 x Squirrel (c) 5 x Squirrel Lt.3 4 Wire line : (a) Rabbit (7/3.35) (b) Weasel (c) Squirrel (7/2, 11) L.T. 1 3 wire : (a) Weasel (7/2.59) (b) Squlrrel (7/2.11) Lt. 12 wire : (a) Squirrel (7/2.11) (b) Squirrel (City)
65 80 100
70 90 90
(ii)
110 110
110 110
(iii)
54.5 65.5 67
67 77 45
(iv)
62.5 77.5 91
(v)
67 67
67 67
(vi)
67 45
67 45
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WT. OF MATERIAL
Description R.S. Joists ISLB ISLB ISLB ISMB ISMB ISMB Channels ISLC ISLC ISLC ISLC ISLC ISMC Size (mm) 2125 x 75 150 x 80 175 x 90 125 x 75 150 x 80 175 x 90 75 x 40 100 x 50 125 x 65 250 x 100 75 x 40 125 x 65 100 x 50 x 6 150 x 75 x 8 40 x 40 x 6 Angles ISA ISA ISA ISA 25 x 25 x 3.0 40 x 40 x 3 50 x 50 x 6 65 x 65 x 6 65 x 65 x 8 65 x 65 x 10 ISA ISA 75 x 75 x 8 75 x 75 x 10 100 x 100 x 10 40 x 40 x 6 75 x 40 x 6 wt. per meter (kg) 11.9 14.2 16. 7 13.0 14.9 19.3 5.7 7.9 10.7 28.0 6.8 12.7 10 14.4 9.2 1.1 1.8 4.5 5.8 77 9.4 8.9 11.0 14.9 3.5 6.8
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FLATS Size 25 x 6 25 x 10 35 x 6 35 x 10 40 x 6 40 x 8 40 x 10 45 x 6 45 x 10 45 x12 50 x 6 50 x 8 50 x 10 50 x 12 50 x 16 65 x 6 65 x 8 65 x 10 65 x 12 65 x 20 Nuts & Bolts Dia 3/8", length 1" = 32 No/kg Dia 1/2", 1" -0" = 14 No/kg Dia 5/8", 1"-0" = 8 No./kg Wt/m 1.2 2.0 1.6 2.8 1.9 2.5 3.1 2.1 3.5 4.2 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.7 6.3 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 10.12 G I Wire 4 swg = 0.214 kg/.mt 6 swg = 0.167 kg/mt 8 swg = 0.102 kg/mt 10 swg = 0.066 kg/mt 12 swg = 0.048 kg/mt Stay wire 3/12 swg = 0.144 kg / mt 7/12 swg = 0.73 kg/mt 7/10 swg = 0.465 kg/mt 7/12 swg = 0.333 7/14 swg = 0.208 kg/mt Size 75 x 6 75 x 8 75 x 10 75 x 12 75 x 20 100 x 10 110 x 12 100 x 16 100 xc 20 150 x 25 200 x 10 200 x 12 200 x 25 250 x 12 250 x 20 250 x 25 300 x 12 900 x 6 wt/m 3.5 4.7 5.9 7.1 11.8 7.8 9.4 12.6 25.7 29.4 15.7 28.8 39.2 23.6 39.2 49.1 28.3 42.4
GI Barked wire = 0.1 kg/mt Shadle strup without mt = 0.414 kg/pain shadal strap with not bolbs = 0.525 kg/pain.
