@uafusr @oronaf~ r u m

. -

RErNC THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

I /

QUATUOR CQRONATI LODGE NO. 2 0 7 6 , LONDON.

:% > X
FROM THE I S A B E L L A M I S S A L .

I /

It

I /

RIIIIZD 1+'01:IIIIR C011~~1T11T71J313 111 H. I1IZAA7D.S', TS.A., P.A.G.D.C., 31.

1 1

VOLUME XXXII.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LODGE PROCEEDINGS.
... ... ... Friday. 3rd January. 1919 ... ... ... ... Friday. 7th March. 1919 ... ... ... Friday. 2nd May. 1919 ... ... ... Tuesday. 24th June. 1918. S t . John's Day i n I'larvest ... ... ... ... Friday. 3rd October. 1919 ... Saturday. 8 t h November. 1919. Festival of the Four Crowned Martyrs
PAGE .

1 56 77 96 146 16'3

NOTES AND QUERIES.

Church of the Four Crowned 3 i a r t r r s a t Canterbury ... ... Mellitus. Archbishop of Canterbury (619.624). and t h e Quatuor Coronati ... ... ... ... Square ... ... ... ... Free mason i n 159.9 ... ... Society of Moonkification ... ... ... ... ... Maister Mason. &c. ... ... ... ... Bro . Isaac Chilcott ... ... The Leland-Loclre MS . ... ... ... Shakespeare and Frcemasonry ... ... ... ... ' Seven ' and ' Three Master Masons ' ... Foot Cloth-Painted Cloth-Floor Cloth-F looring ... ... Freemasonry i n Francc 1732-3 ... A ltomaii Catholic Estimate of English Freelnasonrg .. ... The ' Opera di San Pietro ' ... ...

'

OBITUARY .
Atk~nson.Georgc ... Baker. Louis Leroy ... Bate. Osborn Hambrooli Booth. William ... ... Capel. George Wiliiam Carter. iMuior Frank Bird Cole. Charles William .. Couch. James ... Cuddon. Elias Martin ... Dalg!eish. Henry J . Dixon. hew . Edward Young Fisher. William ... Friend. Cupt . B. J . ... Gedge. Alfred Sydney George. Frederick Brand Gissing. George John ... Glass. J o h n Hamm. Johaniles M . ... Hibberdine. William ... Houndle. Henry C . H . H . Jennings. Thorp Buttolph Kielland. U r. Kristian S. Kiralfy. Imre ... Lambton. J o h n William Laurensen. Robert Sinclair Lemon. Reav. Thomas Willism Lines. Stanley L . Burnett Loewg. Benno ... ... Macbean. Edward Marples. Robert I t o f f a t Maye. William Bennett

[g. .

?able of C o n t e n t s .
PAGE.

OBITUARY.-C~TL~~IL~~~.
Millar, James ... Nethersole, M a j o r Alfred Rnlph Newton, L i e u t . Edwin B. B. Pegge, William Thomas Plumbe, Rowland , ... P r a t t , Lieut.-Col. Sisson Cooper ... Rees, E . C. Ridout, George ... Sachse, Dr. Julius F. ... Scott, George Lamb ... Sebastian, Robert Lee Simons, Henry ... Smith, James R . ... Speedy, James ... Stockings, mTilliam F. Tangye, Edgar ... Vernon, Szr William ... White, D r . Henry F. L a Touche Whitney, F r a n k Irving ... 176 .75 75 144 76 77, 144 144 76 176 76 76 76 56 76 176 76 144 li 6 76

PAYERS AND ESSAYS.

The Origin of Additional Degrees. By J. E. S. Tuckett L P u r e ' and ' Ancient ' Masonry; Article 1 . a t t h e Cnion i n 1813; 1 ' Additional ' Degrees; Their origin ; The Theories advanced not wholly b u t partly new; They a r e experimental and invite critical cxaminat~onand discussion, 5 ; Alleged Foreign ( t . e . , non-British) Origin of t h e earliest Additional Degrees discredited ; Examination of t h e Foreign evidence t o 1750; The Paris Lodge 1725, and t h e Walsh Regiment; Banier and Le Mascricr; Newspapers, English, Bmericnn, Foreign, 6; Ramsay's O r a t i o n , new light upon t h e d a t e of i t s first publication, 7 ; Voltaire; Documents a t Stockholm; 1'Avocclt Barbier; de la 'Fierce, 8 ; The HBraultCarton affair; R e l a t z o n Apologique, 1738, 9 ; Earliest Allusion t o a n association between Freemasonry a n d t h e Order of Knights Templar; L P S F t t - M a c o n s H y p e ~ t l r n m e , 1740, 10; Apologle pour llOrtlre, 1742; L e fv&re Amel-tcazn; The Degree C h e v . tJe l ' d i g l e ; The Abbe Perau, 1 1 ; French Regulations of 1743; the Simonnet MS. of 1744; L a F r a n c - M a y o n n e , 1744; L e Scectu l t o m p u , 1745; ' Ecossois ' Masonry, 12 ; L'h'cole sles F r n ~ l c s - M a y o n s , 1748 ; Masonic Symbolism and Legend before 1717; The Third Degree Legend ; The Crusades; The Fraternity R.C. ; Adamson's M i c ~ c s Tllrenodze, 1638 ; Swift ; Ramsay ; Dassigny ; Samber's 3 I n s o ~ l i c E'ormulce, 1 4 ; L o n g Lzvers, 1722; Stukeley's 0rrlc.r of t h e B o o k ; ' Verus Commodus ' and Desaguliers ; The Stirling Brasses, 1 5 ; Freemasonry and t h e House of S t u a r t ; The Church of Rome and Freemasonry ; Papal Bulls and Police Crusade in France ; Failure of t h e attack, 1 7 ; Scots Masonry; its claim t o superiority; Chambers' Cycloptetllci, 1728; Letters i n the 1)trzly J o u r n a l , 1730; Hesolutions of Grand Lodge, 1 8 ; Scots Lodges i n London, Salisbury ancl B a t h ; The R o ~ a lOrder of Scotland; The Lodge a t Swallwell, 1746, 1 9 ; Scots Masonry asserts itself i n France; References t o additional degress i n France from 1742 onwards, 21; Scottish and Jacobite origin of Scots Masonry; Prince Charles E d ~ v a r dS t u a r t claimed as i t s chief during his lifetime, 24; Conclusion : The ' Additional Degree.' movement commenced with Britons, not Foreigners; Claim of such degrees to be a p a r t of Freemasonry, 26. Comments bp Gordon Hills, 31; W. J. Songhurst, 34; Edward Armitage, 40; Sydney T. Klein, 42; Cecil Powell, 43; Henry Lovegrove; W. B. Hextall, 44; Count Goblet d'Alviella, 46. Reply by J. E. S. Tuckett, 47.

...

...

'

PAPERS AND ESSAY S.-~bzctin~ied.

Vestiges of the Craft in Spain.

PAGE.

... ... By Sydney T. Klein The Square &nd Colllpasses i n t h e Cathedral and t h e Church of S a n Lesmes, Burgos, 57; History of t h e Church and of its Founder, Adelelmo, 5 8 ; legend of t h e Saint and t h e Queen of England, 61 ; IVla~ons' Marks on buildings i n Seville, 62; Valencia, 63; Tarragona, 64; Barcelona, 6 5 ; and Gerona, 66. Comments by Gordon Hills, 67; J. E. S. Tuckett, 69; H. G. McLachlan, 70. Reply by Sydney T. Klein, 72.
...

57

Three Masonic Novels. By Henry I~ovegrovo

...

...

.4mt~ Lu~orcnce, the Preetntrson's D c t u y h t r r , 79; The E1~ernicr,~otlo, 80; Love cit~tlthe Pi~eemctsons,81. Commcnts by Gordon Hills, 83; W. B. Hextall, 8 5 ; R. H . Baxter, 8 6 ; J. E. S. Tuckett, 8 7 ; C'. Gough, 9i); S i r Alfred llobbins, 02; W. J. Songhurst, 93. Xeply by Henry Lovegrove, 94.
peculiarities of the Book of Constituions. By Rodk. H . Baxter

...

Constitution or Constitutions; Grand Lodge composcd of all Private Lodges on Record, 97; Qualifications far Grand Office; Powers of t h e Grand Wardens, 98 ; The Grand Stewards; London ltank, 99; Provincial and District Grand Officers; Local funds for charitable and other 3Iasonic purposes, 100; Private' Lodges, 101 ; Petitioners for W a r r a n t s ; Provisional Warrants i n Districts ; Qualifications for Office ; The Confirmation of Minutes, 102 ; Credentials required from Visitors ; Honorary membership ; The mode of working i n Lodges of Instruction, 103; The admission of C'and~dates Clearance Certificates, 104 ; ltegalia, 105. Comments ; by Gordon Hills, 105; W. B. Hextall, 107; Lionel Vibert, 108; J . H . Stirling, @g; 11'. J. Songhurst, 110; J. Walter Hobbs, 111. Reply by R. H . Baxter, 113.
Lodge No. 20, Antients.

By W. J. Songhurst ... ... ... Notes on t h e Minute Book and some members of t h e Lodge, 114; The By-Laws, 115; The Minutes, 119; Lists of Members and attendances, ?28; Lists of Visitors, 134; Cash Accounts, 137.

Notes on some Trade Guilds at Ludlow. By T. J. Salwey

...

...

The Pnlmers Guild, founders of t h e Grammar School; The Fletchers Guild; Federation of t h e Trade Guilds a s Stitchmen and Hammermen; Charters regulating t h e Guilds, 149; The Government of t h e Hammermen by Six men and Two wardens; The meeting place i n t h e Church of St. Laurence, 150; Fees paid for admission of Freemen,, 151; Revisions of t h e Ordinances, 152; Decline of the Guild ; Admission of non-Operatives ; The virtual extinction in 1835, 153. Comments by Gordon Hills, 154; W. B. Hextall; Canon Horsley, 160; Andrew Hope, 161.
Inaugural Address. By J. E. S. Tuckett The Toast of the Worshipful Master.

...

.. .

... ...

By Gordon P. G. Hills

INDEX.
PAGE.

Additional Degrees, The Origin of Audit Committee, Report of ... Barcelona. Masons' Marks a t ... Book of ~ 6 n s t i t u t i o n s Peculiarities , in the ... British Origin of Mason;; ~ e ~ r e ' i H Burgos, Masons' Marks a t ...
Chapters (R.A.) referred to:-

5 2 65 97 6 57 146 169 146 169 148

1
1

Hammermen's Guild a t Ludlow ... -Honorary Masons ... ... Jacobite Lodges ... ... Knights Templar, Early allusions t o association of Freemasonry with ... ... ... Larmenius, Charter of Legend a n d Symbolisn~ before lj17 Leland-Locke MS., The 141, Lincoln, Masons' Marks a t ...
Lodges referred t o :-

PAGE.

149 18 16 10

Glasgow ... Hartington, N;."916 King Solon~on's, No. 20% Methuen. No. 1533 ... Panmure, No. 720 ... Strict Benevolence. Sunder... ... land Chevtrlfer de Z'Aigle, Degree of ... Church of Rome and Freemasonry Clearance Certificates, when required ... ... Constitution, ~ e c u l i a l i t i e si n t h e Book of ... ... ... Cdntinental Freemasonry derived from England ... ... \Degree of Chevalier tle I' Aigle ... Degree of Royal Arch ... ... Degrees, Ecossois Degrees, The Origin of 'Ahditionii

' Ecossois ' Masonry ... England, Masons' ,~ a r i ; s ' in English Masters i n Lodge at Swallwell ... ...
Exhibits : -

Apron, Hand-painted ... ,, Craft, Brazil ... Rose Croix, Brazil.. . ~ e < i i f i c a t e (M.M.), Lodge S t . George, North Shields ... ,, (M.M.), Grand Lodge of England ,, (R.A.), Grand Chapter of England ,, (R.A.), Chapter Strict Benevolence, Sunderland ... ,, (Rose Croix), Grand Orient of ... Brazil Jewel, R.A., England ... ,, Buffaloes ... ,, Oddfellolvs ...

Antiquity, London ... Bayard, No. 1615 ... Bath . . . . ... ... Devil Tavern, Temple B a r Gallery, No. 1928 ... Hartington, No. 916 Jubilee Masters, No. 2712: Kaiser-i-hind. N'o. 1724 ... Z'U~ion, rankf fort ... Lily, Richmond, No. 820 ... Loyal, Monmouth ... Loyalty, No. 1533 Mary Chapel, dinb burgh::: Moira, No. 92 Mournimg Bush, kdersga& ' Old Marlburian, No. 3533... Paris, 1725 ... Robert Thorne, N . 3663 ... o S t . George, North Shields.. . St. John's, Glasgow ... Salisbury ... ... Solomon's Temple, Hemming Row White Bear. ~ o l & hs q u a r e No. 1, Antients ... ... No. 3, ,, No. 4, ,, No. 5, ,, No. 8 , ,, No. 15, ,, No. 16, ,, No. 18, ,, No. 20. No. 24; ;, ... No. 27, ,, ... No.31, ,, ... No. 36, ,, ...

::

..

Ludlow Guilds

...

...

Fiction, Freemasonry i n ' Fifth Order ' i n Masonry Floor Cloth ... Foot Cloth ... ... FrandB, Freemasonry i n Free-mason i n 1599 ... Gerona, Masons' Marks a t Gormogon attack on t h e C r a f t Grand Office, Qualification for Grand Wardens, Powers of t h e Guilds a t Ludlow ...

... ... ... ... ... ... . . ... ... ...

79 15 172 172 2, 173 74 66 16 98 98 149

Maister Mason, i n 1675 ... Mason' Word, The ... Masons' Marks i n ~ n ~ i i h d ... Masons' Marks i n Spain Master M y o n s , 'Seven' and"' ' Three ... ... Moonkification, Society ' i f ... Novels, Masonic

...

...

Opera de S a n Pietro, The ... O r a t ~ o n t h e Chevalier Ramsay, of its first publication ... Palmers' Guild a t Ludlow P a p a l Bulls and Freemasonry

...

... ...

vii
Persons referrcd t o .
PAGE .

Ins referred t o :156 156 Dahlgren. M . V . Dalgleish. H . J . Dappe. David ... Dassigny. Fifield Davidson. Air. ... Davies. Tumberlayn Davison. Richard D'Antin . ~ ) I L C ... d'Argens. ~lllinrquis de Rover . J e a n B . de ~ a G e l y e .Charles de la Tierce. Bro . d e Witt. M r . . . . Dermott. Laurence Derwentwater. Lord Desaguliers. D r . Dick. Consae ... Dixon. Alexander Dixon. R v . E . Y . e Dixon. J . ... Donne. John' ... Donsett. Thomas Dring. E . H . . . . Duchaine. P . . . . Dumas. Alehandre Dundee. T'lisco~~nt Durford. Edward Eastman. Rro . . . . Edge. J o h n H . . . . Egan. Pierce ... Elmo. Snint ... Evans. Bro . ... Fallon. Bro . ... Fennel. James ... Flather. David ... Fleury. C(~rclinnl Finch. J o h n ... Finley. Mathew Fisher. William Ford. Richard Forsaith. J o h n ... Fournear. Bro . . . . Fox. William ... Freeman. William Friend. C n p t . B . J . Gabanon. Leonard Galbraith. Samuel Gedge. A . S. George. F. Brand" Gervis. Luke ... Glass. J o h n ... Glover. Bro . . . . Gibs. R . ... Gibson. L . S. . . . Gissing. G . J . Goblet d l ~ l v i e l l a . ~ o z. c .' Godwin. William Golby. F. W; ... Gollins. Bro . . . . Cough. C . ... Gough. Richard Gould. R. F Gnves. Rev . ~ i c h a r d Green. William Greene. Samuel D . Grinsel. Bro . . . . Grove. Richard . . . . Gwatkin. Samuel Hagerthy. Bro . Haket. Bro . ... Hamm. J . M . . . . Hancox. Walter Hanlard. Bro . . . . Hardy. Thomas H a r t . J . P. ... Haughton. John Healy. William ...
PAGE

Actonfurd. J o h n Adams. William Adamson. Henry ... Adelelmo Allan. J o h n ... Allen. Austin ... Anstey. J o h n ... Armitage. Edward Amold. A . C . L. Asbache. Thomas Ashmole. Elias ... Atkinson. George Babyngton. Thomas Baker. L . L. . . . Balfour. Henry e Ball R v C . J . ~ a n i e r .Abbi ... Barnett. Robert Baskett. S R . Bate, 0. H . . . . B a t t ~ s t a .Giovan Baxter. Rodk . H . Bede. Cuthbert ... Bedford. James Begemann. D r . W . Bernard. J . F. . . . Bickerton. William Binney. Joseph ... Birchenongh. J o h n Bird William .... a lack burn, BTO . Rlair. S i r David Blunt. P a u l ... Bode. Johann ... Bond. Robert ... Booth. William Borge. Giovanni Bouhours. F1. . . . Bradley. Herbert Bradshaw. William Broadhurst. Ephraim Brookhouse. J . C . Broughton. M . . . . Bryn. Nicholas ... 3uckley. John ... Buonarotti. M . A . Burge. John ... Butcher. H . ... Byrne. J f r . ... Callen. Peter Carnpbel. D r . ~ o h n Capel. G . W . . . . Carr. Richard Carter. Major F.' B . Chambers. Ephraim Chapman. Edmard ChBruel. A . ... Chevileer. M r . . . . Chiari. Lionardo Chilcott. Isaac ... Clee. John Clement XII., Clernipson. J o h n Cole. Charles W . Coleman . Bro . . . . Collins. Jlr . ... Collins . Wilkie ... Cook. Thomas ... cook. nr0 ... Corp. William ... Couch. James ... Craven. H . T . . . . Cresswell. James Crisp. Thomas ... Crowley. Bro . Cuddon. Elias M:" Cumber. James

94 176 41 22

Persons referred t o .-

Persons referred to :-

135 44 85. 94. 107. 141. 160 75 ... Hibberdine. william 126 Hickman. Robert 155 ... Rills. Gordon M . Hills. Gordon P . G . 31 67. 83. 105. 154. 163. 165. 173 ... 147 Hime. R . V . . . . Hobbs. J . Walter Hodson. William .... Hogan. J o h n Hogan. Bro . . . . Holmes. Emra ... Hope. Andrew ... Horan. Hugh ... Horsley. Carton Hosier. John Houndle. H . C . H:H . Howard. Bro . . . . Ho~ves.J o h n . .. Huddlestone. Rro . Hughan. W . J . Hughes. Thomas Huinphrys. David ... Hunter. John Hntchins. Samuel '~ a c t i n ' ... Jennings. T . B . Jerrold. Douglas Jobnson. M . I . 1 Johnston. Charles Jouast. A . G . . . . Kane. Thomas ... Kell. J o h n ... Kemish.Bro . . . . . Kennedy. Hugh Klein. Sydney T . Kielland. T)r . K . S . Kinneir. D r . . . . Kipling. Rudyard Kiralfy. l m r e ... Lambton. J . \V . Lankston. George Laurence. Arch bishop Lanrenson. R . S . Le Fanu. J . S . k Strange. Hamon le Mascrier. .4 bbk Lea. Humphrey Leake. James Lemon. T)r . T. Lesines. S ~ l z n f Letch~vorth.Sir ~ d ~ v a r d Levander. It'. \V . Le~vis.Henry ... Lewis. J o h n ... Lines. S . L. B . Little. R . W . . . . . Loewy. Benno ... Lovegrove. Henry Low. Bro . Lynton. 3fr.c. inn Lytton. Lord ... Alackay. A . G . . . . Madan. J f r . Markham. Rir .Aibhrt Marks. I'rnf essor Marples. R . M . Masham. Lntb!) afaturin. Iiev . c.'.R. Max~vell.Gerald Max~vell.W . B . Mare. \V . B . Macbean. ~ d w a r i . ' McCann. Rro . . . . RCcCoard. Bro . : . .

Hcbden. Bro . . Hextall. W . B .

..

.... ... .

PAGE .

W:'

McCormick. John ... 115 McIntosh. Lachlan ... 114 McLachlan H . G . ... 70 Alellitus. '4 rchhishop ... 73 Merriman . William ... 141 ~ichelangklo ... ... 171 Millar. James ... ... 176 Mitcbal. Bro . . . . ... 123 Mitchel. Alexander ... 147 Mitchel. C u p t . D . D . . . . 147 Mittens. George ......... 136 Moore. Edward ... ... 74 Moray. S i r Robert ... 46 Morris. J o h n ... .... 41 Naish. Thomas ... ... 19 x ~ t t e r . Lorenz ... ... 16.5 ... Neale. Bev . Erskine 91 Neretto. Fabriano ... 171 Nethersole. Jfujor A . R . . . . 75 Newham. James ... 118 Nen-ton. Lieut . E . B. B . . . . 75 Nisbktt. William ... 41 Norton. Bro . . . . ... 121 Norton. Martin ... 134 O'Keefe. Noblet ... i15 Oldis. Bro . ... ... 135 Onions Afr . ... ... 142 Palmcr. F . G . . . . ... 142 Paston. J o h n .... ... 46 Pegge. W . T . ... 144 Pembl idge. ~ d w a . = d ... 41 Pembroke. Enrl of ... 175 Perau. AhbP ... ... 6 Picart Bernard ... 6 Pick. Bro . ... ... 136 Pius. IX .. Pope ... 174 Plumbe. R.o~vland ... 76 Po~r-ell.Cecil ... 43 Praft. Col . Sisson coop; 77. 144 Radcliffe. Charles ... 7. 42 Ragon. J . M . . . . ... 94 Ramsay. Ch.svnlier ... 6 Rand. Williair. . . . ' ... 41 Ray. James ... ... 23 Reade. Compton ... 86 Rees. E . C . . . . ... 144 Reid. William ... ... 147 Richardson. F r a n k ... 89 R;dout. George ... ... 76 Rinuccini. Giovanni ... 171 Robbins. Szr Alfred .... 92. 96 Robertson. J o h n Ross ... 2 Robinson. Edward .... 156 Robinson. Johnson . ... 41 Rogers. Blunt ... ... 41 Rush. Bra. ... ... 136 Ryan. J a m e s ... ... 134 Rylands. W . H . ... 165 Sachse. D r . Julius F. . . . 176 Sackville. Lord ... ... 31 Salwey. T . J . . . . ... 149 Samber. Robert .. 14. 42 Sand. George ... ... 94 S a n Lesmes ... ... 58 Scheffer. Count ... ... 7 Schofield. J o h n ... ... 118 Scorlock. B r o . . . . ... 134 Scott. George L . ... 76 Scott. S i r Walter ... 79 Scnrlock. Bro . . . . ... 121. 135 Season. John ... ... 150 Sebastian. R . L. ... 76 Sener. J o h n ... 18 Shakespeare. ~ i l i i a m ... 142 Shea. Bro . ... .... 134 Shelley. Percy B . ... 88 Shum. George . ... 168

PAGE

Index.
Persons referred t o :-I,'
?

ix.
PAGE.

, ,

Persons referred to :-

PAGE.

Simonnet, Pere Simons, Henry ... Skinner, Jacob ... ... Smith, F. J. Smith, James' R . Smith, S t . J o h n , Sqnghurst, \F7. J.
--

6, 172 76 40 79

Speedy, James ... ... ' 76 Stirling, J. H. ... ... 109 Stockins. TV. F. ... 176 ... &one, Bro. ... 134 Stones. Thomas ... 118 ... Stor, G. ... 74 Stretton, Bro. ... ... 134 Strong, Gera .... ... 41 S t u a r t , Charles Edward ... 20 Stukeley, Rev. W. ... 15 ... Sulivan, J o h n ... 134 Summers, J ~ h n ... 118 gutton, C. W. ... ... 74 Swanson, Richard ... 150 ... Swift, I)c:r~n, ... 10 Tangye, Edgar ... 76 Tarn, William ... ... 147 T a ~ l o r ,Bro. ... 133 ... Temple, Sir ? ~ i l l $ h 73 ..... . 87 Terrasson, Abbk Theobald, Dr. ... ' ... 41 Thorne, Guy ... ... 81 Thornes, G. T. ... 148 Threipland, avid' ... 41, 55 Thurit, Isaac ... ... 41 Tompson, William ... 124 ... Townshend, Lord 51 ... Toy, Dr. ... 41 Travenol, Louis 12 Tuckett, J. E . S. 5, 47i.69, 73, 87, 163, 164, 172, 173 Tuckett, M. A. S. ... 168 Tuckett, R. G. S. ... 168 Tuckett, Richard J.. 168 Tudor Bro. .., 135 ~ n d e r h i l l ,~ v e l y n '. ... 84 .... Vane, Lord ... 41 Vaughan, James ... 41 Vaughan, Thomas ... 46 pernon, Sir Williay ... 144 FTerus Commodus , ... 27 Vibert, J o h n Este ... 148 ... 108, 148 Vibert, Lionel ... von Hund, Boron ... 30 Wall. Bro. ... ... 135 ... Ward, S. ... 40 Warren, Thomas ... 118

Weaver, Samuel ... 156 119 Welbeck, Samuel ... Wells, H. G. ... ... 89 73, 171 Westropp, T. J . ... Wharton, Duke of 51 White, D r . H . F . la ~ o u c & Whitehall, Robert ... Whitehall, Rro. ... Whitney, F. I. .... ... Wier, Thomas ... ... Widdrington, Fenwick ... Wilde, %chard ... WiLson, George ... ... Wiltshire. John ... Winter, J. S . ... ... \F7ire, Bro. ... Woodford,'Rev. A:'F. A. ... Wren. Sir Christopher ... yarker, J o h n ... ... Zabrocki, Count ...
Qlcrrt~tor Coronnti a t Canterbury

Roman Catholic estimate of Freemasonry Romish Church and ~;ekmasonF\: Rosicrucians i n 1728 ... ... Royal Arch Degree ... ... Sackville Medal, Thc ... Scots M,asonry i n F r a ~ i c e London, . Bath and Salisbury ... Seville, Masons' Marks a t ... Shakespeare and Freemasonry ... Spain, Vestiges of the Craft i n . . . Square and Compasses i n Church a t .Burgos ... Square, a s a symbol, i n ' . 1 6 6 ~ ... Stitchmen's Guild a t Ludln~v ... Strict Observance, Rite of t h e ... Stuarts, The, and F r e e ~ a s o n r r . . Symbolism and Legend before 1717 ... ... ... Tarragona, Masons' Marks a t ... Tradition i n Masonic Research .. Valencia, Masons' Marks a t ... Visitors, Credentials required ... ... ... from Warrants, Provisional Wren S i r Christopher, Freemason ... as

... ...
a

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Masons' Marks, England 69 ,, ,, Spain 58, 59,.'60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

Portrait, J. E . S. Tuckett

Frontispiece

Index. CONTRIBUTORS. Armitage, E d n ~ a r d

5

...

PAGE.

...

40

JlcLachlan, H. G. Palmer, F. G. Porvell, Cecil Robbins, Sir Alfred Salnrey, T. J. So~ighurst,IT. J. Stirling, J. H.

...

PACE.

70

'

Baxter, Rodk. H. Goblet d'8lviella, Count Gough, C. ... ... Hextall, W. B. Hills, Gordon P. G. Hobbs. J. Walter ~ o ~ e , ' Andrew Hoi-sley, Canon Rlein, Sydney T. Lovegrove, H e n r y

74, 86, 97, 113

... ...

46 90

44, 85, 107, 141, 160 31, 67, 77, 83, 10.5, 145, 154, 167, 173, 174 ... ... 11 1

...
...
...

...

...
. ,

72, 160 42, 67, 72

1
1

Tuckett, J. E. S. Vibert, Lionel %7estropp, T. J.

...

... 44, 79, 94

Quatuor Csronatorum.

TRANSACTIONS OF T H E Quatuor Coronati Lodge 0 f A . F . G A.M., London,

BEING

THE

No.

2 0 7 6 .

VOLUME XXXII.
-- -

FRIDAY, 3rd JANUARY,

1919.

H E Lodge n ~ e t a t Freemasons' Hall, a t 5 11.m. Present:-Rros. Gordon P . G. Hills, lY.31. : .J. E. S . Tnclictt, S.lT. ; IT. J. Songhnrst, P.G.D., Secretary; Hcrbert R r a t l l c ~ . I . G . ; Ed\\-ard Armitage, P,>[.; a n d E. H . D r i ~ i g .P . M .
Also t h e follo\ving nleirrbers of the Cones1,ondenc~ Circle : Bras Lieut.-Col. George Harclay. P.G.D., H n g h C'llmberlancl, P.A.G.D.C., Thos. G. Den-, IT. J. Chichele Nonrse. P.A.G.D.C., C:. . J . Gissing. FT. J . Ball, Be11 Alexancler, P e r r y Alien, Geo. \V. Sntton. C. Gordon Bonsc,r. H. J. Atkinson, Arthiir Heiron. Walter Del\-es, R o b ~ r t colsell, P.A.G.Pt.. Hug11 C'. l<no\vl.es, P.A.G.Itcg., a s .J.l\'., Alfretl C. Silley. J a l u r s Scott, .John H. Pullcn. C. Jliller. George Bron-11. W. I)onglass, L. Hemens, 3lajnr A . Slitherland, ltohert .F. Sotl(1:-, H. S . U e a n ~ a n , Henr:- Hyde. F. IT. lc Tall. L. G. \\'raring, Hcnrg Harvey, Fi,ctl S. Tci.1.~. G. H. Fcnnell, F. Carpenter, TT. C . 1-llman. Algernon C'. ('ollins. P.A.G.I).C.. E. A. Szyd Ellis Ingrain. a ~ l t lG. H. Fi~llbrook. Also tlic folio\\ inp visitors :-I<. A . I<ing, of St. G t ~ o ~ ~ gLodge No. 370; F. G. t~'s Gadsdrn, JT.11. of tht, Pnrley Lodge No. 3136; Artllnr L. Gay, P.31. of t h e Soiithern C'ross Lotlge Nq. 6 (N.%.<'.); Gt~orge Logan. P.G.Sten..; George G. Griffiths. of t h e Anglo-Am:.rican Lodpe No. 2191 ; d. l<o\vatt Jlaxwell, of the Lodge of P t . J o h n No. 39; .l. 1%11rnrtt Collins. of the \I-alle~.Rodu-cl1 ITright 1,odp.e No. 273.5; Holvard J. Bonser, of the Fitzroy Lodge Nr,. .X$);d a ~ n i ~ s Gibb. of Mar?-'S Clial~clLoilge S o . 1 (S.C.); 11.

S. Barlet. P.G.St.B., E. Payne. 1-I. Johnson. L .

M'. C. I > i s , of t h r \\-ir.!illa~n J'odge No. 1924; ant1 Frailli 8 . TYilliams. of tllp Cripl)lrgatc
TJodge No. 1613. Lctters of a1)olog- for a b s ~ n c ewere r c l ~ o r t e dfro111 Bros. .John T . Thorl), P . G . D . . F.31. ; I<. H . 13aster; F. H. Goldncy. P.G.I)., P.31. ; Ed\\-ard Macbean. P.31. ; Ecln.ard Gen. 1,. Sharlilrs: P.31.; W. 13. Hextall. P . M . : I<'. J . W. Cron-e, P.A.G.I).C.. P.31. ; T. J . JVestropp ; a n d Cecil 1'on.ell. P.G.D.. P.31.
('ender, P.31.;

T m n s n c t i o n s of tlrr Qtrnttror

C'oronuti L o d y r .

Fonr Jlasonic Associations an:l thirty Brethren lrere admitted t o membership of the Corrcspondence Circle.

Thc Report of the Anclit Committee. as follons, n a s rcccired, adopted, and r*rtlered to be entcrecl on the J I ~ n l ~ t:c s --

The Conlnlittee met a t the Offices, No. 27, Great Queen Street, London, on Jlonclay, 23x1 December, 1918.

1'rctcnt:-Rro. Gordon P. G. Hills. 111 the Chair, with Rros. Dr. TV. IT>-nn\Testrott. J . P. Simpson, E. H. Dring. IT' J. Songhurst, Secretary, and A . S. Geclge, Auditor.
'

The Secretary produced his Books and t h e Treasurer's Accounts ant1 Vonrhers, ull;-h hacl been examined by the Anditor and certified a s being correct The Committee agreed upon the follolring

REPORT FOR

T H E YEAR

191P.

BRETHRES,
ITith very deep regret Ire record the death, during the past year, of Bro. Hamon le Strange, Provincial Grand Master of Norfolk; of Bro. John ROSSRobertson, P a s t Grand 3fast.er of Canada, P a s t Grancl Warden of England; and of Rro. Admiral Sir Albert Hastings Markham, K.C.B., P a s t District Grand Master of 3 l a l t a ; all valuecl members of the Lodge. Onr nunlhers are rednced to 32. The S t . d o h n ' ~ ('trrtl issued nnder d a t e of 27th December, 1917, shelved a total membership in t h e Correspondence Circle of 2,932. Of these 170 h a r e been removed : 54 by death, 47 by resignatioa, and 78 for non-payment of dues. On the other hand, 203 h a r e been added on elertion, and the total now stands a t 2,978, of 1lhon1, h o ~ r e r e r , abont 170 remain on t h e ' W a r List.' IYe d e s ~ r e o expresy n a r n ~ c s t t thanks to onr Local Secretaries [or nlnch good norlr perfor~necl under trying, conclitions. ' l h e death of Bro. Joseph Binnep, who had acted tor the Sheffield d i s t ~ i c tsince 1891, is n ~ n c hregretted. Bro. David Flather has very Yorkshire. kindly consented to take over the duties in this important section of The accounts for the > e a r encling 30th November last, which are herenith presented, again shew a loss in ~ r o r k i n g ,a result not snrprising considering t h e nnsettled condition of the norlcl. Tllo parts only of \701nnlc xxx. (1917) of the Trnnsnctions, with S f . .Tohn's Carrl, \rere pnblishecl. ancl these absorbed the whole of the amount in lcserre from the 1917 acconnts. learing a t h ~ r c lp a r t of t h e Volume still to be issued, and paid for. Subscriptions for 1917 receivecl dnring the past pear amounted to 220.5 19s. 6d., and this sum has been added to the reserve i n order t o provide for the cost of this third P a r t ; 1,014 11s. being similarly reserved for the 1918 Volume.

( I ' t ~ a , ~ s n c t i o of~ at h e (dclcctlto~C'oronrtti L o d g e . ~

Various important economies have been carried out in order.-to reduce the consuniption of paper \vitliout impairing the value of the publications, b u t the full effect of these will only be felt i n connection n i t h Volume sxxi. corresponding t o the year 1918. The first P a r t of this Volunle is well i n hand, and 15-e may expect during 1919 t o catch up soiiie of the arrears in publication. This, ho~r-erer,will only be possible if Brethren pay their subscriptioiis promptly. We inust again point to the large ainount of arrears slle~vnin the Accounts-373 11s. i d . being still due for 1918 alone.

Jve feel assured t h a t after Pence has been declared and business affairs generally assunie a more nornial conditionj our expenditure will fall to a reasonable level. F o r t h e Committee,

Gonuos P . G . HILLS, i n the Chair.

BALANCE SHEET, 30th NOVEMBER, 1 9 1 8 .

Liabilities.
Assets.

2
To Life Slembers' Fund (24.3 Members) . . . . . . .. Subscriptions, etc., recciretl in advance . . . . . . ,, correspondence Circle, 1917 ... Balance i n hand ., (10. l918 . . . . . . . . . .. Sundry Creditors . . . . . . ,. Sundry Creditors re Publications . . . . . . . . . ,. Profit and Loss Suspense Account, being outstanding Subscriptions as per contra, subject to realization . . . . . . . . . ,, Lad e Account- ;t: s. cl. ~ A n c e 30th Nov.. 1917 84 1 5 Receipts ... 3 3 3 2 Leas l'aymeiits 119 7 7 40 8 3

S. d .
1ly Cash a t Bank . . . . . . ., investment^, &1,300 Coiisols a t 60 per cent. . . . . . . ., Sundry Debtors for P i ~ b l i cations . . . . . . . . Sundry Publications ... . Furniture2 S. d. Balance 30th Nov., 1917 ... 18 -1 7 Additions during the year 6 16 0

l600 16 0 136 12 10 190 15 2 1014 11 0 21 13 3 17 9 9

f 293

S.

d.
4 O

780 O

..

1.3 7 0 41.3 3 6

-- 1 s 1.>2

Less Depreciation for the year ...

2.5
I

0
I

7
I

- -

.:

78 19 4

Sundry 1)ebtors for Subscriptions in arrear-1918 Corrrs1,ondence C i r c l ... 373 ~ 1917 ditto ... 203 1016 ditto ... 109 ... 42 1915 ditto ... 16 1914 ditto ... 10 Back r e a r s

17 13 0

11 i P G 9 11 0 9 11 10 1.3 10 752 18 2

,,

RepairsBalance 30th Nov., 1917 ... 80 0 0 hess Amount r r i t t e n off ... 20 0 O

.,

61 0 0 Profit and Loss Account ... 1339 7 11

2'1~trirrtrctio11rj t h e Qtctct~tor C'oroi~trtiLoclye. o

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

for

the year ending

30th November, 1918.

Dr. C

s. d . l

Cr.

To Salaries . . . . . . .. Itent. Rat:s ancl Tascs ,. Lighting a n d Firing .. Stationery . . . . . . ... .. Postages ... ... ,. Office Clcalling .. 1<~1lewals Ilepairs al!d ,. Insnrance . . . . . . .. T c l e p l ~ o n ~ , etc. . . . . . . 9 1 ., Carriage and S l ~ n c l r i : ~ ... 23 0 ., Local Secr.ptaries' Eipensez 3 2 .. Library Account . . . . . . 11 7 :. Uc~lweciation on F u r n i t u ~ e 7 7

4 s. d. 2 ('onespo~~clt~ncc Circle Joining Fees, 1918 .., 101 <j 6 1918 Snbscript'ns (i16 Ci 1916 clitto . . . A 13 O 6 1915 ditto ... 2 l 0 0 1914 ditto ... 7 13 $1 Back ditto ... 3 1.5 $1

S.

(l.

0 3 5 0 7

.. Back Transactions

. . . . . .

.,

Lodge Publications ... ., Various Publicatio::~ ... .. Interest, on Con. . . . . . 2:3 11 1 sols ,, 1)iscount-; . . . 20 7 6
----

29 O O 37 11 2 16 1.5 3

13 44 ,. Appreciation on I n r e s t ~ u e n t s 32 .. Jhlance carried for\\.ard ... 651

.. Life JIe~nbershipslapsed . . .

18 10 2 O 0 0 7 3

S . d. To Balance fro111 last Accolu~t P75 0 P 13alanc.c brought forward ... 661 7 3

..

This 11:~lancc S l ~ c e tdoes not include the \-slut, of tlie Library, J I I I S ~ I ~ and . the II~ 8tocli of Trcct1strc.tif~r1.9, is subjeet to the rc,alizatin~~ ~isscts. and of

I l i a ~ examinecl the above Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account \\.it11 the e Uooki and T-onche~sof tile Lodge, and certify the sanle t o be correct and in a c c o ~ d a ~ ~ c e theyen ith.

3, Great J a ~ l l e s S t r e ~ t , Bedford R o u . 1Y.C

Bra. J . E. S. l'rcne.~..~. rrlad the folio\\-ing 1):11)('r :

l ' l ~ e 0 1 g i t ~ o ] d t/(/itio/rnl L)el/rees. i

THE ORIGIN OF ADDITIONAL DEGREES.

F tlle lilany problems t h a t face tlle Masoilic student none surpass

in importance the question of the developnlent of primitive Masonic Instructiol: into separate exclusive ' Degrees ' with accompaiiyirlg Cerenlony or Ritual. The orthodox view, based upon Article 11. of the Articles of Union of 1813, is that primitive Masonry developed into tlie three Craft Degrees with tlie (English) Royal Arch, and then came to a permanei~thalt. Art. 11. runs thus:I t is declared and proiiounced, that pure Ancient Masonry consists of three degrees, and 110 more; z . 1 ~, those of the Entered Apprentice, the Fellow Craft, and the Master Mason, including the Supreme Order oC the Holy Royal Arch. But this article is not intended to prevent-lily Lodge or C!~apter from holding a meeting in any of tlie degrees of the Orders of Chivalry, according to the co~istitutio~ls the said Orders of Tlie ineaning is quite clear ' t l ~ r e edegrees, und fro ?,tore,' the R . A . being i11 soille ii,ysteri.ous sense . included ' with the rest without being itself a separate ' Degree.' Accord~ilgto this view those other Degrees (whicli for convenience iiiay be called Additional Degrees) are iiot real Masonry a t all, but an extraneous and spoiitaileous growtli springing up around tlle ' Craft ' proper, later in date, aiid mostly foreign, i . e . , non-British in origin, aiid the existence of ccuy such Degrees is by some writers condemned as a contalninatioli of tlie ' pure Ancielit Freemasonry ' of our forefathers. E \ e n !he English Royal Arch has been declared t o be an importation, and the the3ry of its foreign origin is still brought forward fro111 time to time. T1ii.s question of pure Ancient Masollry and the origin of Additioiial Degrees I propose to consider fro111 a different point of view, and I hope to be able to sliow that the opiilions which liave zo long held the field, and have been so confidently !nai~ltained,require very colisiderable readjustment i11 tlle light of the steadily grouing inass of evidence available. As i t is tlie o r i ! / i i ~or i~rcrptiotl of Additional Degrees which is in question, attention will be confined to such as appeared before the inidde of the eighteenth century, but it is iiot suggested tliat the year 1750 lias any special significance in c o i ~ u e c t i ~witli the discussion. The theory now proposed in opposition to the n ' orthodox ' view nlay be stated briefly thus :I. T h a t before 1717 Freenlasonry possessed a Store of Legend, Tradition, and Symbolism of wide extent. That froin 1717 the Grand Lodge, aelrctttty a l ~ o r t i o i l only of this Store, gradually evolved a Rite consisting of E . A . , F . C . , M.M., and R . A . That the restriction of the teriiis ' pure,' ' Ancient,' and (in a certain sense) ' Craft ' to the Degrees iiicluded i a this Rite is c c r b i t r c ~ r ~ , due solely to tlle accident and of s e l e e t i o i ~by the G.L. 11. That the earliest Additional Degrees were founded on o t h e r portioils of the sntttr Store. That they were founded by Britons, and are as nluc11 c British Institution as the G.L. Rite itself. That tlley are therefore entitled to recognition as a part of pure and ancient Masonry. The value of any particular Degree depends upcjn its own intrinsic merit wliich alone deternii~lesits right to continued existence. l 'l'l~e ~1311s~ V C ~ CO riling ' the degrecs of the Orcicrs of Chiralry ' is very crbscure, but docs 11ot affcct the a~guinent.

