Take note 2 Cos Convert a point from rectangular to polar \ Figure 6.26 Convertn (=1, V3) topolar coordinates ection 6.3 ¢ Polar Coordinates 651 st gullies camconverta point tom SG ESSCSTERTED Consult your manual. The seen on the right verites |PRRYC2e3n/2> the pola rectangular conversion in Example 3). I -2 shows that the retangular coordinates of (7.0) = (2,22) are (0, -2). Notice that the x= and Check" Find the rectangular coordinates of the points with the following polar Point D coordinates: Point Conversion from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates Conversion from rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, 8) is a bit more complicated. Keep in mind that there are infinitely many representations for a point in polar coordinates. If the point (1, y) lies in one of the four quadrants, we will use a representation in which © ris positive, and © @ is the smallest positive an Je with the terminal side passing through (x, y) These conventions provide the following procedure: Converting a Point from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates (r> Oand 0 5 0 < 27) 1. Plot the point (x, y) 2. Find r by computing the distance from the origin to (x, y):r = Vie + y 3: Find 9 using tan @ = * with the terminal side @ passing through (x, y) EXAMPLE 4 Rectangular-to-Polar Point Conversion Find polar coordinates of the point whose recta lar coordinates are (~1, V3) Sol find a set of polar coordinates (1, 0) jon We begin with (x, y) = and use our three-step procedure to Step 1 Plot the point (x,y). The point (—1, V3) is plotted in quadrant II in Figure 6.26. Step 2 Find r by computing t r=Ve4 y= Vi Step 3. Fi through (x, 9). tan v3 We know that tan = V3. Because # lies in quadrant I One representation of (=1652 Chapter 6 * Additional Topics in Trigonometry Figure 6.27 Convert Convert an equation from rectangular to polar Technol The sereen shows the rectangular-polar conversion for — ‘utility. n Example 4, we FRePré-1-4¢39) ql IRMPOC -1,1¢3)) 2.034395 102 [-1, V9) ona graphs showed that (1, y) = (~1, V3) can be represented in polar coordinates as (r,0) = (2.5 } sing, 2 ~ 2,00439510239 verifies that our Using 2 ~ 2,09439510239 verifies th conversion is correet, Notice that the 7-and (approxi mate) P-coordinates are displayed separately cheek Point Find polar coordinates of the point whose rectangular coordinates are (1-3) Ifa point (x,y) lies on a positive or negative axis, we use a representation in which * ris positive,and + 0 is the smallest quadrantal angle that lies on the same positive or negative axis as (1. ) In these cases, you can find r and 8 by plotting (x. y) and inspecting the figure. Let's see how this is done, EXAMPLE 5 Rectangular-to-Polar Point Convers Find polar coordinates of the point whose rectangular coordinates @ e (—2,0), 2,0) and find a set of polar coordinates Solution We begin with (x, y) = ( (ra) Step 1 Plot the point (x, y). ‘The point (~2, 0) is plotted in Figure 6.27 Step 2 Find r, the distance from the origin to (x,y). Can you tell by looking at Figure 6.27 that this distance is 2? _ r= VP + = V/(-2) Step 3 6 with @ lying on the same posit point (~2,0) ison the negative x-axis. Thus. @ lies on the negative x-axis and @ = 2,0) in polar coordinates is (2 One representation of ( Check Find polar coordinates of the point whose rectangular coordinates Point D gre (rt) Equation Conversion from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates is an equation whose variables are r and 8. Two examples of polat A polar equatio equations are and r= 30800, cos 0 + sind To convert a rectangular equation in x and y toa polar equation in r and 6, replace with r cos @ and y with rsin 8 EXAMPLE 6 Converting Equations from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates Convert each reetangular equation toa polar equation that expresses rin tens oF b (x-1P + y= hb 6 Convert an equation fom polar to rectangular eoordinates Section 6.3 Polar Coordinates 653 elution | Our goal isto obtain equations in which the variables are rand rather than x and y.Weuse x = rcos @ and y = r sin, We then solve the