D' iron clamp = 0.487 kg/mt Twisted strap with nut & bolts = 0.918 kg/pin
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Ceiling Fan 36" Ceiling Fan 48" Ceiling Fan 50" Ceiling Fan 60" Table Fan 16", 14", 12" Electric Iron Dhobi Iron Geyser (2KW) 1ph. (3kw) 3ph. (6kw) Storage 1 kw Type 1.2 kw Heater 1.5 kw Immersion Rod
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(a) For Domestic / Non-domestic / Commercial / Agricural consumer KW x DF x Hx LF ONTHS OF 30 DAYS KW = connected load, Df = Demand Factor H - Consumption hours asseged LF = Load factor
day
Category
Demand Factor
Load Factor
10
11 247 330 495 330 66 462 594 66 99 66 66 330 1.65 16.5 49.5 267 330 990 1650 1650 33 16.5
HP - Load Found 210 H = Hour / day 252 294 270 D = Working day / month 324 378 (1-DF) = Discount factor 30 E = Efficiency 36 42
45 30 30 150 0.75 7.5 22.5 112.5 150 450 750 750 15 7.5
63
Nature of Industry 42 48
42 48 Ice Plant Hushing Mill 240 210 Cinema Hall 1.2 1.05 Wheat Grinding 10.5 12 Saw Mill 31.5 36 Lather Machine Motor 157.5 Garage 180 Welding Machine 210 240 Oil Mill 630 7210 Straw cutting Dal Grinding1200 1050 Painting 1050 1200 Coal Briauette 21 24 Medicine Soorki Mill 12 10.5 Drilling Spice Grinding Ice Cream Factory Stone Crusher
54 16 16 270 16 1.35 8 13.5 12 40.5 12 12 202.5 12 270 16 810 8 8 1350 8 1350 8 27 8 8 13.5 8 12 8 16
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Completent Authority for granting installment. Divisional Manager Circle Manager Zonal Manager Circle Manager Zonal Manager C.E. (Dist) C.E. (Comml) Member (comml)
1.
Upto Rs. 10.00 lakh Above Rs. 10.00 lakh but upto Rs. 20.00 lakh Above Rs. 20.00 lakhs
2.
upto Rs. 20.00 lakhs Above Rs.30.00 lakh but upto Rs. 50.00 lakh Above 50.00 lakh
3.
TIME FRAME FOR GRANTING NEW INDUSTRIAL CONNECTION Consumer having contractual demand Sl No. a) b) c) d) Steps Below 50 KVA Above 50 KVA & upto 500 KVA Within 15 days Within 15 days Within 90 days Within 30 days Above 500 KVA
Joint Inspection Issuance of quotation after joint inspection Payment of S/C charges Effecting physical connection of receipt of S.C. charges security deposit, test forms & execution of Agreement
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2. MRI does give display but does not respond to any key pressed.
Generally this kind of phenomenon may occurs due to overcharged NiCd batteries in case of FLX1/ FLX5. 1. Meter may not powered up 2. Cable breakage 3. Cable is not properly connected 4. Damaged Optical Head.
1. Check Meter is POWERED UP. 2. Check OPTO whether window of METER is clean or not. 3. Connect cables properly. 4. Try to communicate with other Meter to isolate whether problem lies with MRI/Cable or with the Meter. 5. Change the cable for cable checking. 6. Make sure that the connector is inserted properly. Precautions : 1. Do not fold the cable with sharp bend near MRI connector. It will lead to wire breakage.
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4. While Transferring / Receiving data to/from computer, BCS gives COMMS FAIL.
1. Cable breakage (MRI-PC). 2. Cable is not properly connected. 3. Using Windows shell to execute SEMS_PAK. 4. Communication Setting at BCS side is not proper. 5. Loaded Memory resident program at BCS side Ex. Clock, Side Kick.
5. In TERMINAL mode of MRI software, keys are not working as per notation. Examples : 1. I have problem typing V1, V2. 2. I have problem using delete key to delete wrong character.
1. User has removed COMMAND.COM line from CONFIG. SYS or given wrong PATH. 2. COMMAND.COM is corrupted or deleted.
1. Load Command.COM with exact path from : _promot. Ex. C:\DOS/COMMAND.COM. After getting DOS prompt change the contents CONFIG.SYS file as per default setting. 2. Take COMMAND.COM from other working MRI to PC and transfer the same into nonworkable MRI if FWCONFIG utility is supplied to the user otherwise send back to SML. 1. Press key marked "O" with "shift" key.
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1. Put MRI on charger after RESET of the MRI. 1. Check Meter is POWERE UP. 2. Check OPTO whether window of METER is clean or not. 3. Connect cables properly. 4. Try to communicate with other Meter to isolate whether problem lies with MRI/Cable/ with the Meter. 5. Change the cable for cable checking. 6. Make sure that the connect is inserted properly. Precautions : 1. Do not fold the cable with sharp bend near Meter connector. It will lead to breakage. 1. No memory resident programme should run on PC such as Side Kick, Clock etc. 2. Connect cables properly. 3. Keep the set-up Same & change the cable for cable checking. 4. Keep the set-up same a check communication with other PC. 5. Do not use DOS shell executing SEMS PAK. Precautions : 1. Do not fold the cable with sharp bend near meter connector.