'

That there is no evidence that any Additional Degree of Foreign (i.e., non-British) Origin caiue to this country during, the period named. I n the following pages I think I may fairly claim to establish P a r t 111. I am, however, fully aware t h a t it is not so with either Parts 11. or I., and I want to make i t clear thas the theories therein contained (which are partly but not wholly new) are now put forward e ~ ~ e r i ~ ~ l e n in lthe hope t h a t they will be fully tested ta ly and discussed. It will be convenient to dispose of 111. first, and to do this requires h careful exaniination of all the evidence which points to the existence of Additional Degrees, either a t home or abroad, before 1750. The evidence easily divides itself into two parts, namely, that derived from foreign sources and that derived from the former. British sources. Let us comnlence The f o u n d a t i o ~ tlie Paris Lodge in 1725 by Charles Radcliffe has quite of recently occupied our attention (see S.Q.Cf., vol. xxvi., p. 22), and the only point which need be mentioned now is that the founders were all of them Britoils. If the existence of a Masonic Lodge ill an Irish-French Infantry Regiment from 1688 be admitted, then again the influence is wholly British, in this case Irish (see ;l .Q.Ci., vol. xxxi., p. 7). The account of Freemasonry given in C'Crkrno,~iese t C'o,rtrrtrres llrligiectses . . . Bernctrd I'icart. An~sterclam. J. J. Bernard. 1701. i u . , 1756, was written in 1735, either by the Abbe Antoiile Banier or the Abbe Jean Baptiste le Mascrier, or possibly by the two jointly. Banier was born a t Clermont in 1673 a.? died a t Paris in 1741, having attained to considerable eminence as an author. ;, lnb<714 he published his Historicor! Explanation of the Nythologicnl Fables, two volumes 12"" wliicli secured his adn~ission t o t h e Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres. Other successful works followed until in 1732 there appeared a t Amsterdam his two volumes folio of a Trmzslntion of Ovitll.s :lfrtatnorphoses with fine plates by Bernard Picarb. Le Mascrier was born in 1697 a t Caen and was also a prolific writer, his works includi~iga l1~crnslatior~ C'~YS(I~'s of Cfotrtnrentctries and a History of the Revolrrtion in the East Indies. H e died a t Paris in 1760. The two Abb6s acted as general editors of C'CrCtttonies e t Cfoctttttnr.s Rrliyietrses 2nd they superintended t h s re-issue of the earlier volumes a t Amsterdam in 1735-9. Banier's last publication was an entirely new edition (Paris, 1741 ;. 7 vols. folio) of the same work. Bernard Picart, born a t Paris in 1673, was the son of an engraver of whom little or nothing is known. The son studied Architecture under the famous Sebastian le Clerc, but lie followed the same profession as his father, and attained t o great fame thereill. The Picarts, being Protestants, removed from Paris t o Amsterdam, where Bernard became acquainted with and was employed by John Frederic Bernard, the famous bookseller and author, who was the compiler and part, author of the Cfr're'monies, &c. Bernard Picart died in 1733. Monsieur Simonnet, in his Iclte jtrste, &c. (MS. dated 1744), ascribes the account of Freemasonry in Ce'rtnzonies, &C., to Banier alone, but le Mascrier seems also to have published an account of the ' Religio?zs clu illoncle,' for the writer of a Lettre BpologCtiqrte poztr les Frnncs-Allcr~on.s, contained in the rare little volun~e entitled L'Ecole clrs Frcrrrcs--1fct~ons. (A Jerusalem, M.DCCXLVIII.), says that :-' Monsieur 1'AbbB le Mascrier dans ses Reliyiol-zs rlu .Uonde, a trace le ' Roman de nos usages; nBtant pas Frctttc--1itr~otlil lui Btoit iinpossible d'en Bcrire ' l'Histoire,' and dismisses it as a crib from Le Secret des Francs-Vncons (by the Abbe Gabriel Louis Perau (1700-1767) published a t Geneva in 1742). Banier, like le Mascrier, was a non-Mason. The account in Ctrtmofzies, &C., written in 1735 opens thus:I1 s'agit ici de la ConfrBrie Btablie en Angleterre sous le noin de E'reeilfassons, c'est-%-dire AIIassons libres, qui a essay6 de former deux ou trois Colonies eri Hollande. There is PO need t o quote any further, tllroughout the article the institution of Freemasonry is described as essentially Elrglish, and there is no hint of any Masonic developments in France or anywhere else passii~gback into England. The Newspapers, English and A'merican, of the years 1736 and 1737 contain rlunlerous little paragraphs announcing the appearance and rapid increase of Freeuiasonry in Paris and elsewhere on the Continent and tlie efforts of the Goveriiment 111.

to effect its suppression.' I t is always represented as an 611//71\h Society taking root in foreign soil, and there is no ~ i g n any nlovement in the opposite direction of I n any attempt to determine the origin of our English Royal Arch, or of any of the High Degrees, recourse is necessarily made to the fainous ' Oration ' certainly written if not delivered by the Chevalier Ramsay, and to the equally f,lmous tract by Dr. Fifield Dassigny. I n both of these there are passages which are of immense importance in the discussion of this subject, which, so far as I am aware, have never been noticed by previous writers, although they bear directly upon the theory cf a foreign Origin. These will receive attention in due course. Whetller Rainsay delivered his speech or not is doubtful, but i t is certain that he uprotr it. It was printed in an obscure and obscene Paris paper called the .:7,,1nrtctcA ( 7 ~ st'ocrrc for 1741 and is there said to have been ' pronounced ' by ' Monsieur de R Grand Orateur de l'ordre.' It was again printed in 1742 by Bro. De la Tierce in his H i < t o i r e Obligntions r t S t n t u t s , &c. . . . B Francfort sur le Meyn . . . MDCCXXXXII., De la Tierce says that it and was ' prononc6 par le Grend-Maitre des Francs-Maqons de France' in the year 1740. Later German printed versions say that the Grand Orator delivered the speech, but do not say on what occasion. A. G. Jouast ( n i s t o i r r d r ~ . O . , 1865) C says the Oration was delivered a t tile Installation of the Duc D'Antin as G.M. on 24th June, 1738, and the same authority states t h a t it was first printed a t the Hague in 1738, bound up with solne poems attributed to Voltaire, and some licentious tales by Piron (Alexis, born Dijon 1689, died Paris 1773). Bro. Gould remarks * . If sucli a work really existed a t that date, i t was probably the original of the " L e t t r e philosoplziprte par M . d e TT--, nvrc pllrsieurs piPrrs /~nlrrnte.s," London, 1757, and again in 1795; but Kloss, in 1,is " Bibliographic " knows nothing of it. Nevertheless Jouast was practically right. Mons. Simonnet, in his MS. of 1744 already referred to, makes very frequent use of the ' Dicco2tr.r d r J f r d r R a m c u y ' whicl~he says is to be found:dans le volume des Lettres Philosopha de Mr de Voltaire imprim6 L la haye en 1739. 1-oltaire's L e t t r r s Philo.ropltiqztes followed his Tragedy Z a i r e , and the book gave such offence by its profaneness t h a t warrants were actually issued for apprehending its author, who was forced to go into hiding a t Cirey on t h e borders of Champagne and Lorraine in company with Gabrielle Emilie de Breteuil Marquise de Chastelet. Thus Simonnet proves that Jouast's description of tlie first printed version of the speech is substantially correct (but t h a t t h e year was 1739 and not 1738) and at the same time clears up a hitherto doubtful point in Voltairean Bibliography. The final paragraph of Ramsay's Oration as i t appears in De la Tierce's book of 1742 conlmences thus : Des Tsles Britanniques 1'Art-Ro'ial comnlence B repasser dans la Frantta sous !9 regne du plus aimable des Rois, &c , &c According to Ramsay, therefore, France was a t this time rrcfizling Masonic siilightenment from England. Original documents preserved in t h e archives of t h e Grand Lodge of Sweden, which were first published as recently as 1892, state in the year 1737 the Baron (later Count) K. F . G. Scheffer received a t Paris in the ' Prince of Clermont's ' Lodge the three St. John's Degrees and also two Ecossois Degrees. Scheffer became a friend of Charles Radcliffe and flom him received a ' Deputation ' to constitute, Synlbolic Lodges in Sweden. (See Gould's Concise Hi\tory, p. 379.) Bro. P. Uuchaine f L n F . M . Brlgr a11 ,YT'ZfZe ,Ciic.Ir, p. 136) cites evidence of the existence of an Ecossois grade in 1733. I n illiscrllnnrn Lntornorlrm for June, 1914, I first drew the attention of Masonic students to a very early-one of the ~earliest-accounts of French
1

See .4.$).('. XXV., p. 3.53. See Gotild, IIisfory, 111.. p. '83.

It is from Lr J o l ~ r ~ ~cle l/'.-I i.occct Hnr7)it-r (v01 I1 , pp 148 aqzd rt Freemasonry. 149) and bear? date March of 1737, t h a t is the same inoiitli of the same year in which Ramsay was p ~ o p o , t ~ r to deiiver his Oration, more tllaii a year before g (according to Jouast) i t I I Y I ~ delivered, and considerably more tllan a year before i t was first printed with Voltaire's T , r t t r r s /'?117o\ol1?1ic/~trc. We can therefore safely assert t h a t the author, a lion-Mason, never heard of or saw the Ramsay Oration. Nos seigneurs de la cour o n t inventk, tout nouvelleinent, LIII o r d r ~ appel6 des frirltrrccons B l'exemple de I'Angleterre, ou 1 y a aussi 1 diff6rents ordres d e particuliers, e t nous ne tardons pas k iniiter les impertinences BtrangBres. Dans cet ordre-ci ktaient enrol6.: qnelques-uns de nos seigneurs d'Rtat e t plusieurs ducs e t seigneurs On ne salt quoi que ce soit des statuts, des regles e t de l'objet de cet ordre nouveau. Ils s'assemblaient, recevaient les nouveaux cl~.evaliers, et la premiere r&gle ktait uii secret inviolable pour tout ce qui se passait Comnin dr: pareilles assemblkes, aussi secrl.tes, sont tr&s dangereuses daiis 1111 Etat, & a n t composkes des seigneurs, surtout dans la circoilstance d u changelnent qui vient d'arriver dans le ministkre, M le cardilia1 de Fleurv a cru devoir ktouffer cet ordre de clievalerie d a m sa naissance, e t il a fait dkfense B tous les nl.ss<ieurs de s'assembler e t d e tenir d e pareils chapitres. r + This account is quoted in full in Dict. H i c t . (7r\ /tr.\f. L l f r ~ ~ ~tr .('outt11t1v.qc7r I(( F r n n c r , prrr d . C'?zirl~rl. I'nr~.s. 1873. Now this is capable of trro interpretations according to t b e exact meaning we assigr to the word ' inventk.' The first is tliat French courtiers were a t this time making u p or ot-ntitz,/ a Freemasonry of their own following tlle fashion set in England, b u t tlie new Masonry thus created was something quite different fro111 t h e English, and this reading is to some extent supported by t h e use of expressions such as ' chevaliers ' ' chevalerie ' ' chapitres ' If this iilterpretatioii is correct then Barbier must be passed as evidence t h a t the nianufacture of additional Masonic Degrees iu France was in full swing early in t h e year 1737, but even so he affords no evidence t h a t ally of the novelties were passing across t h e Channel t o England a t this time. B u t t h e paragraph may equally well mean tliat French courtiers had qrrite vece/rtl!/ founded or set u p Masonic Lodges after t h e pattern (i , working the same ceremonies) as t h e English Lodges worked a t home. I n point of fact, we k n ~ w t h a t this did actually happen a t tliis very time. The use of expressions ' chevaliers ' ' chevalerie ' and ' chai~itres inust the11 be excused as a blunder not ' very serious in a non-Mason. A s a further support t o the second interpretation we should note t h a t D r . Desaguliers and the Duke of Richnlond were present a t some of h e meetings, and t h a t i t is generally believed t h a t i t was the Duke of Richmond who initiated the Duc d'Antin, the future Grand Master crd 18itnnl of French Freemasonry, a t Aubigny in this same year 1737. I need hardly point out t h a t if t h e first i i i t e r ~ r e t a t i o nof Mons. Barbier's nleaiiine is tlie correct one. then some political feature in t h e new Masonry accounts for the violent opposition of t h e Cardinal-Minister Fleury, a secret enemy of the S t u a r t Cause, which is not easy otherwise t o understand. I those Brethren who possess a copy of U ? la Tierce's book will t u r n t o f the end they may possibly find there two pages of announcemeiits of books in Erench on sale by t l ~ esame publisher and bookseller, Franqois Varrentrapp, of f mill find I'rancfort. I these pages are p r e s e n t t h e y are generally missing-they amongst t h e books advertised two works by a Monsieur A d e la Barre de Beaumarchais (who must not be mistaken for the celebrated Pierre Augustin Caron do Beaumarchais, author of E'iqr/oro, &c ). The firet of these books is about Holland, Ancient and Modern; the second is announced thus : c7r Rrccunrnrchcri.~,-4 111 t ~ s ~ t / l r t zLifrrnit,rs 0 1 1 C'orrrslio~lrlrr~rr~ .s 7'oli:irl/~r, Historiqtte, I'i~ilosophiprte & p l n n t e . 8. 1738-39. 111. Tomes. It coiisists of a series of Letters, written froin various places a t various dates and containing racy note8 upon events of t h e day, which were thus collected and

T h r 0 r i g i 1 1 of

.I t?rlifior/crl J)r!/rer.q.

published i n book forin after llaving appeared i11 various Parisian newspapers or journals. Three of these letters contain references t o Freemasonry and (thanks t o Mons. Simonnet's MS.) I an1 able t o draw the attention of &lasonic students t o then], viz., I,rtter I . , dated Paris, 6th December, 1737; L e t t e r I T - . , dated Paris, 26th December, 1737; and L e t t e r 17Z., dated Francfort, 7th J a n u a r y , 1738. T h e last announces the opening of a new Masonic Lodge a t Heilbron. The first two contain a co~tterr/pornr!/account of the fanlous HCrault-Carton incident, which I aow translate : Lettre l"' Paris. le 6 Decemb. 1737 . . . Tlle famous Carton of tlie Opera succeeded in overconling i t (the secrecy of Freemasonry). About a year ago slle conceived the fancy t o discover t h e secret-cost what i t might. Very opportunely for her just a t this time a Free Mason began t o press his suit t o her favours. S h e demanded from him in return t o know in what consisted t h e Mysteries of his Order. F o r a long tiine h e declined t o satisfy her upon tlie one point while slle declined t o satisfy him upon the other. The unhappy lover thus found himself in the same fix as was Samson; a t last h e surrendered in t h e same way. T l ~ evictorious Carton conlmunicated t h e Secret t o Mr. H e r a u t Lieutenant General of Police. Now she boasts of having been able t o accomplish more t h a n Queen Elizabeth (of England) wllo could never obtain a similar confidence from the Earl of Essex . . . Lettre 4me Paris. le 26 Decemb. 1737. . . . It is t r u e t h a t t l ~ e Free Masons give out (according t o their excsllent plan) t h a t this new Delilah has been fooled jurt like tlie original one, and t h a t we have not discovered through 11-1- tlie answer to the riddle. It may be t h a t they are telling t h e t r u t h : b u t their niarked uneasiness and their secret conferences seem t o say t h a t they flatter thenlselves too i n u c l ~in this respect, and t h a t tlie vicer amongst them know it. Well Well ! W h y should n o t t h e Secret of this Society get loose soine time, like t h a t of so inany others? . . . My opinion is t h a t tlle F r e e Masons inay congratulate tllenlselves t h a t a Fraternity as numerous as theirs llas been able t3 exercise and weary for two centuries t h e vigilance of the Sovereigns of England. This fact is a credit t o their Order. B u t a t t h e same tiine thev must ccnsol? tllen~selvesa t being found out (now). W h a t vexes ine in this affair is this, t h a t a secret so long kept in safety in t h e bands of tlie English should have lasted such a very brief time when in ours. For further inforination concerning this incident and its consequence!: Bretliren are referred t o Bro Gould's I / l \ t o r y , v01 I I I . , p. 90, and t o his Paper in d . Q . ( ' . , vol. xvi., p 46 and 4 7 ; also t o Bro. Chetwode Crawley's Papers in .l.Q.C'., vol. ix., p. 84, and xiii , p 149. It appears t h a t HBrault having published a n ' exposure ' based on the docuineiit Ile received as above, this drew forth a reply of which tlie title is generally given as:-Rr'lrrtio~z crpologiprir et ?tictorigrte d e 1(i ,YociCfi drv 1'..1f., 1 ~ 1 r d.G 71.-lf Z~'.:l/., 7)crhI/n, C'lzr-. Pntrier Ot?onoko, 1738, 8vo. ( I t was really printed in Paris.) Mons. S i ~ n o n n e t frequently nlentions this 71'Clntiou, tY.c , b u t he invariably gives the second word in t h e title as npolor/r'fip/re This is t h e book which was burned a t Rome by the Public Executioner on 1st February, 1739, by order of t h e Inquisition a11j was supposed t o have been written - b y tile Chevalier Ramsay, and is ascribed t o him in t h e newspaper notices so often quoted. Mons. Sinionnet, who makes extensive use of this work and gives very copious extracts from it, certainly did n o t regard t h e Chevalier Ramsay as its author or h e would not have failed t o mentioil so interesting a fact i n connection with i t , and Bro. Gould ( H i s t o r y , vol. I I I . , p . 91) considered t h a t t h e internal evidence was sufficient t o disprove the Chevalier's responsibility for this tract. B u t wlioever the author may have been h e was quite certain t h a t Freemasonry was Englijh in origin and came t o France from England. I n none of the extracts given by

10

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Simonnet is there t h e ?lightect trace of a n y F1-et1c11 d e v e l o p ~ ~ l e n t 11as?illg i n t h e reverse direction. Another u o r k of ahollt tile same d a t e (1737 or 1758), entitled / i ' ( t . / r r i l / / P
l c i C h n ~ l s o ~ / s .7;;1lt,e ( l ? / / l f 1 . t ~ i ~ ~ l / l e t, f t . ; . ~ / / l r . ~ i ' r r, j f o ( , f 6 t ; r t

.I/~/~oII.~ js'r:rtrrt/i/$ !~r L i 1 1 .I I ' ~ i . ~ / c 17r.v Ii'r.xIjrt t r r l t l e s /,o!/e.y (/c I.'t.crtlc,e,' is provided wit11 a Preface I;?. ' le frkre R i c a u t . ' 31011s. Simolnlet d ~ a w svery largely up011 t l ~ i s ,b u t here, too, IIO s11c11 reference as we a r e reeking is t o b f o u i ~ d . This is one extract :-m
, . , fro111 t h e Ellglisl~Nation v,llere i t took its b i r t h (Freenlasoi~ry) l ~ a s passed t o illally otllers. . . . ( ~ E l ~ g l a n c lIler ( ; . v . , Free) nlasoilry's) owl1 chose11 Isle . . . clle Freemasonry referred t o being C r a f t only. A t A i x i n Provence i n 1704 was born J e a n Baptiste d e Beyet, afterx:ards While still very young lle adopted t h e Arniy as a p r o f e s s i o ~ ~ Marquis d'Argens.' in defiance of his f a t h e r , u h o promptly c u t hiix off wit11 t h e proverbial sl~illingor its local equivalent. H a r i n g served wit11 distinction a n d havilig received Iloilourable wounds a t Kell aiid Pitilipsburg, lle quitted t h e A r m y a n d renloved t:, H o l l a a d , where h e set u p as a nian of letters. Frederick William of l'rusria was his friend, a n d on 11is accessio~lt o t h e tllrone invited dlArgeils t o his Court a t Berlin, a n d appciilted hiin one of his Court Chamberlaiils. d'Argeiis reinailled i n Berlin for twenty-five years, a n d t h e n returned t o 11is ilative A i x , where lle died ill 1771. H i s nuinerous ~vritillgsa r e cl~aracterisedby a spirit of alltago~iism t c i t h e Cllurcll. a n d , ill fact, t o religion generally. They iilclude 7,r.trt.r.q . I / I ~ I ~ P . ~ , /,rffrrs ( ' / ~ i t l o i s r s , L r t t t . ~ . (~ ( e / ~ ( ~ l i . ~ f i q ~ r r s , / ' h i l o s o l i l t i r ' J,II tlrr ,Vrti.< a n d Allrt~~oites ,\'erret.< 1?r Irr R r l i r r l / l i q c e r (7rs L u t f / . e s . W h i l e i n Hollai~cl, d ' A r g e ~ i s publislled Let t r e t 7 ' 1 r t 1 ,V~ccc~ ~ c c ! / r ~ r l r p / r ! / . \ i , 1 ) : ~ . M t . l e . I / t r t ~ q r r i s I)'. I t . ! / r / / . < . 4 t t . t ? t t ~ ( ' h r z F r c e t r ~ o i s .July r/!ctrs / P / ) i l ' , V f e r ! / . 7 I I . l738 ( n l o ~ ~ t l l n o t stated). I t is a long a n d amnsing account of all t h a t t!le a u t h o r has been tcld a b o u t Freemasonry a n d its objects a n d aiins. H e does not refer t o E n g l a n d , Lut Ile has a ~lnostreinarkable reference t o Freenlasoils a n d K n i g h t s T e ~ ~ r l ) l r r t ~ . ~ : - J e ile leur conseillerois pas d e s'aviser d e vouloir prendre la place des Templiers, e t j e ne crois pas ilon 1;1us qu'ils y pensent. T h e reference? t o t h e Kilts. of S t . J o h i l of Jerusalem i n 1)ean Swift's ( ; r : e t ~ t l but t h i s is t h e , i i f i . < t r r s s , 1731, ailcl i n Rainsay's O t ~ r f i o t ~1738, a r e well ~IIOMTII, earliest so f a r traced allusion t o ally associatiol~ between F r e e m a s o l ~ s a n d t h e O r i g i n ~ lO r d e r of K . Tenlplars. I t sllows t h a t i n 1738 r u ~ l l o u r s of a ' Tenlplar Succession ' were i n t h e xvilld just before tile dattt, 1741, of V011 H u n d ' s ' P a t e n t . ' Silllollnet t r a n ~ c r i b e stlle 7 , r t t r r , I ' I I I I , \ ' ( r ~ r ~ i r ! / r in full, giving notes about tile autlior. H e says t h a t DIArgeiis was ' acln~ittodi n t o t h e Society of F r e e I\!acons ' a t Berlin i n 1742.' Tllere is a \7ery anlusillg account of t h e initiation of d'Arge11s ill t h e l J t . e j ( r r r A\-rrCss~eit.rt o L ' 0 t . t l 1 . e t l r s F . J f . t r , i l ~ i , (Cc.., 1745. A ( I ~ ~ . o . s s I ,Tv t / i r e t . . ~ ~, Ie . r b c o t ~ , Halle a n d Leil.>zig, 1739, ccntaiiis all artirle . / on Freemasonry i n wl~iclloccurs :11tj11

A s therefore i t is certain t h a t t h i s Brotllerhocd tcok its criyin i n Englaild a n d h a s tilere 1lluc11 i n c r e a ~ e d ,we must look upon t l ~ o ~ v h i c l ~ e h a v e spread i n other countries as descendeci tlierefroin, ancl this first occurred i n Holland ; but, t h a t is all t h a t collceriis o u r present e n q ~ l i r y . 111 1740 t h e r e appeared a piece i i ~prose wit11 t h e title L e . . I,'ti-.l/crt,o/t.q 11!/11(,t'tlr(rtltr. L I ? . : ' I f . . . 7' . . . I / ( I I I . Y l ? , S t t . ( r t ~ ( / . J / 7)Ccf _YL., 211d edition, 1742; t h e a u t l ~ o r ' s]lame being give11 as V i ~ i c - n t . T h e ' Avertissenlertt. ' states t h a t :1 N o t to 1 ) ~ronfi~w(lnit11 ' ~ ' I I ~ I I I . Y ,~Jr oIt .c~~ ' .I s, * I ; /
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.l Itr i.r ~ ~ r r i s z ~ r ~ r ~ ~ c ' t l c s T T e r t i r s . .i.;;.;.' i t is of mnch later date. Iitit 2 He was the. c,ltler brother of the 3loi1sit~nr e Rtr>-cr Jlnrqttir t l ' E t . n i l l c s n.llrr n.:1\ d leccirccl a i Fiolyt~oodh - Pi.incc Clial~lc~s Etlir-ard as accrc,riitr,tl A\ml~oss:lc!o~ from Tloui\ ST.
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Tllis piece was t o have been played by tlie ' C'omediel~sFranyois ' early j11 1737 . . . ( h q t ) certain ' contreteitts ' prevented its receiving tllis l i o u o ~ i r . . . F r e ? N ~ r o u r ywzs extrenlely fasllio~lablea t that. ti111e. Tllis piece j u 011 t h e wllole f l a t t e r i ~ ~t g Freemasons, t h e Secrecy, t h e Qualificatioils o required ill Candidates, t h e T e r r c r i17spirecl by tlie C e r e ~ l l o ~ iof Reception, a n d y t h e E x c l u ~ i o nof Ladies, a r e all dx'clt upon, together ~ v i t l lseine more o r less goodn a t u r e d r i d i c ~ ~ l e .I have not cenn t h e \vork, a n d an1 relgiug u p o n PBre Sirnonnet's accouilt of i t , b u t apparently it is C r a f t 3lasonry o ~ l l y which is represented. Bro. XVoodford tells us t h a t J a c o b To~isollwas t h e publisher a n d t h a t tlie a u t l ~ o r ' srectl ~ l a i l ~ e C'lellleilt d e Geni.re-but was who o r w h a t h e was ' does not q u i t e clearly appear.' B r o . Woodford implies t l ~ a ttlie Jesuits replied wit11 a Tragi-Comedy entitled K h t r t ? t c ~ ~ t i . x trrf Z r l l o l ~ i r ,i n derision of F r e e m a s o i ~ r y ,wliicll was produced it1 1741 a t t h e College I l i ~ b o i sa t C a e i ~ . 111 l742 t h e r e appeared a s~llall octavo book of 118 pages wit11 4 p p . of S31ips a n d Music wit11 t h e title : -i p r : l o ! j i r p o / 1 r l' 0 r t l i . c / f r . . l . ' ~ ~ t r i ~ c s - ~ l l r r ~I'rcr . ~ . . o/~ A i / r ~ t ~ l <?P r l ' O t ~ t / t ~ r .. l 7-(,c c ? r / l . t . ( ' J I : ~ I I . Y I I ~ ~ .I SI ~ I I . V & ~ . S ~ r CO I 1)!11, I , ( , /.'I.&I.I> .Ill, - - * 1 .l I I I I . .i I I ' Ie / I I 1 This edition is erceeerlj~lglyrare, b u t there is a l a t e r one published : - l t r H t c ! / r : C o s s r , I ) r r s : l V : 1 l t 1 / t / 1 c t Tlie E ~ i g l i s l ~ Origin is frequently referred t o i n t h e book, wllicl~appears t o lrlrow nothiug b u t C r a f t hIasonry. B u t ' L e fr'ere L4nl'ericain ' ( a n d t h i s is r ~ e c i a l l yiicteivortlly) 111eiltio11sby uaine t h e I k g r e e of C l ~ e v .d e 1'Aigle :A j o u t o ~ ~ s ii6tre Regle B Tii P o l ~ ~ u i Vous plaira f o r t qt C'e5t qn'ali Cl~evaller de 1'Algle O n boive 1111 g r a ~ r irouge bord. M e i t r e Vdni.rable, &c T l ~ c n o ' C'l~ansons occur a t !lie ellcl of tlie book a n d a r e not paged with tlie rest t ' of i t . This is tlie last verse of t h e secallcl song. Tl~e sallle year, 1742, saxv tlre publicatioil a t Geneva of L r , V r c , r r t clvs I . ' I . I I I / I ~ ~ . I / I I ~ I , I I . by t h e Abb6 Gabriel Louis Calahre I'Grau, a F r e i ~ c l ~ m aborn 1700, died ~l, a t P a r i s 1767, P r i o r of tlie S o r b o n ~ i e . H i s ~ v o r k s ji~clude(1) a A l / r t t ~ o iof. J r l , t , l t ~ r ~ l l i ! / ~ ~ o t t ,l ~ e l precocious clijld genius a n d friend of Grotius; (2) a C o ~ l t i n u a t i o i lof l'h r L i v c . ~ / 1 / 1 1 . ~ t t 14 io1r.v / . ' l , r i t c11 111 c 1 1 , c o a ~ i l ~ e n c e(but left unfiiiislled) by N. C'astres d c i ' l ~ ~ i v i g ~ i y . r ,Vtcrrrf dr.c /.'..U. i3 one of tlte earliest of tlie C o n t i n e i ~ t a l L ' e x l ~ o ~ i r e s . 'I have not see11 tlie printed book, b u t l have a coilteut~porary M S . Clopy, ancl t l ~ e r e r e tilauy pas?ages ~vliichsllow t h a t t h e .Abb13 h a d become possessed a of a n early E i ~ g i i s lOrigiilal, v . ; / . : ~ U ~ l ecliose plus g r a ~ i d e que v o u s parceque God eti a~iglois veut clire 1)ieu. There j s no reference t o a ~ ~ y t l ~ i b l g o l d t h e 31.31. Degree. i ey Tlre Rev. ' . I". A . XVoodford. i n his ( ' ~ / e 7 o j l c c t l i ! r , tells 11s t h a t , a c c o r i l i ~ ~ g 1 t o Klo.s, a certaiii Hro. ,I. U r i o t was t h e " A u t h o r of t h e first p r i ~ l t e dexpositioli " of tlie real ailiis of Freemasonry i n a work entitled ' L/,1 7 4 r i t t e l ~ l rI i o r t t . t r i t t l ' 1 1 1 1 I ' I - 1 1 1 1 . ' I I . I ; j C." Tlie correct title of tlie work ill question is as f a l l ~ \ v : s / , C / / I ~ -111. c[,, I ~ ! I I I . c(, ' I I I I . ~ ~ ;cIv ~ ~ . A l l t ~ , j e . ~/c, It'oi I?? I ' ~ I ? o ! / I~ I~ C c; / / ,\'/I f4 Z I I, ( ? I , J , o I ~ ~ ~ v t~ 111, ~ X,I I I / . I l f r . ~ . c c , l r ( ~ t 0 1 ~ 1 1/1 r 1 ' 1 , i 1 / c r Z ' I I T ~ I ~ ~ I I~ I < I I ,T - I . ; I ~ ~ , I I I . E r : .l/ r111711.c / r / : I / , o ! / r t l r l ' ( - 1 l i r 1 1 1 ,6 ~ ~ ' l ~ t l ~ r c f r ~1.1 t, / l l i / / r f . 1 t 2r t ~ , . J,I:P
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-I/~,I/II.

11011s. S i ~ n o ~ i l i e t makes very frequeiit use of this publication. I t is reprinted ill f u l l i l l /,'/:'czt~lr ( / C . . I . ' I ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ . ~ - 4 8~ /aInId~ c I I~I i. t~ ,i ~~ o t l l i ~ loutside tlte C r a f t 17~ , Io a i ~s g Degrees. Of Uro. de la Tierce, jvllo was tlie a ~ ~ t l l o r l 1 i . s f o i i . r O l , l i ! / ! ~ / i o ~ / .Pq/ , 4 ' f , r t r l f r of t l v l</ / l ;.v l ~ , ~ l l ; ~ ~ t l ~ Illl / / ' l , l f , / , / / i f ; dl,.S / ~ 7 1 ~ t e l l c . v - ~ / ! l ~ c. ~ / s f ' lv l . . l + ' l ~ ( l ! l ~ ~<f! IlTl ~Te . ~ I I . I : " I I I I I ~ S I ~ II I I I ~ C ~ X X X X .I, iiot very ii1~ic11 is ki101i~11. I 11e was clearly a F r e ~ i c l ~ ~ n a u ,t d t h e letter \vhic!l colllcs i i l l ~ ~ ~ e d i aatfe e r t h e ~ ill tl~

1)edication t o Baroil Gottllart vou Kettler 1 " tcllj us t h a t iie co~nposeclthe work 1 i ) ~ Loizdot~ in 1733, and thak i t was approved by the Lodges f1tet.e. But in tile k>ook as published we have a full report of tlle Chevalier Ramsay's Oration, which was ilot printed until 173!) zs we have seen, therefore i t is clear tliat d e la Tierce o ~ ~ e r h a i ~ llis wcrk a t sonle time later than 1739. Dr. Anderson is said (by Bro. led U700dford in tlxe C'yclol~tedicc)t o have been a friend of liis and t o be indebted t o Ilim for help with t h e 1738 edition of t h e Boo/; of C'otrstifcrfio~rx, u t it is just as b likely t h a t t h e 1738 C'uirsfitctfiotrs helped de la Tierce with his revision for llie press. Unless the Ranlsay speecli be regarded as sucli, there is no reference t o additional degrees, and thz English Origiri is 6xpressly recognized (p. 197). Bro. Gould ( H i s t o r y , vol. I I I . , p . 141) gives a transcript of Article 20 of the Regulations issued by tlie Graiid Lodge of France on 11th L)ecen~ber, 17-23 20. As i t appears t h a t lately (tlie day of Clermont's electiorl as G.M.) :-Art. some brothers announce themselves as Scots Masters, claiining prerogatives i11 private Lodges, and asserting privileges, &C., &c. This important Regulation will claim our attention again later. from tliose expressed in tlie A s for M. Simonnet's own opinions-apart docuninnt.?, included or traiiscribed by him-Freemasonr>- is Anathema I ~ ~ c t r o sit e 1.5 English, i ~ e c r t r ~ . ~ ehails from England t h e accursed, t h e home of heresy and it free-thinking, where Papal Bulls create no panic, and where t h e Holy Fatller of Rome is b u t lightly esteemed. T o this t.he111e ile returns again and a g a i n Call one hope t o gatlier good f r u i t from so evil a t r e e ? one urliose sap and nurture are derived, &C.,&C.,$c. Such is the Society of Free Masoiis in England. . . . Did not the English introduce this Society into France and other Catholic States purposely in order silently tliere to undernline Religion, &C., &C., &c. ~ Aucl so forth. B u t never a word of ally contributioil f r r ~ t tFrance t o Ellgland i11 exclla~lge. M. Simonnet's MS. is dated J u l y , 1744. By the way, lle asserts tliat Monsieur ' Rapin Toiras aux fcr.sfe.3 tl'.47rgletet,re 11 volu~ne states t h a t Free' lliasonry was founded in England in 1692 during the reign of Queen Mary, spouse uf Willianl 111. I liave not been able to verify this reference. L P llrrr,~(ri? AIIctrotc ort 1e.y T7triftrble.s S e c r r f s tlrs qrccctre yt.rtrlrx tl'.Apret~ti.s, (:'r~tirl~oyur,t/~, ,IlctFtrrs orclitrtrires et Ecossoix, tl'x., 1744, tells of several Ecossois Degrees, and says t h a t ' this variation of Freenlasonry begins to find favour in France. ' L a I~'t.nt~c--lIccrotrt~e . . c . ItccZctt~e . . . Nrcc.rrlles, 1744, states t h a t Free~nasonry possesses seven Degrees. Del. a i c ? ~ srlbst z,ertl~eitlige/rt/e I*'.-l/., Fr-ailcfcrt and Leipzig, also of 1744, refers t o the election of tlle E a r l of Derweiitwater to succeed ( s i r ) J a ~ n e s Hector Maclean as G.M. of France, clid thus acknowledges a British influence. L e Sceclrr Bonlpcc, or/ 1tr Loge 011zqrrte cttrx p r o f n ~ r e . ~ , 1 1 1 ~ fr(rtic-ttrcc~otr., pctr r j Cfosttiol~oli.*, 1745, alludes t o the connection with t h e Knightly Orders, as do also tl~e 2nd and 3rd editions of C'cttCc11int)le clrs Frrrtrcs-.llcr~otrs, declii r t r ~ br,c~~( sexe; Leotcro.cl Gtt7~n)rotr;ci .7&rrt.~ctfe1/~ Liitioyes. 1st edition 1740, 2nd edition 1747, et 3rd edition 1749. The author's real name was Louis Travenol aiid the book was printed and published a t Paris. L'01,tlr.e cles F r n t ~ c . s - J l t r ~ c ~trcthi et L c Secret d e s JIolj.xes t.r'rlPli. * l t~.s A / ~ r s f e r d t r / ) r . M . D C C . X L V . , is another work of t h e ' exposure ' type. It a l ~ o asserts tliat : It was in England t h a t the Free Masons (Society) took its birth, and t h a t Frailce was iiidebted t o Ellgland for ' le bonheur d'dtre Fraiic-Maqon.' The whole body of the work deals with tlle Craft Degrees only, b u t there is a nlo~L i~iiportantfootnote ailiiouiicing t h e appearance of ' Ecqssois ' Masonry-of which I shall liavr some lilore to say presently. The author is apparently trr~t the Abbd L a r u d a ~ l who follou~edwith his L r s >'. -11. h'ct~t.xis,Stiifr (111 Licqrr i t r t i f t ~ l i , 1,'O c f e . ~ l . h i ;I ;lrt~stertl(t~tc.1746. 111 1748 there appeared the first edition of 7,'ts'cr~lc.rlrs j ' t . t r t i c . . v - . l l * r ~ o ~ ~ . ~ . .i Jrrc~.~cttleit~. . D C C . X L V I I I . , a very interesting little book wit11 a very graceful M

T h e Oriyitr of .Itit/itior~tr/ Drl/rer.c

c>ngraved frontispiece. Tlie references t o Ellgland are inally, :Nous sonlilles &Iacoiis Libres ?-C'est la traduction d u ternle Aiiglcin. ( P 13.1 Les Allglois-L'l~eureuse Nation qui nous traiisn~it le ilioyeii le plus facile d'assurer le bonheur. (p. 43.) I'Angleterre seule en conserva toutes !es coii~loissaiices (de 1'Art Roi'al) . . . c'est de 12 m&nle qui'il s'est repalidu d a m 1'Uuivers. ( 72.) P But tlle book touches upon liotllillg beyond the three Syiiibolic Degrees.
oJ (1

1)r. Oliver, ill H r ~ ~ ~ l t t t i o n s/ I ,{'pltnrr (!855), p. 6 9 , cites ' T l t r Trstcot~e,trt of I~'t.ertti/t.sotr; ort Ir Trsf/lttccttt c/u C'llelwlier Crtrctf,' a Brussels publication of . 1746, said to be translated fro111 a n Eilglisli origillal which Bro. Drillg has been unable t o trace. Oliver describes the work as a "pretended revelatioii of Martill Clare's revised lectures and cereillonies ' a r i t t e i l by a disappointed candidate for Grand Office. It is very unlikely t h a t ally English Original ever existed. Lcs P1~1.s,5cca1.cf.s Al/!j.sfrrrs tlrs Nctccfs (it.nt/rr; tlr la Xnrotricrt~ir t l l ~ ~ o i l r ' s , ort / c 17r/ti Rose-('roi.r, T t , t t t / ~ t i tt7r / ' . l t ~ y l o i s ; .sctiz,i U I L S o / t c h j t r , Trttdtlit tJu /'.lltctt~t. l t t t t t t . M.DCC.LXVIII., is a well known work by ' M. d e ' Berage, Cllevalicr d e 1'Eloquence de l a Loge de M. de Saint-Gellair, Chevalier ' Coinmandeur-Lieutenant, Inspecteur-G@iiBral des Loges Prussiennes ell France, ' l'an de l'Ordre. 4658 [ s i c ] . ' I t gives a full accouiit of seven ' additional ' grades.l My reasoil for'ment,ioning it here is t h a t the Catalogue of the Worcestershire Masonic Library and &luseum, edited by Bros. Taylor and H u g h a n , 1891, If this exists it p. 43, cites an edition of this work of tile year M D C C X L V I I . conies within t h e period I an1 considering. Some writers refer t o a work entitled I , ' d ( i r l ) f J/clqotl, of the year 1747, but I have 110 knowledge of its contents. The above is a representative collectiou of tlie evidence t o be derived froill / o t , e ~ y tsources witliin the period selected. ~ Except Ralusay and ' Le Frhre Aiil8ricaiii ' all are foreigners, i~lostlyF r e n c h i ~ ~ e n . Practically (111 recognize, and ttio\f of theill lay eillpllasis on, the British Origin of Freemasonry. The majorily show tto L t t o ~ i ~ l c t ~ (~/ /~ r anything other t h a n tlle Syinbolic Degrees. W i t h t h e r f I of doubtful exception of Barbier (1737) and t h e vague coupling of Freenlasoilry with the Knightly Orders by D'Argens and Rainsay, there is no fot-eigtl nlentioil of Additional Degrees before 1742 (from allicll date tlie foreign references beconle illore and inore nunlerous and ample-the reason for this will appear later). B u t SOSE afiord any indication of such passing t o us froin t h e Continent. The exanlinatioii of the Brltisli evidence will colnplete P a r t 111. of lily thesis and will lead t o P a r t s 11. and I Everything points t o a n extreme sinlplicity in Ceremoilial in the early days of Freeillasonry before t h e advent of Grand Lodge and central control. B u t there exists a mass of evidence which sllows t h a t long before l740 (and also long before 1717) Masonic Symbolism and Legend were undergoing a process of growth and development, a process which nlay fairly be described as a brjilgiilg u p t o d a t e of the Traditional History in t h e Old MS. Constitutions, thus paving the way for, cttrr7 ~trol*i(litzg h c t t l c t f r r l ~ lfor, Cerenlony or Ritual f whenever tlie time sliould be ripe for its appearance. I n a n Addendum 1 have brought together a large nunlber of pieces of evidence railging fro111 1638 t o about 1750 containiiig ind~catioils of something beyond, i . e . , additional to, what we know as tlie Sylllbolic or Craft or S t . John's Degrees. The earliest direct nlention of tlie Third or Subliiile Degree of a Master Mason, either in p r i n t o r manuscript, is of date 1723, b u t Bro. Rev. C. J . Ball has proved t h a t what I inay perhaps describe as the essential inaterials of t h a t degree existed for a n r:ncertai~i b u t loilg period before the creation of the Grand Lodge, and according
1 Parfait 3layo11 E h , Eln de l'brignan, El11 de.; Q I I ~ I I ZPetit Architrcte, Grancl P. tirrhitt.rte. (:her. d~ l'fi!~+ p t tle Rose Croix, Le Noachite nu Chev. Frussiea. The (late 4/;3H is a slil) for 47.35.

