uennls

Mlddle level language

SLrucLured programmlng language
lnLerpreLers
Compllers
Structure of c program
lnclude header flles
lobal declaraLlon
uncLlon maln
ueclaraLlon block
lnlLlallzaLlon block
uncLlon deflnlLlon block
CommenLs

ormatted funct|ons 8ead and wrlLe all Lypes of daLa values converslon symbol ls requlred
9rlnLf()
Scanf()

Dnformatted funct|ons Works wlLh characLer daLa Lype Converslon symbol ls noL requlred
lnpuL
eLs()
eLch()
eLche()
eLchar()
CuLpuL
9uLs()
9uLchar()
9uLch()
ec|s|on statements
lf
lfelse
reak
ConLlnue
swlLch
oop contro| statements
or
-esLed or
Whlle
uowhlle
rrays
CollecLlon of elemenLs of slmllar daLaLype whlch sLores ln conLlguous memory locaLlons
Str|ngs
CharacLer array ls called sLrlngs (or)
roup of characLers symbols numbers are LogeLher ln quoLaLlon marks are called sLrlngs
Str|ng unct|ons
SLrlen()
SLrcpy()
SLrncpy()
SLrcmp()
SLrncmp()
SLrlcmp()
SLrnlcmp()
SLrlwr()
SLrupr()
SLrrev()
SLrcaL()
9o|nters
9olnLer ls a memory varlable whlch sLores address of a varlable
lL ls denoLed by '*' operaLor

eatures
9olnLers save Lhe memory space
ecuLlon Llme wlLh polnLer ls fasLer le dlrecLly access Lo memory locaLlon
Memory ls accessed efflclenLly le Lhe polnLer access Lhe memory and release Lhe memory
unct|ons
lL ls deflned as subprogram of one or more sLaLemenLs LhaL performs a speclal Lask when
called
@wo ways ln whlch we can pass values Lo Lhe funcLlons
Call by value
Call by reference
ecurs|on
@he funcLlon ls called repeLlLlvely by lLself @here are Lwo Lypes of recurslons @hey are
ulrecL recurslonuncLlon calls lLself
lnulrecL recurslonuncLlon calls Lhe anoLher funcLlon and called funcLlon calls Lhe calllng
funcLlon
Storage C|asses
our Lypes of sLorage classes
uLomaLlc varlables
Lernal varlables
SLaLlc varlables
8eglsLer varlables
@he compllaLlon and eecuLlon process of C can be dlvlded ln Lo mulLlple sLeps
9reprocesslng uslng a 9reprocessor program Lo converL C source code ln epanded source
code #lncludes and #deflnes sLaLemenLs wlll be processed and replaced acLually source
codes ln Lhls sLep
CompllaLlon uslng a Compller program Lo converL C epanded source Lo assembly source
code
ssembly uslng a ssembler program Lo converL assembly source code Lo ob[ecL code
lnklng uslng a lnker program Lo converL ob[ecL code Lo eecuLable code MulLlple unlLs of
ob[ecL codes are llnked Lo LogeLher ln Lhls sLep
oadlng uslng a oader program Lo load Lhe eecuLable code lnLo C9u for eecuLlon