1. Meter may not be powered up 2. Cable breakage. 3. Cable is not properly connected. 4. Damaged Optical Head.
4. While Transferring / Receiving data-to / from computer. BCS lives COMMS FAIL.
1. Cable breakage (MRI-PC) 2. Cable is not properly connected. 3. Using Windows shell to execute SEMS_PAK. 4. Communication Setting at BCS side is not proper. 5. Loaded Memory resident program at BCS side Ex. Clock. Side kick.
5. In TERMINAL mode of MRI software, keys are not working as per notation. Example : 1. I have problem typing V1, V2 2. I have problem using delete. 3. Key to delete wrong character.
1. For capital letters use caps lock key (F key) at key board. 2. For deleting the character use shift and backsp.
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6. Takes lot of time to come to DOS command line after selecting Quit uption of the main menu.
1. Updating diagnostic information. 2. Battery low does not allow it to proceed further after showing the halting signal.
1. Repeat without doing any the other then what is suggest by the BCS software.
Don't do : 1. Do not press Power/resume key, when MRI operation is going on. 2. Do not work with MRI, when low battery message has come on display. 3. Do not press any key at keyboard of MRI, when operations are going on. 4. Do not reset the Unit. RESET the MRI only when the battery low warning comes and says you to reset the MRI. 5. Do not go to the Setup Menu (2nd key with the key marked 'S') and do not change any parameters there. Do. 1. When Battery low message comes on MRI display, put MRI on charging and reset the unit. Operate only when it is charged. 2. Before using the MRI keep MRI on charger for 3rd hrs. to charge it fully. 3. When MRI is used in laboratory, then connect charger if possible. 4. We recommend MRI to be kept in POWEr OFF if the MRI is not used for very long time. 5. Press POWER/RESUME switch for 1-2 second to make to MRI in ON condition whenever the screen blanks which shown the SUSPEND mode of the MRI.
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DISPLAY ITEMS FOR ABB ORDER NO. A ICMEC002201 WBSEB ORDER NO. P & SP - 11/2000 PC-11/240 P5
Sequence 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ID 888 002 003 004 SYS 006 007 888 002 003 004 SYS 006 007 008 Pxx Pdr Pxx Pdr SYS PhA Phb PhC PhA Phb PhC SYS Ltd. 020 Normal / Alternate Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Alternate Tems Complete LCD Test Present Date Present Time Total kWh Delivered System Power Factor Rate C Max kVA Q1 Demand Reset count Complete LCD Test Present Date Present Time Total kWh Delivered System Power Factor Rate C Max kVA Q1 Demand Reset Count Rate C Max kW Delivered PB Total kWh Delivered* PB Total kWh Delivered PB Rate C Max kVA Q1* PB Rate C Max kVA Q1 System VAs A Phase Voltage B Phase Voltage C Phase Voltage A Phase Current B Phase Current C Phase Current Average Power Factor kwh-del Last Event Date Occurrence/Restoration Outage Log
PB stands for Previous Billing. * Displays the previous three months reading. where xx indicates the month. Like 01 For January, 02 for Feb & so on. It will appear in "lastes first" order Also Pdr indicates the reading at the time of Manual Demand Reset (if any)
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Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. Display Identifiers Tis is used to identify the displayed quantity. Except for the energy and power identifiers, these identifiers can be turned on or off using the AlphaPlus software Unoike the numeric identifier, you cannto chagne the display identifier for a displayed quantity. All display identifiers are predefined as follows : ABCD COUNT CUM KWARh Indicates the rate period A, B, C or D of the displayed data (TOU only) : note that the active rate period blinks when displayed. Indicates a continuous demand reading; with CUM Indicates a cumulative demand value; used with KWARh Selectively, displayed portions of this identifier allows the meter to indicate power or energy as follows : kW, kWh, kVA, kVAh, kVAR, kVARh (the "V" is created by displaying half of the : W") Indicates a maximum demand value; used with kWARh Indicates the previous billing period, or previous season information when used with SEAS Indicates the rate period (TOU only) : used with ABCD Indicates the number of demand resets Indicates the previous season information (TOU only) Used with PREV to form PREV SEAS Indicates a total energy value; used with kWARh
These display identifiers may be combined together in various ways to indicate a particular displayed quantity. For example RATE A kWh = kWh for rate period A (TOU only) : CONT CUM KW = the continuous cumulative kW demand ; MAX KW-the maxinim kW demand.