IG f . J l a r k s a n d P r o f . IJayter-Lewis t h e Story of Fliraln Abiff is a t least as Pro old as t h e fourteenth cent~1ry.l However t h a t Illay be ill fact, fro111 t h e ilioineiit ~ l i e i la Legend of t h e F i r s t Teinple a n d a Loss becaine p a r t of R'laso~lry110 long interval would elapse before t h e appearance of a f u r t h e r Legend of a Recovery aitd (as likely as ~ i c t )of t h e S e c o ~ dTemple, if indeed tliese v:ere iiot associated togetlier fro111 t h e beginnillg. W i t h t h e Teillple a t Jerusaleiil occupying a prolnilleilt place i n X a s o l ~ i cteaching i t would have been a11 b u t ~ ~ ~ i r a c u l o u s liad o u r ancient Brethrerl's attention 1107 been d r a w n t o tlie woilderful story of t h e Crusaders a n d tlieir mighty building a c h i e v e m e ~ ~ t sa n d Legends of Kliiglltly , 3lasoiis with Sword a n d Trowel v o u l d follow. as a m a t t e r of course. N o r would t h e mysterious B r o t h e r l ~ o o dof tlie Rosy Cross fail t o inlpress itself up011 tlie m i i ~ d s of t h e Speculative m e m b ~ r s of tlie f r a t e r ~ l i t y . I t must not be iinagilied t h a t I . v-is11 t o i n ~ p l y ?bat i n these early days a n y t l l i ~ i g of a C'rrr~tiortiiel n a t u r e was a t t e m p t e d , b u t I do suggest tljat tlie reading o r reciting of these legellds formed p a r t of t h e Lodge labours of our ancient Bretllren wlien tliey ' talked Masonry ' a n d tliat all members were eligible t o be present a n d no doubt c o ~ i t r i b l ~ t e . So t h a t v;lien, ill 1638, Adamson, i n liis .l/~~.vr.x' ?'hret~otr'ir, brackets togetlier as n e a r akin tlie illysterious F r a t e r n i t y R.C., t h e mysterious Masoll W o r d , atid t h e lllystericus Gift of t h e S e c o ~ i dsigllt h e does so because all association betweell thein was already a n accepted pai-t of Masollic tradition. Again, xv11en 1)eail Swift i n his I:t~~rtttl Jli.xti,rss (written 1727-1729) tel!s of : Tlie K:~jgl?ts of ,\'t. ,J/lh/i of Jr1.11s111rtrl t h e Kliights of . l / t r l f ~ c ,t o or w l ~ i c l tw-o Lodges T n ~ u s tilevertl~elessallow t h e H o ~ ~ o u r Ilavilig ~ of adorned tlie aucieilt . J P I i.yh a n d I ' ( I < J ~ IMasonry wit11 inally Religious I I a n d C11ri:tiall Itules n l ~ dof : t h e famous old Scottisll Lodge of Killwil~ill, tile Deh11 i~ i n v e ~ i t i ~ iag new t h i n g (whic!l if i t were , I ~ I I , would be pointless), iiot h u t is givilig cxpressioli t o a well recog~iized p a r t of legendary Craft lore. Tlie Chevalier Ramsay, again, i n 11is Oration of 1738 tells us of t h e ' i ~ l t i m a t e1111iou' set u p Fztweetl t l ~ eblasonic Brotherl~ood a n d tlie ' Chevaliers d e S ' J e a l ~ d s J e r u s a l e n ~ , 'of t h e Second Templeaancl sword a n d trowel, of ' K i l w i ~ ' ill t h e \Vest i c;f Scotlaild, a n d t h a t i t was ' In Scotlaild t h a t o u r Order was prererved ill all its ' spleildour.' Ramsay was 110 inore tlie i n v e ~ i t o rof these stories thaii wits Swift, n,llo said nearly tlie sallie thitlg tell years before, or 1)r. I l a s ~ i g i l ysix years later. F o r I)ast.igny tells us that, : \!ere it expedient, i t could easily be proved t h a t tlie Knigllts of .I/ctlf(e, a n d illany otlier religious orders a n d societies, did borrow their solellill usages froiii our alltieilt fraternity. 111 1737, tile yea? before Ralbssy's O r a t i o ~ l a ? first pli~itecl,a writer ' J a c i l i ~ ~ a ' ill l h e ('r,teit s ~ i i , r t ~ n d tlie ( ; ( , I / tla r i c t r r ~ ' . .Il,ry~rzittr supposed t h a t t h e Title ' Graiicl a ~ 3 l a s t ~ ' was borrov.rccl fro111 t h e Kniglits of N a l t a . A n d i t is rjllite clear tliat tile r Jlarquis d'Arge11s ill 1738, ~ v l ~ ehn t l ~ i l i k st h e Masxiic Brotllerllood w o i ~ l d be e ~liowing Lut little ~ r i s d o mif they songllt to take t h e place of t h e K n i g h t s Teiilpla~,s, i i referring t o c u r r e n t theories of Slaso:~ic ' Teiliplar Successio~i.' T l ~ eKniglltly Orders references ill tlie .\'c.rrr/c ~ Z ~ J I ~ (1745)I a.nd i n Traveiiol's ( ' , ~ ~ P ~ . / I ~ . s ~ofI . v I ~ ~ I I l747 aiid 1749 Illay be regarded ill a s i ~ n i l a rmaltiler. Efere and tliere, l~ossibly I,rtoi.c 1717, certainly just t r / t c t , t h a t d a t e , Bretllrell were strivilig t o trailslate sc;liie of t l ~ e s eIegei~dsillto action, ; . v . , Cereluonies o r 1)egreeh. This is not niere co~ijecture,for tlie researcl~esof Bro. E d w a r d S r n l i t a g e a t tlie Uodleial~resulted in tlie discovery of tlie so-called ' Naeoiiic Forlnnlze ' ill Robert Saulber's 11atida - r i t i ~ i g ,l)rovilig c o ~ ~ c l u s i r e lty a t lie, either alone or ill associatio~iwit11 others, h was, ill about tlle year 1721, engaged i n tl~i::sort of eilterl~rise. This fragulelit

' Cioln!]nrc also : - ( l ) 1'111% 011try for 24th .TIIII~'.1721, i l l tllti .\lilllltcs of C:.T,. : , ( , l a t i ~ ho\v I%m. ~g 111.. I<clal \\-as i11stallt.d ill ' Hir:tnl A1)iff3.; C ' l ~ a i ~I t11c Grant1 .\lastcsr's ~ I l r f t Hancl.' This 'clntry ' is. I I ~ I Y ~ I -of I .latcr date tlitril t11c. all,qctl oc.cal.1.t.11c.p. (2) P , r llle long nc,c,o~ii~t H ~ I . R I I I i l l 1111' 7723 1%ookof ('onstit11tio115 of Aljitf \\-l~icll :I proof t11;~t is tlie 1,c~yentlof the 111' \\;IS alrc:ttl~-a 11al.t of Jlasonic Tratlition.
1

of ritual greatly e n l ~ a l ~ c e s ~ ecvitleutial value of the well kllo~r.11 expressions in il Sanlber's Preface t o I,otr!/ L i l ~ e r and also, be it said, to the 3Ia::onic under-111ea11i11g ~.~ oi the n ~ a i l lbody of tl1:tt c,l~.iollsv:crk. Again, tir- Diary of Rev. \V. St111reley records tire illstitutioll of tlte ' Order of t l ~ eBook ' c;r ' Rai11ai1 I<nightl~ood '--I \ . / ~ i ! / h f l r o o t / ,please note the expressioll-in 1722, and furtlrer t h a t it was act~ially aorkcd is :11own by the later entry of t h e 3dnlissioll of Lords H e r t f s r d and Wincl~elsea. Wiietller this ' Order ' was connected wit11 hfasonry or n a t , t h e entry in t11e Diary is proof t h a t Stukeley-a Freemasoil-was a t work fralllillg a Ceren~oilialOrder ( r t l t l rr'ot.hirr!/ i t , i . e . , conferring it upon ' candidates.' The R . A . is met wit11 i t / ctr171r!/o in 1723 in t h e first Book of Collstitutions ' The well built Arch ' (see Addendum No. 7), and again in t l ~ eCatechisms of 1723 ' The Raiillcow ' and 1724 j d d d e i ~ d u i n No. 8). T l ~ e appearance of ' Gentlemen Masonr ' with distjllctive ' Badges ' in 1725 (Addendum No. 11) is higlrly s ~ ~ g g e r t i v e the ligllt of later references, such as, for example, Banner X I X . in in the / / ( r t / r y t t i t r I . ' r r r ~ ~ r ( ~ . v oProcession (see .i .(,).('. xxi., p . 151) : tr X I X t l l Bailiier Royal Arcll-Six Gentlemen ;Ilasons Two, Fearing the Pageant Colnpare with tliis t h e Youghal Procession (Addenduni No. 33). W h a t , me nlay ask, does A r t . IT. i11 the 1723 C ' o i ~ s t i t r r t i o ~mean when i t grants t-o the W.M. of ~s ; I , o t / ! / r authority to congregate t h e nlembers of his L o r l r / r illto a C ' ? t ( r / ) t r f l : And what was it t h a t happened t o tliose three Brethren i n 1734 wllen they were ' made Chapters ' Ey D r . Desaguliers as reported by Micky Brougllton 1 /.-l .().C. x x x . , p. 190.) Anci what was llle ' Rule of Three ' w h j c l ~ a X a s t e r n ~ u s t t i l ~ d e r ~ t a n d in 1726 ? f4 . xxiii., p. 324.) I n spite of the opinion expressed by Bro. H u g h a n in his Ori!/irr o f t h e E t r q l i ~ I r K i t r (p. 72), t h e first of the To.o f , r f f e r s t o rr F r i e u t l signed ' Verus Coillmodus ' (reproduced in Gould's / / i s t o r ! / , vol. 1 1 j affords ample evidence t h a t t h e R . A . was rco,.I,.erl ill 1 1725. I n ;l.(,).C'., vol. xxx., Bro. Songllurst has convinced us t h a t t h e authcar of t h e I , ~ f t r , t . sis speaking of D r . Desaguliers: H e inakes wonderful Brags of being of tlie F i f t h O r t l v r . . . ~ l l e * Doctor pretends, !le llas found out a Nysterious, I / o c . ~ r . ~ - ~ ~ Word, ~ ocr~. wllicll belongs t o the . - l ~ r , r t h e ~ ~ rpronounc'd against Ananias and n Sapllira . . and h e f a r t h e r pretends, T h a t against ~ h o ~ l ~ s o e v s r Ile (as a Member of t h e /<'?fth O r t l r v ) shall pronounce this terrible Word, the Person shall i ~ l s t a n t l ydrop down dead, as they did. The use of tlie expression ' fotr11d ' is, perhaps, not specially significant, b u t t h e reference to t h e T ~ t r a g r a i n m a t o i l (which we recogilize by its traditi3nal propertie?) and its association with ' the Fifth Order ' are, to my wav of thinking, conclusivc. W e kilo\\. from Dassigny t h a t iu its early days t h e R . A . was ' a n organis'd body ' of n?en who have passed t h e chair,' and llence t h e five steps :-(l) E.A., (2) F . C . , (S) M.M., (4) Chair, (5) R . A . The Ritual of 1730 with its allusion t,o .-(The Word) ' ~ h i c h was once lost, and is now found ' ( A d d e n d ~ t m No. l5), is ort thy of notice. Rro. W u g h a ~ l ' sconcluding remark on the Verus C ' . ~ ~ n i ~ ~ pessage is : odus

. . . but cwtairlly t h e equivocal reference t o such a position, rank, c r dignity [ i . e . , the fifth Order] callnot fairly be assunled as describing the R . A . Degree, a t a tilne when a p p a r e ~ i t l y was not known to exist. it
I t shoulcl ,be unilecessary t o point out t h a t it is the Tetragrammatoil reference n l l i c l ~ ' describes the R . A . Degree,' not tlle inenticn of a ' fifth Order,' whicli, I~ouever;as has been sllown, fits in exactly witl: wliat we learn a little later fro111 T)a'ssigny in the pasEages referring to the R .A. in his ,Vrriotcs rortl I t t r / ~ r t r t i r r / h'~tqrlii.,~/ (1744). This has been so a d n ~ i r a b l ysuillnled u p by Bro. Hughail in liis O t , i ! / i i l of tire E t ~ ! / l i . s h R i t e t h a t I need not repeat one word of it here, a n d will rest content with giving t h e reference t o t h e edition of 1909, pp. 74-76.

Tlle two old Stirling Brasses show t h a t by the middle of tlle century quite a number of additional degrees were in working order ill Scotland. And ilow we inust consider the interesting question of tlie p a r t wllicll Freemasonry undoubtedly did play in tlle activities of the adherents t o the Cause c tlie Royal House of S t u a r t . The disastrous failure of the expedition of 1715 convinced t h e Jacobites t h a t from K i n g James 111. (the Old Pretender) nothing f u r t h e r war t o be expected in t h e shape-of active personal leadership upon the field of battle. B u t although schemes involving a n appeal t o arms were for the time in abeyance, their hopes and trust in the f u t u r e did not fail, and the power and influence of t h e S t u a r t P a r t y continued to be rt serious menace t o tlle Hailoverinn occupant of the Throne of England. Indeed, a t no time froin the accession of George I. t o t h e final desertion of t h e S t u a r t Cause by tlle King of France after Culloden (1746), could the K i n g of England rle f u r t o be sure t h a t he would not sooner or later be forczd to quit in favour of t h e Prince who to tlie Jacobites was tlie K i n = ( l p J I I W . During t h e years wl~icll followed the failure of t h e '15 the Jacobites a t home a n d abi-oad were busy with the work of organisation and co~~solidation, e building u p of t h e resources of th t h e party in prepartition for the struggle which must b e fought t o a finish before t h a t great day when the K i n g should enjoy his own again. T o help on this work no stone was left unturned, no possible source of strength ignored. To the master minds of the Jacobite movervent the institution of Freemasonrv would seem t o possess points of very considerable interest and very possible importance and utility. During the ten years or so wllicll followed the formation of Grand Lodge t h e Craft had been more and more prominently displzyed before t h e eyes of the public. T11e distinguishing feature, one t o arouse curiosity and wonder, was t h e alleged inviolable and impenetrable secrecy of the Order. A n d , as we have seen, these were years of Masonic innovation or rather development, ~ n e a n i n gby t h a t the development of Masonic Legend into Ceremonial or Degree form. The privacy of Masonic Lodges would recommeild then1 as very convenient secret and safe meeting places b u t for t h e fact t h a t Masonry being known to Jacobite and Hanoverian alik2 could afford n o serviceable cover t o either. Very many of the leading Jacobites, noblemen as well as commoners-especially amongst the Scottisl~ Illembers of the pcrty-are known t o have been of the Craft and t o some of these occurred t h e plan of creating a Freelnasonry apart, to be made subservient to the Cause they had so much a t heart, with Ceremonies and secrets peculiar t o itself and jealously guarded from even t h e ' Masters ' of ordinary (that is Craft) Masonry. B u t accompanying t h e activities of the Jacobite P a r t y aiming a t the Restoration of t h e House of S t u a r t , there was a very determined campaigu in progress on tlle p a r t of the Roman Catholic Church aiming a t ailotller Restoration-that of the Papal Power in Great Britain. Bro. Chetwode Crawley, in A .Q.C., vol. xxiv., has shorn-11 how the appearancz of the first Book of C o n s t i t u t i o ~ ~ s with its ' Charges ' in 1723 was immediately followed by the active and persisteiit hostility of t h e Church of Rome directed against the Craft, and the idea t h a t the G.L. of London was, so t o speak, in Hailoverian liands, must have contributed not a little t o accentuate this feeling. The Gormogon Society, wllich first appeared in 1724, was very distinctly llostile t o t h e Craft, very clearly Jacobite in its sympathies, and is generally considered to have been of Ronlan Catholic origin T h e Duke of Wharton's lapse from Craft Masonry and llis association with t h e Gormogons was presumably connected with one of tile occasions on which lle pasqed from t h e Hanoverian i n t o t h e S t u a r t Camp. As we know, the Gorn~ogonattack upon t h e C r a f t resulted in failure, and after a few years tlle Society faded out of existence. Tlle Bull of Pope Clement X I I . of 1738 was another dead failure. It was never inore t h a n local in its effect, and in France, as P&re Simonnet very sadly confesses, i t was n o t :revue e t publik suivant Ies fornlalitez requises, et par consequent il'y a i t pas la nleme force que d a m les E t a t s de la Donlination du Pape et dans les Pals d'Inquisition.

Neither the Bull nor the efforts of t h e Police and Goverrlmellt were successful in checking tlie spread of Craft Freei~iasonrythroughout France and in many other countries cn the Continent, while in Great Britain the Bull produced no effect whatever-as, indeed, how could i t ? W e know t h a t Craft Freeiiiasonry was introduced into Fracce by S t u a r t partisans, Englishmen, or let us rather say Britons, and tlle fact t h a t t h e early Craft Lodges in France attracted a very large proportion of inenibers of high social rank, wllicil mould be difficult t o account for ir: any other way, is easily explained once we admit t h a t t h e S t u a r t P a r t y was actively concerning itself in t h e fortunes of t h e newly-formed Society. Another point about the early French Craft-Lodges, which is brought o u t very clearly in M. Sirnonnet's MS., is t h e large number of Prot.estants t o be foulid amongst tlie members. Thus i t appears t h a t tlie S t u a r t Political P a r t y and the Roman Church were a t firrt a t cross-purposes as regards Freemasonry, t h e former acting as its protector and hoping t o make son-etliir,y o11t of it, and the latter hznt upon its ruin and destruction. A remedy for this state of things was found by tlie creation of t h e two parallel sets of Degrees which came t o be known as ' Irish Masonry ' and ' Scots Masonry ' respectively. It seems tliat a t first there was b u t one Degree of each, tlle ' Irish Master ' (Maitre Irlandois) and t h e ' Scots Master of S a i n t Andrew ' (Maitre Ecossois d e S t . AndrB)." b u t a little later the number was increased to four, and for political purposes (as a system of classification) this nuniber would be found t o be more useful thail a single one could be. Tlin " icitolr.wl~, fabricat,ion of degrees came much later, when the hopes of the Jacobites Ead faded away into mere memories, and t.he (suggested) original purpose t o b e served no longer exercised t h e minds of their leaders. Of ' Irish Masonry ' practically nothing is known as i t lasted b u t a short time and never a t any time nlet with the success which fell t o t h e Scots Degrees. Tlle final Scots Degree was known under a variety of names:-Knight of t h e Eagle, of the Pelican, of the Pelican and Eagle, of Heredom, of Saint Andrew, of Rose and Cross, Perfect Mason, t.he best known being K n i g h t of t h e Eagle (Chevalier d e 1'Aigle) and Sov Prince Rose Croix (Souv Prince d e Rose Croix S. . . P . . .D. . . R . . .C. . .). Wit11 considerable modifications we have, i t now as t h e 18' of the A . & A . R . There is undeniable evidence t h a t in their rcrrlirsf forms the Ecossois or Scots Degrees were Roman Catholic: I have a MS. Ritual in French of what I bslieve t o be the ori!/itlnl Chev. de 1'Aigle o r S . . . P . . .I).. .R.:. . C . . ., and in it the New Law is declared t o be ' l a foy Catholique,' and the Baron Tschoudy in 11;s L'h'toile k'l~ctt~?~o!lcrt~fr of 1766 de~cribes ilie same Degree as ' le Catllolicisine 171.j~ en grade.' (Vol. I., . 114). I suggest t h a t Ecossois or Scots Masonry was intended t o be a Ro:m.aq Catholic as \!-ell as S t u a r t forni of Freemasonry, into which none but those devoted t o 00th Restorations were to be admitted. When tlie failure of the Papal Bull of 1738 became obvious in 1742-3, Ecossois Masonry began t o claim t o be superior t o and t o possess very marked privileges as compared wit11 ' ordinary ' Craft Maeonry (to which Protestant and Roman, Tianoverian and Jacobite, could and did equally belong), t h e obvious intention being to destroy t h e latter's influence. I my theory is correct the f establishinent of Ecossois Masonrv was a very astute move, as it provided for t h e Church a welcome chance of snatching victory out of defeat, while a t the same t j i i ~ epromoting tlie two-fold object of tlle double Restoration. The tendency t o social~exclusivenesswas s t r o n g l j marked in the early period of Ecossois ~ a s o n r y in France. W e nlusl now consider the evidence upon which tlle theory just stated is based. The earliest notice in print of this particular niovement beyond the Craft
I

l It is rather remarlrable tliat the anti-Hasoaic a r t i n t y of the Police continued after the death of C!ardinal Flenry i11 January, 1743. I n l744 the Police Interdict was re-published and the celebrated raid on the Lodge a t the Hotel de Soissoss took place. l!he property of the Lodge was confiscated and Denis LP Roy the Landlord rcrp heavily fined. Jlons. Sinlonnet gives a conteml~orary account of this a n d other raids. See

,10fc

l'. 21.

2Thory nmcntions grades with titles such as Jlaitre Anglois, and says that they formed p a r t of Ir~sh Ill(tsnnr!/. In any case they are later a n d do not concern our present enquiry.

Degrees is, I believe, a remark made in the course of San article on Freeinasonry i n tlle famous C'!/c/o/,retli(t compiled by the learned Ephrainl Clianlbers and first published, in two volumes folio, in 1728. Ephraim Chambers was born of Quaker parents a t Kendal, where he was educated. While still young lie came to London and was apprenticed t o Mr. J o h n Senex, the celebrated ' Cartographer, Globemaker, Engraver and Bookseller,' who dwelt ' a t the Sign of The Globe, in Salisbury Court, over against S t . Dunstall's Church, near Fleet Street " Bro. J o h n Senex was a member of t h e Lodge (XV in the 1723 List) which nlet a t ' The Greyhound ' 1 1 Fleet Street, of which he was S . W . , and also of another (or is i t t h e same?) 1 Locige which met a t ' The Fleece ' in Fleet Street. H e (Senex) was J u n i o r Grand Warden i n 1723, in which year he published t h e first edition of t h e Book of Constitutions. His name appears as Grand Warden upon t h e first page of the T earliest Minute Book o the G.L. of England. Senex also published a n elaborate engraved P l a n of Jerusalem with views of K . S . T . and its principal ornaments. I n 1728 lie was made F . R . S . , and in 1729 Ephraim Chambers received the same honour, and as i t is well known how many of the Fellows of the Royal Society a t about this time were also members of the Craft, we see t h a t Chanlbers must have numbered Illany prominent Masons among his friends. The remark in the Cycl(ll.'~dkIis as follows : There are certain Freelnasoiis who have all the cliaracteristics of Rosicrucians. T h e Brethren referred to--' crrttri~r Freemasons '-evidently formed a class apart from the ' ordinary ' Brethren, and clearly they were t o be found here' a t home in Great Britain. When tlie author wrote ' Rosicrucians ' I have no doubt he liad in his mind the Mysterious Fraternity R . C . , but equally I have no doubt t h a t he was misled by a similarly sounding title, and was really reporting the existence of Rose Croix Ecossois o r Scots Masons. The next printed reference of t h e same kind is t o be found in the Dtrily .701trnrrl, a London Newspaper, of t h e 5 t h September, 1730, which contains an attack on Freeniasoiiry in a letter signed ' A.Z.', professing to give a ' T r u e Account ' of its ' Antiquity and Institutions.' The following occurs:. . . . . . . there is a Society abroad, from whom the English Free-Masons (ashamed of their true origin, as above) h;ve copied a few Ceremonies and taken great Pains t o persuade the World t h a t they are derived from them, and are t h e same with t h e m : These are call'd Rosicrrrcinna from their Prinle Officers (such as our Brethren call G'rntld X / I S ~ P VI,7 ( t r r l u t ~ ~ , l &C.) being distinguished on tlieir FIigll Days with red crosses. The' same remark as before applies to the use of t h e word ' Rosicrucians ' o111y t h a t here i t is quite clear t h a t t h e writer cannot be t h i n k i i ~ g of the older Rosicrucians. It is t o be noted t h a t this time tlle Society is nhrortcl and t h a t English Freemasons are copying cc f u tc. crrr ~ n o n i r s ,i . v . , some Degrees. Tlie words ' there is ( 1 ,Socirty ct0roctcl f r o ~ n I ~ ? I Oh eI I I t ~ 7;'llgli.sh E'~,er-Jf~so11.q' seem to suit very well t h e situation I am suggesting, namely, a Society of Britisli oriyin but 'worked abroad by Britons (in exile for political reasons) calling themselves ' ,Scots Masons.' T h a t tlie G . L . of England in 1730 was disturbed by the existence of Freeniasolls other t h a n those of their own flock is sllowii by tlle G . L . Minutes of 28th August and 15th December : . . . the Resolutioii of the last Quarterly Coinrnunication for preventing any false Bretliren being admitted into Regular Lodges, and such as call tlieinselves Honorary Masons. . . . several Rules . . . for tlieir sectirity against all open and secret ene~iiiesof the Craft.

. . . t o prevent the Lodges being imposed upon by false Brethren or Impostors, (it is) Proposed t h a t , &c. It is not clandestine or lilerely irregular makings which are here aimed at-it is separate organisations. [The Honorary Masons seein t o have beell Hanoveria~l, ... not S t u a r t . See .(I).(;'. viii., p. 135; also xxill., p. 327. l .

Tilory makes,tlie statenient that Irish Chapters existed ill Paris froni 1730, but gives 110 authority, therefore llis statement ~iiustnot be taken as establishing that particular date 1730. Nevertheless, seeing that Scots Masonry was certainly being worked in England froin 1733, there is nothing inipossible or even Improbable in Thory's assertion. Tlle Rawlinson MSS. a t the Bodleian include a MS. List oi Lodges of the year 1733, which contains:115. Devil Tavern, Tenlple Bar, a Scotcll Mason's Lodge. And Pine's Engraved List of 1734 has: 115. (Figure of Devil.) Scott's IIasons' Lodge, Devil, Telliple Bar. 2d and 4th Munday. And the lJocl;et Cfottl~tcctcioti for 1735 has a similar entry. Tliis Lodge continued i t nioved to Daniel's Coffee House, Tenlple t o meet at the Devil until 1736, Bar, and in this same year, 1736, i t was erased, i . u . , .~tr.itcl~ it&itll;, from t h e out List, and appears no iiiore. Tlle Lodge seems to have been associated with Lodge No. 8, coilstituted 25th April, 1722, wliicll also nlet a t tlle Devil from 1733 to 1'736, and tlleil iiloved to Daniel's. The members of No. 8 wgre not exclusively or even liiainly Scotsmen. Brethren sliould consult Bro. John Lane's 167, fro111 which I have taken tlie particulars concernPaper in 2 .Q.Ci., vol. i., ing this Scots Mason Lodge. That it worked Scots, i.e., Ecossois Masonry, will not nowadays be doubted. Bro. Hughan (h'tr.yIi-~hRite, p. 138) was of opinion that it was a Lodge :mainly, if not exclusively, coillposed of brethren froill Scotland, hence the title. Such a lodge would not have been warranted by the Regular Grand Lodge, for the purpose of working aught akin to a ' Scottish Degree. ' But Bro. Hughan adopted tllis explallation because il! his T1istot.y our W.M. (Bro. Gould) fixes 1740 as the year when the Scots Degrees were fabricated, so that the Scotts' Masons' Lodge of 1733 had no coilnectioii with t h a t novelty. (d .G).C'., vol. i., p. 176.). \-qhich, t o me, is a singularly unconvincillg argument. Bro. Lane showed that the Lodge in question had no date of Constitution, never paid for a Charter or Constitution, and although a London Lodge, never attended Grand Lodge. Tlle Minutes of a Salisbury Lodge contain the following : 1746. Oct,. 19. A t this lodge were made Scotts Masons, five brethren of the lodge, one of tlleni being its W . M . , Bro. Staples. (See Bro. Goldney's 1ii.sfory of F.-If. 1 i t s l r p. 101) The lbilinutes of the R. Culuberland Lodge at Bath in the same year record that : J a n . 8. 1746. Bros. Thomas Naisll and John Burge were this day made Scotch Masons, and paid for niaking 2s 6d each, and at a later date five iiiore nlenlbers of this Lodge received ' Scotcli ' Mason Degrees. I t is clear that a Jacobite Masonic agent was touring tlie West or England in 1746. It is really surprising that Bro. Hughan sliould have considered that the Salisbury Xinute was of ' quite a different character ' to the record of tlie Scotts Masons Lodge of 1733, for, as a matter of fact, the only and the other lcctrr tlla11 1740.' apparent difference is that one is r < o l i u ~

p.

I n tlle 111011th of April of 1737 a long and wearisonie letter, signed ' Jacllin,' appeared in The C'rtrftsttrtclr al;d also in The Get1 tlenran's ,lf~tyc(zitz~, the burden of which is ' Freemasonry, a Dangerous Society.' Tlle letter contains inany of tlie popular catch-words of tlle day, and is in reality a violent Hanoverian lnallifesto protesting against the services wllich Freeillasonry was rendering to the
1 In thc c.ourse of the, dist~~lssion folio\\-il~g this Paper, Bro. Edn-ard Armitage has tllxn-11 a t t e n t i o l ~t o the \vorking of Scots ?c[asonry a t E r f t ~ t r o r d i r ~ c cLodge SIectings a t ~.y Bath in 173.3 ant1 a t the Lotlge of .lutiqnit>- i n Lonclo11 in 1740.

opposite cause and curiously llinting a t what are now soinet~inescalled ' arrikre' loges,' which hold the t r u e secret and keep i t jealously fro111 the ordinary Bretllren. Tlle following extracts will b j sufficient t o explain what is nleailt :. . . how artfully They have dispersed theinselves in different Lodges tllrougll all P a r t s of the Kiiigdonl and particularly. ill this great Metropolis . . , t o beat u p for Volunteers . . . tlrey admit . . . even Jacobites, Noiljurors,' and Papists. ' Beating u p for Volunto~ers for Foreign Service ' was tlle popular catch-plirase The writer constantly for enlisting recruits for the ' King over tlle W a t e r . ' ~ n s i n u a t e s h a t t h e Ronlan Church and the Inquisition are behind the scenes, and t of course the Jesuits are not forgotten. And then after adnlitting t h a t nlally ' of t h e mosl undoubted Affection to liis Majesty's Person, F a ~ n i l y ,and Gover~i' nlent ' are to be found in tlle Society he goes 011 t o argue t h a t no ' sure Dependence ' can be found t o issue fro111 t h a t fact:Besides how car1 W e be sure t h a t those Persons who are known to be well-affected are let into all their Mysteries? . . . And who knows wllether They inay not have a n higher Order of Cabalists who keep tlle grand Secret of all intirely t o Theinselves ? 111 short, Jacllin puts the case very clearly fro111 liis own point of view, and is not altogether uninformed as to what was afoot wit11 a section of our Frateriiity. Of Ranisay's Oration I will say no Inore t h a n t h a t i t appears to me to be s n r f r c t not the cause of ' High ' Degrees. T h e Royal Order of Scotland is frequently stated to be of S t u a r t origiil, b u t whether t h a t is correct or not I cannot say. Bro. D. Murray-Lyon ( H i d of tllr L . of ~ Y ( l i t ~ l J u t ~ / ? ~1900, p. 346), who exanlined its archives, says t h a t ed. , ' in oue of the MSS. t h e Grand Master a t London sets fort11 t h a t he had held office Bro. H u g h a n f 0 r i g i t l of h'icy. R i t r , ed. 1909, p. 137) copied froill ' since 1741.' tlle oldest Minute Book now extant the dates-l743 and 1744-of two Chapters (Soutl-iwark and Deptford), and he says t h a t there were two ' Time Immemorial.' Bro. Murray-Lyon says t h a t in l750 there were five Chapters in London and one a t Deptford. Thus the Royal Order was in fairly flourisl~iilgcondition during ,the period 1741 to 1750. T h e record of t h e Lodge of Industry, Swallwell, Gateshead, J u l y l s t , 1746, with its curious references t o ' the dignity of a Highrodiam ' and t o ' Damaskin ' and ' Forin,' is well known, and also the co~ljecturesconcerning its meaning. Bro. Gould quotes the " N.B." wliicll follows the entry in question :Tlle f:'t~!/Il\h.Iln\tr~,\ t o pay for enteliilg into tile -aid Mastership 2s. 6d per majority. 1 entirely agree with Bra. Gould t h a t this ' N . B . ' points to the Steps referred to being ' sonle forin of Scots Masonry .'. A s regards the R . O . of Scotland and the Rite of l'erfection or HBrBdoin, i t is evident t h a t the advantage of seniority lies with the Britisll Order. Bro. Gould has dealt with this point in his Paper ' The Degrees of P u r e and Ancient Freemasonry ' in d.(S.C1.xvi., a t p. 51. To the faithful followers of the exiled Royal House i t nllist have seerued t h a t t h e year 1740 marked the beginning of a new era of Hope. The long peact? -for thein a period of weary waiting-came t o a n end ill 1739. The somewliat trivial war between Great Britain and Spain proved to be but the prelude to a 111ucl1 greater struggle, t h e war of tlie Austrian succession, in whicll all tlle leading Powers of Europe were speedily involved, and in the general upheaval surely would be found tlle ardently longed for opportunity to strike a blow for the Restoration of the rightful King of England Neither James 11. nor Janies 111. (the Old Pretender) could boast of the ~vhicllwould have enabled tlienl t o take full advantage of the chance, even if i t had occurred earlier, but now t h a t tlle cl~ance had, or seelned to h a r e , coine, t h e Leader wxs ready to hand. Prince Charles Edw-ard-the Jacobite Prince of Wales-possessed all those qualities r e q ~ ~ i s i tfor e

a hero of rolllance, a repairer of broken fortunes, the leader of a forlorn ]lope Young-in 1740 he n a s not yet of age-of strikingly I~andsomeperson, tall and of robust physique, accustonled to, and excelling in, nial~ly exercises, with an affability and charm of manner wl~icllendeared hiin t o all who came in contact n i t h him, he had also t h e fire of a consurlling enthusiasnl for t h e great Cause whicll lie represented. Added t o this, he had made his first canlpaigi~ still a boy of 14, in tlle colnpany of his cousin the Duke de Liria (son of the Duke d e Berwick), and in it had shown t h a t , in addition t o personal courage and coolness in danger, he gave proinise of military talents which were not found wanting in tlie course of his brilliant b u t ill-fated expedition of '45. I n J a n u a r y of 1743 Cardiual Fleury died, tlle Cardinal Minister who had done his best t o stamp out Freeniasonry in France, the pretended friend but secret enemy of the claims of tlle House of S t u a r t . To him succeeded Tencin, a devoted upholder of the Cause, who owed his Cardinal's H a t t o the influence of King Janles 111. a t Rome. The result of t h e change was soon apparent. By the end of the year (1743) France u.as pledged t o co-operate in the projected Ii~vasioii of England on behalf of Janles 111.)and Prince Charles Edward had received a n i n v i t a t i o ~t ~ France t o o J c i ~in the preparatioi~s. With help expected from Spain and pronlised by Franc:: l no wonder t h a t the hopes of tlie S t u a r t P a r t y a t l~olneand abroad rose high, and with a great expeditionary force collected a t Dunkirk all seeined t o indicate t h a t a t last t h e day so long and so earnestly prayed for had come. A s we now know, the expedition of 1744 fell through, and for the ~noinentthese hopes were dashed, but Prince Charles Edward did not lose heart, and t h e events of the first half of t h e following year, culminating in tlle victory of t h e French over the British a t Fontenoy, seemed t o hinl to give pronlise of better things. By August of l745 Prince Charlie wss in Scotland and the weniorable '45 had begun. The years 1739 t o 1745, so big wit11 the fate of the Stuarts, w i t ~ ~ e s s ealso d son~e remarkable developnients in Masonic affairs, the two sets of phenomena being indeed intinlately connected. 111 1'738 the Duc D'Antin was elected Grand Master crd ~ i t ~ of t Freilcll Freemasons, and i t was then t h a t the Fre~lcllGrand Lodge t ~ assumed definitely its independence of the Grand Lodge a t London. Dr. Anderson's Book of ( ' o t ~ . ~ t i t l r t i o ~bears witness t o this, adding t h a t :i.s . . . they have the same Con?titutions, Charges, Regulations, etc., for substance, wit11 their brethren of England. Bro. Gould /Hi.tor!/, vol. I I I . , p . 140) nlakes this comment:This . . . tends to prove t h a t u p t o this date Frencll inilovations on the rite of Masonry had not inade tl~einselveskilowa, which is perfectly correct, b u t i t does ,cot prove t l k t tlle iilnovatiolls ( F r e n c l ~or Scottish) did not a t this date exist. The Lodges over which t h e Iluc D ' A n t i n ruled were ('roft Lodges, and the ' i~nlovations ( I S y r t were quite a p a r t fro111 (,'rtrft ' Ivlasonry and certainly not subscribing t o its Constitutions, Charges, or Regulations. The year 1743, whicll opened wit11 tlle deatll of Fleury, the anti-Masonic and anti-Stuart Cardinal Minister, and tlie advent t o office of his pro-Stuart su.ccessor Tencin, ended with tlie adoption of tlie S t u a r t cause by t h e Gover~iinent of France. The sanle year saw the deatll of D ' A n t i n and t h e election of Prince Louis d e Hourbon, Conite de Clermont, as his successor. These events, and t h e complete failure of the anti-;Masonic Police Crusade ' and the Papal Bull, v:ere, doubtless, tlle cause of an entire change of policy on the p a r t Scots of tlle ' H i g h Degree' atlthorities \vliich dates fro111 this time. Masonry or Ecossoisisn~e now boldly caine forward and claimed to be not ~nerely a 1tf11.t of Masoi~ry b u t the rcctl Masonry, possessed of superior knowledge and entitled to greater privileges and the right t o rule over the ordinary, i . e . , Craft Masoary. The nlotive for this remarkable clainl has already been expfained. It was not sublnitted to t a ~ n e l yby the G.L. of France, n,hicl~,on the very day of Clermont's election, altered its Title to ' Grande Loge .l ~ l y I c ~ i . d e ~
' I t is sig~lificant t h a t the Police, l)crsec~~tiol~Frceinasons camr to a sudtlcn of stop in 1714. T11o case against 1)ellis Le Ro\- \\-as the last prosecution of the kind.

22

T t ~ c o l s n c t i o t ~ . ~ the- Qutrtcror C8ot.o)~(rti of Lotlye.