equations fo obtaining equivalent equations that give rin terms of &, a eos + rsing = r(cos 0 + sin #) = cos 0+ sind Thus. the polar equation for x + y = Sisr cos + sind b. 2 (=a) 1 Te sada fem of cel le again ie (cheba ith die re ater Ui (reos a ~ 1) + (rsin a)? = 1 Pos? @ ~ 2reosd + 1+ sin = | Poste + P sina cos = 0 os) = 0 r=0 or r-2eoso=0 aph of + = 0 is a sing! The point. the pole. Because the pole also satisfies the equation r = 20s (lor 7+ pole also satisties equation r 0), it is not necessary to include the 0. Thus, the polar equation for (x — 1)? + y? = Lis a Check € Convert each rectang Point Convert each rectangular equation toa polar equation that expresses in adr y=6 beret Equation Cony sion from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates When we convert an equation from polar to rectangular coordinates, our goal is to obtain an equation in which th bl ich the variables are.x and y, rather than rand 6. e or more of the following equations Merthan anda Wevwssons roos@= x rsind=y — tane To use these equations it is sometimes necessary to do something to the given polar equation. This could include squaring both sid ; aring both sides, using an identity, taking the tangent of both sides, or multiplying both sides by r Staking te654 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry EXAMPLE 7 Converting Equations from Polar to Rectangular Form Convert cach polar equation to a rectangular equation in x and y boat resco 9 dr 60s 4. Solution In each case, let's express the rectangular equation in a form thay enables us to recognize its graph. a We use 2 = x? equation, y? to convert the polar equation r= 5 to a recta The rectangular equation for r = Sis x? + y* center at (0,0) and radius 5, The graph is a circle with b. We use tan@ => to convert the polar equation 6 = % to a rectangular ale equation in and y 0 tan 4 The rectangular equation for # = 7 is y = x. The graph is a line that bisects Figure 6.28 {quadrants [and III. Figure 6.28 shows the line drawn in a polar coordinate system, We use r sin # = y to convert the polar equation r = 3 esc # to a rectangular ' equation. To do this, we express the cosecant in terms of the sine. a r= 3esc8 oF : "sno PARTIAL rsin 8 = 3 aa poate The rectangular equation for r 3. The graph is a horizontal line 3 unite above the x-axis Figure 629 shows the line drawn in a polit coor * dinate system 3ese 0 is y di. To convert r = 6 cos # to rectal gular coordinates, we multiply both sides by one Then we use /? = x7 + y? on the left side and r cos 0 = 2 on the right side Figure 6.29 r= ~6e0s8 P= ~6r cos 0 + y= 6x Section 6.3 * Polar Coordinates 655 5 The rectangular equation for r = —6 cos @ is (x + 3)? + y2 = 9. log This last equation is the standard form of the equation of a circle - x 4 (y= A)? = P2 with radi rand center at (i ). Thus, the graph | \ of (x +3)? + y® = isa circle with center at (—3, 0) and radius 3. tf safe Converting a potar equation to a rectangular equation may be a useful way to | } develop or check a graph, For example, the graph of the polar equation + consists ofall points that are five units from the pole, Thus, the graph isa citele cen XQ tered at the pole with radius. The rectangular equation for r— 5. namely - 1° + y? = 25, has precisely the same graph (see Figure 6.30), We wll discuss graphs r of polar equations inthe next section Figure 630 The cautions = Sand Cheek . . Free lnchceme each Stéck Convert each polar equation 10 a rectangular equation in and y ar=4 be : er 2secd dr = lOsin 8. EXERCISE SET 6.3 For your information Poon 8 reseb Pr tice Exer In Exercises 1-10, i polar coordinates is represented by A, B, Cor D on the system like the ome mle ifthe potas withth int with the given polar cee 2 ttion (7.0) of this point 4 26. (6.2) Q é | the location of the given pont on 27. 7.140") : (-7.3207) b (7.40) 2 (3.315 © (~7,220°) (7, 5. (3.0) 6 (-3.0) 28. (4, 120°) (4,300) a Fy 5 ROI) 8, ) ©. (4-240) a 19) 9. (-3.-#) Wn Exercises 11-20, use « polar coordinate system like the one shown for Exercises 1-10 0 plot each point with the given polar ordinaes ML. (2, 459) 12, 1.45") 1 2.270")