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ACCUCHEK
IR
IY
IB
VR VY VB
1S
1L 2S
2L 3S
3L
MUT
R Y B N
CLAMP ON CT 3,400 V, 50Hz, AC SUPPLY
TO LOAD SIDE
ACCUCHEK LT + CHECKING LT CT OPERATED METER USING CLAMP-ON CT (Checking system accuracy including external CTs)
ACCUCHEK
P
1S 1L
MUT
PHASE NUETRAL
TO LOAD SIDE
CLAMP ON CT
ACCUCHEK LT +CHECKING SINGLE -PHASE CT OPERATED METER USING CLAMP-ON CT (Checking system accuracy including external CT)
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1 230 V, 50 Hz AC Supply
PHASE NUETRAL
MUT
VR
1S 1L N
ACCUCHEK
ACCUCHEK LT* Checking Single Phase Direct Connected Meter Using Clamp-On CT
P
1S 1L
P
1S 1L
MUT
ACCUCHEK
PHASE NUETRAL
To Load Side
1 230 V, 50 Hz AC Supply
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R
1S 1L
Y
2S 2L
B
3S 3L
R
1S 1L
Y
2S 2L
B
3S 3L
MUT
ACCUCHEK
R Y B N 3, 400V, 50 Hz, AC Supply ACCUCHEK LT* Checking LT CT Operated Meter Using 1A/5A Current Range To Load Side
1R
1S 1L 2S 2L 3S 3L N MUT
1Y
1B
VR
VY
VB
ACCUCHEK
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Description of work
Stone (cum) 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.10 1.10 1.10 Bricks 512 Bricks 512 Bricks 512 Bricks 52
Sand (cum) 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.34 0.34 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.15 Cement=100.80 Cement =43.20
+ R.R. Masonry in C.M. (1:5)/m3 R.R.Masonry in C.M. (1:6)/m3 Brick work in C.M. (1:4)/m3 Brick work inC.M. (1:5)/m3 Brick work in C.M. (1:6)/m3 Hollow brick masonry in C.M. (1:5)/m3 Plastering in C.M. (1:3) 12 mm thick/10m2 Plastering in C.M. (1:3) 20 mm thick/10m2 Flush pointing R.R. in C.M. (1:3)/10m2 White washing (One Coat)/10m2 White washing (Two Coats) 10m2 White washing (Three coat) 10m2 White cement (One coat) 10m2 White cement (Two coats) 10m2 Snowcem paint (one coat)/10m
2
Sand = 0.21 Sand = 0.09 Lime=0.05 Cum Lime=0.07 Cum Lime=0.091 Cum White Cement= White Cement= Snowcem= Snowcem= Paint = Paint = Paint= Paint= Paint =