France,' thus proclaiming that it was ' Maqoilnerie Angltrise,' wllicll it recognized, and t h a t with other ' Maqonneries, '-whether Ecossoise, Irlandoise, or what notit had neither part nor lot. To make the position clear and beyond cavil it reissued the English Constitutions of 1723 and 1738 as its own, but with this r ignificant addition : A r t . 20. As it appears that lately some brothers annouiice tllernselves as Scots Masters, claiiniilg prerogatives in private Lodges, and asserting privileges of whicll 110 traces are to be found in the archives and usages of the Lodges spread over the globe, the Grand Lodge . . . has decreed t h a t these Scots Masters, unless they are Officers of Grand Lodge or of a private Lodge, shall not be more highly considered by the brothers than the other apprentices and fellows, and sllall wear no sign of distinctioi~whatever. To save space I will not repeat the claims in detail, they are admirably summed up by Bro. Gould ( H r v t o r y III., p. 9 2 ) and will be found also in Bro. Lane's Paper iu .I .($.C., vol. i., p . 173. [By A r t . 42 of its Col~stitutiorls of 1756 the French G.L. practically submitted to the whole of them.] This ' forward movem e n t ' by the Stuart-Masonic-Party is referred t o in a footnote, lettered (a), in the 1745 edition of L'Orclre cles P . X . t r c ~ h i : " I ain not ignorant t h a t a vague rumour is circulating amongst Free" masons, c o ~ ~ c e r n i na certain Order whicli they call ' Les Ecosso~,, g ' " superior as they make out to ordinary Freemasons and having their " own peculiar Ceremonies and Secrets . . . i f they have any Secret " peculiar t o theinselves they are extremely jealous concerning i t for they " conceal it from even the A I I ~ . \ t ofr ~ ~ Freemasonry." A further and a very striking reference to the propagandist activity of Scots Masonly in 1743 is to be found in a work to which reference has already been made-I mean Dassigny . The paragraphs written by Dr. Fifield 1)assigny in the Serious citz(1 Zttll)trrtictl Etcyuiry, 1744, referring to the Royal Arch, quoted by Bro. Hughan i11 his Oriyilr of the G/r!/lish H i f r , have been repeated so oftell by later writers who have dealt with t,llis important subject, and always without. any reference t o other portions of the same tract, that one is tempted to ask if these writers have seen either the original or one of the reprints. Here is a passage which bears very directly upon the question of High Degrees and of Stuart Masonry, yet I have never seen i t quoted in any of the many previous attenlpts t o solve the problem:The honours due t o the Craft forbids [ s i c ] me t o pass over a certain set of unprofitable labourers, \v110 under a pretence of knowledge in the art, strive t o lead astray, after their irregular method, illally persons of credit and reputation. Remarks. I t is too well lrnonil that ill t i ~ i scity lately hath appeared a nuii~ber of illea~l and low spirited wretches, who. (if ever just) have tnrlked rebels t o our well formed Government, and artfully brought into their iniquitous net several ungusrded men, who froin me shall meet with pity instead of blame (because they knew not the truth) wherefore I shall beg leave to acquaiut then;, that the laws of our Coilstitution are so agreeable t o the disposition of every good man, and so easily performed that 1 dare say no o,ie can have an excuse for not obeying; but as these labourers work not t o serve our worthy masters, t11r.y receive instead of the advantages accruing from our vineyard, the just reward of their actions, and in each honest breast are stigmatized with a ]lame I here shall not mention. These despicable traders or hucksters in preteiided hlasonry, every prudent Brother ought carefully t o avoid Ilolding any converse with theill ; but a!: that learned apostle, S t . I'crol, in his Epistle to the Y / I C . ~ . ~ ( I / O Ivery I Ijustly advises, II'ithclt,cc c y ~ i i t . s rr r s ft.ottr cl.rt'y I~, I.~, c l

T h e O r i ! q i ~ ~ f ,l(?(litioi~crl Ilrcl~,ees. o

33

111 I l r Das~igny, tlie passages quoted by Hro Hughan, inforills 11s tliat the minds of t h e Dublin Bretlirell had soille short time prior to 1744 (" lately ") been disturbed about Royal Arch I\lasoliry in consequeilce of the claims of an imp3stor (a single one) and his exposure by a genuine men~ber of t h a t excellent part ci Xasonry. I n the passage which I have just quoted Dr. Dassigny tells us P O ) I I C ~ / I I ~ I J I q u i t e clzft'crrtzt, namely, t h a t " lately," and I suggest tliis nieans 1743, a t l o t ~ l h r r of traders or hucksters in prefrnrlecl Masonry had appeared in Dublin artfully fishing for recruits t o tliis new syste~n This is a statenieiit of the grealest i ~ ~ p o r t a n c e its bearing upoil tlie question a t issue will presently beco~neclear and Dassigny published this in 1744, and it is well known tliat the Jacobites were very active in Dublin in the Stuart interest during the period preceding the expedition of Prince Charle* Edward and the Rebellion of l745 Ostensibly tlie paragrapl~s have quoted are aimed a t ' rebels ' to Illa.so~ric' Goveriin~ent,'but 1 am of opinioil t h a t a double meaning is intended and t h a t the Doctor is de~iouncirigtlie political 7ctivities of Jacobite einissaries disguised under the form of a ' vretended Masonrv.' Compare also the paragraph (which Gccurs a little further on and which i c quoted by Bro. I-Iughan and others followiilg him) concerning Ifnlirr11.s and the Itnllc Order. I suggest t h a t by Italians and Italian Order he intends a reference to the Court of King James I I I . , i . e . , the Old Pretender a t Rome, aiid to the Ecossois' (Italic) Order of Masonry. If this interpretation of these passages in nassigny be acepted as correct, then no support is t o be found here for t h e theory of a Il're1rc.11 (or indeed of any F o r r i g / / ) origin for the Degree developmellts which we are considering. for the Jacobites were Englishmen, Scots, and Irish, some of them, b u t by no means all, in temporary exile. There is, however, strong support for the theory (certainly not a new one) t h a t the Stuart adherents were making very determined efforts t o enlist Freemasonry in tlie service of him whom they regarded as their rightful Sovereign. Tlie eniployinent of travelling JacobiteMasonic-Agents i n Great Britain is clearly established by t h e A.Z. Letter, the G.L. Resolutions of 1730, the Jachiii Letter of 1737, the Dassigny paragraph just referred to, and t h e sporadic working of Scots Masonry in Craft Lodges in the West of England in 1746. A t some time during the winter 1746-7 Ulere appeared the first edition of James Ray's well known Conzplrctt ZIi,tor!/ of t l l f Kebe77io11 fronr it\. lq'irst Rise, I I I 1 7 j 5 , lo i t s Totnl S r r l ~ p r e s s i o ~r~ ,the gIorior~sR ~ r t t l eo f Ctrllocle~rit1 &4pril,1746. r t A t 3.t3.C. xxix., p . 386, I have reproduced a very curious reference t o Nonjurors, Jacobites, aiid Freen~asonstaken from thi5 work Speaking of a Jacobite Nonjurii~gChapttl the autbor say- I dent know of what Body the Coiigregation consists, they not allowing any to come amongst them but such as are of their own Sort, who (like the more worsl~ipfulSociety of Free Masons) are under an Oath not to divulge what is transacted there, except it be to a just aiid lawful .7crcobite, as he or she shall appear to be upon Exanlinatioii. The wording suggests something more than mere badinage. I t is clearly tlie author's inteiltion seriously t o suggest t h a t religious services in Nonjuring Chapels were made a pretext t o cover up treasonable political practices and I am not sure that i t is not also his intention t o imply that this was being done under the for111 of a pretended Jacobite Freemasonry, in his opinioil lrsq ' worsh~pful' than the ordinary kiiid-in fact, Irish or Scots Masonry. Tlie passage may be compared with the Dassigny testinloizy above. I s11cli be Ray's meaning it will be noticed f tliat he makes the Jacobite Masonry androgyne. I have found no actual evidence that a t the outset Scots Masonry possessed Degrees for women, but i t undoubtedly &C., did so later Clavel, in Hi.\toirr p i t t o r r ~ q c t e cle In Frc117c-~lIa~o1111rrie, Paris, 1843, p . 111, says t h a t Fenlale Freemasonry commenced ' about ' 1730 in France, but no authority in support of that particular date is given. Tlie Society of the Nopses ' ,was androgyne, as is slzown in the account of them given in Le ,Yeeret ( / c \ AIIl(olisr r c u c l e . A Amsterdam, 1745 s
D
U
U

W e have seen t h a t ' L e Frkre Americain,' wllonl we may claim as a Briton, nlentions the Rose Croix Degree as Chev. cle 1'Aigle in 1742 The events of 1743 T'crrfrrrt .Ucryotl, are alluded t o in two publications of 1744 already noticed:-Lr ' this variation (Scots Mazonry) . . bsgins t o find favour in France,' and J,cc I ~ ' r n / l ~ - ~ I l n ~ o twhere t h e Craft is held u p t o ridicule for its ignorance of tlle ttrr, Srt>etr Degrees of Freenlasonry. T o 1743 Tllory, assigns tlle i n v e n t ~ o na t Lyons of the Kadoscli. I t lnay fairly be claimed t h a t the year 1743 was one of supreme inlportaiice in the Annals of tlle S t u a r t Cause and of S t u a r t Masonry, and i t is impossible t o escape the co~lviction t h a t tllere was a very intinlate connection bet%eeu t h e two. T h a t t h e authors of Scots Xasonry were Jacobites and Scots~nen seems indisputable, but when and where the work was accomplislled are cluestions which I cannot pretend t o answer with a n y confidence. T h a t i t must have been long ' before 1740, the date ' f i ~ e d by Bro. Gould, has been, I think, made clear. It may have been bsfore and in preparation for the expedition of 1715, or a t any time between 1715 and 1728. Seeing tliat i t is now admitted t h a t Freemasonry was introduced into Paris in 1725'by Jacohites, the period 1725-1728 suggests itself wit11 sowe degree of insistence. B u t mere conjecture is futile. Of course, the n~ovelnent n.av have cominenc~d earlier and in Scotland-hence the name and wlace traditions-but on the wllole i t appears nluch more likely t h a t i t did so i n France a t t h e period last indicated. Prince Charles Edward's own personal connection, if h e ever had any, nit11 Freelnasonry and the additional Degrees, is a subject all by itself, and I cannot attempt t o deal with i t here. It has been said t h a t Bros. Begenlann and Hughail have p r o z ~ ~ ct lh a t the Prince was ' never a Freemason a t all,' b u t they have not clone so. D r . Begemann has tried to shake t h e credit of :I pnrticlel/o. utory concerning tlle Prince, and Bro. H u g h a n , in his Jctcobitr L o ( J , / r * i f Kojttr, has repeated t h e getleral line of t h e Doctor's argument and i t is recom~ilendedt h a t statements connecting tlle Prince with Frezrnasonry should he received with c a u t ~ o r ~ .This caution m a y very weil also be exercised ill receiving the rcswr' t l o n in t h e A411</rttrrt/tr\ Hrrtlr/c',~rch / P I . Frr ivtnrerrri tliat Von Waecliter ~ c s s r r t r d ( t h a t Prince Charles Edward cr\irrtrc/ t o him (Von Waechter) in 1777 t h a t he (the Prlnce) ' was not even a Freemason.' T h a t Prince Charles was a t the head of Scots Masonry and t h e Royal Order of Scotland is vastly more likely tllan that he was not. The Arras Charter is r ~ t h r r genuine or. a forgery of not later t h a n l;:!), . when the Document was produced The two certificates owned by Bro. Thorp (see A Q.C. xv., p 94) are admittedly genuine, and are dated 1758 and 1772. I n all three of these documents Prince Charles is represented as in supreme command of Scots Masonry, and all three are of a date earlier t h a n the Prince's death, which took place in 1788. So tliat Scots Masons claimed him as their Chief on their official doculnents clttt irty hr s I ~ t r2 1 tur. The conclusion t o wllicll this review of t h e evidence points is t h a t t h e institution of Masonic Degrees or Ceremonies outside, beyond, or additional t o what we now call t h e ' Craft,' was not the work of Foreigners b u t of Britons. Granted t h a t later (mucl; later) the ' High ' Degree Movenient abroad alnongst foreign Brethren attained to dirnenvons far greater tllan i t ever did a t any time with our own countrymen, whether a t home or in exile, still t h e he!/in?~itt!/\ took place here in England where such Degrees were in existence even before Freemasonry (the Craft) had been carried by Britons into France. A n d these h~.qinrlittgc I place as far back as 1717 and include tllerein the developnlent of tlle Third Degree itself. The Temple Legend of H i r a n ~ and tlle Loss (and Recovery 1 ) was b u t o t ~ r ,portion only of the available Legendary C r a f t Lore, but being the portion selected and adopted by tlle Premier Grand Lodge the speedy result as t h e definiti0.n of a Rite of Three well marked Degrees which henceforward was t o enjoy a monopoly of the honourable titles ' Pure,' ' Ancient,' and ' Craft.' There 1' is nothing in t h e 1 1 Legend or in the Degree itself which illarks its claim t o those titles as superior t o t h e claim of many another of t h e extra or additional Degrees, and i t is the accident of its $election by the G.L., and t h a t alone, which has caused the M.M. Degree t o be so regarded. While this hardy infant-the 111'-was being born and nursed into vigour and general recognition, many others
l

T h r Ot,i</i~rof

.-l t l t l i f i o t ~ c ~l)P!!/t.rrs. l

2c?

based upon other portions of the saine Legendary Store were being brought into t h e world, some doubtless still-born, some dooined t o perish in infancy, while others-and anlongst t l ~ e ~ n Royal Arcll-were our destined t o thrive and survive. I n 1813, for the sake of peace and l ~ a ~ i i ~ oand (above all) T'ttir111,tlie R . A . , whicll iiy had hitherto been refused official recognitioll, was adinitted illto the G . L . Rite, and t l / i r s became ' P u r e ' and ' Ancient ' and ' Craft.' And what our J a w b i t e Bretllreil did was t o take still othrr portions of the sanie Store, adapting then1 in ; manner which t o them seemed perfectly justifiable to the service of tliat Cause i a-l~icllfor them was Sacred, ill wl.ic11 t11.y were risking all and in wl~icllthey were ready t o lose all.' The Cause, nitll its faithful followers, has passed away, but, freed froin all political association, inany of the Degrees remain. Tlle value of any particular Ilegree or of ally Rite built u p of sucll Degrees depends upon its own intrinsic merit as a reasonable and legitinlate development of Rlasonic Legend, Tradition, and Symbolism, and upon this will depend also its survival as a part or branch of Freemasonry. ADDENDUM. The Muses' Tllrenodie (Adamson). ' F o r we be Eretllreil of the Rozie Crosse. ' W e liave the Mas2n Word and second sight.' ;I . ( ( . C 1 .x i . , p. 196, and x x . , p. 357. Gonld, ('o,rci.vr U i s t . , p . 77. etc. Early occurrence of enlblen~slater associated with R . A . or otllqr additional Degrees, r . y . : 1663. Tlle Old F l a t Rule a t P o r k . d .Q.('., vol. ii., p . 110. 1683. Tlre Pierpoynt Chair a t Lincolli. *-l . f , j . ( ' . , vol. v , , p . 68. 1711. The Molyileux Papers. .l rccit~r,4'c7tool.<, p . 406. The Dublin ' Tripos ' ' Freemasonized t h e new may. ' Sadler, K r p r i t / t s ( ~ n d Ztrz.rltrtiot~.~,. xxi. p c i r c . Robert Sanlber's ' Masonic Formulze.' . l .Q.('. xi., p, 108. Robert Saii~ber's Lolly L i r ~ t ~ s . The Preface (written 1721) and the Work itself (published in 1722). Q . ' x i p 103. Gould, Hi.story I I . , p . 124. Diary of Rev. W . Stukeley, 2 t . D . Nov. 7. Order of t h e Book instituted. Dec. 28. I niade tllem both Members of the Order o f t h e Book or R,oinan Kniglithood. : . (2 .Cf. vi., p. 130. l Tlie First Edition of t h e Book of constitution^. ' Tlle well built A r c l ~ . ' A r t . 11. Tlie Master of a particular Lodge has tlie Right and Autllority of congregating tlie Aleiilbers of his Lodge illto a Chapter a t p l e a ~ u r e .

(1)

1638.

(2)

1663,

(3)

1688.

(4)

1721, 1721.

(5)

(6)

1722.

(7)

1723.

1 I t is clirions how History re!)rats itself. In 1816 some of the more zcalons partizans of the Emperor Napoleon institnted the ' 3layonnerie Xa11olt:onienne ' with General Beltrand as its first G.ltl. A Jlasol~icSystrm dedicated t o the Restoration of the fallen dynasty, it had in all fire grades, the final one ht,i~lg 'C'heralier tlr la k:ollronne d CliQne.'

Trc~tz~clctions the Qttntttor Coronnti Lodge. of

The Flying Post. No. 4712 April 1723. ' A Mason's Examination ' contains :Q . Whence comes the Pattern of an Arch? A. From the Rainbow. Compare the Seal of the York Grand R.A. Chapter, Stirling Brasses No. 41 below, and cther early representations of the

R.A.
Gould, Higtory III., p. 487. Hughan, English Ii'itr, p. 125. The Grand Mystery of the Free Masons Discover'd. Catecllisnl contains :Q . Wlience is an Arch deriv'd? A . From Architecture. A . Q . C . xi., 2 5 , and Gould, History III., 475. The Gornlogon Society. A . Q . P . viii., p. 114, et seq. Ttr-o Letfrru .to cc Friend. Signed Verus Commodus. [ D r 1)esaguliersl ' makes wonderful Brags of being of the ' Fiftlt Orclrr . . . pretends he has found out a 'Mysterious Hoczrs-poc~ts Word, -.hieh belongs to tlie ' Anatherttn pronounc'd against Ana?zirrs and ScrpFzrn . . and 1 e further pretends, That against whoinso1 ' ever he (as a Member of the F i f t h Orclrr) shall pronounce ' this terrible TVord, the Person shall instantly drop down ' dead.'

. An advertisement in the Dcril!/ Jo~rritctlis quoted :-'. ' a ATetc Loclge will be open'd, a t the S t . Alban's T ~ t ' e r t ~ ' . . . for regulating the .lIodern A bltses . . , ' where 'tis desired, that all the olcl renl AIIctuons will be ' present . , And : Also in the Dnilg Jotlrnnl ' . . . whimsical kinsmen of ' the Hod and Trowel, having (a new Light received from ' some worthy lto.qicrtlcior1n). . . . ' Gould, Ifixtory III., 479. -4 .().Cf. xxii., p. 82. A Dublin Newspaper. ' Gentlemen Masons . . Fine. Badges painted full of ' Crosses and Squares with this Motto ,Cprs ?tlrcc in Den ' ?fit.' Chetwode Crawley, C ( P I IIfiher., Fasc. 11. I Compare Banner xix., in tlie fZn~I~qrtitz Frcr~,/ccsonprocession. A.Q.C'. xxi., p. 151. Honorary Masons Apolloriiati Masons The Society of Real Mssoiis ' the necessity there is for a Master to well understand the ' Rule of Three ' -4 . Q . C ' . xxiii., p. 324 A Letter frorn The Grcrnd N i ~ f r e q ~ (Dean Swift) ' The famous old Scottish Lodge of Killwinin.' ' The Knights of S t . J o h n o f Jerunnlem or the Knights of

' Alfc~ltc~, which two Lodges I must nevertheless allow the to ' Honour of having adorned tlle antient J e u i s l ~and Z'ngtit~
' Vasotlry with inany Religious and Christian Rules.' Also references to ' Rosicrucians ' and ' Druids.' Sadler, .Reprirlts und Revrlntions, p. 375. Tlie Cycloycecliu (Ephraim Chambers). There are certain Freenlasons who have all the characteristics of Rosicrucians. Ritual of 1730. The Word ' wliich was once lost, and is now found.' Hugllan, E'l~qlishRite, p. 84. The Uctily Jot~r~zctl.5 Sept. Letter signed A.Z. English Masons imitating a Society of ' Rosicrucians ' abroad. Red Crosses. Minutes of G.L. of England. 28 Aug. and 15 Dec. Resolutions conceriiing precautions against ' false brethren,' ' open and secret enemies of the Craft,' ' Impostors.' Gould, TIiatory I I . , p. 386. Tlle alleged existence of Irish Chapters in Paris. Tlie authority is Thory, who gives no evidence in support. But Nos. 15, 17 above, and No. 20 below lead me to accept i t as likely t o be true. Rawlinson's List (1733), Pine's List (1734), The Pocket Cornpanion (1735), include a ' Scotch ' or ' Scott's ' Masons Lodge a t the Devil, Temple Bar. :l.Q.C. i., p. 167. Grade of Ecossois in Belgiunl P. Duchaine. Lcc $'.N. Uelge au XVZZZe Sidcle. p. 136. The Sackville Medal ' A b Origine ' a t Florence by L . Natter. 1733. (See footnote below). Tlie Lodge possibly dates from 1730. d. Q.G'. xii., p. 204; xiii., p. 142, 149. Certain Masons ' made chapters ' by Dr. Desaguliers. Letter to Duke of Richmond. .4 .&.G'. xxx., p. 190. Scots Masonry a t Bath. Oct. 28t11, 1735. ' On tlie sanie day the Lodge met Extraordinary. ' 10 made and admitted Scots Master Masons. (Min. of R. Cumberland L . Bath.) Trans. Somerset Masters Lodge 1917. Art. Vnsonic Lodges of Bath by G. Norman. Le JolcrttuL d e I'Alvocc~t Barbier Vol. I I . , p. 148, 149. ' chevaliers,' ' chevalerie,' ' chapitres.' illiscell. L a t o n ~ . J u n e , 1914. The C'mftstnen and T h e G'etltlet~zcr~~'~ ~lfccgcizitleboth for nlontli of April. Long letter signed Jachin. . . . t h e T i t l e of GrandMaster; . . . in Imitation . . . of t h e Knights of Malta. . . . to beat up for Poltctzteers . . . admit . . even Jtccobitex, Ao17jltrors, and I'uyists.
+

. . . liow can we be sure t h a t tlioss Perso~ls well-affected are let into all their Mysteries? . . m110 knows ahetlier . higher Order of . wlic keep the grand secret of all intireiy Cabalists to themselves.
(26) 1737. Archives of G.L. of Sweden. 1)ocuments published 1892. Baron Scheffer received in P s r i s in 1737 two Ecossois Degrees. Gould, C'otrci~e I/i.~fOl'l/, 379. 11. Tlle Chevalier Iiamsay's Oration. First p r i ~ ~ t e t 1739 in l Voltaire. L r t trrs I'lrilosopl~. ' Quelque telns aprBs notre Ordre s'unit intiilleme~itavec les ' Clievaliers d e S t . J e a n de Jerusalem.' ' Cette urlion se fit B l'exeinple des Israklites lorsqu'ils 812verent le second Temple. Pendant; qu'ils manioient la ' truelle e t le n l ~ r t i e rd'une main, ils portoient de l'autre ' 1'8pee et le bouclier.' ' U n e loge Qtablie L Kilwin dans l'ouest d'Ecosse.' ' [Notre Ordre] se conserva . . . daiis sa splerldeur ' parini les Ecossois.' Lettre tl'rol 3cc~tuoyr c/rl)a!/\i, pco. 111.. 7r A I I ( ~ ~ ,U'd ~ ~ r q ~ lyric\. Amsterdain. 1738. (See footnote ' below.) ' J e ne leur conseillerois pas de s'aviser d e vouloir preiidre la place des Templiers, et je ne ciois pas non plus qu'ils y pensent. ' The earliest refere~lceto F.M. and tlie Original K . T . E O far traced. Scots Masoliry a t tlie L. of. Antiquity. 1740. 17 J u n e 9 made Scotch Master Masons a t a n ' Audit ' meeting not a regular Lodge. -4 .(J.C'. xxv., 1). 179. The Royal Order of Scotland. . . . tlie docu~nents we have liad the privilege t o ' examine . . . I n one of tlie MSS. tlie Grand Master ' a t Londoii sets fort11 t h a t lie llad llelcl office since 1741; ' and in J u l y , 1750, tliere were in London five Royal Order ' Chapters, and one a t Deptford.' D. 3lurray Lyon, H i s f . o,/ L . o f Etliirb~/l.yh, 1900, p . 346. ed. ' The Royal Order of Scotland . . . is . . . senior ' . . . in respect t o the preservation of records. A ' G r a n d Lodge . . . London . . . ternled Time ' 111111-1einorial . . . two Chapters . . . Anotlier in ' Southwark is dated Dec. 11, 1743 . . . one a t Dept' ford Dec. 20, 1744. Tliese dates were copied by me from ' tlie oldest nliiiute b ~ o k extant a t Edinburgh.' W. ,J. Huglian, Ol~iqiil of Eit!/li.4 Ii'ifr, ed. 1909, p. 137.
C

(27)

1738-9.

(28)

1738.

(29)

1740.

(30)

1741, etc.

1741. (31) 1741-2.

The Society of Modern f i l a s o ~ ~ s . (2 ('. xxiii , p. 324. Tlie alleged ' Pateut ' of V011 Huiid. (See footiiote

'

below.)

Gould, f l i . t o r y I I I . , cllap. xxiv.; also - 1 .(,,.C'. xxvi., p. G3.

(32)

1742.

(33)

1743.

(34)

1743.

(35)

1744.

(36)

1744.

(37) (38) (39)

1744. 1745. 1745.

(40)

1745.

(41)

1745,

Melltioil of the Degree of ('lltuz~cIiur.r/e /'.l iglu by ' L e Frhre Anihricaiil. ' This occurs in tlle last verse of tlie second of two ' Chailso~is ' by ' le FrBre Alneriqvaiil ' bound u p a t t h e end (but not paged with the rest of t h e work) of .Ipolo!jie puce, Z'Urtlre S F . . I l \ * * . . . d L n Ifclye . . . C'/icr I'irrrt: G'ossr. M D C C X L I I . See cctitr, p. 11 Tlle Masoilic Processioil a t Youghal. ' Fourtlily, the Royal Arch carried b j two Excellent hIasoiis.' Chetwode Crawley, C'ter~c. I f ibrrre . Fasc. I . F~cerllitrrr~'.v t r b l i r ~Jortrtrctl. J a n . , 1743. U A r t . 20 of Rules and Regulatiolls issued by tlle G.L. of France 11 Dec., 1743. The G.L. cllanges its Title t o G . L . driglnise de France. A r t . 20 sllows t h a t ' Scots Masters ' have ' lately ' claimed prerogatives and asserted privileges. These repudiated. To wear no sign of distinction. Gould, f1istot.y I I I . , p . 141. F o r account of tlie Privileges clain~edsee : Gould, 1Iiator.y III., p. 92. -l S Ie r ~ ~ i r~ l y . , D r . F . l>assigny. t Tlie well kilowll passages co~lcerllillgR . A . ((I) ( h ) Freenlasoilry colnlected with Knts. of Malta and other religious Orders and Societies. ( c ) Traders iii pt.utetrtled Masonry. Italians. Italic Order. Political uilderllleaniilg to the references. Tlle wllole work is reproduced in Bro. Hughan's Jfer~eoricrls o f the Jf tr.so~eic ~ ~ r e i o r r .Leicester. 1913. L r I1cc~.fctit .lltcro~i occ lus zlCrif<elrlc.ySucrrts tlrs qrc:rfrr G'rcctlra cl';ll,ru'tis, C ' o o r ~ ~ ~ y ~ i,lfcritrrs ortlitzctirea r t Gcos.soi.x. o~rs, hleiitiorls several Scots Degrees. ' This variatioil . . . begins t o find favour ill France.' Ltr f ~ ' t ~ ~ r r r c - ~ l l n y o r r ~.~ r . l ~ r r t x c l l e s . . Says t h a t Freelilasollry pos?esses Srl~rte Degrees. L e A'CP(II( A'ottip~t, 0 1 1 Ice Zoye Oe/ ~ ~ u r ~(Cc., (i Co.s~tiu~1o1i.s. tr, Freelllasollry coiiilected with Knightly Orders. L'Or.clre t7e.s l~'rt~rcc.s--lf tcro~e.strcthi e t L e ,Srcrct d e s .If opsrs r e ~ v r l i . --I ;l rtrxtertlc~tic. Footiiote refers to a ' vague rumour ' coilcerliillg ' Les Ecossois.' They conceal i t (their own peculiar secret) fro111 even tlie -Utrsters of Freemasonry. T l ~ e alleged ' Charter ' granted by Prince Charles Edward S t u a r t to a Rose Croix Chapter a t Arras. Gould, Hisrur,y III., 158. The original 1)ocumeiit is not forthcoming and until it is no reliance call be placed ill tlie story. circ. Tlie Ancient Stirling Lodge Brasses. .I .Q.('. i . , p. 108, aacl H u g h a n , I:'~i!jlisk Zr'itr, p. 78. v Bro. H u g h a u says ' their date is likely to be solllewllere

' about the iiliddle of t h e eighteenth century.' The Brasses include references to:Redd Cros or Ark-Sepulcllere-Knights Night Templer-(Rainbow) Arch. of Malta-

So also do t h e ' By-Laws of 1745,' of which only a later transcript is extant. 142) 1746. L . of Industry. Swallwell. Gxteshead. J u l y l s t , 1746. Also :References t o Higlirodianl, Damaskin, Forin.

' N . B . Tlle / < ~ ~ y l i s /~zl f n s t e r sto pay for eiitering into the ' said A1f(cstersl~ip 6d. per majority.' 2s. Hughan, 0 . o f E. I t i t e , p. 139. Gould, H i s t o r y , vol. I I . , p . 458. (43) 1746. Scots Masonry a t Salisbury and Batll.
"

1746.

Oct,. 19. A t this lodge. were made Scotts Masons five brethren of t h e lodge."

F. H. Goldney, H i s t . of F.111. in Tl'ilts., p. 101. " J a n . 8. 1746. Bros. Thomas Naish and J o h n Burge
were this day made Scotch Masters, and paid for making 2s. 6d. each." (Min. of R . Cuiiiberlarld L . , Bath.) (44) 1747. Gould, I i i s t o r y , vol. I I . , p. 458. Berage. Les 1'11($ ,Cec.r.rts A l f y . ~ t r r r tlra 1ltr11:a (/'t,cctle.s, d.c. &c. s 1768. A ritual of seven grades. The C'ntcrlog~re of t h e TT70rcestershire -1Inso~zic LiCrnry (ed. by Bros. Taylor and Hughan) cites a n edition of the sanle work i n l7.j:. CatCcltisttle tles Z ~ ' r n ~ ~ c a - ~ l f t ~.~ o.n s . Leotzccrcl G'ccbcc7iotz it Jeril.sctlett~ et L i t ~ l o y e s . 1740. Tlle editions for 1747 and 1749 c o i i ~ ~ e c t Masonry and the Knightly Orders. The author's real name was Louis Travenol. Janles Ray's C'ot~cl)lecct/iistor.!/ of file ICebrllio7~ . . . 1745. The Congregation of a Noiljuring Cllapel said to be ' under ' an Oath not t o divulge what is transacted there, except i t ' be t o a just and lawful Jctcobite, as 11e or she shall appear ' t o be upon ~ x a m i n a t i o n . ' i1.Q.C'. xxix., p. 386.

(45)

1747. 1749. j

(46)

1746-7.

1 IVe ha-,-e seen that ill 1738 the Jlol.quis D'iirgens had linon.ledge of rumours of a ' Templar Succession' theory in connection n-ith Freemasonry. This Te~nplarMovement is that which later on (1751) under Von Hund changed its original motif ancl clcveloped into the Strict Observance. That in its oriyirrnl for111 the Strict Observallce was a Jacobite scheme is practically admitted by Bro. Goulc1:' The persistency with which so nlany fornis of the high grades hare been ' ascribed to the political tendencies and conspiracies of the Jacobites, together ' mitli a coi~~parison clates and tile confessions of, Von Huncl i?iinself, iiiigilt of ' almost jnstify us in believing that during his stay in Paris, ctr.ccc. 1742, he ' was made acquainted with an ill-clefinrcl and half-formed schemc of the ' Stuarts for recruiting men ancl money, their political intentions being 'carefully concealecl from him; that this schrlne was dropped after the 'crushing defeat of Culloclen in 1746; and that, conseqnently, when Ton c Huncl set about reviving the Templars in earnest in 1751, he n-as left to his ' own clerices. This will account for the fact, that although he certainly 'received his first instructions from Lord Killnarnock and other partizans

'of tlie Stnarts, no tract, or' Jacobite intrigues crer blended v-ith the teachings 'of the Strict Observance. . . .' Gonlcl, I l i s t . 111.. ch. x s i r . . l . ( ) . I f . xxri.. P. 63 c t s p r l . It \\-ill be remembered that Ton Hund clainicd t o h a r e been receired into ' T h e Order of the Temple ' by a n unknown ' K n t . of the liecl Plumc ' in tllo presence of I,ords Kilmarnock ancl Clifford. and t h a t he was presentetl t o Prince Charles Eilward, who was. he thought. Grand Master of t h e Order. Bro. P. Iluchaine slipplies some of the ~nissingfacts concerning Von. Hnnd's Masonic career. H e tells us t h a t Ton Huncl n-as initiated a t Frankfort, 18th October, 1741, recc,ired the Degree of Master a t Gand during t h e Sn~ilinerof 1742, shortly after receired t h e grade of Ec.o.ssois a t Brussels, and departecl for Paris a t the end of the sanle year. (See I,/( F . M . llrlgr ((11 ST7111e Sii.clr, P . 1)nchaine. 1911, p. 467.) B u t t h e fainons ' Sackrille Medal' struck a t Flor.ence i n 1733 by Lorenz Natter with its ' A b Origine' Iegencl gires reason to suppose t h a t th,e Templar l\[orenieiit referred t o abort. dates back a t least to 17.33. Bro. Gouid in his Histvry, I'ol. III., p. 300, says : the only Lodge ( i . r . , in Tuscany) of ~vliichwe hear s~lppnsorlt o h a r e ' . ' bepn founded in 1733 by Lord Sackville . . . probably never existed a t 'all. Its existence has only been inferred on i h e authority of a medal by ' N a t t e r rlated 1733, which medal is almost certainly a frand perpetrated a t a ' much later ' d a t e in the interests of t h e Strict Observance. Froin this ' supposititio~~s Lnclge. hol\-erer, both t h e Swedish Systein and the Strict 'Observance have professed to rereire t.hat light clenied t o England in 1717; ' b u t n-hether this legendary transmission inspired t h e medal, or whether t h e 'medal gave rise t o the legend, I am unable t o say. . . .' Since this was written Bros. Begeiiiann and Chetn-ode era\\-ley in .-l.G).C!., rols. xii. and ... xiu.. have established beyond question t h e authenticity of the ineclal and d a t e ; indeed, t h e latter has shown grounds for putting the Florence Loclqe back to 1730. ( B . Q . C . xiii., 1). 149.) Non- a t this period the Old Pretender and his Court were established a t Ronle and his exilecl adherent* Ivere t o be found in inost of tlie Italian to~viisb u t particnlarl~a t Florence ancl Leghorn, n-her? t h e British Colony n-as especially numerons. According to Bro. R . Greevcn (The l'errtpl(o. J i o v e n l e ~ ~ l Mctson I . ! / . Brnccrrs. 1899. p. 29) : in ' Te1npla1-ism especially in its clerical derelopmmt is saturated with open ' allusions t o the Prptenders ancl t o Jesuits and t o Florexce . . .' and i t ilia- bc reineinbcrecl t h a t ' Florence' is ainong the Notes added by Chefdebien d'Anianc1 to the Pohier entrusted to him by Sara1ett.e-de-Langes. (Se? .4.4).O. xxx., 11. 154.) I n his C'ot~ri.seIIisfrir!l of 1903 Bro. Gould sho11-s signs of a change of attitude on the subject of d t u a r t 3lasonrq: a t p. 321 he sa:-S:' The Scots Degrees smoot:lecl the way for the Tenlplar Moreinent in Masonry, 'called. the Strict Observance, and t h e kerj t o the problem. . . . i t is 'contended, nlay be found in the extent. to n l ~ i c ht h e Jesnits moulcled the ' S t n a r t agitation, ending with thc! rising of 17456.' R r o . GORDON HILLS, . M . , said :W B r o . T u c k e t t h a s b r o u g h t before u s a most interesting p a p e r , b r i m f u l of information a n d dealing w i t h some of n o t t h e least difficult points i n Masonic historv. W e a r e v e r v m u c h i n d e b t e d t o h i m f o r so freelv offerine the f r u i t s of so 0 m u c h l a b o u r a n d research f o r o u r criticism. B r o . T u c k e t t expressly invites criticism ciid so I h a v e devoted a eood deal of sins i n considerine the views 0 expressed. I must confess t h a t I agree t h a t t h 5 p a p e r calls f o r criticism, b u t owing t o t h e m a n y issues which arise, a n d a somewhat uneven d i s t r i b u t i o n of material f o r criticism, I h a v e n o t f o u n d i t a n y easy i n a t t e r t o d o justice t o o u r Brother's effort. I n f a c t , one c a n n o t attemwt t o deal exhaustivelv e i t h e r w i t h t h e p a p e r o r w i t h one's owil views u p o p all t h e m a t t e r i t touches u p o n . It seems t o rile t h a t whilst B r o . T u c k e t t r a t h e r over-burdens some of h i s points with evidence, others a r e l e f t t o depend v e r y m u c h o n surmise, a n d o n some questions his evidence seems r a t h e r contradictory in itself, a n d , a f t e r all, criticism, within t h e bounds a t disposal t o - n i g h t , is a p t t o come t o n o t m u c h more t h a n preferring one's own f o r m of surnlise t o B r o . Tuokett's s t a t e m e n t . M y own feeling a b o u t t h e irlterpretation of A r t i c l e 11. of t h e U n i o n is t h a t i t is a very good a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e t r u t h The' t a c i t a u t h o r i t y i t gives t o Chivalric Degrees h a s been v e r y largely ignored, a n d hence generalisations t o t h e effect which B r o . T u c k e t t quotes h a v e been coilceived t o be orthodox. Certainly one reason which h a s led m a n y B r e t h r e n to inveigh most stroilgly against Chivalric Degrees h a s been a very praiseworthy, b u t e n t i r e l y mistaken idea, t h a t loyalty t o t h e C r a f t involved t h e renunciation of such bodies, whereas U n i t e d
d

Grand Lodge itself lias expressly recognised tlre legitilllacy of prabtising tlieir rites. T h e position has been very like t h e story told by President Wilsoii of Charles Lamb, who .aid, " I hate t h a t fellow," and when a friend e x p o s t ~ ~ l a t e d , I did " I iiot know you knew lliln," replied, " I doii't; I can't Irate a inan I knol-v." have heard of stalwart supporters of the Craft, yet revilers of Higli Degrees, being converted, when tliey knew what they were talking about I,!/ r.rl)ct.irrrcr, into iiiost zealous 'supporters of these rites. Bro. Tuckett iiowl~ei-e distinctly states ill his paper what lie includes as . " Additional Degrees "; it is a n expression whicii lias the authority of Bro. Gould behind it, aiid Ire included tlie Royal Arch under tliat denon~ination; whilst Ero. Tuckett,, apparently, would also include the Third Degree, classifications ireither of wliicl; c o m n ~ e i ~tlleinselves t o iny n ~ i n d . d Personally, I cannot help thinking tliat the question of Degrees has been confused and ~iiinecessaril~ coillplicated by viorking backwards in investigation. O u r Degrees originated froill actual nledirzval craft coi~ditioi~s, and i t does riot matter wlietlier tliey were conferred on one, two, or three occasions; the nuniber of grades and significai~ce depended on actual operative practices, and I believe we can certainly recognise a t lr?.ast t ? l r r ~ conditions as a basis, not excluding the possibility of further steps lraviiig been in use. T h a t ceremonies and working were a t a low ebb a t tlie time of t h e 1717 Revival, does not necessarily imply tliat such was tlie case in niediaval times, when the likelil~ocdleans t o the contrary. I draw a distinction between Bro. Tuckett's viexirs as to tlre Ori!/itr o f . I tlrlitionrrl U r g r e r s and his theory as t o t l ~ eagencies nlricll lie considers were instrulnental in developing tllem. I am inuch in agreenlent witlr the former, but the latter seems to me-to b e a theory of Jacobite illterventions, by no means new, 2nd wliicI1, altllough supported by some exceedingly interesting outlilies of contemporary S t u a r t activities, depends in tlris case rather on assertion t h a n evidence. I had tlie subject of the origin of Chivalric Degrees in niy mind when I u r o t e my recent Inaugural Address, entitled " Patron Saints and Masonry," as lily hearers inav liave gathered. My own opinion is t h a t the essentials of these nkgrees date back t o those mediaval days when i t was iiot so n ~ u c l it h a t " Freenlasoilry possessed a Store of Legend, Tradition and Syinbolism of wide extent " peculiar t o itself, as tliat i t could draw upon such sources which were common property, enriched by church, by chivalry and folklore, wllell such things took t h e place tlle available literature of the day i ~ o w fills. T h a t Freen~asonryhad particnhr legends and customs of its own, as had otlier trades-the Blacksmiths, for e x a m ~ l e -cannot be doubted. Current legends made very different appeals to different classes aiid trades, aiid in so important a Craft as Masonry, having intimate associations with all grades of society, t h e outlook arid possibilities would be far spread. B u t my own feeling is tliat, looking a t tlie religious standpoint of tlie mediaval Craftsman t o wlionl the Regius Poein and originals of t h e Old Charges applied, 2nd comparing i t with t h e Christian teaching of the Chivalric Degrees, tlie sum total is only what was t h e inevitable ccrollary t o such a callsideration of the Craft 2nd its legendary aseociations ill those days, and no very deep inysticisni nor anything more t h a n the sinlple fait11 of the devout Churcliinan was involved To imagine t h a t t h e Craftsinen of those days were content to halt tlieir story a t the building of t h e First or even of tlre Second Temple 1s contrary t o all reason, but this is was the effect of tlle action of the Modern Grand Lodge in 1723. Bro. Gould wrote' t h a t i t was " by the alteration of tlre Masons Creed in 1723, tbere cannot b. a doubt " t h a t tlie seed v-as ~ o w i ifrom wliicl~ the first of the " addjtional degrees " ultii~iatelygeriniiiated The result was t h a t tlle degrees dealing with the Old Testament period were restricted to tlie implications and conditions of t h a t Dispensation, and thus tlre Craft Degrees were thrown open for Jewisli Brethren aiid for a very much larger circle, with the happy results we see to-day. Here, to iny mind, we see tlie origin of t h e t l e ~ r l o p t t t r t ~of so-called Cliivalric f Orders. Some Brethren of those days Mere not coiiteiit for themselves with anything l e s tllan what seemed to them, as i t does to inany of us to-day, t h e only
L .

logical outcoine of our ritual, a i d so such cere~nonieshave been preserved -and transmitted to our days. U p t o this point, I think I inay claim t h a t there is considerable :tgreenlent b e t l ~ e e n Bro. Tuckett's and my own surmises, b u t when he introduces the theory t h a t t l ~ e root idea in such survivals ~ 7 a sa political one, I feel we'must part c o i ~ ~ p a n ~ . Bro. Tuckett brings forward a mass of evidence t o support the Brit,ish origin of niodern Freemasonry, and I do not think t h a t t h a t question will be in doubt by any E:iglish student of the Craft. P e t one must not forget t h a t there was the Con2panuonage in Francs, allcl t h a t operatives there had custonls and legends, b u t it was in England, tliough t h e Revival of 1717, t h a t t h e great impetus alas given wl~ichbrought about Freenlasonry as we have i t on our nlodern basis. I n this coonection expressions used by Bro. Tuckett seem t o me very open t o objection. EIe writes a great deal about " Brit.ons " and " British " in regard to our rites. There never has been a U ~ . i f i . s h Rite of Freemasonry, t h e G . L . Rite is an l:'~~!/li.sh and not a British one, and t h e uses of Freemasons i n Scotland and Ireland, and probably in different parts of England and Wales, hot11 before and after 1717, differed very considerably. So much so t h a t eventually, for a considerable time prior t o the Union of 1813, t h e Scotch and lrish governing bodies and their subordinate Lodges organised on t h e lines of t1;e English G.L. of 1717, were in touch with t h e Grand Lodge of those c-110 clainled t o work on the Antient lines 2nd not with tlle Grand Lodge of England. Thus Bro. Tuckett's third definition is not satisfactory, because, as regards English Freemasonry, usages in Scotland or Ireland, though akin, yet really were as likely to be foreign t o our environment as if they had been imported from the other side of the Channel. Becausl French, American. or Enplish writers r e p r e m l t Freenlasoriry as of E,~!/li.sh origin, t h a t does not rule o u t the possibility of W-called Scotch or Irish Degrees having been of Scotch or Irish origin. We are told by Ero. Gould t h a t tlle " Old Scottish Mason x o r d " which s a s imparted as t h e main p a r t of a very meagre ceremony a t t h e close of t h e sixteenth century is unknown. I think this is a mistake. Bearing this in mind in our present connection, I do riot think i t requires much research t o gather what, was the inducement t o become a Scots Master; surely t h e knowledge t o be gained i, Royal Arch, Scots, Irish Masters Lodges and i n t h e unexplained English Masters Lodges of early date n a s very similar, and t h e pretensions of Scots Masters were not without Eome foundation. W e know t h a t an abortive effort was made, in which t h e Duke of Wharton was concerned, to bring Jacobite politics into touch with Freemasonry, and a t t h e close of t h e period ?elected by our Brother there seen1 t o be attempts t o connect so-called Scotch Masonrv on the Continent with t h e Jacobite Cause. I do not see, however,' that i t is any evidence of political activities connected with t h e C'raft, even i f we admit that the Masons who introduced t h e English usages in France were nlany of them adherents of t h e S t u a r t Cause. It is most probable t h a t i t would b q a r t i s a n s of t h a t party, rather t h a n those of other politics, who mould most frequent t h a t country, and have friends there amongst whom they mould introduce what they had joined i n England merely because i t was a popular and fashionable society for certain classes t o join. There was not necessarily any political motive, and all the tendency of t h e Craft regulations was opposed t o any introduction of politics. I feel :oiie doubt about the relevance of t h e reference t o t h e Tenlplars and Freemasons by tlle Marquis D'Argens in 1738, but, as Bro. Tuckett admits, i t does not refer to ~ n ~ l a n and, t; my mind, only suggests a point on which the d, Continental T e n ~ p l a rtheories differ from tlle English legend. I cannot -Fee how t h e antagonistic positions of the Roman Cllurch and Jacobite Cause can be harmonised in t h e easy manner wllicll comnlends itself as plausible to Bro. Tuckett. M. Simonnet's own views about Freemasonry clearly rewresent the officihl view of t h e P a ~ a lauthorities. but. nevertheless. a t these earlier periods it is certain t h a t Roman Catholics were no more deterred from joining the Craft in France than they were in Great Britain; all the same, one
U

call~lot~volicler h a t tlle later extravagancies of Continental pseudo-Masonry dld t llotl~ill,at o allay suspiciou, but only further aroused t h e opposition of t h a t Church. Hro. Tuckett refers to Professor TIayter-Lewis and Professor Marks' Story of Hiralii Abiff as proving tlie antiquity of t h a t legend. Personally, I think tliere are other alld soulid reasons for placing this aii~ongstthe store of lnedikval Craft lore, but as regards this particular reference, I am afraid the support is nil. A question by t h e former recalled to the lilenlory of Prof. Marks, who was not a &Iasoil, tllat 11e liad met with in sonie ancient Arabic MS., which he could not then identify, the record of a sign or pass~vord which he believed lie Itad read, " W e l~ave found our Lord Hiranl." Bro. Yarker, wlio was certainly not likely to take a commo~lplaceview in such a case, in a note contributed t o our Trc~tlscrctiotrs (V. 228), pointed o u t t h a t the sentence, " W e have fotuld in our Lord (Allah) ('hrritn " (or Icerem), t h a t is ' ~,r.\.f,' a form of salutation amongst Mahomedans is : t o the present day, and co~nnlented " I, myself, entertain no doubt t h a t i t was this phrase which Professor Marks saw, a n d , being a non-Mason, misinterpreted," which, I think, disposes of t h a t particular evidence. One of tlie puzzliilg features of this period is tlie Royal Order of Scotland, claiini;ig t h a t country as its place of origi11, and yet, as our Scotcll historians point out, firrt heard of as a thriving body in England. It is, perhaps, on the basis of tlie constitutio:l of this body -- " t h a t the King of Scotland is hereditary and ~jerpetualGrand Master " of t h e Order,t h a t t h e antagonistic statements about Its t h e Craft lilelllbersllip of the S t u a r t Royal Family are t o be explained. prese~ltritual seeins to me to contain verbiage wllicli inay well date back tllrough various etages to the time of the Regius MS., and i t contains elenients of most of the Chivalric and supplelllentary degrees. It is such a ' Rosy-Cross ' as we find as p a r t of this R i t e wliicli, as I believe Bro. Tuckett rightly claims, was confused xt7itll Continental Rosicrucian activities. 1 do not agree with Bro. Tuckett's political application of 1)r. Dassigny's reference t o Jfasonic cl~arlatanism, and the idea t h a t those conferring tlie Scots Ie r e ) &e s ' in Ellgland were a t all t~rcesstrrilypolitical agents. The attempt to give a Masoilic colour t o the reference to the Non-juring Congregation seeiiis too farfetched, and, in fact, as I said before, I cannot quite follow Bro. Tuckett's reasolling 011 these points, but look forward and hope t h a t further research may Erillg us assurailce one way or another in what are still sucll obscure and debateable matters.

Era. W J SOYGIIURST said :The quotation froni the .l I ticlr! o f I 7 i l i o 1 ~with wliicll Bro .Tuckett opens his paper ralFes a t once tlie very important question of the differences in practlce between the Antients arid the Moderns, one of which was almost certaiilly the recognitjoil or non-recognition of t h e Royal Arch. So late as November, 1792, t h e Grand Lodge of the Moderns resolved, " T h a t this Lodge do agree \\ith its Committee, t h a t the Grand Lodge af England 1185 nothing to do \x~i'chtile Proceedlngs of t h e Society of Royal Alch Masons," w1,ile letters from t h e Secretaries of t h a t Grand Lodge dating back t o 1759 sliow distinctly t h a t whatever its nlembers 11:ight do in a l ~ r r ~ o t l n l capacity, ofirinllg they lrnew nothing of the degree T h e Antients, on the contrary, considered t h e Royal Arch t o be t h e " Root, H e a r t , and Marrot?? of Free-Masonry," %nd so i t is not to be wondered a t t h a t 21 the Union of the twa Grancl Lodges in 1813, which was in effect " all ~~iiequivocal surrender 011 tlie part of t h e Moderns," ' the Antient:: should have succeeded in retaining thaz wllich they prized so highly. With the Itnowledge t h a t ( < I ) the Royal Arch was known t o and worked by t h e Antients in 1756, and inferentially from thei: establishment as a governlnp ilody in 1751, and (7,) t h a t t h e Antients derived their work from the Graiid
l Spencer nrote In that year, '' Our Sorietg is neithcr Arch. I<o)-al Arch, or A~~t~ent." LI~anrence Dermott, i n S h 7 m n n R e z o n . 17.36, p. 47. ; .l.(,)('. SXI-111 , 14.5,

Lodge of Ireland, founded ill or before 1725; and witll the belief t h a t (c,) the Grand Lodge of Ireland derived its work froin the premier Grand Lodge in London; we seen1 t o have a cllaiu of evidence tending to sliow t h a t tliis premier G-rand Lodge of 1715 had a t its inception seine kno~v\.ledge which was subsequently lost, a t all events, ill its Lodges generally. Bro. Tuckett llas gone still farther and has given references to what lie coilsiders may indicate a knowledge even ill re-Grand Lodge days of something beyond what we 11ow tarin the Craft degrees, and tllese rzferences are ~vortlly of very careful coasideration, even though the relevance of ,111 inay not a t first sight be quite apparent.. I t is perhaps n-orth while speculating upon the probable practices of t h e Operative Ma~ollsfro111 wllic11 i t is generally considered our present'-day work l ~ a s been derived. A youth desirous of leariliilg tlie A r t or Mystery of building construction would be appreilticed to a Naster Mason, and xvould enter into a n engagement to behave during his a p p r e ~ l t i ~ e s l ~ i p a proper :nanner, and t o keep his in Master's trade secrets. T1li.l act of appre~lticzsllip\:.ould constitute what we sllould IIOW tern1 a degree. A t the end of the seven years for wllicll lle was bound, or at, tlie age of 21 years, tlie deed of apprentices1~ip.nould be returned t o llial, and having then presumably learned all l ~ i s Master had t o teach, Ile would be ctrljclble of taking a contract; and of supervisi~lgworli liimse!f. Sollle forillality lliiglit have tc be observed oil tlie return to llim of ilis Articles, constitutiag wliat we sllould call a second degree, but i t seems lligllly i~nprobablet h a t any additional i ~ ~ s t t . c i c fcoti was needed-ill order t h a t the ex-appreiltice might practice his trade. It is, however, quite possible t h a t though free from his Articles lle was not free of the Guild, and t l l a t some furtlier step was necessary i ~ : t!:is direction before he could iuy~lly follow his callii~gas a Master Mason. I this theory be accepted we should f thus have two fornlal degpees ' of admission to, and freed0111 frail, apprenticeship, and a third wllich ~llightpercllance be based up011 sollle traditional history, as there were uo further trade secrets t o be com11iu11;csted. O r as a n a1ternati;e n e m i g l ~ t perliaps assume t h a t a third degree wzis merely derived froill s o n ~ e ceremony practised ailloilgst tlie 1s-orkmen tlre~nselres by whicll the new illeiilber had to ' pay his footing.' 111 neither case, hoa,ever, does there appear t o be any necessity for the traditional history to contain any reference to a loss or a recovery; and i t is therefore necessary to e x a ~ l l i ~ l e very carefully the evidence p u t before us by Bro. Tuckett, which to him seeins to i~ldicatetliat in pre-Grand Lodge days son?etlli~lg was kilowl~ill c o ~ l ~ l e x i o ~ l t hAlasonry very suggestive of what we call ~vi the Royal Arcll. I note, llowever, t h a t Bro. Tuckett is of opiilioil t h a t " Everything points to a n extreme s i ~ l ~ p l i c l tof cereilloiiial in t,he early days of Freey ll?alrsoilry before the advent of Grand Lodge," and so lle Inay perhaps accept the theory t h a t I have just propounded. g Perhaps one of the most i n t e r e s t i ~ ~of Bro. Tuckett's references is to t l ~ e .l(lc.se'.~ Tl/rrli,,tlir, wlricll proves t h a t ~ v l ~ a t was c ~ l l e d ' Tlle Mason Word ' was kilow~lt o exist so early as 1638, but I do not think it sllows a~lytllillgillore, in spite of the fact t h a t the term is used by t h e writer in sucli aseociatio~l as t o suggest niystery and power. A l t l ~ o u g hthis is t h e earliest known ~nentioilof ' tlie i\i2ason Word ' i t is not the only one, and I think i t sllould be coilsidered in colljunctio~lwit11 otliers, two of wlljcll are given in d .Q.('. vii., 55, 56. The first of tllese appears in a letter presuilred to have beell writte11 in 1678 or possibly 1697. The writer says:-

'

Tile Lairds of Roslin llzoe been great arcllitects and patrolls of building for these inally generations. They are obliged t o receive tlie Mason's word wliicll is a secret signal1 lnasoas have thro' out the world t o know one another by They alledge 'tis as old as since Babe1 when they could not understand one another and they conversed by signs. Others would have i t no older t h a n Soloalon. However it is, he t h a t llatll i t will bring his brother ~liasollto him witllout calling to lli~llor your perceivei~~g the sigile. of Tlie other occurs ill a docuilleilt said to have been written in l791 tllougl~o ~ l l ya

p r i n t of 1815 is known. The writer says he lias " found fyve Curiosities in Scotland " of which No. 2 is : Tlie Mason word, wliicli t.ho' sonle make a Misterie of i t , I will not collceal a little of wliat I know. I t is lyke a Rabbinical Tradition, in way of Comnient on Jacllin and Eoaz, the two Pillars erected in Solomon's Temple (i Kings, 7, 21) uitli ane Addition delyvered froni H a n d t o H a n d , by wllicll tliey know atid become fanliliar one nitli another W e find ariotller inention of the term in a docunlent drawn u p in l715 ill connexioli wit.11 a dispute between the Masters and Journeyinell of Mary's Chapel, Edinburg11,l b u t in this instance no infornlatio~lis given to enable us even t o guess what tlie ' Word ' was, the principal poilit between tlie disputants being apparently t h e collection of fees wlie~it h e ' Word ' was comaiunicated. W e may also note t h e reference in !/'Ice ,Scot.s JI(~!/aziti(, for 1755, whicli, however, does not seem t o help Bro. Tuclrett's argument, and, in fact, there appears t o be so much confusioil about t h e ' Word ' and its use, tllat it can hardly b e p u t forward in support of any particular theory. It will have been noticed, however, t h a t all these references come from Scotland. the square T h e appearance of interlaced triangles even in co~ljuilctionW-it11 and compasses sesils t o me rather ren1ot.e from the subject, as we find this synlbol as a aso on's Mark, as well es a religious emblem, in Illany parts of the world and a t very different periods. I sliould-not expect to see i t definitely associated \$-it11 t h e Royal Arch until well into the second half of t h e eighteenth century. The .MS. in t h e Molyneux papers does not appear to help in any way. I t s date tllougli p u t down as 1711 is really very uncertain, and tlie inark wit11 which i t is headed is lliore likely t o be a Christian sylilbol tlian anytliing connected with the R . A . The p r i n t in TIzr ;lrccole ,Vchools is a very poor attenipt at reproductioii and does not represent its proper form. The reference to " Freemasonized the newr way," i ~ the I>ublin Tri11o.v of i 1688, is, I think, too vague t o lielp us, tllougli i t seelils t o indicate tliat something ullusual was t l ~ e i lbeing-brought &I. I t is, however, more t h a n likely t h a t " the new way " merely refers t o the ridic~/locc.s" Society of Freelnaso~is which the " writer declared had recently been introduced a t tlik University. W i t h regard to tlie ternis Rosicruciaii, Rosy Cross, Red Cross, Rose Croix, etc., I am sure t h a t even in t h e present day tliere are lnaiiy Masons w l ~ oare tunable t o understand t h e distinctions \rllicll their use conveys to those who are acquainted with particular bodies to wliicli they refer, aud I see nothing reniarlzable in tlle fact t h a t Chambers, in his ('yc.lol)rrtlicc, ?llould say that " certain Freemasons " possessed t h e ch(tr(tc.tv~~;.~tic..s of Rosicrucia,ns. Bro. Tuckett points out t h a t in all probability Chsmbers had friends who were Freealasons, and possibly i t is there of whoin he wrote. H e was cautious in iiot giving a11 opi11ion about t h e Order generally. H e could only describe those wit11 w,lrom l ~ e was actually acquainted as being in possessioil of some mysterious lr~io\vledge wl~icliseemed t o liinl akin t o tliat of tlie earlier Rosicrucians. I must confess t h a t 1 pay very little heed to the Ortrtiolr said t o have b._.::\ delivered by tlie Chevalier Ramsey, t l ~ o u g h Bro. Tuckett is to be congratulated 0 1 having traced i t in p r i n t in 1739. 1 I sea in i t only ail attempt, in whic!~ Ramsey was preceded by Swift and Anderson, and followed by Illany writers as ir~esponsibleas himself, t o slloxv a likeness if not a con~iexio~l betweell AIasonry and t h e old Order!: of Chivalry; and in one particular refererice I regard hiin more as a student of t h e Bible t h a n as one wllo sought to indicate ally special phase of Masonic ritual or cerenloliial of liis dav. So, too, I sl1ould hesitate to piace illucli reliance upon the statement!: of Dassigny. Tlie inforn~ationfurnislled by Bro. C!ra.vvley5~iregard to liis character
J l ~ i r r a yLg-on. T L i s f o ~ , ! ~I;otl!/e of ~::'tlirtl,tc~~~ll,, p. 1 4 1 . Rc~ferrnresto t h r of 1873. c o n ~ ~ n n n i c a t i o n tlic ' Word ' in o t h e r Scottish 1,odg.c~n-ill be fo1111d 011 pp. 2'2-3 of that. of

xorli.

' C'ccc.~~let~tco,ic~ Ilibr~,rlic:r, fas. i i .

T l ~ r e e c n c r a t i o l ~ sof the D ' A s i g n y fa~nily, 7 g p.

and career does not tend to inspire coi'fidence in his writings. The illost t h a t call be said with certainty is tliat the tern1 ' Royal Arc11 ' was k i l o ~ i 1o him, and t h a t t in D u b l i ~ iit meant someii1iug apart fro111 oi i:1 addition to tlie ordinary Craft degrees of the tinle. Anderson's inention of a well built. arch " in 1723, aiid siinilar references io " ail Arch " ill Catechisiils of 1723: and 1724 are vapue and coiltradictorv. and " a , v.hile they may have been inserted nit11 the object of drawing attention L, a articular portioil of work the11 knovrn and practised, they inay equally be o u l j casual references t o a detail ill Architectural construction. Tlie Autieuts in 1752 expelled a nleinber wllo had declared t h a t " t h e Rainbow was tlle Royal Arcll." St,ukeley's " Order of the Book " is in i13.y opiilioil entirely uilcoi~nected with t h e question. D~lriilgt h e period of Bro. Tuckett's investigation hundreds if not tllousands of Clubs, Orders and Societies were formed, soiile of a purely social character, soine with a scientific basis, real or assumed, soine undoubtedly political, and soine even distinctly revolutionary. Tlie " Order of the Book " is oilly one of lnaily such organizations, and I do not see t h a t i t had any Masonic coiiiicxioii nor tliat it can for111 tlie basis of any Maso~licargument. F o r such a 1)urpose it seenls to range with Byroin's Shortiland Society t o which n3embers were adnlitted c~remoujally, and whose principal officer was known as tlle Grand Master. I have not attempted t o criticize all tlle pieces of evidence t h a t Bro. Tuckett llas put. forward -in support of llis views, but in spite of the fact t h a t I have exl~ressed disagreenlent with liinl in regard t o manv of tliein, I ail1 inost thorougl~lyin accord \$it11 his opinion t h a t so;,i.tlling r s r y s ~ ~ g g e s t i v e what A-+: of now call t h e Roval Arch was known t o I\lasons in t h e earl\. , , vears of Grand Lodee. . . As evidence iu support of this view I slloulcl, llowever, be disposed to include references t o ' Nasters Lodges ' and t o ' Scots Lodges,' aiid wit11 this Ero. Tuckett would certainly not agree, his idea, on the contrary, being t o connect tlle latter wit11 the ' Ecossois ' degree. I n 1888 Bro. Gould suggested l tliat tlie degree of ' Scots Xason ' was ilitroduced from Scotland by Anderson. I have found notlliiig to justify a statemeat tliat Aiiderson a t any time interfered wit11 Ritual. I t is not kllown t h a t 11e was even a Mason when he calils to Lo~ldoilin or before 1710. H e llinlself only states t h a t lle was orderecl t o ' digest ' the Old Charges or XS. Constitutions. IIe is not recorded as atteilding Grand Lodge betweell 1723 and 1730, aiid in fact his atterida~lcesthere were ~ilainlv concerned \\it11 t h e publication of tlie t x o Editions of t h e Uool; o f ( ' o i ~ . ~ t i t t ~ t i o t ~ s , whicli were his personal property. So far, then, as we are aware his interest in Freemasonry was entirely of a finailcial character. B u t while I cannot see ally reason for tllk suggestioil t h a t t l ~ e' Scots 3lasons ' Lodges oived tlieir existence or name to any j~lflueiice of Anclerson, I would poitlt oat tlizt 1)esaguliers visited the Lodge of Edinburgh in 1721, and 1 suggest t h a t this visit should be viewl-ed in conjunction with the letter of T 7 u r l t r ( OII/IXO(/II.S of 1725, tlie ' Scots Masons ' of 1733, etc., and the letter t o the Duke of Ricllmond of 1734. I do not see t h a t tliere is the very sliglltest reasoil for accepting the theory that t11e.e ' Scots ?.la~oiis as such were working for the S t u a r t cause. Referring ' t o the records of meetings in \fTiltsliire and Somerset ill 1746, Bro. Tuckett says, " It is clear t h a t a Jacobite Maso~licagelit was touring the west of England." That someone was 011 tour is quite possible, but tlie Jacobite influence is not apparent. The only evidence of such a n i~lflueilce appears t o be in the name ' Scots,' but to me this is evidence in tlle opposite direction. I call quite conceive tlie possibility t h a t sonle aielnbers of solne Lodges were Jacobites, but i t is surely in the Iiighest degree iwprobable that they would brand theil~selves as sucll, or permil; tlie~~lselves be called ' Scots lfasons ' if that tern1 i~leailt what Bro. to ml u c k e t t suggests; and I can~iot look up011 i t as at all likely t h a t a " Jacobite Xasoxic agent " would openly tour tlie country and make k~loxvnin the Lodges that Ile had a d ~ i ~ i t t ecertain ilained il~embersto a degree linlited to adherents of d
' l
0

3&

l'rtr~lvrctio~rs t h r Quccttror C'oro~tatiLodlle. of

the S t u a r t cause. Surely if they had been Jacobites they would have sought to It work i n secret and avoid all suspicion of disloyalty to the reigiiing House. seems t o rile t h a t t h e very fact tliat the Lodge Minutes record these inen as ' Scots masons' effectually shows t h a t tliere was 116 Jacobite influelice a t work ill coililexion with tile degree. On t h e question of t h e attitude of the Roinan Catllolic C h u r c l ~towards Masonry, I do not feel able t o speak so confidei~tly,but it occurs t o rne as lligl~ly iniprobable t h a t Roman Catholics would openly aiid deliberately p u t forward aud exploit-even in support of the S t u a r t cause-degrees said to be connected with a n order which the heads of their Churcll had so thoroughly condemned. That tile Papal Bull of 1738 utterly fai1.d to operate in all places in wl~ichi t was not officially promulgated is well known, but i ? Rome it alniost certainly llad the effect ~ of suppressing the so-called Jacobite Lodge whicli llad been established there, aiid yet p r o . Tuckett contends, perllaps not without reason, t h a t the Romisl~Church looked t o t h e S t u a r t restoration as a nleans towards regaining its owl1 teinporal power in Great Britain. I confess I ail1 quite ~ u l a b l et o ui~derstandthe inotives whicll a t any time actuated the Roinisli Church either f o or against Freemasonry, ~ and can only say that-openly, a t least-its opposition has been as consisteiit as i t has been persistent, and in this country, a t all events, without any effect. The question, however, still renlaius-how could Freeinasonry be expected t o exercise any influence either for or against the S t u a r t cause? Bro. Tuckett puts i t t h a t , " To the master n~iiidsof tile Jacobite nioven~entthe institution of Freen~.asonrywould seen1 to possess points of very considerable interest and very I ail1 more inclined to support the view of possible iinportance and utility." Hro. Speth, who wrote ill 1894 of Freeillasoilry in England t h a t in t h e early years froill and before l717 its aiin was sin11)ly iione a t all, a t least not conscio~lsly so, tliat the Lodges were partly convivial societies, the remnants aiid survivals of ancient trade societies, of whicll ilothing more tllau tlle conviviality remailled, with a certain anlount of ~ a v s t i cceremonies whicli l ~ a dbeell 11;illded rlouru. Men of education joiiled t h e Lodges on account of the ceremouies and inystery in tlle first insttinc-', and frequented tliein probably afterwards because they found tl~emselvescoilifortable there, and i t was a new experience t o nlix on such intimate terms with a class of inell to url~ose society they were not accusto~ued. 1 7 1 order t o continue this coinfortably, i t \\-as necessary t o proscribe religious and political coiiversation, as precisely a t this time politics and religion were dangerous topic.; t c moot, and thus a base was formed froiii wliicl~our present ideas eve!\-etl quite naturally. li this view be correct, and I believe it. is, I again ask-IIow could Freemasonry be expected to exercise any influence either for or against tlle S t u a r t cause ? 111 my opinion, Bro. Tuckett has not p u t forward any evidence whatever wl~icllcan be accepted as supporting t h e theory. I keep a n open inind with regard to the place of origin of the ' Ecossois ' degrees, as I feel tliat the evidence a t present before us is scanty and contradictory. As I have already indicated, I caniiot agree t h a t t h e " Scotch Mason's Lodge " a t t h e Ilevil Tavern ' u a s in any way coni~ected with them. Barbier (1737) seenis dead against a British origin, and I think llis mentioi~ of ' Chevaliers,' ' Chevalerie,' etc., sho\vs tliat, even if he had no personal k n o ~ l e d g e the matter, of lie gave tlle inforniation as i t u7as given to hini by soiileolle who did know. And if there is even a possibility t h a t these ' Ecossois ' degrees llad their origin on the1
;L.O.C'. s s i r . . 237. 13ro. Tuckett srems t o inakt. n poiilt of -this 1,ndge ha~i11g bc.t.11 '.rr:~sctl, 1.r. i l l i i r k , from the list.'' l do not think any arpnnlt~nt car1 bc basccl 11po11 this. 1 btlliere it n-ill be fo~lndthat Bro. Lane took his i ~ i f o r ~ ~ ~ a t i o n ,the n ~ f r o Official Co1)i.e~ the Lists l)rc,srr\ rd a t Freemasons' Hall. These official co1):c~a were sl)cc.ially of lwcparecl. wit11 spaces for noting :tttendanccs of rrl)i~eszntatircs.c ~ t c .. and I Y ~ P a ~I~otlgc . I \!as urmored for any reason i t 3\-o11ldbe natllral for the Sc.ci.eta~.y Gi.aii(1 Loclge to of t l entry. put his l)ell t h r o ~ ~ g h ~ r
2 sf1.1lc.k olrt

'B.().('. rii., 173; quotetl in part in

Colltinent, I see 110 reason for assunlilig t h a t tllose wllo forlned tlieill were ilecessarily British Masoils living t!lere. X o ~ t tlle books froill which Bro. Tuckett of i,as quoted siirnplY exprps:: tlle view tllat T / . r r ~ t ~ / i . ~ o toriginated in Ellgland, aiid ~r.,// illis view will be geiierally accepted. There are scarcely any references urhicli call be taken defiliitely as having any beariug up011 tlie origin of ' Iiigll degrees,' and one in particular I .l jioio!/ir ~ I O I O . I'Oi..lrr) n:ay per1:aps be noted as a n example of the maiiaer' in whicll such references can be viewed fro111 different standpoints. Uro. Tuckett illentioiis' t!lat " le frCre Aaiericain " was not a Frencliman, a ~ l d h a t t i!ll(, is nlelitiol~edin one of his songs. Now in t h e the De!/rrr of f ' h r r ~ / r l i r rlr r first place. 50 far as I can see, a J)r!/i.~ris not iuentioned in the quotatioi~,but only a title Cihrr./rlirr tlr l'./ i!/lu, and in tlie second place L ' A ~~iuricctiti appears t o have bzen the name of a Freucli family, for I have a 3Iasonic Certificate of 1774 ;rhi.cll is signed by, ainoiif!t others, a certain I,ccnico.y,tr /,'.l ttrrric'ctit, as Registrar cf t h e C'kcot17,t~r tlr.. l't~ol~iircrs under the Grand Orient. T do not for a nloineilt :(is11 t o imply t h a t Rro. Tuckett is neces~arilywrong in his deduction, and perhaps the point might be cleared u p by a closer exanlirlatioii of the other contents of tlie book froin which the quotation is taken. I do not attach m11c1i importaiice to the stateme~lt in 1813 t h a t " pure ;intielit Masonry " was to be considered as consisting of certain degrees " and no i~iore," the idea being, as T take it, iilerely to p u t a liniit upon degrees wl~icliwere t o receive tlie official sarictioii of t h e new United Grand Lodge. The inclusion of the Royal Arch appears to me quite reasonable, as it was evidently admitted t o be an essential portion of the Third Degree. T t was fully realized t h a t " degrees of the Orders of Clxivalry " were in existence, and their working was not prohibited. It is quite possible t h a t official recogilitioii was withheld because membership required a Christiaii belief, u~llile " pure Antielit Masonry " ,was looked upon as non-secta~ian, This particular point inay perhaps affect Bro. Tuckett'!: argun7ent iii regard to degrees slicll as the Rose Croix &lid Royal Order of Scotland, as to whose origin we have so little definite informatiou. To sum up:-Bro. Tuckett has based his arguineiits upon the assumption, " T h a t before 1717 Freen~asollrp possessed a Store of Legend, Tradition and Syinbolisnl of wide extent." I see ilotlling t o support this view, a n d , on t,he contrary, I ro1i:ider tllat tlie knowledge consisted merely in simple fornis of recognition. That substantially what in t h e present day is known as the Royal Arch was i~icludedin such means of recogilition is t o my mind extrelnely probable. Z feel, however, very doubtful u,liether presumed knowledge in Scotland in 1638 can be taken as evidence of the same knowledge in London in 1717. Tlle position of so-called Scotch degrees a t a later date (1756-7) is made clear by tlie official correspondeiice between the Grand Lodge of H o l l a i ~ d atid D r . Manniiigham, D.G.&I., in Lo11don.l Bro. Tuckett will find the following in tlle E I ~ P P - J / (( IIC ~ I~I ~ T~ ~ ~ O ) ~ C ~ I old (ivirvrr., I.oiidoa, 1726, p . 34 :As for your story of t h e Universality of A l / ( t \ o ~ ~ t !it's all a Juggle. /, You have been deceived to the last degree. I have been in France, Spain, and Italy, yet never heard a word of this stuff before You would be laughed t o scorn in any of those Countries, t o nlention any Tlling so compleatly ridiculous. a This, for u h a t it is worth, ii~dlcates n English, or British, origjii for Freemasonry, a view whirli, I t l ~ i n k ,is generally accepted. That the same can be said for tlio so-called high degrees is perhaps not so evident. A t all events, I am unable t o accept the suggestion t h a t they were derived from a store of tradition in hand before 1717. for I see no ev~derlcet h a t such a store existed,-a store, t h a t is to say, which was exclusivelv in the hands of Freenlacoiis and not obtainable froill Biblical and other well-known sources.

Bra. EDJVARD AXWITAGE : said Ero. Tuclrett has set l~iulself110 light task to establish his threefold theory, b u t tottjorr,,s I1ntrtltcc.e has evidently bee^; his 11-otto, and we are the gaiuers in a most interestil~gp a ~ eP ~. 111. would :eem t o be proved colicl~~sively, t and i t is most useful t o have the volullle of evidence so handy for reference. As to P t . I . , 1 think, too, tllerz Illay Icl: general agreealent, t l ~ o u g hu p to the present 110 one llas succeeded in identifying t h a t portion of the Store of Legend, Tradition, and Synlbolisin n l ~ i c l lhas contributed so markedly to the M.M. llegree. P t . 11. is t h e crux ! I tllink Bro. Tuckett has nlzde out a case which falls little short of proof t h a t the Additional Degrees were fou~lde'dby Britons, but I ?,Ilould prefer t o call then1 Englisll Nasolls. Many of t l ~ e mwere Scotchn~en,sonle perhaps Irishmen, b u t we are dealing here with Nasonry, and whetller Scotch~llen Irishmen, i t was as English Masons or t h a t they founded the Additional Degrees. T h e system of tllree Craft Degrees of E . A . , F . C . , alid M . N . wss first developed uilder tlle Grand Lodge of England, and tlie Additional Degrees \%.ere additional to t11e.e tllree. True, nu. 11ave t l ~ e l ncalled Irish Masonry or Scots Masonry, but what other t6ame~ ~ o u coitllcl .o attractive? Freemasonry had no history as such abroad, so ld t h a t French, German, Dutch, etc., \vould have had no meaning, while English was l barred as dealjug only ~ ~ t thei Craft Degrees. I n Ireland, Freelnasonry had a history, and in Frotlaild the Craft was widely spread and a power in the land. " Scots" was a mo-t appropriate word, for Scotland was the home of Operative Masonry: our nalnes of E A , F.C , and 1 &I.were derived fro111 Scotland, while 1 in thirteen years of t h e early days of t h e Grand Lodge of England no less than bix of t h e Grand Masters bore Scottish titles. The Royal Order of Scotland first Later, of course, we have the further development found its h o n ~ ei n England of t h e B c o s s u i s degrees-in France No connection, however, so far as I know, has been showra between Scots Masonry and Scotland, and the men wlio founded these Additional Degrees were Masons holding under t h e Grand Lodge of England I am nuite a t one will1 Bro. 'I'uckett in includinp the R A in Pt I of m his theory, for I cannot find any trace of a connection a t any time between t h e R . A . and Iris11 or Scots Nasonry, while the passage quoted by Bro. Tuckett from Dassigny's ,Yrt.iotts trtrrl I : ~ i p , / ~ t i ( I:'ttyuir!/, 17'4, would point t o the same COIItl clusion. I have always thought tile the Introduction to " Long Livers " by Samber smacked of tlle tenets of the Ro~icrucians,alid should be inclined to say the same of t h e " Masonic Forrnulze," but in any case i t would tend to show t h a t the question of Additional Degrees was in t h e air. Scots Masonry was a good name to conjure with, and Bro. Tuckett writes as a n enthusiast of its sapposed Jacobite connection So best could he bring home t o us what i t ~ n e a n t his theory were true. I do not for one moment believe if t h a t t h e Scots Masons were confined exclusively t o Jacobites, for this would make them marked men; b u t I do hazard the opinioil t h a t any additional information ii gained will serve to s t r e ~ i ~ t h e the connection between Scots Masonry and t h e Jacobite cause. Bro. Tuckett's earliest instance of Scots Masons being wade in a Lodge is 1'746, but, fortunately, the researches of Bro. Dr. Geo. Norman, P . A . G . D . C . , on " Tlle Masonic Lodges of Bath " ( T r c o t s t r c f i o i ~ s of f h r Sot~crr.crt-1f~r.stc.rs L o t l ! / ~ , !917), carry this back eleven years t o 1735, i . r . , during the existence of t h e Scots Masons Lodge held a t t h e Devil Tavern in London. B a t h was then a t the height of its prosperity, and :et t h e fasllion even t o London. The Lodye meeting a t the Bear I n n , NW. 113, was constituted 18th May, 1733, but tlie first Minute Eook com111.ences 28th December, 17,?2, and it has been suggested by Ilro. S o ~ ~ g l ~ uthat it rst wa: really one with the Lodge No. 28 wl~ichwas erased in 1736 f Q t t t t f . Cor. .-I i l t i y . , vol. X . ? p. 225, note). To quote from the Minute Book:On Oct. 28th l735 Tl!e Lodge met Extraordinary when our Worthy Brother D r . Kjnneir was admitted and made a Mason. Hcgh Bennedv I l a ~ t r .P. Tempr. * Jacob Skinner Mastr. and S. W a r d . P . T . St. J o h n Sli-tit11 J.W.P.Tei11pr.

Senr. ward^^. , .Janles Vaugha 11, Xast ers Pre~31it. Jo11usoil Rol;il~.<on Ricbard Ford, J o l i ~ i Morris. Fe!loll: Crafts. Luke Gervjs, Jolln W i l t ~ l i i r e ,J o l l ~ l Anstey, R;c11:i. C a n , Jolin Doline. \Tisita~lts Present.' 'rile R i g l ~ t Honble. Lord Visct. Vane, FI-rlrir Balfonr Esc!, Tl'illja~n Njsbztt E:.q, 1)avid Tl~rejplandEsq. S l r , T ~ ~ v i d s o nIsaac T l ~ u r e t , James Lenlre, Iloctr. Toy, 1)oc'l.. . TIiec$lld, F:dnartl Pe~lil;ridge. Our Worthy I3rotiler:; F T P I I ~U a l t o ~ ~ r ~ Esq. Willianl ru'isbett Esq. and 1)octr. Tlieobald Pass'tl Mast-rs. On t!>e ::anie clate Lodge of Masters nlet Extraordinary and our follo~vi i ~ gWorthy Brotlis -\$er? made and admitted Scots 3lastr. Xasons. Jacob S l r i n ~ ~ e ?,!aster, J o h n r o ~ l Robinson S.\Vardn, Tlios. r Bragg J .W., ! ' I I LIol.riu, Richd. Ford, Janles Vaughan, J~ W m . Nisbett E P ~ 1Iei1ry Ualfol~r Esq, iloctr. Toy, Ecl\\~ard , Pen] bridge. David Present. Hug11 Kenuecly S . A l . , 1)arid Tl~reiplancl S.S.\lT., I)appe S . J . W . Of tliess tlirsa Ilugli Ken~ledyalone belo?iged to tlie Lodge of wliicll he -\\.as Naster wlieli tlie Xinutes comnlence. I)ec-.ilib?r, 1732, and w l ~ e n the Lodge was constituted into a regular Lodge N a y 1Stl1, 173.3, going out of Office on 27th Decenlber, 1733. I find David Threipland's nanie as a 3leinFer of the Lodge ~ i l e e t i ~ ia t tlie Bear g and IIarro\v in tl!e Butcher Row in 1730. Of tl~o:;ewho took tile degree tlie last four were not 1nen7bers of t h e Lodge; Doctr. Toy was D . N . of W a l ~ s while Jvin. Nisbett Esq. and Henry Balfour Esq. , liad the degree of Master co~iferrncioil them t,liat day apparently to enable tlleln t o proceed to the Degree of Scots Naster. A t the n e s t n7ezting of the Lodge, Novenlber 17t11, 1735, H u g h ICennedy, iid Joliii Morris, R . Ford and ])avid T l ~ r e i ~ ~ l a have the letters S.31. after their 11aines. I t iiiay be of interest to note that C'liarles de Labelye, first JIaster of tlio Lodgl constituted jn illzdrid on 15tli February, 1728, by tlie Duke of Wliarton, was a valued nlenjher of the Lodgr ill Thth ailcl warmly thanked for his services to the Lodge on 18th May, 1733 (Iris private Occasioils requiring l ~ i spresence in Lolldon for a considerable- time). H e was apparently in 1723 a nlenlber of t h e Lodge n ~ e e t i ~at gS o l o r n o i ~ ''l'enlple, FTe~n~nirig O W ( a Fre~icliLodge). and i n ~ ~ R 1750 of tlie Lodge meeting a t the White Bear in King St., Golden Square /()//:it. ('01,. -l~zti!/., vol. X.). 1 evtr;:ct :till anotlier i~istaiicefrom R r c o r ~ l so,/ Lotlyr of L l ~ t i y ~ ~ i edited t ty, by W . H. Rylands, 1911, p. 105, under date 17th J u n e , 1740 :Tlie following Members of this Lodge were this evening made Scotcll Master ?ilasons by Bro. [David] ISumpliry's of the ITourn'11g Bush Aldersgte Bro. [ Jollil] I-Towes Mastr. Bro. [Tl~omasl Crisp Warden Seilr. Nro. [I<lunt] ~ o g e r s Bro. [Thomas] Hl~glles I k o . [Gera) Strong Bro. [ W i l l i a ~ a JR a n d Bro. [Edward] Cllapman Secy. Bro. [William] Freeman Bro. [Wjlliam] Bird

It illay be t h a t Bro. Tuckett will be able to strengthen his case by fiuding k11o~v11 >upporters of tlie Jacobite cause ainolig the above Ilanies, P u t tlie follo~vi~ig side by side : -

Flamber in 1723 describes a Freemasons' dinner as follows:However to do then1 justice I ~ n u s town there was 110 mention n ~ a d e of politics or religion . . . and when tile music began to play " Let the K i n g enjoy his own again " they were imn?~Jediately reprimanded by a person of great gravity and science. fh'hriefnfic E ~ ~ c o n , i c ~ ~ ~ i , 1723.) Tlle Lodge in Paris in 1725 was foul~ded by adllerents of tlle Jacobite cause. Lord Derwentwater (Charles Radcliffe) was Grand Master in Paris in 1736. Baron Sclleffer received two Ecossois degrees ill Paris in 1737, became a friend of Charles Radcliffe, from v7110111 lle received a ' Deputation ' to constitute Symbolic Lodges in Sweden The letter from Jachin in 1737, which Bro. Tuckett quotes, miglit well sllow a disgruntled Mason who couldn't get or wouldn't ask for admission into some form of Masonry with Jacobite tendencies. Bro. Yarker has a note ( d . Q . C f . , vol. i . , p. 150), " The standard of the Fretender James III., according t o an old conteinporary l~istoryof tlle r e b e l l i o ~ ~ of 1715, 11-as as follows: -Of green silk with buff fringe, the device a pelican feeding her young. Motto, Tanturn valet Amor Regis e t Patriae." Are these various itenls all coillcidences? I think not.