2
2.00 Kg 3.50 Kg 2.00 Kg 3.50 Kg 0.40 Ltrs. 0.70 Ltrs 1.20 Ltrs. 0.70 Ltrs. 0.50 Ltrs. 1.10 Ltrs. 0.90 Ltrs.
Snowcem paint (Two coat)/10m2 Plastic Emulison paint (One coat) OW/10m2 Plastic Emulsion paint (Two coats) / OW/10m2 Synthetic Enamel Paint-NWW (Two Coats)/10m2 Synthetic Enamel Paint - OWW (One coat) 10m2 Synthetic Enamel Paint-OIW (Two Coats)/10m2 Synthetic Enamel Paint - OIW (Two Coats) / 10m Synthetic Enamel Paint - OIW (Two Coats) / 10m2
Paint = Paint =
30. Red Oxide Paint - (One Coat) / 10m2 Paint = $ 30% of the skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as 1st class and remaining 70% as second class. + R.R. Random Rubble; *23x11x7 cm Traditional size burnt clay brick; *40x20x20 cm size cement concrete hollow bric NWW-New Wood Work; OWW-Old Wood Work; OIW - Old iron Work; NIW - New Iron Work, OW - Old Wall/Woo
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PLANNING OF
Size of rooms 1. Drawing room (Living) 2. Bed room 3. Kichen room 4. Dining Hall 5. Bath and WC 6. WC 7. Bath room Following are the minimum Requirements : Standard type Ordinary Type 4.2x4.8 M to 5.4x7.2 M (14'x16' to 18'x24') 4.2x4.8 M (14'x16') 3.0x3.0 M (10'x10') 4.2x4.8 M to 4.8 to 6.0 M (14'x16' to 16'x20') 1.8x2.5 M (6'x8') 4.2 x 4.8M (14' x 16') 3.0x3.5 M (10'x12') 2.5x3.0 M (8'x10') Combined drawing and dining room 1.8x1.8 M (6'x6') 1.2x1.2M (4'x4') 1.2x1.8 M (4'x6')
While planning the Building its functional utility, cost, habits, taste, requireme
Minimum floor area of Rooms and heights : Floor Area Height 10 Sq. Mtr. (100 Sq. Ft) 6 Sq. Mtr. (60 Sq. Ft.) 2. Sq. Mtr. (20 sq. Ft.) 1.6 Sq. Mtr. (15 Sq. Ft.) 3.3 Mtr. (11') 3.0 Mtr. (10') 2.7 Mtr. (9') 2.7 Mtr. (9')
Minimum height of plinth : 0.60 M (2') Minimum depth of foundation-0.9 M (3') Thickness of Wall : 20 to 35 cms (8' to 10') Minimum aggregate area of opening of habitable rooms and kitchen excluding doors, shall not be less than :' 1) 1/10th of Floor area - for wet hot climate. (2) 1/6th of Floor area - for dry hot climate (3) 1/ 8th of Floor area - for climate which is neither dry hot nor wet hot. Size & Weight of Expanded Metal (XPM) Sheets Size of Mesh Dimensions of Strands Weight Size of Sheet Swm Lwm Width Thickness per sq. m normally mm mm mm mm kg stocked 100 250 6.25 3.15 3.082 75 200 6.5 3.15 4.282 2.5X3.75 25 75 3.25 2.24 4.564 25 75 3.25 1.60 3.262 12.5 50 3.25 1.60 6.525 2.5X2.75 12.5 50 2.5 1.6 5.019 Swm - short way of Mesh Lwm - Long way of Mesh For 10 Users. } Excluding thickness of wan L=1.8m B=0.6m H-1.35 m } Exclucing thickness of botton Stab. 0./15 m to be provided for Fexboard.
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BUILDING
Weight of square and round 3ars : 0.7843 Kg/cm2 per metre of 1 cft. of seal 490 lbs. Weight per metre Diameter Weight per metre Square Bar kg Round Bar kg or width mm Square Bar kg Round Bar kg 0.20 0.15 22 3.80 2.98 0.24 0.19 25 4.91 3.85 0.28 0.22 28 6.15 4.83 0.38 0.20 32 8.04 6.31 0.50 0.39 36 10.17 7.99 0.64 0.50 40 12.56 9.86 0.78 0.62 45 15.90 12.49 0.95 0.75 50 19.62 15.41 1.13 0.89 56 21.62 19.34 1.54 1.21 63 31.16 24.47 2.01 1.58 71 39.57 31.08 2.54 2.00 80 50.24 39.46 3.14 2.47 Weight in kg per sq. m. 39.25 47.10 62.80 78.50 94.20 109.90 Weights of MS plates (plain) Thickness Weight in kg. in mm per sq. m. 16 18 20 22 25 125.60 141.30 157.00 172.70 196.25
hickness in mm 5 6 8 10 12 14
65x65x5 4.9 100x100x6 9.2 65x65x6 5.8 100x100x8 12.1 65x65x8 7.7 SS 1.75 3.74 6.55 3.5 50x50x6 4.5 BSS 2.25 5.77 12.98 4.25 50x50x5 3.8 BSS 1.97 5.13 10.10 3.937 75x75x6 6.8 LAR OF SEPTIC TANK FOR DIFFERENT 75x75x8 8.9 80x80x6 7.3 rs For 100 Users Excluding thickness of watt. L=4.35 m Excluding thickness of watt. } Excluding thickness of bottom Slab 0.15 m B=0.85 m H=2.25m - Excluding thickness of bottom Slab 0.15 m to ded as Fxeboard. WBSEBEA - 247 be provided as Fxeboard.
Particulars of Rails ght Distance Section Moment Total il in from top Moduli of inertia debth /yd) of rail to about about (inch.) NA (inch.) X-X X-X 2 (inch ) (inch4)
Weights of Indian Standard Equal Angles Size ISA Weight in Size ISA Wt. in kg/m kg/mm
At the time of application the prospective consumer has to make provisional payment in advnce against charges payable for the supply as shown below. Consequent upon making detailed calculation, necessary adjustment will be made through refund / realisation in the first energy bill. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) For Single phase L.T. Supply Rs. 2,000/- (Rupees two thousand only) For two phase L. T. Supply. Rs. 3,000/- (Rupees three thousand only) For three phase L.T. Supply. Rs. 4,000/- (Rupees four thousand only) For H.T. Supply upto a contract Rs. 50,000/- (Rupees fifty thousand only) demand of 125 KVA (v) For H.T. Supply above a contract Rs. 2,00,000/- (Rupees two lakh only) demand of 125 KVA The prospective consumer has also to make payment in advance against security deposit as below. After the final calculation of the requisite security deposit, the advance will be adjusted through the first energy bill. (i) 0 - 500 W @ Rs. 300/- only (ii) 500 -1 KW @ 500/- only (iii) For every additional KW or part thereof. @ Rs. 500/- only All industrial consumers shall have to produce the consent of the West Bengal Pollution Control Board before effecting power supply by the Board. ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM :If the Board fails to meet the specified guaranteed standards against various service areas laid down in these R egulations, the Board shall be liable to pay compensation to the consumer (s) for default against each item as specified below : Item (a) Failure to release new electric connection with due time (b) All other specific complaints specified under paragraphs 17.1, 18, 19 and 20 Year of Regulation's operation 1st year 2nd year 3rd year and thereafter 1st year (Urban & Rural) 2nd year (Urban & Rural) 3rd year and thereafter (Urban & Rural) Amount of compensation Rs.25/- for each additional day Rs.125/- for each additional day Rs.500/- for each additional day Rs.25/- for each addl. slab of time Rs.125/- for each addl. slab of time Rs.500/- for each addl. slab of time
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1. SERC Regulation No. 10/WBERC Subject Guidelines for Establishment of forum for Redressal of Grivences of consumer and Ombudsman Miscellaneous provision Conduct of Business Electricity Supply Code Phasing of open Acess in distribution/sale of Electrticity Standereds of performance of licensees relationg to consumer services Licensing & Conditions of Licences Tariff Notification Date Remarks
23/09/2003 12.11.2003 12.11.2003 05.02.2004 09.06.2004 Clause of security depsosit Tariff petition related format
17/WBERC 18/WBERC
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Sub section (1) of section 152 of EA 2003 the officers of WBSEB authorised for compounding of offence (1) for L & MV consumers Zonal Manager (2) For decentralised Bulk Consumers C.E. (Dist) (3) For Centralised Bulk Consumers C.E. (Commercial) Section 152 of EA, 2003 the Station Manger, D.E. & S.E. of WBSEB au thorised as Assessing Officer
4.
VSAT TECHNOLOGY
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) based Wide Area Network (WAN) is used for Voice & Data communication. The Network in WBSEB uses INSAT-3C satellite and operates in Extended - C band with uplink frequency band of 6921.5 - 6926 MHz and downlink frequency band of 4696.5 - 4701 MHz. The Network operates in Star / Mesh configuration for Data / V oice communication. The TDM/ TDMA data & voice connectivity works in star confirguration. In star confirguration the connectivity between two remote VSATs is always routed through Central HUB. The inbound (VSAT to HUB) information rate is 64 Kbps (which may be increased in future). The Outbound (HUB to VSAT) information rate is 512 Kbps. Mesh voice & data connectivity is provided using SCPC carriers in DAMA. In a mesh topology, the Central HUB establishes the link between two remote VSATs and after that the VSATs communicate directly with each other without any intervention of the Central HUB. Network Management System at HUB station performs the network monitoring, control and management operations from a system operator console. Management functions at the HUB station include provision of multipoint connections between HUB station and several VSATs such that monitoring and control of the VSATs can be effected continuously. The Network uses following multiple access protocols as per traffic requirements at different sites :A. TDM/TDMA : TDM/TDMA data network is engineered in star configuration with HUB facility at one central location and VSAT facility at other remote locations. The HUB provides both point to point or point to multipoint connectivity. VSATs communicates with HUB directly. However VSAT to VSAT communication is possible only via the HUB. The (TDMA) link from remote to HUB is called Inroute and the (TDM) link from HUB to remote is called Outroute. Central HUB transmits single outroute carrier, containing data pakets, to all remote sites in Time Division Multiplexed form. Data packets in outroute stream carry addresses of specific remotes to which they are aimed. The remote VSAT electronics receives the TDM stream and picks up data packets addressed to it. Remotes transmit to HUB through shared inroute channel in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) format. The inroute is divided into a number of time slots. Different sites transmit at different times to avoid collision.