Bro. SYDSETT . KLEIS ~ r r i f ~ n follows:as Bro. Tuckett has succeeded in giving us, not only a n interesting paper, but m e t h a t xirill be a valuable contribution t o o u r Trunsactioi~s,owing to t h e great number of references collected bv him from a wide range of sources. H e has attacked a proble~nwhicl~has not hitherto been adequately dealt with, and which uill probably require a good deal of further spade work t o unravel. On one point I think we must all agree, namely, t h a t a t the Revival in !717 Masonry did comprise much more of Legend, Tradition, and Syn~bolip~n Ihau n a s embodled in tlle three degrees a~lthorizedby the newly-instituted Grand Lodge Those who have pawed the Chair of a Mark Mason's Lodge must surely have realized t h a t they were taking part in a ceremony, the central feature of ml~ichcolild ollly have colne t l ~ r o u g hfrom very old operative tlmes This feeling \\.as very strongly borne ill upon lne when investigating Masons' marks in the various old buildings t o be found in Spaln, the result of which I hope to lay before tlie Lodge at an early date. I t must have been a wonderful e x p e r i e n c ~nl the life o f c:ery Operative Mason when 11e was first entrusted with a distinguishing mark tlf his own, by which henceforth his work would be recognized. When one c . .~n:inest h e beautifully-designed and deep-cut marks of tlle true Gothic period, s2y ~ - Z I ( . C / ,4.L). 1150-1350, and coinpares them with t h e careless and roughlyexecuted marks, n ~ a n yof them Illere scratclres, of later periods, olle realizes the conscie~ltiouswork of "those days and the pride with wllicl; those old Masons must have placed tlieir marks 011 the work of their hands. One can picture then1 finally standing, as we do now, in a o n d e r n ~ e n ta t t h e nlarvellous beauty of the completed building wl~iclitheir ov7n work llad accoinplislled. I t is in t h e use of Synlbolisin attached to such a Craft that 31asonry -appeals to everythiug t h a t is best in l ~ u m a a i t p ,by bringing llonle to us the great t r u t h t h a t by earnest and collscientious work 111 our daily life we can attain t o a building, not made with Iiandu, eternal i11 t h a t heaven which is in the heart of every true i\Iason. There is also mucl1 in t h e Ceremonies and R i t u a l of the different Degrees and Orders of Chivalry which points to their origin also having been derived from traditions handed down from tlle same period when Gotllic architecture was a t its zenith. Tlie K i ~ i g l ~ t Tenlplars rose and fell with t h a t uonderful developn~entof Arcllitecture, and Chivalry itself had its r i ~ e tllose two cel~turiesthrough the in lllarveilous e n t h u ~ i a s nroused throughout Christeladom by t h e Crusades. ~

I t is quite uilaccou~ltable\vlly Grand Lodge in l717 ignored the Royal Arch Degree, because, as I have already pointed out ill nly paper on AIItrgister -1fathesios (.-L .Q.C., vol. xxiii.), its symbol, the Equilateral triangle, came through fro111 Gothic times, i11 conjnllctioll with the Operative symbol, the &Iason's Square, as may be seen on many old Brasses and illustrations, \&ere two pillars are so often seen surmoullted by these tv-o symbols; and the combination of the Square and Coinpasses have the same significance. Indeed, t h e very name Royal Arch was derived fro111 t h e true Gotllic Arch which, forined by tile Vesica piscis, contained the equilateral triangle, the symb31 of the Logos of St.. John's Gospel, namely, t h a t \illlich was lost with tlle decay of true Gothic a r t .

Uro. CECIL POWELL : said W e are much indebted to Bro, Tuckett for this paper and the great trouble involved in its preparation. I n i t he has made soine bold suggestions and attacked opinions t h a t have been generally accepted. Wllether we accept his theories, or not, as feasible, we have a t least been led t o a new point of view as regards t h e second of the Articles of Union. T h a t Article has been usually taken as a n axionl t h a t was not t o be questioned. Bro. Tuckett treats i t as merely a more or less arbitrary statement of the opinion of those concerned in 1813, and, on consideration, I think we are bound to agree with llinl in this respect. Bro. Tuckett n?aintains, and gives illany contemporary references, t h a t there were the gerins of Masonic Chivalry existing as f a r back as, and indeed before, 1717, and t h a t they were widely dispersed in Great Britain. H e suggests the legmd which was adopted by tlle Grand Lodge was selected from illally then obtaining, and t h a t it owes its importance to the powerful support it thus received. The Royal Arch, he likewise considers, was then existing in a sinlilar form, and its remarkable popularity allloilg tlle Antients being so soon apparent, points t o an early kno\vledge of its idea. I cannot help thinking, as is implied in t h e paper, t h a t there inust have been an insistent delnand in tlle lninds of the Brethren for a Inore satisfactory completion t o the legend than was afforded by the Third Degree, something to make u p for a loss. The Royal Arch thus quickly becaine a valuable weapon in the hands of the Antients. Tlius we have a n instance of a whole " Moderr1 " Lodge in Bristol (in 1768) transferring its allegiance t o t h e rival jurisdiction because tlle Grand Secretary of the day had forbidden them t o continue to practise tlle degree,-as they had iiregularly done. If we accept tlle theory t h a t tlle Jacobites used, or inteilded to use, t h e Chivalric Degrees for furtherirlg their political objects, i t is conceivable t h a t t h e IXa~loveriansin tlle " Modern " Grand L o d ~ e for this reason resolutelv set theillselves against any extension of Masonry beyond tlle limits of tlle three " established " degrees. I t wrould then be in~possiblefor any secret propagandist agency to exist i11 some additional rites to which only selected persons would be admitted The decision thus come t o in tlle early days of the Grand Lodge of 1717 inay easily have afterwards been accepted as a cherished tradition. This inay then accou~lt for the reluctance of tlle " Moderns " to r~cogilizethe Royal Arch, and for t h e extraordinary arrangen~entsnlade when the Grand Chapter was fornled in 1767. The spirit of tlle old idea was evidently intended to be kept, although the lnernbers of the Modern Grand Lodge, in another capacity, were conlpelled by t h e force of circu~nstancest o break i t in practice, and its principal officers took p a r t in t h e affairs of the Grand Chapter. It is extraordinary t h a t so little was done in this country in the Chivalric Orders until some thirty or forty years after the references Bro. Tuckett ~nentions were made. Probably this was due t o a feeling of obedience to tlle decrees of t h e hlasonic authorities I cannot tl.ink t h a t ~ v h e nthose Additional Degrees were practised, about 1780, and rather before t h a t time. they did not include very Inally things inlported fro111 t l ~ eContinent, and sonie which arose f ~ o ~ n lively tlle imagination of our F r e n c l ~Bretllrea.
0

I have perused this paper with a great deal of pleasure, and congratulate Ero. Tucketi 011 the May he has collected atid iilarsllalled his facts. My chief object has besn t o try. t o filid out tlie real facts as t o the origin of the various Orders and Degrees outside Craft Nasorlry. I think t h a t i t is pretty clear t h a t the Royal Arch was made u p of soille legends and tradition not fully exeillplified in tlle ritual of t h e three degrees, and I a m of opii~ion h a t the ritual of the Rcyal Order of Scotland is very luucll on the t lines of a very allciellt ritual and illay liave been extended and ililproved wlleli the three degree rituals were fixed .up. The colliiectioll between the Kiiiglits Tell~plarof old aiid the iiioderli seeills vague and lacking proof, while the regalia is so cciilbsrsonle that it is surprisilig t h a t so- 111aily takg it u p and contiilue to work it. I t would, I think, be difficult to prove a n absolute coil~lectioilbetween the Red Cross of Collst,ailtiile atid the Order founded in A . D . 313; the opinion of many, forty years since, was t h a t the ritual was written and the Order puslled by t h e late Bro. Weilt~vortliLittle. Bro. Tuckett's careful notes as to the Rose Croix or Scottish Rite are lllucll to t h e poiilt, b u t t h e origin is not frilly ezplaiiied and probably callliot be, aiid if we study the ritual of the various degrees there seems no system, 110 co-ordi~iatioil. I n t h e degrees from t h e tllirci to the eighteenth inany subjects are dealt with, and in the latter we are treated to a bzautiful errangemeilt of word:: cittirely Christian. W1ie11 t h e degrees tliirtietll and above are reached Christianity does not figure largely, aiid I all1 hoping t h a t abler b r e t l ~ r e ntllaii li~yself will bs able to explain \q.l~atis really the drift of the degraes of this Order taken as a wliole. The pap" i. a aalual-le ;.:lditjoil to the Tt~cc~~.~ctc.fio~,.; Quatuor of the (2cro113ti.

The reading of Bro. Tuckett's paper afiords a t least a literary pleasure; atid Iles1tatio1l t o accept theories he propou~lds ill 110 way le5seiis our obligation for the wealth of nlaterial he ~ ? r e > e n t s H i s conclusioa 111. appears t o r?st 011 two negative a11d 0119 aftir~llative propo:itjolls : (1) That ~ r j t i s l lMasol~icwriters do not a s ~ e r tin~portatioilfro111 &broad of Acldjtjonal Degrees; (2) t h a t Forejgii W-iitsrsil1ake no clailll to such; t u t , 011 the coiltrary ( 3 ) , awert ally julportatior~or tranderence to have beell f r ~ i l ~ Britain to the C ~ i l t i l ~ e i l t E U ~ O P Zal-rcl p a s a g e ? referrad t o ill the paper 110 of ; doubt teild in t h a t clirectioll if take11 as they stand. Any qudjfied agreeme;;t I coc~ld'express i u u ~ t subject to the obrervatioli bs Illat I fail t o see t h a t sollie of tlie Eliglisll references included in tlie Addeildulii t o the paper support views tllere conte~~cled for. For inata~lce,1 read the context of hot11 the Grand Lodge Resolutiol~sof 28th August ancl 15tll I)ecember, 1730, &S sl~ov.itig t h a t t h e precautiolls to be take11 were directed-jii August, agaiilst tlie priilting of 3Iasoilic secrets, atid ill December agajiwt " one Pritcliard," alld llis like; and i ~ o tas applyi1:g to ally separate organizatioli cogilate to tlie subject of the paper. G . r / ; r r s i c ~11 r,itc.s e.qt ~ . r , c l i c . q i o rr.i:rs. ttif - . Agajii, t l ~ eextract froill Chan~bers' C'yl/c.lol)ceclin hardly reljreseilts the full . passage, which I take 7if~rtrti11r frs111 Tarker's .170fc,s O I I tftc ,Sc,ie/tfificcolt? Itrli!/iorts .7Lgsfrrip.v o f -1i ~ t i y r / i t ? / (1872), 118u. :Sonle, who are no friellds to Free-niasoiiry, make the present flourishing or society of free-iii.aso~lsa bralicli of K o s i o c i c i : r / ~ . ~ , rather the h'osit ~ , l r c . i o ~tllell~selvesunder a llewr liallie or relation, viz., as retainers to ~.q buildi~ig. A n d i t is certain tllere are soiue free-masoils wllo have all the charact,ers of I ? o . ~ i c ~ ~ ~ t ~ but c ltow . tlle Era and original of 3fasonry t~i c~~ ~: as traced by 31r. Aildersoii, aucl that of Ro\.ic~r~rici~lr,is,,, here fixed froill N:iud;eus, 1z.110 has written expressly oil tlle subject coiisist~ we leave otllers io judge.

l i i-arker copied correctly, Cliaiiibers liinlself cpalified, if Ile did not negative, tile inrerelice drav:~l 111 the paper. Can equivalelit stateinents be found in Knglish &Lasonic ~ o r k s Nos. 37 of aild 44 ill the Addendum, where Frencii writers in 1744 aiid 1747 attribute " Seven Uagrees," or . ' seven grades," to Freeniazonry ? in l725 made its 1 greatly dvuht if \\hen, r . r . I//,., tile Grand Lodga of E u l e tllat , i hour sliall be set apart L talk Masonry," ri o the members utilized illat time in readjiig or reciting Legends of the 'I'einple, Crusaders, or Knightly lfiasons \till1 S\:,ord aiid 'Trowel : both t.lie Rules as a whole, aiid tlie probabilities, are agsiiisl tlie idea, and render i t nlore likely tliat domestic affairs of the Lodge r . u ~ p l i e ddiscussion, as tlie followitlg year, 1726, a ineinber was disqualified arid for ever banislied for foriiiing n ~cliisinaticlodge and improperly nlaking inasoils.' Ctlier instalices oi talking niasoiiry " nould be accounted for in less exciting fashioil, for we know t h a t it was a recognized habit to read and discuss works oil Arc!iitecture, or 1i:tnn t o " a Lecture on sonle Point of Geoinetry or Architecture. " ' See Addeiiduin, Nunibers 8 and 10. Personally, 1 continue to regard any addition t o the legend of the Third Degree as affording ~ t r o n g proof of its un-authenticity :'; and sllould welcome a n intinlation fro111 Lro. Tuckett as to ~ l l e nlle surnlises its first appearance took placz; and whetller si!c:i existed in Eilglisli Masonry before tlle Revival of 1717 ? This opexs tl12 furiller question, I n what consisted the " S t o r e of Legend, Tradition, and Sy~iibolism of v,ide extent," beyond n h a t was drawn upoil and utilizzd at tlle Revival; aiid later on, as is suggested, by Jacobite nlelnbers of the Craft acting together for a defined purpose? A general proposition t h a t such a " Store " existed is t a n t a l j ~ i ~ l g wllnn details ~\~llicll r o u l dbe E O acceptable, and ~ n7.ig11t even be! concluzive, are a t tile same time witliheld. H o ~ v e r e rt h a t inay be, i tllinlr we sliould assulne tliat ally selectioli of material (if such were made) a t the Revival would b deliberate and advised, as ~t niay also have beell exllaustive; but witllout inore insight s s to what Bro. Tuckett llad in mind wllen ile penned his Tlieory I. of the paper. one call do 110 more t l ~ a i l;nark time. Let ine say t h a t I go far in agree~lleilt nit11 the statenleiit t h a t tlie Third Degree Legend was already iii 1717 a p a r t of M3so11ic Tradition. Having written as long since as 1904 upon the Ashnloleail Theory, I appreciate llow tentative -2nd theoretical supposition5 011 tllis and ~ t kindred topics necessarily are, and can i add nothing ilo~v1\1bicli affects the special phase. The " Tenl.plar Succession " lias llad a long line of advocates; perhaps one of the inost insistent alid one of tiie latest bei:ig J . Count D e Brody Zabrocki, ill ;I ~ ~ a i ~ ~ ~ l ~ l e t , 7'hr 0/.i!,i11 oi I.'rrc--llnso~~~,!/:i f s ~ ~ ~ i s s i onut7 t h e el~ocli of its ii, !i!!c/r.rirrl i/cstitl~/iu/l,was publislled a t Edinburgll in 1847. Yarker says, Vi>count I)ui;dee, \b,ito Mas rlaiii a t Iijl~iecrankiein 1689, bearing the Cross of tlie C1.rler [ o f Teinplarsj, as we are juforiiled by Callnet." 111 c o n ~ ~ e a j o~ t j t hScottish 3iasoiiry 110 mention is made in tlle paper of n ilre virit of Dr. 1)e.aguli~rs to Edi:lburgll ~ I I 1721, though to i t has beell ascribed Xcotlaucl'~ acquaintailc> mith, and subsequent adoption o f , English synlbolical -7laso1lry.j As bearing on the prevalellceof fornlulz or einblenls belonging t o soinething outside the three Craft Ilegrezs, reference might with inore or less cogency have l ~ e e ninade to the riuu~erousexanlples of eigllteenth and early nineteenth century Craft Aprons ~vhjcll 11;.ve keen exhibited and described a t our Lodge meetings, son1.e being illustrated ill our Trcoiscrc.fiott.v. Bro. W. 11. Rylaiids, in his essay on Tlle Maso~licA p r o ~ " /.I . Q . ( ' . v . , 172), described and figured specinlens of these, i tlie difficulty about t l ~ e m1:eiilg the uiicertainty of their date or origin; and wrote (page 179) : " " " "

'

1 2 3

.-l.().('. xiii., 1.5, 17. / l l l , l . xxv.. I l l , l l l i , l . s x s . . :34-:W,

I tliink a11 explanation Inay be found for tlie introduction of lnaiiy syiilbols wlticli cannot be said to legitinlately belong to pure Freelilasonry in tlie fact titat the use of aprons was not coilfilled to the Lodge alone, but was extended t o otlier gatherings of Masons. . . . I ail1 pretty certain tllat in early times there was no apron specially set apart f o r tlie Royal Arch, but t,llat the ordinary apron of a Master Nlason was used. All apron displaying a great variety of eillbleins outside tlie Craft Degrees, and [totably a Tenlplar's S t a r with motto, " I n hoc signo vinces," is described in . l i i . s c ~ ~ l lL~<~I~? ~ oI ~ ~ ~ I II. O I L O I I ~ ~ , 69. Ero. 'ruckett's phrase, etititled t o recognition, a s a p a r t of pure and ancie~it &fasonry," as applying to " Additional Degrees," might be read as ililplying 1110re t h a n lie illtended. A reference to Rule I. of tlie Collstitutions will explain and excuse tlle hilit. W i t h regard t o some tlieories aiid suggestiolis in the paper, I fear tliat r?cquiesceiice in tllein ii~ustbe accompa~iiedby doubt 1%-llether post hoc and p v o p f e r hoc arguine~ltshave been sufficiently discriminated.
"

Bro. Count GOBLET D'ALVIELLA rites as follows : The origin of Additional Degrees is one of the ~ilostvexed problenls in the l~istoryof Freen.asonry, and Bro. Tuckett's valuable paper throws a good light on tlie subject. I quite agree wit11 llini tliat tliese Degrees (especially the oldest Scottisli Degree:) did not origiliatz on tlie Continent, but are a genuine product, ~ \ fBritisli soil, and t h a t , wliile tliey received their principal extensions after 1740 iii France and Gerinany, their first appearance inust be looked for, soineti~ne earlier, among tlie Britizh Lodges. Of course, Jacobites aiid Jesuits may have seized this opportunity to lay t l ~ e i rhands on Freemasonry, a n d , in fact, we know t h a t they t'ried i t , but it is an exploded idea t h a t they were the originators of tlie Additional Degrees. Fro111 1721 we are confronted with references to certain organizations, ork king under &fasonic deno:ni~iatio~ls a113 conriected in solne inysterious way witli Rosicrucianism, or even wit11 sonle real or spurious Orders of Cliivalry; wliile outside tlie Britisli Isles tllzre is no autl~eiilic~ n e n t i o nof ally Masonic nleeting before the second quarter of t l ~ eeighteentli czntury. There is even, as Bro. Tuckett retiiinds us, trace of sucli connection as early as 1638 in Adamson's Jfcrsea Thretroclir, where tlie author openly clainis to be a t once a Freenlasoli and a Brotlier of tlie Rosie Cr0ss.l So far I ail1 \?-illing to concur witli Bro. Tuckett's firmly established conclusio~is. B u t I should like t o make a step further in trying to ascertain liow aiid wllen was made this departure towards tlie iiistitutjon- o f new Degrees. Until about t h e beginning of the sereiltee~ithcentury tliere is 110 trace of a non-professional factor within the Craft. After tlie Refornlation we notice the presence of an additional element: lairds and lorcls. laiiclecl gentry, clergymen, magistrates, officers. B u t they seen1 to have filled ziii~plytlie r81e of Patroils, what we should call to-clay honorary ~iiembers,interfering lieither wit11 tlie professional busiiiess of tlie Lodges nor nit11 tlieir regulatiolis, still less with their symbols, customs, and legends. Then, little by little, as tlie century proceeds, we see creeping in nlen of learning, Nasters of Arts, nledical doctors, antiquaries, alchen~ists,and, among this new lot, avowed Rosicruciaas, like Henry A d a ~ a s o n , Sir Robert Moray, Thomas Vaugllan, Elias Aslinlole, etc. ; tlius nearing the time when, as alleied by Bro. Gould, in his C ' o i t c i . ~ lli.qtory, lialf the learned inen of Europe distinctly called themselves Rosicrucians. I s it not quite natural t h a t tliese new Brethren,
l 1 ~vo~ider n-l~y o11r learned Brother. ill thc c~lahoratc~ of referc~i~ces list added to 11is 1)aper. leaves our. in tlie fiftec~ltl~ crntln.y. the Paston Letters, fro111 wliich Wro. (:oi~lrl brought out a rl~riou.: nlmtion of a rertnin Tliomns Babl-uptnn. adchessed as " Jlaistcr and So\-c~reigl~ our OrdeC b y tllc coiilniot~ of asscnt of Brethrel~ " This Letter. " sr~p,~owtl t ~ c to n-ritttw " frolu th,e l'e~npleof Syon." aims at rc.~iiindiug John Past011 of 1 : i t111ties tona~.tl, " tl~txc.1,111'1.c,rys his Holy O1,tlcr." of

familiar as tliey were with the use of sv~iibols express and often to co~lceal,under to ortliodox, or a t least unobtrurive signi; ailcl legends, their llerinetic researches and unorthodox speculations. attached t o the s y i ~ ~ b oof t h e Craft a second interpretals tion, this time lnystic and ller~lleticor cabalistic, in co~iforiiiity with their own particular tenets? Even if tliey \\ere not bound by ail allegiance to sollie secret society, sliould not the identity of their vienr: aiid methods induce then1 t o meet together and organ~zeinslde, under the convenient cover of Masonic secrecy, a superstructure or a superbrotlierllood, containing " the Mysteries which are hidden from t h e Uii\vortl~yand reserved to tlie higher Bretllre~i "-to use the words of dedicated to " The Grand Master, Masters, Robert Ealnber in his JIurttott. of I ; ? , Wardens and Eretllren of the Fraternity of Free Masons of Great Britain and Ireland. " I hold as exceedingly probable tlle two working hypotheses of Bro. Tuckett: (1) T h a t t h e Third Degree was evolved by a n influence of this k i n d : (2) t h a t the Ifiramic Legend was a t first it portion only of a Craft lore containing still other siinilar legends, some stillborn, some doomed t o perish in infancy, while some, Legend and the Royal Arch, were destined t o survive and t o like the ~ i r a m i c thrive. I see no fitter theory to explain the spread of tlle speculative views, which, during the first quarter of tlie eighteenth century, crept gradually into t h e Craft and finally reinodellecl its old ain-s aiid organizatio~i,crystallizing on one side in the institution of the Third Degree and i n t h e adoption of tlie Royal Arch, on the other side in the worki~ig of the Additio~lalScottisll and otlier similar Degrees Thus, the " P u r e aiid Ancient Free Masonry " of 1813, consisting of Three Degrees and no more," b u t " including tlle Supreme Order of t h e Holy Royal Arch," represents a colnpronlize bet~veentwo methods and two organizations which have since continued working apart, although iinbued with the Tame spirit. And no wonder, if, in the Preface to the printed book. S r c i e f Tlr\tory o f f h r Free LV./nson..~ (1724), i t is alleged t h a t " Rosicruciaiis and Adepte belong t o t h e same Fraternity or Order as t h e Freenlasons " Wl~eii, fourteen years ago, I brouglit out, in tlie Srtr, .-l!/?, these views, which l had already outlined in ilie proceedings of t h e Iiiternatioi~al Conference of the Rose-Croix, held a t Brussels in 1888, a n American Brother denounced thein as a Cuckoo Tlieory. Iii my eyes, this clualificatioii has nothing offensive nor derogatory. The Cvckoo lnethod is a very respectable one, as testify the histories of nearly all progrezsive, political, social, and even religious associations It was Whether or not the first St. Paul's metliod aillong t h e Jewish Synagogues Speculative Masons, who laid their esoteric eggs in the comfortable berth of t h e Operative Masorlic Lodges, were Rosicrucians, tliey are to be congratulated for having started what Bro. Mackay, in his l / z s t o t y o f Prrr-.lf(ruoitr!/, sliows t o have baen a revolution of unprecede~ited niagnitude, as i t accoiiiplished the transforniation of a local, professsional, aiid sectarian ~ o c i e t yinto a moral, pliilosophical, and universal Brotlierhood, to wllicll we are all proud to belong To sun1 up, I will not go so far as to pretend t h a t Speculative Masonry, as we ki~ow i t , is the direct child of Rosicrucianisii~, but I uphold t h a t i t is tlie legitimate o f f s p r i ~ ~ g a fruitful union between the professional guild of medizval of Masons and of a secret group of p1lilo:opliical Adepts, t h e first having fnrnished the form, and t h e second t h e spirit The first parent died a natural death shortly after the birth of the child-unless we see its survival in the Trades Uniolis of our time; the other is as lively and prosperous as ever, altllougli confined for more 111aii a century in the upper floors of tlie coiiiiiion mansion.
' l

Ero. J . E. S. TUCKETT r i f ~i n ?~ P P ? ? / : - ~ . Tlie reception accorded to lily Paper has been very gratifying, and I ail1 cieeply grateful for a vote of tllcnks, proposed and seconded in such kindly teriiis, and passed by the Brethren with such evident signs of cordial approval. The whole Paper was t o a very great extent tentative and highly co~ljectural-an invitation to criticism and disc~~ssion-and I was very careful to disclain1 any idea t h a t the

l?ropo:itio~is contained in i t were to he col~sidered jiroi<ctl. The fact of the e x l ~ t e n c s these ' Additiol~al l)egrees, tlie n~psteryof their origin, the darkness of ' of tlle allole subject, and its very considerable interest a ~ l di~rl?ortance, justified the experiilieilt of a Ir!/potl~rsis,even if mature judgment follo~~:iiig discussion 011 required its rejection, and tliis fate 11as indeed, ill nly opitlioll. o ~ e r t a k e na part (and a n i i l ~ p o r t a ~ ~ t of the II!-l:otl~esis ~cti:ally proposed. part) I n my Reply the gel~eral theory of ' development ' will be taken first, leaving tlie S t u a r t or Jacobite p a r t t o be dealt \tit11 separately. T h e theory proposed ~ 2 tllat tlie r,rrlir.\t Additio~lal1)egrees were derived s from a ' Store ' of Masonic L e g s ~ l d ,Tradition arid Symbolisln already existing v,liea the premier Grand Lodge was f o u ~ ~ d e c l , arid t h a t the movement was due to our own countrynlen. The Worsliipful Master and Bros. Edward Armitage, Cecil Powell, S. T . Kleiii, Count Goblet d'Alviella, and Lovegrove are all ill agreeopi~lionsmust necesl i ~ e n ta i t l i the Paper thus far. But Hro. Sougllnrrt-whose sarilv cowlrand everv attentioll and rewect-is nuable to believe in the existence of the alleged ' Store,' and lie is not favo~trably ~ ~ . p r e ~ sbyd the evidence contained i e in tlle A c l d c n d u l ~ ~ .I t is verv iwnortant t h a t there be 110 lnistake as to tlie clai~n . , there exists a inass of evidence ?et u p on hslialf of the Addendum :--'. ' which sllows t h a t long before 1740 (and also lollg before 1717) Nasonic Syi~lbolisnl ' and Legend were undergoing a process of growth and development . . . ' paving the way for, trretl lit.ol.i/7irey t71r tr~trtrr~ittl for, Ceren1on-y or Ritual whenever ' the time should be rip2 for its appearance. 111 an A d c l e n d ~ ~ m have brought I ' together a large n u n ~ b e rof pieces of evidence ranging from 1638 to a b o ~ ~ t 1750, : containing indications of ?oniething beyond . . . Craft . . . 1)egrees.' The Addelldun1 does not c l a i ~ nto contain the ' ;\lass of e v i d e ~ ~ c e favour of the ' ill existence of the alleged ' Store ' of Legend, Tradition, and S y ~ i l b o l i ~ n ?For t h a t . t h e pages of illnumerable Masonic books and papers must be searched, for example, t h e Papers by our Bro. S . T . k l e i n , t o v:l~o~~i hearty tllanks are due for his valuable The very ren~arkable extract from the Paston contribution-oil this occasioll. Letters of the fifteenth century, with 15l1iclt tlle name of T11oma.s Babyngton is associated, t o which our attentioil has been draw11 by Bro. Count Goblet dlAlviella, is worthy of careful consideration, bllt--dare we claiin i t as certainly Masonic 1 The Addendun: is a collectioi~ of pieces of evidence t h a t portioiis of the ' Store ' did actually develop into ('r1~c.tr1011i,r7 Degrees other t l ~ a l lthe Three Craft Degrees within the period con~idered. The evidential value of such a collectioil is not comparable t o the strength of a chain wl~ichsnaps when the ?,trail1 becomes too great for t h e I I ' P ( I ~ P link, for the value of the weaker itenls in the collectioll . ~ ~ i.: increased by the strength of the stronger ones, to wliich strength they (the weaker ones) in turn contribute. T h a t soine of the itsnls, tzken alone, are weak is nillingly conceded, but the cumulative effect is t o colirrey the strong impression t h a t Ceremonial-Degree n?akiug was in full s~vingby 1723 and tlte r ~ r f r r i ? l t y h a t t f i t was so between t h a t date and 1740. The franiine o such cerenionials was. in fact, a c.hrr~.(rc.trr~i.sfic. tlie period, as is shown by tlie appearance of so many of Degree-working Orders and Societies, both N a ~ o n i c and non-Afnrol~ic. To the nonMasonic class must be assigned ' The G r e i ~ dKhaibar ' (1726) a11d ' The Society of Gregorians ' (1736, or i t iuay be 1730), atid very pwsibly a1.o D r . Stulteley's ' Order of the Book or Roinati Knigl~tllood (1722), but to we the last-nlentioned ' looks more like a .Mn.w~eir* development resulting fro111 Stukeley's effort to discover in Freenlasoliry some " remains of tlie nlvsterys of tlie alltieiits " 1.~1 .($.V. vi., 13. 130). The exact time wlleli certain -1fn.wieic A d d i t o ~ ~ a l 1)-grees first n ~ a d e their appearance is unkilown, atid is one of tlie p o i ~ i t snow in question, and the period referred to is antececleutly probable as the one ill wliicll to seek for traces of their origin. st Bro. ~ o n ~ h u r concludes with the statement tllat lle is unable to accept. . . . a store of tradition ill I~aild before 1717 . . . \~~liicll was exclu" sively in the hands of Freemasons and not obtainable fro111 HiLlical and other " well-known sources." But no such proposition has been advanced. Our ancient Hretliren took Legends, Traclitions, and Symbols nc.cr+i/,lr t o rrr~yorrc., dressed them in suitable Masonic verbiage, and absorbed then1 illto the comnlon Nasonic
J L
D
' i

stock, and thus t h e ' Store ' was built u p . Two examples will suffice. The Legend of t h e Quatuor Coroneti llas never been the property of Freemasons exclusively, b u t is t o be found in the eleventh century Sarunl Miseal and niany other nonMasbnic works, such as Service Books and t h e Arre11t7el ,MS. a t t h e B . M . Nevertllelehs, its appearance in t h e ZL'c!/ilcc -118. is alone sufficient t o qualify i t as Again, tlie Legend of Nimrod and the Tower of a genuine ,lin\&tic Legend. Eabal is common property, for is i t not duly set o u t in Rook I , of Josephus ,I l : / z y : .Jrrrl: of which chap. iv. is headed " S e m l ~ r o dp e t ~ t - / ~ l .rye S o C I)rc\tlt Irs \ " toccr GIP RnhoI, etc." ? [French edition Amsterdam, 1681, by Arnauld d'Andi1ly.j It appears In Masonic garb in G'rrcncl L o d g e S o . 1 Alf,S. of 1583, and IE many other of t h e ' Old Chargc~s,' and is as well-established a Jfnsonic Legend a., any. The Legend of the Quatuor Coronati is a p a r t of t h e ' Store ' wliich has never developed into a Degree, b u t t h e Legend of Nimrod and' t h e Tower of Babel has done so in more ways than one, e . g . , L P ! S o n c h i t / c 011 C'hrl~tliur<I'rlrc\ienq [see BBrage L i c 1'71ec Serrrtv -1fllycferes of 1768 (possibly 1747)j and the Degrees :u Slade's P r e n r n ~ o nE ~ n r r / i 7 1 'of 1754 [see .I . ( J . C . ,vol. xx., p. 951 d Bro. L e Tall ~ s k e d a definitioll of a ,I/cr\onic Legend, and perhaps, in the absence of a formal for cteiinition, the above may servc t o make the meaning of the expression as used in the present discussion sufficiently clear. Ali Masonic and quasi-Masonic Degrees other t h a n E . A . , F C., and M . M . are counted in the Faper as ' ~ d d i t i o n a l , 'but t h e R A . is only so counted h r f o r r 1813. Our W . M . has mistaken the meaning of certain words which occur near '. . t h e end of the Paper :-" the he!/in7iing\ ( l . ~ . of the Additional Degree , " movement) took placs here. . . . And these h ~ g i ~ l ~ I place ~as far back ~inq '. as 1717 and include therein the development of t h e Third Degree itself." W h a t is meant is no5 t h a t t h e Third Dagree is included.in the Additional Degrees, b u t t h a t t h e develoPment of t h e Third Degree under the auspices of the premizr Ggand Iiodge gave t h e i n p e t u s t o the framing of ceremonial Degrzss from o t h e r portions of t h e Legendary Store, or, in other words, t h a t t h e I,rocf\\ Fy which t h e 1 1 came into being was precisely t h s same as with the other Degrees, and t h a t 1 probably i t was the 1 1 which set t h e example. 1' Bro. Gordon Hills has very clearly explained u h y no reliance can any longer be placed upon the alleged discoveries of Prof. Marks and Prof. Hayter-Lewis on the subject of H . A . B . , b u t the point, though of very great interest, is, fortunately, not eseential t o t h e argument. Bro. E .ET. Dring pointed out, firmly b u t very kindly, t h a t the account of 1I.A B. in the 1723 B o o k ot C'o~r t i t ~ r t i o n is no p r o o f t h a t : " t h e Legend of r u the ZIIOwas ~ l r e a d y(1723) a p a r t of Masonic Tradition," and certainly t h e a o r d ' proof ' should not have been used B u t substitute t h e word ' indication ' for ' proof,' and the statement, tlius amended, is justified. The theory t h a t i t is the accident of selection by the premier Grand Lodge, end t h a t only, which has p u t the E . A . , F.C., M.M. a n d (ultimately) t h e R A . ?c,itAin t h e pale of ' pure Ancient and C r a f t Freemasonry ' and excluded cell other Degrees therefrom, was p u t forward with some fear and trembling, and i t was not expected t h a t i t would find favour. It turned out, however, t h a t the theory nlet with considerlble support as a reasonable hypothesis in acmrd with the scanty evidence a v a i l a b l ~ . Bro. Cecil Powell's concluding remarks are undoubtedly true. After 1750 any number of ' Additional ' Degrees and Rites were framed abroad, and some of t,hese were introdilced into this country. F o r such, and very possibly for some il!odifications of already e x i ~ t i r ~ p Deqrees, we are indcbted to t h e lively imagination But. as Bro. Count Goblet d'Alviella remarks, the ot our Continental Brethren first appearance must be loolred for earlier and among British Lodges Bro. C O I I I I ~ Goblet d ' A l v i ~ l l a , indeed, puts the comnlencement of the movement still further back, and lie has given us a deeply interesting account of the process by which Speculative Masonry as we know i t may have resulted from the union of the mediaeval guild of Operative Masons with a secret group or school of pl~iloiopl~ical Adepts. is Ero. W. B . Hextall's work on the subject of S t u a r t M a ~ o n r y well known, L)iscussion is most welcome and valuable He may and his contribution t o t h i ~
P

50

Tmnaactions of the Qzratztor Coronnti Lodge.

rest assured of my loyalty to Rule I. (and every other Rule) in the Constitutions. All that was contended for was t h a t some (not all) of the Additional Degrees are entitled to recognition by students and historians (not officially by Gand Lodge) as legitimate developments from the common stock of pure and ancient Masonry. The reference to the real separate rival body called ' The Honorary Masons ' in the G.L. Resolutions of l730 (Addendum 17) shows t h a t those Resolutions were in part directed against separate organisations, and nct only against irregular or clandestine makings. The extended quotation from Chambers given by Bro. Hextail does not cause me to modify t h e opinion already expressed concerning t h e Although no English Masonic writers of contemporary Rosicrucian reference, d.ate make definite statements parallel to the ' seven grade' claims in certain French works of 1744 and 1747, still, Nos. 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 26, 29, 37, 38, and 39, taken together, establish beyond doubt t h a t in Great Britain between 1725 and 1746, a t any rate, more t h a n three Degree ceremonies were in working. The expression ' talked Masonry ' was intended to suggest t h a t our AncienC Brethren long before 1717 probably recited or read and discussed in their Lodges the Traditional History and Legends of tlie Craft contained in the Old MS. Constitutions and added to t h e Stook from time t o time by Legends relating to more modern times, such as, for example, the Crusades. No reference to t h e 1725 Rule of the York G.L. was intended. Bro. Hextall says t h a t : " we-should " assume that any selection of material (if such were made) i t the Revival would " be deliberate and advised, as it may also have been exhaustive." That it may have been exhaustive must, of course, be conceded, b u t t h a t i t was so is a n assumption which does not convince me. No attempt is made in the Paper to uphold the t r u t h of any ' Templar Succession Theory,' b u t the early appearance of such a Theory is recorded as.it has an important bearing upon the question a t issue. Bro. Songhurst drew attention, with marked success (as will be seen later), t o the importance of t h e visit of Dr. Desaguliers to Edinburgh in 1721. T h a t the Faper did to a certain extent err in t h e direction of post hoc and - . propter hoc argument will presently be freely admitted. To t u r n now to the Jacobite part of t h e Paper. The theory proposed-it was a daring one-was t h a t tlie Stuart Party (hoping to make something out of Freemasonry) and the Roman Church (having just signally failed to crush it out of existence) joined forces, and t h e result was t h e creation of a new Freemasonry-apart, t o be made subservient t o the twofold object of t h e Double Restoration. This theory is neither altogether old nor altogether new. Where it differs from the Stuart-Masonic theories usually p u t forward, is t h a t it does not represent the alleged new Degrees as containing anything in t h e Ritual, either openly or under disguise, which could be interpreted as pro-Stuart or anti-Hanoverian propaganda. The idea in my mind was t h a t of genuine and legitimate Masonic degrees founded upon pre-existing portions of Masonic Legend and Symbolism, entirely free from political bias or tendencies, but differing from the English G.L. Freemasonry by being definitely Christian and apparently Roman Catholic, the intention being to admit none b u t t h ~ s e whose sympathies, political and religious, were known t o be favourable to t h e twofold Cause. Such a Freemagonry-apart would afford to Jacobites in England an excuse for, and an explanation of, association and intercourse and assembly, which, if not so accounted for, would appear to the Government Party highly suspicious. To these suspicions t h e answer would be:Jacobites plotting ! No such thing ! Masons ! Scots Masons with H i g h Degrees coming from the time of Ascalon and Bannockburn and what not! I such comf munities of Jacobites were dotted about in different parts of t h e country, a t home and abroad, the usefulness of such an organisation to the Cause seems to be sufficiently apparent t o need no further demonstration. Friend would be distinguished from Foe, t h e Secret Agent of the English Government recognized, the Secret Agent of the Pretender helped upon his way, and so forth. This is t h e answer to the objections raised by Bro. Songhurst, who says: " Surely if they had " been Jacobites they would have sought t o work in secret and avoid all suspicion " of disloyalty to the reigning House." The cloak of Freemasonry would have enabled them to .~c.orX- J n c o b i t ~ sin secret, the cloak itself being politically harmns

Discussion.

51

less. To put i t in another way, the effect would be 12ot to ' brand its members as such ' (i.e., as Jacobites), but to cover up t h a t character with the disguise of a Masonry which in itself contained no political allusion. This part of Bro. Songhurst's criticism did not weaken my faith in t h e theory proposed, and his remarks upon the attitude of t h e Roman Church were equally unsuccessful. This Church was a t this period itself a prey to internal discord and division, owing t o the growing opposition within the Church to t h e Company of Jesus which was to end in the sdppression of t h a t Order by tile Pope. Quite apart from t h e subject of Freemasonry, if historians generally are t o be believed, it is in no way: " highly improbable t h a t Roman Catholics would openly and deliberately p u t for" ward " institutions and practices " which t h e heads of their Church had so Such action has even been represented as taken with " thoroughly condemned." the knowledge and consent and express approval of those very heads of t h e Church themselves. The opposition of t h e Roman Church to Freemasonry has been persistent openly, but it most certainly has not been consistent in actual fact. B u t Bros. Gordon Hills and Songhurst have attacked the proposed theory in quite a different way and from quite a different point of view. That such a Freemasonry-apart would have been a valuable asset to the Stuart Cause is no proof that ~tever existed in fact, and t h e two Brothers named, by showing thait much of the evidence upon which I relled is capable of another and indeed a contrary interpretation, have given good reason for rejecting the theory as stated. And I very willingly and freely admit t h a t the theory of a Freemasonry-apart founded with a deliberate political or political-religious i n t e n t has been tried, and tried fairly, and found wanting, and t h a t such a superstructure of hypothesis is not justified by a sufficiency of foundation ,in incontrovertible fact. That the Jacobites did take a very warm interest in Masonry, and t h a t they predominated in some Lodges and Degrees, and t h a t some of t h e Degrees which came into existence during this period were the creations of our Jacobite' fellow countrymen, either a t home or abroad, I still believe. But (with one possible exception, to be mentioned later) I abandon t h e political-religious propagandist theory, and incline to the very striking suggestion made by Bro. Edward Armitage, t h a t men of similar interests and opinions naturally gravitated together then as now, and t h a t so i t came about t h a t certain Lodges and Degrees came practically t~ be assemblies of Jacqbites, while the Masonic Labours of those Lodges and Degrees continued as they had commenced, legitimate developments of Masonic Legend, Tradition, and Symbol, innocent of the influences of faction and party. This explains satisfactorily all the phenomena, including the fact pointed out by Bro. Cecil Powell, that practically no progress was made in England in the Chivalric Orders until very much later. That the activities of the Stuart partisans in connection with Masonry excited suspicion, is shown by the following extract from t h e London Journal of 16th June, 1722, about a year after t h e Duke of Wharton's initiation :A few Days ago, a select Body of t h e Society of Free Masons waited on the Right Honourable t h e Lord Viscount Townshend, one of His Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, to Signify to his Lordship, that being obliged by their Constitutions, t o hold a general meeting now a t m;dsummer, according to annual Custom, they hoped t h e Administration would take no Umbrage 5% t h a t Convocation, as they were all zealously affected to his Majesty's Person and Government. His Lordship received this Intimation in a very affable Manner; telling them, he believed they need not be apprehensive of any Molestation from the Government, so long as they went on doing nothing more dangerous than t h e anciment Secrets of the Society. (-4 .Q.C. xxii., p. 70.) (His Lordship apparently laid no emphasis upon t h e word ' Ancient ' in t h e last sentence). The Duke of Wharton's raid on the Grand Mastership, his opposition to Dr. Desaguliers, and his open Jacobite performances in connection with Bishop Atterbury and a t the election of Sheriffs for t h e City of London, are well known.

'

AYld WllY did Robert Samber, in his description of t h e Feast on t h e occasiori of tile I)uke of Wlltrtoll bsi11g cliosen G.M., make t h a t sly allusion ta Lc t t h e lidtt!] ~ l ~ lo t r y c , u , i ( I ~ L I Z I L (the Jacobite W a r Song), and why did the ' great 11lan ' r (identity rl6t ~ t a t e d ) feel iinpelled t o propose:--'Prosperity to Old gland ( ~ io p t e , e t ~ t A l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ i '\ ?t r ~E bi ~ z ett t( l t z *I:ttcurt/ttirtt, 1723, chap; XV.). ' (,~t{l(r Ill 1772, mhen the Bill for Iizcorporating the Society of F. and A.%!. wafi b-fore Parljamellt, a n opporieiit of tlie Bill said i n tlie Houss of Con1mons:Granting the Free Masons a cllarler was in fact t o pass a general bill of Naturalization for foreign Papists, and, i n all probability, 'giving t h e Pretender l~ill~self citizenship of a country where he was the scribed under the penalties of higlr treason. ( 4 .Q C . xxii., p. 7 y 9It is ollly tu-o years later t b a u tlie Whartorr' incidents just noted-that is in 1725t h a t tl1e first of thoze referencaJ t o ' Rosicrucians ' occurs, which suggest tlie possibility t l ~ a t new Masonic h g r e e is thereby intended :-' Whimsical kinsmell a ' of tlie Hod and Trowel ' are said t o be in possession of ' new light received from ' sonle worthy Rosicrucians.' T h a t there were Masons calling then~selves ' R0s3 ' Croix ' i n existence in 1728 is t h e nlost natural explanation of the remark in tlie Cyclo1mrIi:c of Ephrainl Chambers. If there were NOT,and if t h e ~ i c t u r e Freeof iliasonry painted by Bro. Speth, and quoted by Bro. Songhurst, were a true representation of what i t really then was, i t is difficult t o conceive ally reason why Chalnbers sliould say :-" There are csrtain Freemasons who have all the characteristics of Ro~icruciai~s." The reserve show~lin the sentence indicates t h & t B u t I F there were ' certain ' i t was 5011 eihing separate from Orclitl~rryMasonry Masons who v-ere then making use of t h e tltle ' Rose Croix,' and nllo were 50 niy~tzrious t h a t his informants-Masoi~s of the English G.L.-could tell hi111 nothing about them, the11 his sentence is natural enough as well as his confusion nit11 tlie 1 ycterious Fratres R C., especially if these Brethren hailed fro111 1 ' abroad,' as ~ o u l d appear from the A Z Letter in the U f r ~ / Jotoilctl of 1730. y Tllroughout the Paper i t was assunled t h a t ' Scots AXasoa, ' Scots Master,' ' Scots l\/lasonrg,' are 1-ic ~ t z c , r l u i t h ' Mayon Ecossois,' ' Maitre Ecossois,' ' Mayonnerie Ecoc~oiss' I 1 England we have the ' Scott's Masons Lodge ' a t 1 the l l e r i l ill 1733, ' Scots Master AIasoas ' a t Bath ill 1735, ' Scotch Master Masons ' a t the Lodge of Antiquity in 1740 On t h e Continent we have the ' Grade of ' Eco~sois in Eelgiunl in 1733, two Ecossois Degrees ill Paris in 1737, a $cots ' earliest ilotices which have been Lodge a t Eerlin 1741, and others; these being t l ~ e f traced. I they are not identical, then tile identity in names and dates is sinlply astounding. Bro S o l i g h u r ~ ttrates t h e above developlllents t o t h e visit of D r . Iiesagulies to the Lodge of Edinburgh in 1721, and conriders t h a t Ic.otll the ' Scots Masters Lodge ' and the ' i71asters Lodges ' s r e ill Foille may, which he does not explain, exideilcs in cupport of the view t h a t ' :on~etliingvery ~uggestiveof ' what lie 1131~~ tl7e Royal Arch was known t o Mazoas in tlle early years of call ' Grand Lodge ' Bro Gorclon Hills does r o t ' think t h a t i t requires much ' resesrcll t o g-tllcr what was t h e induceinent to become a Scots Master, surely ' t h e k11onled:e t o b s gained in Royal ,4rch, Scots and Iijsll Masters Lodges 2nd in t h e unexplained Eiigli?h Masters Lodges of early date, was very ~ i i l ~ l l a r and ' t h e pretellsions of Scots Masters were not n i t h o u t some fouriclatjon ' With the~e views I cannot agree, but I can, and do, admit t h a t they offer an alternati,e solutio~ito the one proposed by myself, ar,d t h a t , with a reakonable alternative ill the field, the Stuart-political-religious-theory must go, until time or circunlctal?ces provide us with more defiilitg evidence with whjcll to support i t The words 13riton and British, m-hich occur so often in the Paper, were u>ed to de cribe t h e n a t i o n a l l t ~ men so as to include Scots, Irisll, and Welsh, as woll of as Ellglisli men. The expression ' British Rit. ' does not occur. The Bro. L a ~ ~ l a r q al'Ani6ricaiil who ~ i g n e d Bro Songhurst's certificate e of l774 as Registrar of the Chanlbre des Provinc:s under the Grand Orient was ' DBput6 des loges de Saint-nomingue ' a t t h great confereilce in Paris in 1773 ~ % h e n th? Grande Loge Nationale becanie the Grand Orient de France On tlle 12th J u l y , 1773, this Brother was appoil~ted' nuitikme expert ' in the C h a ~ ~ ~ b r e

cies Provi1lc3a, and he is thus described (please notice tlie coillilla after L a Marque) : Fraiicois L a Marque, l'Ani6ricai11, nggociant d e Saint-Domingue, anci211 v6nirrable dz l a Loge des Fr'eres R6unis des Cayes, iilelnbre cles Loges de la Parfaile Ur~ioli d u Port-au-Prince, de l a Concorde de Saint-Marc, et de l'Amiti6 Indissoluble de LBogane, e t depute de ces Loges au Grand-Orient de E ~ a n c e l\Ionsieur Eer~jalliinFabre (in E ~ r c e s(1 ( ' c t i z t e G u l r u t o ) refers t o liim as L a Marque (l'Ala6ricain). Probably he assumed ' 1'AinBriczin ' as a n addition t o his original surname L a Marque. The person who appears in the d l ~ o l o y t rportr I'0rrlre cles li'rotlc\ ~ U ( r ~ of ~ 1742 as le Frere Aineriqvain o r AMERICAIXr Amgricain titay u c~ o be the same, or of the same family, as the Fransois L a Marque o r Lamarque who (to all appearances) took to hiinself the augmentation ' I'Am6ricain,' b u t in t h a t cace vould h e not be coriectly abbcevlated as ' le Frirre l'Americain,' and not le FrBra Americaill ' ? It is a illatter of very collciderable interest and inlportance whether t h e lefarence ill tlie Song of 1742 to ' Cllevaller d e 1'Aigle ' is t o t h e Masonic U r y r e e of t h a t na,lle or not I it 19 so, the11 this is earlier by many years t h a n any other f same which lzterence previously noliced. The MS. R i t u a l of t h e Rose Croix-the says ' Cette izouv~lleloy, qui est ia foy Catholique '-commencas thus: L e clievali-r de l'algle est le quatriBn1e grade de 13 mayonnerie Ecossoise, et le ~eptiirmoet dernier qua 1'011 conlloisse sous le non1 de parfait nlagoil. . . le vray e t unique non1 de ce grade est le chevalier de l'aigle, ?wt [ r l c ] alliiquit6 rend ce rlonl a u t a n t preferable que . Le fils de l'homiue e3t compcrrB simboliqueiiient respectable & la Si~prirme puissanca du F 8 r e . l'aigle est l'image e t 1'8gide de cette puissance suprbnle Les inagons l'adoptant conlme le titre primordial qui a produit la nlztiitre de ce grade sublime. F,> ' ,Ills MS. \$-is written, no doubt, somewhat later t h a n the year 1742 with whicll ' d e are ilow dealing, but i t sllows the ilnportance of tile Degree of Chevalier d e 1'Aigle in Magonnepie Ecoseoise from the beginning. My opinion is t h a t t h e word ' RBgle ' in the Song means ' Iltegulafion (or Prescribed) Toast List,' and t h a t t h e word ' Point ' illeaiis ' Item to be Observed.' [One of t219 Dictionary meanings of ' Point ' is ' Degree,' but not in our sense.] Tile meaning (not silnply translation) of t h e wl~cleverse may, therefore. be taken t o be:And now we add to t h e Regulation (or Prescribed) Tosst List a t our Banquets a new Itell] to be observed one which will be very pleasing to all of you. It is this, that., whecever a Brother in possession of t h e exalted llegrae of Chevalier de 1'Aigle is present, his health is to be drunk with a Bumper filled to the brim. T112 Regulation Toast List, according to L ' O r d r r ir.cihi, 1745, was as follows:L a prelllibra sailt6 que lion ci.!'ebre est celle d u Hoi. On boit ensuite celle d u 2'r.i.s- 17L:i~(;rcrC7e.A celle-ci succkde celle d u T74irCrctble. On Eoit aprbs au prtiitirr e t au Second h17treri/laitx; et enfin aux Frirres d e la Loge. Lorsqu'il y a des nonveaux-reps, on boit & leur santB imnlediatement nprBs qu'on a bu aux Surveillans. On fait aussi le m6me lloillleur aux Frirres T ' i ~ i t e ~ r r s . The MS. Ritual already quoted says:Les dits chevaliers (de 1'Aigle) ant le Droit de tenir le Maillet dans toutes les Loges qu'ils viziteilt, quand il ne s'y trouve pas de frBre revetu de ce a grade eminent. Now, supposing t h a t a Degree, ~ o s s e s ~ i n g these unusual privileges, had l a t e l y come into existelice, such an addition t o the Regulation Toast List would naturally follow. The book in wl~ich the Song occurs is, llowever, dedicated thus :A Trbs-Haut, Trirs-Illustre, e t Trirs-VBnBrable Frirre LE C H E V A L I E R DE L' * * * * * G.M. L).T.L.L.D.I).Y.L.H.S.
m

54

T r a ~ ~ s a c t i o n sj the Quut uor C'oronati Lodge. o

The letters AIGLE rather forca theniselves forward as candidates for the places marked by the five asterisks, and, assuming, as seems but natural, that the Dedication is to a real personage, then we are forced to admit tlie existence of an individiral whose mrcrne a n d title were Le C'ile~yulirrcle LJALigle,and this certainly lends colour to Bro. Songhurst's contention t h a t the referenoe in t h e Song is not to a Masonic Degree but to a highly respected Brother. There is a town called Laigle in France, and a t p. 62 of Madame Waddington's deeply interesting J f y W a r D i a r y , recently published, she tells us t h a t : ' I n t h e eleventh century there was a fine ch8teau-fort ' built by the first Marquis de Laigle.' Our nian might have been of this familybut of what was he G(rand) M(aitre) in l?&l Bro. Dring takes t h e view t h a t the reference in t h e Song is. to the " Hot.el or I n n where the Brethren met," and that the meaning of the last two lines is simply :A t the Knight of the Eagle Hotel i t is the custon~to drink in Bumpers filled to t h e brim, the Hotel being presumably named after tlie illustrious personage t o whom the I#ook is dedicated. Bro. Songhurst's explanation seems preferable to Bro. Dring's, but I consider my own to be the hest of the three, for there is no certainty t h a t L' * * * * * is really L'AIGLE. The Book and its Author (Mr. N * * *), the Dedication, the Song and its Author (Le FrBre AmBricain), are all exceedingly interesting, and the subject should repay further research. It may be pointed out t h a t the titles ' TrBs-Haut ' and ' Trks-Illustre ' are additional indications that Ecossois or other ' High ' Grades (possibly, as Bro. Songliurst has suggested, those which developed into the Strict Observance) were already at work and recognised in 1742. The view that the reference in tlie Song by Le ETri.rr Arr~Pricain is to the Masonic Degree of Chevalier de l'Aigle is, I think, confirmed by the version of the same Song in the scarce K e c l t r ~ l clr C'hatlsotts rlrr I.'raucs-~lfc~~ons.V e r s , fL pieces plri n'ont point ez/coi.i Uiscorcrs, Keylett~(,tz e f c . ;l ~lgt~tetz dt. ~11cc~ieto.s ts, yarii. L a ,Jftrsiyue r~tiaesctr lu Clrf Zt!~lietr,zetruec lu Uusse. Qu~ctriZttze,k?:'Jilion. d dr~rsterdaiiz. Chiz lu 1-euce J e u n l J ~ o n ( . o iJ o l l y . MMDCCLXII ( s i c ) . ( 1 7 6 2 ) :s Ajoutons & cette r&gle Un point qui nous plaira fort C'est qu-aux Chevaliers de 1'Aigle Nous buvions un rouge bord Maitre venerable etc. The plural ' qu'aux Chevaliers de 1'Aigle ' does not fit either Bro. Songhurst's tl~eoryor t h a t of Bro. Dring. Bro. Edward Arniitage's valuable suggestion that the names of those who conferred and those who received the Scots Degrees a t London, Bath, and Salisbury should be carefully examined, with a. view to discovering if any of them were known t o be Jacobites, shall receive immediate attention. The Brother who acted as ' Scots Senior Warden ' a t Bath on the 28th October, 1735, David Threipland, Esq., was not a rrlernber b u t n vi\itor a t the Lodge where t h e Degrees were conferred. I n 1736 he was a inember of the Lodge at the Bear a d Harrow, Butchers Row, and I believe ?hat I have identified him with the David Threipland who joined Prince Charles Edward's Expedition of 1745, and whose rash but lieroi; conduct after the Battle of Gladsmuir (Prestonpans) c3>t him his life, and makes one of the most thrilling stories of tlie '45. The adventure is related in all t h e l~istoriesof the rebellion, and suggested one of the inciilents in Sir Walter Scott's Waverley. Threipland was the eldest son of Sir David Threipland, Bart., of Flngask, in Perthshire, whose family was devoted to the Stuart Cause, for wh;ch tliree successive Baroriets of Fingask fought David's younger brother, Stuart (afterwards Sir Stuart), was an intinlate friend of Andrew Lumisden, Secretary to That Stuart both the Pretenders, whose loilg exil.: after Culloden he shared. adherents, travelling in the interests of tlie Cause they 11ad so much at heart, were able to combine Jacobite wit11 Masonic business, is likely enough, but the explanation is doubtless that wliicll lias been suggested by Bro. Arniitage

I n reply to the W.M., a footnote concerning tlle Templar Movement :that which developed into the Strict Observance) has been added to the Addendum, but this subject calls for further treattrent on some future occasion. There seems reason to believe t h a t originn77?/ it t;.r1.~ Jncohitr but rrVosnot Masonic, while loter it ceased to be Jacobite and becanle Masmic. This is the ' exception ' to which reference was made above. That the Discussion has greatly increased our knowledge of an interesting subject, all will readily agree, and for myself the Paper has been tlle occasion of a most charming experience.

FRIDAY, 7th MARCH,

1919.

H E Lodge m e t a t Frec~nasons' Hall a t 3 p.m.

Prrsent:-Bros.

Gordon P . G. Hills, W.M. ; \V. U. Hcxtall, as J .\V. ; Canon H o r ~ l e y , P.G.Ch., Chaplain; TV. J . Songhurst, P.G I)., Secretary; a n d Herbei-t Rradley, P.Dis.G.?If., Madras, I.G. Also the follon ing members of the Correspondence C'ii.cle . Bros. Gilbert B. Socldy, Chas. H. B e s t o \ ~ \Tin. C. Terry, A C. Blend, , F a l t e r Denes, L. G. Wearing, C. H. LT, J. F . Wilson, H n g h C. Knonles, P.B.G.Eeg., a s S.\\'., G. \V. Sutton, A . G. Bosnell, Chas. Ililler, F . W. le Tall, Percy H. Horley, H e n r y Hydc, E n r i q i ~ eFerrcr, G Jnles Petitpierre, L . Spencer Comnton, A. C. Beal, S . P. Pennarden, J . A. S:;mmonds, Harvey, J. F. H . Gilbard, C. G o n ~ i l l e ,and Chas. Gough. Henry

Also the follolving visitors :-Bros. J a m e s Grunay, of t h e Eleanor Lodge No. 1707 ; No. 3051; H . Rush, of t h c n o r o l ~ g hPolytechnic C: H. Perry, J.W., Sanctuary L 7 d g ~ Lodge No. 3340; P . C. J . Wood, >Taster of the Florenre Nightingale Lodgc No. 706; G. F. Ely, of S t . Mary Abbott's Lcclge No. 1974; Thos. Chetnin, of t h e Temperance in t h e E a s t Lodge No. 898; Clifford J. W. Hoster, of t h e Favage Club Lodgc No. 2190; and S. A. Rosxelski, of the \lTaller Itodnell IT'right Lodge. No. 2i.S-T

Letters of apology for absence 1T-rr.r reported fro111 Bros. F . J . TV. Crowe, P.A.G.D.C., P.31. ; J o h n T. Thorp. P.G.D., P.3[. ; Cwil Pon-ell. P.G.D., P . J f . ; H. F. Twiss; E d n a r d Concler, P.M. ; \V. H . Rylands. P.A.G.I).('., P.?tl.; \Vm. F a t s o n ; Ed~vard Macbean, P . M . ; S . T. Tilein. P.31. ; F. H. Goldnry. P . G . l ) . .P.3f. ; G . G~.ciner, P.A.G.D.C., P.31. ; J . E. S . T u r k e t t ; and R . H. B a s t : ~ ~ ~ .

One Lodge ancl thirty-one Brethren n-n.e ar1mittt.d to 11icrn1)c~rslri~) tlrc, Corof respondence Circle.

The SECRETARY t h e follo~vingpaper by Bro. 8 . T. T<T,EIN: read

VESTlGES OF THE CRAFT IN SPAIN.

BT 3x0. SJ-DrlTKP T. K L G Z S , P 1 1 .1.
N a former paper on " The Law of Dakhiel " ( A . Q . C . , vol. ix., 1898) I referred to certain curicus old customs which I had witnessed among the lower classes of the inhabitants i n central and northern Spain. There is nothing so fascinating as leaving the beaten track in that old-worlc! country and living among and studying t h e country folk, who are the descendants of those ancient races which struggled for supremacy from the third century B.C., when the Carthaginians overran the peninsula, through the Roman occupation which gave way to the Visigotl~sin A.D. 414, who in their turn were ousted by t h e Moors in A.D. 711. Tlle country then became the battle ground of t h e struggle between the Crescent and t h e Cross for the next 800 years; the last stronghold of the Moors, the Alhambra a t Granada, only capitulating in A.D. 1492, to the Christians under Ferdinand and Isabella. I had looked forward to making further investigation into these curious ritualistic cust.oms on my next visit to that country; my visit was, however, postponed much longer than I anticipated, and, when I did get there once more, I was not alone, and coulcl not, therefore, leave the track of civilization and get again into such intimate touch wit11 the Basques and Gitanoa as was necessary for a research into tenets which are certainly looked upon as family or tribal secrets. I was, however, contemplating an extensive tour t o several of the most interesting and ancient Spanish towns, and I thought i t might prove to be of interest if I collected some of the signs still to be found of the Masons' craft in t h a t country. I give the result in the present paper. BURGOS. The Cathedral is one of t h e most beautiful examples of Gothic arcl~itecturei n Spain. The Archiepiscopal See, founded a t Oca, 25 miles distant, v.-as removed to Burgos by Alfonso V I . in A.D. 1075, and the building of a cathedral was commenced in t h a t year, on the site of a summer palace of Fernan Gonzalez which stood near the River Orlanzon, not far from where t h e fine bridge of Santa Maria now crosses. Unfortunately, a few years later there were great floods, and the.Orlanzon, overflowing its banks, undermined t h e fonndatims and completely wrecked t h e building, the walls and roof falling with a terrible crash. KO attempt was made to rebuild the Cathedral until A.D. 1221, when a n Englishman, Bishop Maurice, laid the foundation stone of the present edifice in presence of the King of Castile. Inside the Cathedral is a marvellous double staircase called the Golden staircase which led to the Puerta alta de l a Coroneria, a gateway considerably above the interior floor of the Cathedral, and was approacliecl from outside by a number of steps; this doorway has been built up and a new doorway called ' Puerta de la Pellejeria ' has been opened a t a lower level. A t t.lle sides of the Golclen staircase are engraved, on marble slabs:-to the left, a large Mason's square, and to the right, a Mason's square and pair of compasses, both being associated with a Monk's flagellunl or scourge.

58

Transactions o f the Quatuor Coronati Lodge

I have been unable to get information respecting these designs, but they are interesting in connection with a pulpit in a neighbouring Church. The following are tlie Masons' marks found on stones inside and outside of the Cathedral.
B?trgoq Cnthedrnl. Inside: -

>>

>1

century :-

,,

in chapel of Constable of Castile, fifteenth

7 7

Outside :-

We now come to an interesting find in the Church of San Lesmes. A t the time when th? great flood wrecked the first Cathedral building, about S . D . 1080, there had arrived in tile town and was living there a remarkable man, born in France, who became the Patron Saint of Burgos; lie must have been a genius of no mean order, because, besides performing numerous miracles, curing the sick and executing works of utility for private people, it was he who designed and built embankments along the north bank of the River Orlanzon to protect the town from further inundations, and planned and constructed conduits for the water supply. His name was originally~Adelelmo, which was later changed to San Lesmes, and a halo of romance and mystery lias grown up round his memory. I t was from one of his miracles that the electric lights seen a t mastheads were called by sailors in the Mediterranean St. Elmo's lights. On the site of the present Church dedicated to this man formerly stood a Capilla hermita (hermitage chapel) dedicated to San J u a n Evangelista. This chapel or church is first mentioned in the reign of Alfonso 111. (A.D. 866-910) as having been enclosed within t h e wall which at that date was built round the fortress and town which is now the City of Bureos. San Lesmes was a Frenchman, born early in the eleventh century of noble parents a t Loudun in France, north of Poitiers. H e was first a soldier, but, having
U

come across an old AbbB, he was converted from a soldier into a penitent, made a pilgrimage t o Rome, and finally joined the ranks of t h e Benedictines, and came to Spain. H e was summoned to the Court a t Toledo by Dona Constancia de Borgona, also a native of France and t h e wife of Alfonso V I . , King of Castile and Leon. H e seems to have been in great favour a t Toledo, and from there h e came to Rurgos, and by influence of the Queen was not only p u t in charge of the Hermitage Chapel, b u t also became Abbot of t h e Benedictines a t t h e Monastery which stood in front of the chapel, and which is now called t h e hospital and prison of San Juan. I1 A.D. 1085 Alfonso V I . endowed t h e Monastery with a large income, b u t 1 in A.D. 1091, in recognition of the great benefits, both temporal and spiritual, which San Lesmes had brought to the town, he made over tlle whole property to the Hermitage Chapel, dedicated t o San J u a n Evangelista, whicll had been given in charge to San Lesmes a t tlle instance of Dona Constancia some ten or fifteen years before. The renown of San Lesnles had spread throt~ghoutall t.he country round, and it was a t this time that his ?lame of ~ d e l e l m o was changed into S a n ~ i s m e by s San Lesmes died on the pilgrims who flocked to his services i n vast numbers. January 30th, 1097, and a t his'special request was buried in the centre of the nave of his Church of San J u a n . His renown for sanctity and miracle working was so great that his tomb became a centre for: pilgrimages for many centuries afterwards, and in A.D. 1380, when Don J u a n I. was reigning over Castile, t h e old Church or Hermitage Chapel of San J u a n was pulled down and'the present Church was built up in honour of San Lesmes. The present Chcrch has three naves, and his tomb was carefully preserved and placedin t h e centre nave on t h e spot where it had stood in the Hermitage Chapel. The crowds visiting his tomb, especially on Feast days, were so great t h a t 3, iarge doorway was opened in the side of t h e Church, opposite the main entrance, so that tlle procession of pilgrims could enter a t one cloor and depart by another after visiting the tomb. This door has since been ual!ed up, but the outline of the doorway still bea'rs witness to the wonderful glamour which for centuries continued t o be associated with San Lesmes. I n the Church of San Lesmes stands a remarkable relic from the original building in an old stone pulpit of which I am glad to say I succeeded in taking a photograph, and whicll I give in Fig. 2. On the centre shield will be seen a large Mason's square and pair of compasses, and on either side is a Latin inscription:-

The inscriptions are :" Quomodo cantabimus canticum DNI in terra aliena." How shall we sing t l ~ e Lord's song in a strange land. and Estote parati quia qua EIora non putatis Filius hominis venet." Be ye ready, for in such an hour as ye think not t h e Son of Man cometh. The 5rst inscription evidently refers patlletically to the fact t h a t San Le.smes, who came from France, was living and giving his whole life to his Master's work in a strange land.
"

Nothing is known of the history of the pulpit except that the ' tornaroz ' or cupola, suspended above it, is now of wood, b u t was originally of stone, which disappeared nobody knows how many years ago. The Square and Compasses on this pulpit open up an interesting channel of thought when considered ill connection wlth the same emblems, wllich we saw associated with a Monk's scourge, on the Golden Staircase leading to the Puerta alta in the Cathedral. San Lesmes was not only Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery, but also drew up the plans for and executed many important works of utility for the City of Burgos. His skill and energy must have had great influence in the Monastery, and he would naturally have educated and employed those who were capable of helping him to carry out his designs. H e probably designed the pulpit lzimself, b u t the designs on the Golden Staircase were of later production, and we may see in them t h e shadow of his mantle, which had descended a t his death upon his many devoted associates in tlie Monastery. Some of these monks would no doubt have tried to emulate his good works, and would have handed down to their successors the knowledge and skill which San Lesmes had taught them. As far as I could find out, i t was a t that time the only Monastery in Burgos, and the ' scourge,' associated with the Masons' emblems in t h e Cathedral, may have been introduced, ilot only to show connection with the Monastery and Saint, who was held in such high repute, but a l ~ o a sign of humbleness a t being employed in building and as decorating such an in~portantedifice as the Cathedral. I n a Chapel dedicated to San Juan, in the Cathedral, is a donled recess containing the lnuch venerated figure of the ' Virgen de Oca,' brought from tlze original habitat of the Archiepiscopal See already referred to, and with this are a nuniber of old ' Reliquaries,' an~orlgwhich is the shrine to ' Beato Lesmes,' t h e blessed Lesmes. I made considerable search, and after I left, in 1900, was for some time in corresporidence with a friend in Burgos, who continued the search; but the only authority from whom it was found possible to get any illfornlatio~lconcerning San Lesmes was the old Cura of the Clturc!l, who was noted as being the lnost learned man in Burgos, and his inforlnation was very scanty, though he had for many years The followilig is a translation of the been ~nterestinghimself in the subject ~ ~ a r t i c u l a r s received from him :I The ren~airlsof San Leslnes are interred in the central nave of the Church. Above the spot are erected an altar and sepulchre on wllich is his recumbent statue in the position t h a t the Saint himself required. Hls tomb was forinerly surrounded by a large railing with columns, above which were placed other images, and in the centre t h e arms of the Municipality of Burgos which was responsible for the construction of same, but this was subsequently replaced by a gilded railing, part of which now encloses the baptismal font. The body of San Lesmes is enclosed in tlle interior of the figure of t h e lamb which stands below the exterior sepulchre, all of which is of stone. No epitaph of any description referring to San Lesnles exists, neither in the Cllurch dedicated to him nor in the building in front (the liospital and prikon wliich formerly was the Benedictine Monsstery of which San Lesrnes was Abbot). Tlle citizens of Burgos held San Lesines as their ' patrona ' (patron saint) by reason of the many gifts, both spiritual and temporal, which he made to the City, and tlle Municipality of Burgos associated and identified itself with the citizens' vows for the same reason. To the initiative of San Lesmes are owed tlle embankments of the River Arlanzon to the north of the City, as likewise the ' alcantarillas ' or conduits. For these reasons the Municipality of Burgos always attends in full state on the'occasion of the principal feasts dedicated t o San Lesmes.

t'estzyes of the C'ruft in Spuirb.

61

Leqend:-The Queen of England, being very ill, begged San Lesmes to come and cure her, or a t least to send her a piece of bread, by eating which she could be cured. San Lesmes sent her some bread, and on eating a piece of it, not only was she restored to health, but also all who partook of i t were miraculously cured of their infirmities. This is a curious legend t o find in Spain in those early days, namely, 150 years before the crusades brought so many countries together. The Queen of perhaps England referred to could only have been Matilda of Ftanders, %e ~ i f e , ' o r the widow, of William the Conqueror, because St. &esmes died ill 1097, and became King of England William I I . , who a t the death of William t h e C o h q u e r ~ r in 1087, was never married. The following are the Mason marks I collected frpnl $h8 present Church of San Lesmes :v

S u n Tlestnes : -

I t is interesting to remember t h a t San Lesmes was contemporary with tile nlost romailtic warrior hero known to Spanish history, whose home was :11<o in Uurgos. I refer to Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known to fame as the Cid; he ha:! been well called the King A r t l ~ u r Spain; he had a strange career, fighting someof times for the Christians and sometiines for the Moors. H e afterwards conaueregd Valencia, and died there; his body was embalmed, and two years later the body was brought, by his yife yimena, sitting upon his favourite horse ' ~ a b h c a , 'all t!~u way to Burgos, looking, as is narrated, as terrible dead as when he wa*s alive. H i s body sat upright for ten years beside the high altar in the Church 6 f ' s a K P e d r o de Cardena, near Burgos, and his bones are now in the Museum a t Burgos.'. The only other building I shall mention in this neighbourh'ood is the'convent of Las Huelgas, belongtng to the Cistercian Order, situated Borne distance from Burgos. It was founded 1187 by Alfonso V I I I . , to expiate his s i y an$ t&grati?y the wish of his Queen, Eleanor, daughter of our Henry 11.; a n d is still a nunnery. The early Kings of Spain were buried here in a Ch'apel Royal, and various Kings of Castile were knighted here after performing their nocturnal vigil before the Altar. Here was knighted our own King Edward I. in 1254. The Nuns were all of noble families, and the Abbess was a princess-palatine inferior in dignity to no one but the Queen; she was mitred and had the hower of ' life and death ' bver the inhabitants of surrounding districts. It is here that is still kept, though not \ isible, probably the most famous statue in Spain : i t is t h a t of Santiago (St James) ; it is articulated in a marvellous manner and used to perform the ceremony of ICnighthood and the placing of the Crown on the heads of monarchs. It is said to have been made by Nicodemus. Only the trinsepts of the Church and the Cloisters are open to male visitors. The Cloisters, built in the year 1200, are beautiful early Gothic, and I found there only three different forms -of Masons' marks, bub these were all large and deeply cut in the stane arching : Las Iltcelgas : SEVILLE. The original Mosque was erected by Abu Yusup Jacob, A1 Mansur in 1172; this included the eighth century wonderful Giralda Tower used a t first a.i an astronomical observatory, the foundations of which were composed of destroyed Roman and Christian statuary. This Mosque continued to be used as a Cathedral after i t was possessed by the Christians until the year 1401,. when t h e present Cathedral was commenced. It took over 100 years to build, and covers the

62

Tral~sactionsof the Qzcatuor Coro'~ultiLodge.

same area as the original Mosque. The Giralda Tower then received its present upper structure. The following are the Masons' marks :Seville Cathedral : -

GRANADA. I n the Moorish quarters of the town is an old building called ' Casa de Los Tiros,' or ' the house of mystery,' and nobody knows its history. It now belongs t o an old Italian family, b u t formerly i t was owned by the Architect of .the Alhambra, who lived i n the ' Generalife,' close to the Alhambra,
i n the thirteenth century. One of the rooms inside has a fine wooden ceiling with heads of Moorish Kings, and a museum of curiosities, including the sword of Boabdil (El Rey Chico), the last of the Mohammedan Sultans of Granada; but the most curious aspect of the building is that outside across t h e front are placed e Circle, Square, and Triangle, each surmounted by a heart and accompanied by a legend. I n niches are statues of Mercury clothed as a herald, Hercules, Teseo ( ? Theseus), Jason, and Hector. Over the portal there is a sword piercing a heart with a handle pointing upwards towards the three geometrical figures with the legend, ' The heart commands ' :Casa de Los Tiros:-

Fig. 3. On large stones of t h e unfinished Palace of Charles V. in the Alhambra I found t h e following Masons' marks:-

Vestiges of the Craft in Spain.

63

VALENCIA CID, as i t is called, is on the River Turia. DEL

The Cathedral was commenced in 1262 and t h e Gothic octagonal Tower called E l Miguelete was built in 1381. The Masons' marks on stones of the Cathedral ?re deeply cut and from two to three inches high. On the Tower E l Miguelete t h e Masons' marks were still larger, and very numerous, mostly of two forms, an equilateral triangle and a rhombus :-

Most of the Stones had each a perfect equilateral triangle of three to four inches high and deeply cut, and these could be seen fifty feet u p the Tower, there were so many that they could not have been t h e work of one Mason, and it, would appear that either a contractor employed a number of Masons to work for him, or, what I think more probable, there was a Society of Masons, working under some form of co-operation, who used as their mark the symbol of t h e Logos, the " Maker of all things." Other Masons' marks on outside of Cathedral were t l ~ a following :~

I'alencia Cathedral : -

do.

do.

I n Sala Capitular Antigua were:-

$ small 1 to 14 inches, deeply cut, date A.D. 1358.

I n the Church of San Juan, built A.D. 1380, there are also a great number of large and perfect equilateral triangles cut on t h e stones, similar to those seen on the Cathedral Tower E l Miguelete, carrying to t h e mind t h e same conviction of co-operative work in the Craft. The following are t h e Masons' marks:San Juan:-

Opposite to San J u a n is the Longa de Seda, the Silk Hall, a beautiful Gothic building of A.D. 1482, which had the following carefully cut marks on the five or six lower tiers of stone; the upper tiers were defaced by picking:Longa de Seda:-

64

Transactions of the Q?tat~tor Coronnfi LoIJLIP.

I also collected the following marks from an interesting old Church built A.D. 1400:S a n Martin:-

TARRAGONA. This is probably the most interesting City in Spain for Roman remains and early Gothic architecture. T h e C a t l ~ e d m lwas built A . D . 1089-1131. Z n v i d ~on the main round pillars were the following nine Masons' marks, six inches to nine inches high, very deeply cut, one visible on almost every stone, right up to the capitals, quite disfiguring them:-

02 the large base stones of columns was :-'Jnside on walls >ere

the following :-

Oz~tsideon walls were found :- -

Many of the above marks were cut a quarter-of-an-inch deep and appeared on stones with Roman inscriptions placed upside down. I n Fig. 4 I give a photograph of a curious and mysterious little Churcl~ called S a n Pnblo, which has been preserved and is now enclosed in a court of the, new Seminario; i t is built up all round by other buildings; only the front being left free, with a pillar on either side. I t s dimensions inside are 26 feet by 13 feet and 13 feet high, the ceiling is arched t o two centres dividing i t into a perfect double cube, ahd, to complete the mystery, we see placed over the altar close to

the ceiling the symbol

I t s early history is quite unknown, and

nobody knows its age, b u t I have been able, I think, to determine the age of the

Fig. 2.

Stone Pulpit in Church of San Lesmes, Burgos.

Fig. 4.

Tarragona. Doorway of Church of San Pablo.

Fig. 5. Tarragona.

Doorway in City Wall.

Fig. 6.

Tarragona.

The City Wall

T'rsfi9r.c o f tlrr

C r o f t in , C l ~ i n .

65

doorway from the three Masons' marks found on the facade, though the pillars on either side may be much older. They are the following :-

It will be seen t h a t these, on the facade, are identical with marks on t h e outside walls of the Cathedral, and were probably, therefore, the work of t h e same Masons, which would place its (the facade's) building in A.D. 1089-1131, b u t t h e interior would seem to be ii~ucllolder and may be of Gnostic origin. Close to t h e South Transept doorway of t h e Cathedral is the disused and very ancient little Church of Santa Tecla la Vieja, the Patron Saint of Tarragona, with interesting Romanesque carvings, which would appear to be also of the same age, as i t will be seen t h a t two of the Masons' marks in this little Church are t h e same a s found o n thehmain pillars and t h e other two are found on t h e walls of the Cathedral. The following are the four marks I found :-Sn~r Trclic In T'irjn j -

X H N M

One of t h e most imposing sights in this wonderful city is the Cyclopean Wall, of which about a mile of length still stands as a monument of prehistoric Masons' work a n d the immense size of the old fortified town, which is said to have contained g niillion inhabitants; the lower five or six courses consist of enormous blocks of rough stones without cement; above these a r e built twelve courses of large squared stones of Roman work, and on t h e top of these are many courses of Moorish masonry. I n Fig. 5 I give a photograph of one of the old cyclopean doorways situated to t h e east of Puerta del Rosario, and on t h e courses of Roman squared stones in Bajodo de Rosario I found the following marks cut one inch deep, some of which may be seen in Fig. 6 :-

BARCELONA. The Cathedral was consecrated about B.D. 1058, and was built on t h e site of a - P a g a n Temple; i t was converted by the Moors in the twelfth century into a Mosque, and used by them till the thirteenth century. The following are the Masons' marks:Outside : -

There were a number of

r-vl

marks but only on edges of stone, thus

U The beautiful doorway Puerta Santa Eulalia was evidently only two men's

work because almost every stone is marked in moulding thus l + inches high and deeply and carefully cut.

fr

about

66
Insicle : -

Tmnnnctions of the Q n n t l ~ o rCoronnti Lo(Jye.

The following on round Pillars deeply cut l&inches high:-

Cloisters. Numerous symbols are engraved on the flagstones, a number of contiguous flagstones have ' shoes ' upon them covering the large vault of the Guiici of Shoemakers, others have scissors, etc., etc., for other Guilds. GERONA.The Cathedral was founded by Charlemagne A.D. 786, re-built in 1016, and consecrated in 1038. It was altered in 1416, and has the widest Gothic vaulted nave in Christendom, its span being 73 feet. The Masons' marks are as follows :Ot(tsic1e : -

Inside : -

The Bell Tower.-Inside

W oB

the winding staircase on concave surfaces were:-

and on the large stone slabs on floor of upper storey of tower were also the numerals in wlace of Masons' marks. but the stones were not placed according to the numbers.

1234

I n conclusion I would like to point out t h a t there is quite a marked difference in style in Masons' marks for each epoch. The earlier marks are of a much simpler character, deeply cut but roughly executed; such as those found in the Cyclopean Wall, on Roman squared stones of the third to fifth centuries, and, later on, those in the Cathedral a t Gerona, where numerals were employed, and again a t Tarragona, especially those of San Pablo. B u t with the introduction of pure Gothic in the twelfth century there appear Masons' marks of singular beauty, deeply cut and artistically executed. Then, with t h e decline of pure Gothic in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the marks also deteriorate; they are not deeply cut, do not keep to exact forms, and later on become little mqre than scratches, and are poorly executed. I n examining a collection of Wasons' marks from a number of important buildings one cannot help recognizing the importance these ' vestiges ' may have for gaining a true knowledge, not only of t h e age of the fabric itself, but of the lives, industry, education, and movements from one centre to another, or even from one country to another, of those forerunners of our Craft, who have left for

Vestiges of the C'ruft i n Spaiu. our wonder and admiration those marvellous architectural works which, as stated in our oldest manuscripts, must ever place Masonry a t the head of all the Sciences.