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: : : :
TDM/TDMA VSAT Antenna Size Antenna Transmit Gain Antenna Receive G/T Frequency Range SSPA Power Out Put FEC Coding Modulation IDU Interface
: : : : : : : : : :
1.8M 40.3 db. 15 dB/deg K Transmit 6.7-7.025 GHz Received 4.5 - 4.8 GHz 5W Rate 1/2 Convolutional Coding and Sequential Decoding BPSK/QPSK. Serial Port - V.35 64 Kbps, RS-232 19.2 Kbps, LAN Port-IEE 802.3, UTP Port. Telephone/EPABX-FXS, FXO, 4 Wire E & M. TCP-IP, X.25, SLIP. Slotted Aloha, Pure Aloha, Transaction Reservation.
: :
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HYBRID VSAT Antenna Size Antenna Transmit Gain Antenna Receive G/T Frequency Range SSPA Power Out Put FEC Coding Modulation IDU Interface
: : : : : : : : : :
3.8 M 46.9db, 23.6 dB/deg K Transmit 6.7-7.025 GHz Receive 4.,5-4.8 GHZ 5W. Rate 1/2 Convolutional Coding and Sequential Decoding. BPSK/QPSK. Serial Port-V.35 64 Kbps, RS-232 19.2 Kbps, LAN Port - IEE 802.3, UTP Port Telephone / EPABX-FXS, FXO, 4 Wire E&M TCP-IP, X.25, SLIP, Clear Channel. Slotted Aloha, Pure Aloha, Transaction Reservatio. Binary Phase Shift Keying. Demand Assigned Multiple Access. Forward Error Correction. Gain/Temperature. Intermediate Frequency. Inter Facility Link. Local Area Network. Low Noise Amplifier Network Management Software. Quardrature Phase Shift Keying. Radio Frequency/. Single Carrier Per channel. Solid State Power Amplifier. Time Division Multiplexing. Time Division Multiple Access.
Protocols supproted Access Mechanism GLOSSARY : BPSK DAMA FEC G/T IF IFL LAN LNA NMS QPSK RF SCPC SSPA TDM TDMA
: :
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
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References
1. Lectures note of Er. Aloke Roychowdhury (WBSEB) 2. Lectures note of Er. B. Sengupta (WBSEB) 3. Lectures note of J. R. Nanda, K. R. Krishnaswamy, R. K. Kumar, R. Pannur Selvam of Central PowerResearch Institute, Bangalore 4. Lectures note of Er. Uma Chakraborty (WBSEB) 5. Lectures note of Er. P. K Pradhan (WBSEB) 6. Jvs relay manual - Publication No. JR302-1 7. English Electric Relay Manual 8. Power News flash of Reamker - February - 2004 9. Lectures note of Er. J. C. Mondal (WBSEB) 10. Lectures note ofEr. D. P. Chakraborty (WESEB) 11. Exide Battery Manual 12. Manual of Power Supply Under taking (TSSA, WBSEB) 13. WBSEBEA Journal '96 14. ABB Alpha Motor user's manual 15. MRI operating man ual, Verson - 2.02 (secrme) 16. MRI (Smile) operating manual, Version, 1.00 (secme) 17. Accuatek user manual 18. Lectures note of Er. A. K. Mitra (WBSEB) 19. Lectures note of Note of Er. Dipankar Basu & Er. Kumkum Majumder (WBSEB) 20. Note of Er. Shyamal Das (WBSEB) 21. Note of Er. Sudip Ghowh ) (WBSEB) 22. Note of Er. Biswajit Chatterjee (WBSEB)
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