HILLS :said Bro. GORDON

I have much pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to Bro. Klein for the interesting paper we have just heard. We much regret that he could not be here to read i t himself, b u t we may congratulate him and ourselves too t h a t it lost nothing in the reading in the hands of our worthy Secretary, to whom our thanks are also due for his usual kind offices in reading the paper in our Brother's absence. The paper is not one t h a t easily lends itself to criticism; it introduces us to a country with a history of many races and arts of the full significance of which, as regards our special researches, we have yet very much to learn. In this present contribution we have, above all, a valuable addition to the many illustrations of Masons Marks and other kindred methods of identification contained in our Transactions. From t h e cursory glance I have had a t the original paper t h e marks appear to be of t h e character usual elsewhere, and some of them have been published in Mr. Street's well-known Accotsnt of Gothic Architecture in Spain, so long the standard book on t h a t subject. Many of these marks, dating back to the earliest times, are t o be found persistently i n use down to the present day, and of this I am able to give an interesting illustration in a series of modern Masons' banker marks, which was given me by the late Bro. John Allan, Clerk of Works a t Lincoln Cathedral, who had collected them from those in use on works there and elsewhere which had come under his suverintendence. 1 take the present opportunity to ask Bro. Songhurst to publish this collection in the d r s Qetatuor C'oronatorum, so that they may be available for comparison with those in this caper. The use of marks resemblinc Arabic numerals seems easilv explained in " Spain, where t h a t system of notation might be well known through those who would probably be its earliest practitioners in Europe. There would not necessarily be any idea of numeration attached t o the numbers employed as Masons' marks; they would be used simply as a welcome variation from other marks already in use and which the user did not want his mark to be coiifused with. Bro. Gould, in his.JZisiory, calls attention to t h e U mark mentioned by Bro. Klein, and says t h a t it is of frequent occurrence in Spain. It resembles a Hindu caste symboi, and appears as a-mark on stone a t 1spahan. With regard to the dates which Bro. Klein assigns to various buildings, I would venture a word of warning as to generalizations with regard to work which has ~ a s s e dthrough so many changes and re-buildings. When one attempts to attach definite dates to special portions of the buildings, and to draw inferences from marks which are common t o so many periods, one can only safely do so backed by a very intimate knowledge of the structure and its history. I do not gather t h a t there is any very sure foundation for connecting the pulpit which Bro. Klein mentions a t the Church of San Lesmes with the Saint of that name, and I altogether doubt the special application of t h e text from the Psalms to t h e Saint's own particular history-its application being so usual and general to all as " strangers and pilgrims on t.he earth " desiring " a better country, t h a t is, an heavenly," of which our Brother himself, a s we know from his writings, has perhaps almost caught a glimpse from his Tt'crfch Tower of Spiritwll Discernment. The emblems on the stairs and pulpit suggest t h a t these works were the gift of some local guild of artificers. W e have ascribed to this venerated Saint and local benefactor not only the patronage and promotion of many important works of building, b u t also, as so often occurs in similar cases, he is claimed as actually designing and carrying out the improvements; but i t is doubtful whether his share was really so intimate as is suggested by Bro. Klein's informants-whether Saint Adelelmo really did more than initiate the projects which pass under his name. I n so niany similar cases mistaken ideas as to t h e
d

actual parts t h a t promoters of great works have played have credited then1 with shares i n t h e design and execution for which there is no real foundation. The identification of Adelelmo and S t . Lesmes with S t . Elmo, t h e wellknown patron Saint of Sailors launches us into a series of confused identities, and notwithstanding what is probably t h e popular idea on the spot, I think i t is exceedingly doubtful if they are the same individual. I do not find t h a t Adelelmo i3 a Canonized Saint, which probably starts tlie confusioli with others who have been generally commemorated in the calendar. One can see how t h e name ildulrltt~o might easily be shortened to that of S t . h'ltno, yet t h e alternative L e a n ~ e s seems very unlike tlie original and much more suggests t h e name of another S a i n t S t . Erastnus-who is usually identified with S t Elnlo. This Saint was a bishop martyred in Italy in t h e persecutions under Diocletian, and, as S t . Elmo, is famous on t h e shores of t h e Mediterranean, in Calabria, Sicily, and Spain, as t h e protector of mariners against storms and tempests; a taper in his hand or on liis head distinguishes his representations and refers to tlie lights which play about the rigging and t o which his name has been given. This Saint, commeniorated in the calendar on J u n e 2nd, was done to death by a particularly cruel method of disen?bowelment, which led to his being invoked in affections of particular parts of the human frame, as a n old writer tersely puts i t : " Erasmus heales the collike T h a t b u i forefathers in medireval times were and t h e griping of t h e guttes." no more immune from such maladies t h a n their descendants we mav deduce froill t h e fact t h a t St. Erasmus seems t o have been quite a popular s a i n t - i n those days, and his effigy appeared in many of our parish churches The tradition a t Burgos, i t would appear, has confused t h e well-known local benefactor and the more widely renowned Sailors' Saint; but this does not exhaust t h e confusion about the latter. Another Saint arose in Spain, who is also claimed as S t . Elmo, Patron of Mariners,-St. Peter Gonzales, a Dominican,-wlio flourished froni 1190-1246. This Saint acconlpanied Ferdinand 111. in his campaigns against the Moors, and is invoked against storms, he having by his prayers averted a tempest with thunder and lightning which threatened a con,aregation to which he was preaching in the open. H e was also specially distinguished by his ministrations to sailors, not only on shore, b u t seeking to benefit them by visiting then1 in their vessels. This Spanish Saint, commemorated on April 15t11, like the earlier S t . Erasmus, might a150 as S t . Elnlo be confused with the local Saint of Burgos.

This series of Masons' Marks was given to Bro Gordon Hills by the late Bro. J o h n Allan, then Clerk of Works a t Lincoln Cathedral, in October, 1913. T h e nlarks were examples only of many which had been recorded by Masons eniployed on works in various parts of England under his superintendence. H e wrote: " You will notice t h a t there are no curved lines, all straight, and every line made by two strokes of the chisel and mallet, that is understood by the Workmen." The numbers attached to t h e marks refer to the information Bro Allan noted as to the names and peculiarities of some of the makers of the marks, as follows : 1. T. Thompson. Fred Robey. 2. Andrew Vail. Crosthwaite-a northern inan. 3. Andrew Cross. King-a 'left-handed mason. 4. Bolt. Block-a German. 5 . H a r r y Harrison. Fred Frost. 6. Nobel-a Swede. John Hand. 7. Farr-a left-handed mason. Jenaey-a Frenchman. 8. Quayle. Andrew Penney. Naogrorglls' T'or~ish ICingtlorn, translated by Bart~abc 'Goo~rc-.J,ontlon, 1 ; i i O . Effigies of St. Erasmus arc recorded to h a y e been in ezistenr? i n cl~nrchrs t B~icltonhan~. a St. Nicholas, Norfolk; Lullingstone, Kent; Cirenc~ster, cltc. I31,itish ;It~cl~cc~c~loyicctl Jourtlctl, x s i . , 195.

l * r ~ t r ! / o ~ t h e C r c ~ f tin Syrrrilz. cf
MODERN MASONS' BANKER MARKS

Comments were also made by Bros. Calloil

~ ~ ~ R S L and E Y

J . A . SYMMONDS.

bro. J . E . S. TUCKETT r r i t e . s : ~ Some years ago, when the subject of Masons' Marks first began t o attract the attention of ~ t u d e i i t s ,great hopes were entertained t h a t very important results would follow from a careful exan~iilation and comparison of the examples t o b e found in such profusion in various parts of our own and other countries. A large number of Marks have been collected and reproduced in the pages of o u r Trcolsactions, and elsewhere, but practically nothing further has been done. I n his concluding paragraph, Bro. Klein has indicated several ways in which these Marks illay be found valuable as a source of information about t h e Craftsnien who left them as records upon their handiwork, and i t does certainly seem due t o t h e possible importance of the subject t h a t soine competeilt and painstaking student with sufficient leisure time sliould devote himself to it. It would be very interesting indeed if such an enquiry were t o lead t o t h e discovery t h a t some definite system was followed in making the choice of a Mark. and t h a t the Marks themselves possess a Symbolic nleaning, besides sinlply servinq as identification signs. I n t h e Crcyillcc clel Cio,i(lruttrhlr j i l t h e Cathedral a t Burgos near by t h e Tombs there is (or was) preserved a n imposing Column of Jasper of immense mass. The guide books assert t h a t nothing is known about the origin or purpose of this great nlonolith Does Bro. Klein attach any Masoilic importance t o this relic ?

70

Trar~sactiot~s the of

uat ilor C o r o ~ ~ aLodge. ti

The mention of tha Convent of La, Huelgao reminds one of the immense importance formerly attac~ling this institution, as is shown by the overwhelming to catalogue of titles and dignities enjoyed by the Lady Abbess and the immense powers she possessed, including lordship over numerous separate religious houses, thirteen towns, and upwards of fifty villages, con jurisdiction ontnimoda, privativa, ciiaai Episcoyul, ntdZzus Ulocesis. The word Huelga means ' rest,' ' relaxation,' ' repose,' and the Convent is ewcted upon the site of a ChBteau-de-Plaisance where the ancient Kings of Castile were wont to refresh themselves after the toils of war and t h e tribulations of government. The Convent was founded by Alfonso V I I I . in expiation of those particular sins which h e supposed had called down upon him the Divine displeasure which showed itself in the defeat a t Alarcos, near Badajoz, i 1195. His Queen Elednor joined him in tlie pious work which is supposed to have averted God's wrath and secured t h e victory of Las Navas to the Christian Arms in 1212. The occurrence of Masons' Marks is perhaps not so very significant, for i t must always be remembered that these may after all be no more than tallj-marks or recognition signs. B u t to have found groups of Working Tools and Emblems, such as Bro. Klein describes, is another matter, and I think t h a t our Brother would have been fully justified had he used a stronger term than ' Vestiges ' when selecting a title for his very interesting paper. One of the most striking ' finds ' is t h a t remarkable building in the Moorish quarter of t h e ancient town of Granada, which Bro. Klein tells us is known as the Casa de: Los Tiros. The Spanish word Tiro has many meanings not all of them very closely allied. One meaning is ' trickery ' or ' imposition ' : another is ' trial ' : and another is the one given by Bro. Klein ' mystery.' Now i t is, I believe, a fact t h a t Orientals to this day are wont to describe a Masonio Lodge by phrases which translated convey ona or other of these meanings, and they sometimes go a little further and speak of i t as the ' House of t h e Devil,' which may ba taken to be a combination of the first and third. The Casa d e Los Tiros, now the property of the Grimaldi family, formerly belonged to the Architect of the Alhambra, and was presumably asrd by t h a t eminent personage, but not as a d?uelli?~g place-for, as Bro. Klein remarks, he lived in the ' Generalife ' hard by the Palace. The Elilblems on t h e front of the building are very suggestive, and CO also is its traditional name. I t seems quite probable that the Casa de Los Tiros was originally the meeting-place of a Building Corporation or Society of Masons like to t h a t one a t Valencia del Cid, which employed t h e Logos Emblem as its corporate Mark. And does it not seem t h a t we have here very distinct vestiges of a Speculative Symbolism accompanying the Operative A r t ? The curious and mysterious little Church of San Pablo, a t Tarragona, may be another example, but Bro. Klein apparently considers a Gnostic origin more likely. W e are greatly indebted to Bro. Klein for a most valuable and instructive and a t the same time deeply interesting account of his discoveries in a region where few if any Masonic students ha,ve previously laboured. mites:Ero. H. G. MCLACRIAN There is a danger of Bro. Klein misleading some as to the date for the introduction of. Gothic (so-called) architecture into Spain; though I believe he is under no misconception thereto, neither does he wish to mislead. But, with the exception of Tarragona Cathedral, he does not refer to Romanesque, and his other references to Gothic might lead some to believe all t h e other buildings he referred t o were either Gothic or Moorish. The ,earliest known work which can be so described is to be seen in the oldest part of %he Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris, and Noyon Cathedral, not f a r distant from that, dates 1140 and 1150 A.D. England next followed France, for William of Sens, t h e Frenchman, introduced the new style a t Canterbury in 1171, and shortly after i t was used a t Wells Cathedral and elsewhere. 'It is doubtful whether the style was used in Spain before 1221, when an English bishop

T'esfigcs of the Craft in Spain.

71

introduced i t a t Burgos, as mentioned by Bro. Klein. All t h e work of San Lesmes, and that earlier than the thirteenth oentury in Spain referred t o by Bro. Klein when not Moorish, was Romanesque. I s not Bro. Klein in error when he writes of the Patron Saint of Burgos: " His name was originally Adelelmo, which was later changed to San Lesmes " ? San forms no part of the name; and t h e same may be said of Adel, which latter means noble: i t is the same as t h e prefixes Athel and Ethel of our English Saxon Kings. Adel is likewise used in German names of the earlier Christian period. Thus you have the name Elmo, hence " S t . Elmo's lights." The name of L a m e s is probably a local variant of the name; the term San was probably first used, as suggested by Bro. Klein, and afterwards approved by t h e Romish Church. Possibly Elmo discarded the prefix of Adel. Can Bro. Klein give the date of the Golden Staircase a t Burgos Cathedral? I t follows that i t is of a much earlier period than t h e ' Puerta de la Pellegeria.' The West front of the Cathedral I find given as being between 1456-87, and t h e Central tower as nearly 100 years later. The lecturer says, " Seville Cathedral took over 100 years to build." Can the time be fairly reckoned? It is often stated t h e mediaeval cathedrals took 100, 200, or even 300 years t o build; but t h e truth is that, in t h e first place, five to ten years, in some cases even a gsser time, saw the whole work begun and of finished. Yet scarcelv was this done. when an extension was desired. a ~ o r t i o n , the former building was pulled down, and something quite different built or comThis happened time after time; works also were stopped for various menced. causes, and the ~ e r i o dof stoppage and re-building was counted in as t h e period of the actual building. The recent war has given us an instance of this in t h e cases of the London County Hall and Southwark Bridge; two only of thousands of cases. Cologne Cathedral was commenced 1248 A.D., and the choir dedicated 1322 A . D . ; i t so remained for over 500 years, even falling into decay, and has only been completed in our time. B u t during the 74 years was steady progress made? I doubt it. The t r u t h is, we rarely have sufficient data t o give facts. Anyway, Seville Cathedral, owing to its immense size, must have taken a considerable time for its erection, and I believe more rapid progress was made in the thirteenth oentury than in t h e fifteenth. It might be noted t h a t Valencia Cathedral has a splendid rose window, the tracery of which within t h e circle is formed by two intersecting equilateral triangles, the points of which touch the circle, thus forming a hexagon in t h e centre, surrounded by six smaller equilateral triangles. The equilateral triangle played an important part in middle Gothic work. A n interesting point as t.o Gerona Cathedral is mentioned by M. Viollet le Duc in his Dictionnuire misonne' de Z'architrct?rrr Frccn~ai.~e I l e n c 1' sieclr, d~c q 6 t. I., p. 112. It relates t o t h e employment of a French architect thereon, and is extracted from a Latin register " ab anno 1320 ad 1322." I give t h e French translation of the extract :Le chapitre de la cathedrale de GBrone se decide, en 1312, a remplacer la vielle Bglise romane par une nouvelle, plus grande e t plus digne. Les travaux ne commenoent pas immhdiatement, e t l'on nomme les administrateurs d I'ceuvre (obreros), Raymond de Vilaric e t Arnauld de Montredon. E n 1316, les travaux, sont en activith, e t l'on voit apparaitre, en fevrier 1320, sur les registres capitulaires, un architecte design6 sous le noin de maitre Henry de Narbonne. Maitre Henry 'meurt, e t sa place est occup6e par un autre architecte son compatriote, nomm6 Jacques de Favariis; celui ci s'engage a venir de Narbonne six fois l'an, et le chapitre lui assure un traitement de deux cent cinquante sous par trimestre. It is mentioned t h a t a woman was then paid a day's wage of " a denier," or one twelfth of a sou. Bro. Klein refers to certain marks in the cloisters of Barcelona Cathedral as " shoes." I t might be noted t h a t J . T. Perry, in his Chronology of Mrdiaval and R~n~nissance Architectlrrr, published 1893, illustrates some Masons' Marks
A

'

from t h e N.W. Fortal of Rheims Cathedral, wlticll might also be considered as " shoes " or " key-holes." I n conclusion, if any Brother wishes to learn more on the subject, I would refer him t o t h e excellent work by the late G E. Street, R . A . , the architect of t h e Law Courts in London, published 1865. I t is entitled S O I I I ~ (tcrou7tt of ( i o f h i c ( r r c h i t ~ c f r inr ~ p n i n ; i t is t o be noted t h a t Mr Street illustrated it with many ~ S A!lasons' Marks, and named the buildi~lgsin which they are found. Pro. S Y D ~ ET . KLEIS w r z t ~ sas follows zrr r r p / y : Y great regret t h a t , owing to my increasing infirmity, I was unable It was t o be present a t the reading of my P a p e r ; but i t has been very gratifying t o see, from t h e kind remarks of those who took p a r t in tlle discussion, and from letters received from others who were present, t h a t my P a p e r was so favourably received. Bro. Gordon Hills calls attention to the danger of stating exact dates for t h e building of Cathedrals. It may indeed be said t h a t the construction of wany of these old edifices extended over even centuries; they were continually being added to or even re-built in parts, but I would point o u t t h a t such warning does not apply t o this Paper, as I have confined my statements t o t h e date when t h e building was actually commenced an&when it was consecrated, t h e latter being t h e date when t h e oriyincrl design may be said t o have been completed. I cannot add any further information concerning the old pulpit of San Lesmes and the many interezting and useful worlcs attributed t o t h a t wonderful man, b u t I suggest t h a t tlle facts I have given as to the renown in which he was held for so many centuries after his death, culminating in the building of one of the largest and finest churches to his memory, and also t h a t the Municipality of Burgos not only accepted him as their Patron Saint, but, even 800 years after his death, still attend i n full state, on the occasions of the principal feasts dedicated t o him, as a n acknowledgment t h a t he did those works, go a long way t o prove what an extraordinary man he must have been. Tlie Texts also on the pulpit the Masonic designs on centre shield, are so applicable t o his foreign origin and architectural skill, and, as far as I have seen in my travels, so ~ r n i q t r r , t h a t I cannot accept the suggestion t h a t we have not strong evidence in all thesgfacts for gaining a delightful insight into the life and doings of a wonderful old forerunner of our Craft, so f a r back as the eleventh century. Bro. Tuckett contributes many interesting details t o the subject, and I believe with him t h a t some day, when the great number of Masons' Marks collected from so many old buildings, have been carefully collected, important information may be forthcoming concerning t h e lives and aspirations of t h a t wonderful band of Masons who have left for our enlightenment such beautiful examples of their skill in every phase of architectural design. I did not see the column of jasper, to which h e refers, in one of t h e chapels of Burgos Cathedral, and cannot, therefore, express a n opinion on i t . I cannot understand why Bro. McLachlan should think t h a t readers of my Paper may conclude t h a t I confined my investigations solely t o buildings in the Gothic style. Most people interested in t h e subject are aware t h a t Gothic architecture had its beginning in Europe about tlle middle of the twelfth century, and i t first appeared in Spain towards the end of t h a t century or the beginning of the thirteenth; before t h a t date any building would naturally be either of Romanesque or Moorish character. The most interesting aspect of architecture in Spain is t h e fact t h a t the war between Cross and Crescerlt was carried on between Christian and Mooris11 builders in as ruthless a manner as between the combatants. The two styles of architecture are seen existing alongside for the whole period of over 700 years v i t h o u t ir.fluencing each other. Even when building contemporaneoilsly in the same district, they confined themselves rigidly t o their own particular style. W e have in this a n extraordinary proof of the antagofiisnl which existed between the t, Cross and t h e C r e s c e ~ ~root and branch, and which may still be seen in the East even a t t h e present day.

Trapsaction.~of the Quatzror Coronati Lodge.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

HURCH of t h e F o u r Crowned Martyrs at Canterbury.--The . first church mentioned in Canterbury, except St. Martin's, is t h a t of the Four Crowned Martvrs. The site cannot now be marked out, but, from Eede's description of the fire i t was n ~ t , far from t h e Archbishop's Palace, and not improbably just where St. Alphege's Church now stands, whereof the first Rector given by Haxted was Robert Islip, 1405. The registers of St. Alphege date from 1558; and its tower had pre-Norman masonry, but was ruined by " restoration " about 1884. I n the north, or newer Saxon part of the city, says Dr. Cox, stood a. church dedicated to St. Alphege, which is supposed to have disappeared as the Cathedral churchyard advanced. Possibly then its dedication was transferred to the Church of the Four Crowned l l a r t y r i whose claim to remembrance paled before that of the more recently Could not Canterbury brethren of t h e martyred Saxon Archbishop Alphege. Craft find out more in the Cathedral Library? J . W . HORSLEY. Mellitus, Archbishop of Canterbury (619-624), a n d t h e Quatuor Goronati.-The following extract is from Chnptc,rs i n fhe Hiptory o f Old S t . Pnttl's, W. Sparrow Simpson, D.D., F.S.A., London, 1881, p. 12 :On the 2nd of February, 619, Archbishop Laurence died, and Mellitus succeeded him in the Archiepiscopal throne of Canterbury. . . . We will follow the guidancn of the Venerable Bede. . . . There was a terrible conflagration in Canterbury; the whole city was in danger of being consuGed by fire; water h a s thrown upon the flames, but all in vain; they continued to spread with terrific power; the Church of the Four Crowned Martyrs, martyrs who had fallen in the persecution of Diocletian, stood in the place where the fire raged most fiercely: thither the Prelate, though weighed down by his infirmities and the ~ a i n s sickness. bade his servants to carrv him. of Strong men had laboured to no purpose t o p u t out t l ~ eflames-he would show them the efficacy of prayer. He prayed fervently, and the wind which had been blowing fronl the south now turned to the north; the flames were beaten back, and presently, the wind ceasing altogether, were entirely extinguished, and t h e city was saved. This is the last recorded act of Mellitus. H e ruled over the Church of Canterbury for five years, and departed to his rest on the 24th day of April, 624: a day long observed with honour in the Church of London, as may be seen in its ancient Calendar. Bro. Sparrow Simpson, at p. 9, tells t h a t Mellitus came to England in 601 and was consecrated Bishop of Londor, by St. Augustine himself in 604. J. E . S . TUCKETT. Square.-It is interesting to try and trace the usage of symbolic language based, if not on Freemasonry, a t least on its operations. I have not seen t h e followinq example cited bv our brethren. I n January, 1668, Sir William Temple, speakifig of his negotiations with l h Witt, in his despatches writes :-" I must add these words, to do Mr. De W i t t e right, that I found him as plain, as direct and s q ~ ~ n r in, the course of his business, as any man could be." It is quoted in Macaulay's Essay on Rt. Hon. F . P. Courtenay's " Memoirs of tha Life Works and Correspondence of S i r William Temple," in October, 1838. T. J . WESTROP?.

74

Transactions o j the Quatuor Coromti Lodge.

I am sending herewith copies of two egtries from t h e Report of the Historical XSS. Committee t o which Bro. C. W. Sutkon, City Librarian, Manchester, has been kind enough to call my attention. They are both of considerable interest, and the second one is so remarkable t h a t I would like to have t h e opinion of some of my fellow students on it. Free mason in 1599.Historical MSS. Comm. 10t"ep. App. P t . 4, p. 423. Entry in parish registers of Holy Trinity, Much Wenlock. " Walter Hancox, free mason was buryed the 16 day of September 115991. This man was a very skilfull inan in t h e a r t of Masonry, in settinge of plottes for buildings and performinge of the same, ingravinge in alebaster and other stone or playster, and in divers other gifts that belonge t o t h a t art, as dothe appeare by his workes whiche may be seene in divers parts of England and Wales, moste sompteouse buildinges, most stately tombes, most curyous pictures. And to conclude in all workes he took in hand he hathe left behind him longe lastinge monuments of skilfull workmanship, and besides these qualityes, he had others which passed these, he was a most honest man, devout and zelouse in religion, pitiful1 to t h e poore, and had the love and goodwill of all his honeste neighbours. " Society of Moonkification.Historical MSS. Comm. 10t"ep. App. P t . 4, p. 108. Captain Stewart's MSS. (Moore Papers.) 1657. 1C) August. " Forasmucli as we are amply satiefyed that our right trusty and beloved Don Edward Moore knight of our famous order is plenarily fixed firmly stablished and substantially constituted and ordeyxled or iliniciated into our knowne transcendent Societye of Moonkificatian. Wherefore (and therefore) i t is our special will and command t h a t all persons adhearinge to Moonkery according to honesty That you and every of you permitt and suffer our beloved Don Edward Moore as aforesaid to create or make fully and effectually all brothers in ye said uraye of Moonkery wch shall yeald obedience as they aught in all clauses and things whatsoever. Giveing and graunting to our said brother and deputy in all things to proceed effectually therein ( H e not failing t o give us notice of all rebelous children) Signed in our usual manner this 10th August 1657, per G. Stor cetra " ( s i c ) . This document is endorsed " my Patron of Monkery " and is sealed a i t h a Lion Rampant. RODK. BAXTER. H.

OBITUARY.
T is with regret t h a t we have t o record t h e death o$ the following
Brethren :-

Louis Leroy Baker, of Tooele, Utah, U.S.A., on 1st October, 1918. Bro. Baker was a Past Grand Deacon of Utah, and joined our Correspondents Circle in January, 1916.
I

Major Frank Bird Carter, of Perth, Western Australia, in 1919. Bro. Carter held the office of S.W. in Lodge No. 39, and joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1908.

Charlee William Cole, of Upper Tooting, London, on 22nd February, 1919. Bro. Cole had been invested as Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies in the Craft and R . A . , and joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1899.

. Elias Martin Cuddon, of London, in 1'919. He was a member of the Clareilce and Avondale Lodge No. 2411, and joined our Corresporldence Circle in January, 1917.
Captain B. J. Friend, of Londcn. H e a 8 s n member of the Friars Lodge Xo. 1349, and joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1905.

John Glass, J . P . , of Finsbury Park, London, on 8th February, 1919, a t the age of seventy-seven. Bro. Glass held the rank of P . P r . G . W . , Essex, and had been a member of our Correspondence Circle since May, 1890. William Hibberdine, of London, in January, 1919. Bro. Hibberdine Lad been appointed to the offices of Pr.G.D. in the Craft and Pr.G.D.C. in the R . A . for Middlesex. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1905.
Bro. Thorp Buttolph Jennings, of Topeka, Kansas, U . S . P . , in 1918. Jennings was a P . M . of Lodge No. 152, and P . H . P . of Chapter No. 5. He joined our Correspondence Circle in March, 1914. Dr. Kristian Semb. Kielland, of Trondhjem, Norway, on 1st January, 1919. A member of Lodge St. Olaf til det gjenreiste Tempel. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in January, 1904.

Robert Moffat Marples, of London, in 1919. A member of the High Cross Lodge No. 754, who joined our Cor'respondence Circle in June, .1900. William Bennett Maye, of Buclrfastleigh, Devon, in 1919. Our Brother held the rank of Pr.D.G.D.C. in the Craft, and that of Pr.G.H. in the R . A . He joined our Correspondence Circle in January, 1889.
Major Alfred Ralph Nethersole, I.S.C., of Egmore, Madras, who was lost in the S.S. " Persia " in 1916. Bro. Nethersole was a P.M. of the Lodge of Perfect Unanimity No. 150, and a member of the School of Plato Chapter No. 150. He joined our Correspondence Circle in March, 1897. Lieut. Edwin B. B. Newton, of London, in 1918. Our Brother held t h e offices of Assistant Grand Superintendent of Works and Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.). He joined our Corre~pondenceCircle in November, 1911.

Trnn.~ncfions t h e Qitntltoi Coronnti Lodyr. of Rowland Plumbe, F . R . I . B . A . , of London, on 2nd April, 1919, who had lleld' the offices of Grand Snperintendent of Works and Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.). H e joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1896. George Ridout, of Crouch Hill, London, in June, 1919. A Past Master of ilie Regent Lodge No. 3121, wl~ojoined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1912. George Lamb Scott, of Newport, Moumouth, in 1919. H e had held the offices of Pr.G.1T7. and P r . G . J . , and joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1916. Robert Lee Sebastian, of Aberdeen, Washington, U.S.A., on 14th December, 1918. Bro. Sebastian was Past Grand Master of Washington, and joined our Correspondent- Circle in October, 1913. HBnry Simons, of Swansea, on 12th January, 1919. Bro. Simons was a P.M. of t h e Indefatigable Lodge No. 237, and held the office of Pr.G.W. in the Craft and t h a t of P r . G . H . in the R . A . H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1913. . Jarnes R. Smith, of Faribault, Minnesota, U.S.A., in 1919. He was a P.M. of Lodge No. 9, and joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1908.

Jarnes Speedy, of London, who was killed in action in 1918. Rro. Speedy was a lrenlber of the Strand Lodge No. 1987. He joined, our Correspondenc2 Circle in J u n e , 1912.
Edgar Tangye, of Handsworth, Staffs., on 1st March, 1919. 1907, qualifying as a Life Member in the following year. Frank lrving Whitney, of .St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A., in 1919. He was a lnenlber of Lodge No. 163 and of ~ h a h t e r No. 45, joining our Corresponclencr, Circle in June, 1908. H e was a

I J . M . of the Bala Lodge No. 1369, and joined our Correspdndence Circle in Marcll,

FRIDAY, 7th MAY,

1919.

H E Lodge met a t Freemasons' Hall a t 5 p.m. Present:-Bros. Gordon P. G. Hills, W.M. ; E. H. Dring, P.G.D., P.M., as S.W. ; W. B. Hextall, P.M., as J.W. ; Cecil Powell, P.G.D., I.P.M. ; \V. J. CSonghurst, P.G.D., Secretary ; HerEert Bradley, P.Dis.G.M., Madras, I.G. ; and J. P. Simpson, P.'A.G.Reg., P.B.I. Also the following members of the Correspondence Circle:Bros. W. Archbald, W. C. Ullman, A. C. Mead, \fTm. Maurice, John Sibthorpe, G.S.B, (Ireland), F. Brown, John Church, W. T. Hawkins, Walter Dewes, W. Mason Bradbear, H. S. Goodyear, G. W. Sutton, George Derrick, W. Adarns Oram, Fred S. Terry, Lieut.-Col. F. J. Stowe, P.G.St.B., J. A. Bell, C. Miller, Arthur Heiron, C. J. W. Hosken. A. Haveloclr Case, L. Hemens, F. W. le Tall, Percy H. Horley, Chas. J. Woods, Major A. Sutherland. L. G. Wearing, Henry Hpde, L. Spencer Compton, General J. E. Headlam, C.B., D.S.O., J. W. Tauranac, Henry Lovogrove, P.A.G.Snp.W., Chas. J. Lsker, Wm. C. Minifie, R. \tTheatly, Chas. Gough, W. F. Keddell, John J. Hands, L. M. Thiidichum, E. Glaeser, C. H. Boaden, S. W. Rodpers, A. Neilson, W. F. Stauffer, H. Johnson, Frank G. Hazel], R. W. White, C. Gordon Bonser, C. Vavasour Elder, J. Walter Hobbs, and A. C. Beal. Also the following Visitors:-Bros. T. B. Goodyear, Addiscombe Lodge ND. 1556; J A. Arnold, and E. D. Side, Skelmersdale Lodge No. 1658; F. E. Sait, Be!grave Lodge No. 749; W. W. Paris, Providence Lodge No. 3697; Ramsden Walker, Northern United Counties Lodge No. 2128; E. D. Proudlock, Earl Roberts Lodge No. 3151; and F. de P. Castells, Lullingstone Lodge, No: i837. Letters of apology for non-attendance were reported from Bros. E. Conder, P.M., L.R.; S. T. Klein, P.M., L.R.; Fred J. W. Crowe, P.A.G.D.C., P.M.; Edward Macbean, P.M.; MT. H. Rylands, P.A.G.D.C., P.M.; John T. Thorp, P.G.D., P.M.; Sir Charles Warren, P.Dis.G.M., Eastern Archipelago, P.M. ; J. E. S. Tuckett, S.W. ; G. Greiner, P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ; William Watson ; and W. Wonnacott, P.A.G.suP.~., P.M.

A resolution of sympathy with the family of the late Bro. Lieut.-Colonel Sisson Cooper Pratt was unanimously passed. The W.M. said:It is with much regret t h a t I have to announce t h e death of a member of t h e Lodge, o u r Bro. Lieut.-Col. Sisson Cooper P r a t t , which occurred on April t h e l o t h ultimo. Lately we had to mourn a distinguished Sailor; now a member of t h e Sister Service has passed away, a n d it is a loss which n o t only makes a breach i n our roll of members and P a s t Masters, b u t one which n o substitute can possibly fill u p i n t h e fast diminishing list of t h e founders who still remain. Sisson Cooper P r a t t was born i n 1844, a n d followed t h e traditions of his family when h e chose t h e A r m y for his profession. H i s f a t h e r held a n honourable record as a soldier, serving i n staff appointments, a s well as holding command on active service, and set a further example, which t h e son also emulated, i n being a member of the Craft. It was i n J u n e , 1863, t h a t o u r Brother obtained his commission i n the Royal Artillery. H e soon saw active service i n India, i n t h e Bhootan Campaign of 1864-65, a series of operations, carried o u t i n t h e Himalayas to the B a s t of
I

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Tru/~suctions the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. of

Darjeeling, where the mountainous country, covered with dense forests, gave the enemy many advantages and made.the movement of our own troops, and especi;l!ly the artillery, proportionately difficult. T ~ young officer took part and distinQ guished himself in the storming of Fort Dalincote, actions a t Chumurchi and Nagoo, and in t h e re-capture of the Bala Pass. Appointed assistant Field Engineer to the L,eft Brigade Dooar Field Force, he was three times mentioned in despatches, and received the Medal and clasp. During 1867-68 h e served as Staff Officer t o the South-Western District, and in 1871 was awarded t h e Gold He passed through the Staff College Medal of the Royal Artillsry Institution. in 1873, and in after years held t h e appointment of Instructor in Tactics and Professor of Military History a t the Royal Milit.ary College. Col. P r a t t was t h e author of many works dealing with t h e history and a r t Artillery, its of his profession, amongst which may be mentioned:-Field organization & Tactics; Military Law, its procedure and practice; Pricis of the Pranco-German War'; Notes on Field Artillery; The Strategic Defence ~f Egypt; The Egyptian Campaign of 1801; and Notes on ~ViZitaryHistory. T h e bigh estimation in which he was held as an authority in his own special branch of the service may be judged from the fact t h a t his work on Field Artillery was selected as the $ext book for instruction a t the U.S.A. Military Academy a t West Point. Our Brother was initiated in London in t h e Bayard Lodge No. 1615 in 1876, and became a joining member of t h e Kaiser-i-Hind Lodge No. 1724 and the Moira Lodge No. 92, and in 1886 was one of the founders of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. It was in 1889-90 t h a t Bqo. P r a t t occupi'ed the Chair of this Lodge, and his memory will be handed down in our Transactions by his inaugural address and the notes of his career contributed by Bro. W . Simpson on that occasion, as well o as by the portrait which prefaces our third volume. His contributions t the Ars Quatuor C o r o m t o r ~ ~appear t o be limited to some notes in preface to Mrs. m Murray-Aynsley's paper on the Svastika, in Volume IV., and t o a short paper on the same subject which also appeared in t h a t volume.

A vote of cone;ratulation was passed to the following members of the C.C. who of Richard Gill, Senior received honours a t the recent Fe~~iva.1 Grand Lodge:-Bros. Grand Deacon; Major W. J. Freer, J. Margetson, and Harold Sington, Junior Grand Dpacons; G. R. Saunders, T. Gill M'illiams, and Algernon Rose, A3s.G.D.C.; H. A. Badman and J. C. Finlayson, Ass.G.St.B.; and H. W. Hunt, Grand Organist.

Bro. Sir Alfred Robbins was proposed as a joining member of the Lodge.

Two Lodges and twcntg-nine brethren were admitted to membership of t h e Correspondence Circle.

Bro. Henry Lovegrove, P,A.G.Sup.W., read the following paper;-

Transactions of the Quatuor Corowti Lodye

THREE MASONIC NOVELS.

/{I' IlIZO. H E N R Y LOVEGROVE, P.Asst. Grand Supt. of Works.

was very young when I first showed a great desire for mystery, and I read with 'delight Quintin ;lIatsys the Blacksmith of Antwerp, by Pierce Egan. The many duels and adventures of t h e hero appealed to all boys, but the appearances and disappearances of Frank Merit, who always turned u p to befriend t h e injured and oppressed in general, and t h e hero in particular, strongly appealed to me, and i n due course t h e strange doings of the Pehm-Gerichte were unfolded, and there was given a detailed description of the mysterious council of thk dreaded society of ahich Frank Merit appeared to be chief of the active workers. I read nearly all the works of Sir Walter Scott, and found in t h e pages of Anne of Geierstein many references to the great secret society. Charlemagne, according to the traditions of Westphalia, was the founder of the Vehmic Tribunals, and it is acknowledged that, in a truly barbarous age and country, their prooeedings were not without utility. There were singular and mystic forms of initiation, the uss of signs shd s y m b ~ l sof recognition. The society probably had its uses, but the whole system passed away into the ordinary machinery of the law. The meetings were held i.1 t h e open air, b u t such precautions were taken that none of t h e many thousands of members were found-to publish t h e secrets and not meet with a sudden and dreadful punishment. I n my early days 1 heard of ~ r e e m ~ s o n r and great was my delight when y, the publication was announoed of Amy Lawrence, the Freemason's Dnzcghter, thro@h which I expected to obtaln much information of this secret society. The author was F. J. Smith, whose novels Mimnkgrey and Il'oman and her Master had largely increased the circulation of a popular weekly called t h e London Journal, some of the illustrations being by t h e then unknown John Gilbert. Smith afterwards assisted t h a t wonderful man1 John Cassell in starting Cassell's Family Paper, in which he wrote French Hay, or Lost and Found; The Soldier of Fortune, a Tale of the W a r (Russian), and Dick Tarleton or Lessons o j Life. The book opens with an introduction to t h e firm of Grindem and Small, a Manchester firm, and their staff, aomprising Henry Beecham, t h e nephew and heir of the senior partner, three sons of t h e junior partner named by their pious parents Matthew, Mark, and James, a young man named Richard Lawrence, and an old clerk, good aud faithful while a t work, b u t given to too d u c h drink in his leisure hours, Gridley. The latter, it soon appears, has some hold over t h e senior partner, who pardons t h e drunkenness and erratic habits of t h e old clerk. Richard Lawrence is dying of consumption; a disease very prevalent in t h e early part of the nineteenth century, and we find Henry Beecham a frequent visitor a t the house of Mrs. Lawrence, t h e widow of a Freemason; t h e ostensible reason for these visits being the friendly feeling between t h e $bung men, b u t it is evident t h a t the young and lovely sister of Richard is a great attraction. One evening Beecham and Gridley meet a t the Lawrence's, and on going home together discover t h a t both are Masons. AS t h e plot develops, Gridley has a bad attack, t h e result. of drink, and his rascally employer gets him into. a private asylum, from which he, Gridley, sends a note written in a secret code to t h e Secretary of his Lodge.

Transactions of the Qu,atuor Coronati Lodge.

The note Gridley gave to a child of his landlady, who frequently came to see him, and the child gave the note to her mother, who asked the local postman, when lie called, if he could make o u t the address on t h e envelope. Fortunately the postman was the Tyler of t h e local Lodge, and he a t once undertook to see that the letter was safely delivered. The Secretary communicated with some of t h e promient members of the Lodge, and it was decided t o send a dseputation to the asylum to enquire into the batter. Two gentlemen well known in Manchester went, and were received by Mr. Crabb, the proprietor of the asylum, and after some delay were conducted to Gridley, whom they found in a state of frenzy brought about by a drug administered by Dr. Chinnon, a French doctor, who assisted t h e scoundrel who ran the asylum in all his dark deeds. Mr. Mordaunt noticed on the mouth of Gridley t h e presence of some drug, which he wiped off with his handkerchief with t h e intention of submitting it' to a friend who was an analyst of great experience. Grindem, to remove his nephew Beecham from the chance of marrying Amy Lawrence, has sent him on a business errand to Russia. On page 127, Mordaunt, hearing of t h e death of Gridley, uses his friendship ~ i t h Masonic friend in a high position in the county to obtain an enquiry a into the death of Gridley, who had been buried on a csrtificate given by tbe asylum doctor, who, on receiving a substantial sum from Crab, had left the country. Eefore the enquiry had been made, Crab committed suicide. A false report came from Russia t h a t Beecham was married, and reliable information t h a t owing to some informality in the transactions of the f r brought im about by t h e junior partner, Small, Beecham could not leave Russia. His great Masonic friend, William Bowles, agrees to go to St. Petersburg to find out t h e real facts, and obtain his release. A t a great reception the friends meet a Mason known to them in Manchester, and he introduces tliem eventually to the leaders a t Court, who were friends to the Masons. The Emperor, said to be a Mason, as was his father, took much interest in the young Englishme~, and by his instructions t h e shady transactions of a Russian firm were exposed, and Beechani was free t leave Russia. It is not o clear how much of the plot is concocted by the firm + question or by the junior in partner of t h e f r of Grindem and Small in England. im There is a sensational story of a Lodge being raided by t h e police and an escape of the members through a secrat passage to a chamber in which the Lodge meeting is held. The friends Mordaunt and Bowles, having been recognised by the police, are in a very awkward position, and are eventually.saved by t h e Ambassador, who is Pro-Grand Master af England, and lends his carriage to convey tliem to t h e sea, where they are plsced on board an English ship, and, after a very exciting chase by a Russian Police steamer, get safely home. I n t h e mbantime, Amy Lawrence, poor and driven to live by fancy needlework, receives an offer of marriage from General Playwell, a rich man, and she, believing that Hepry -Mordaunt is married in Russia, accepts him, and, spending the honeymoon in Paris, they pass through some exciting adventures, resulting in the death of t h e General. Mordaunt's uncle, Grindem, having died, and Small getting burnt to death in a fire which he had caused to hide his roguish conduct, Mordaunt comes in for his uncle's wealth, 'and Amy receives a large sum from her late husband, besides a large sum which had been kept from her by Grindem, so t h e lovers are a t length united, and settle down with William Bowles and his wife *toa happy, peaceful life i n t h e country. I n the year 1905 Messrs. Chatto and Windus published The Frcemasom, a novel by L . S. Gibson.

Three Masonic Novels.

81

The hero is a Harley Street doctor with a connection as a general practitioner among well-to-do-people, Dr. Lewis Angus, who has one adored little son and a lovely but cold, unsympathetic wife, so we are not surprised a t his failing in lore with one of his patients, a nlost lovely woman, married t a rich man, who does o r,ot understand her, and for whom she has no real love. Very early in the book we find a reference t o Freemasonry, one of the members being a Germen Jew of doubtful integrity, who seems to care for nothing but the dinners following the Lodge meetings. W e get well into the book, to page 136, before t h e Craft is agam mentioned. Dr. Angus shows Mrs. Aveling his portrait in Masonic clothing, and he allows her to p u t on t h e said clothing, and explains that he is Master of his Lodge; and the chapter ends with what is practically a declaration of love on both sides. I n a later chapter Angus explains to Mr. Aveling, the husband of his muchlbved Cecily, t h a t it would be well for him to be a Mason; and refers t o a very prominent case, stating t h a t if t h e husband had belonged to the Craft, things might have been different. I n chapter 8 full details of a ladies' night are given, and Aveling, the newly-made brother, attends with his wife, and is received by t h e Master, Dr. Angus. I n chapter 20 i t is ~ t a t e d that to Bro. Angus " t h e mystery of the Masonic ritual appeals to him.as the mystery of the Mass appeals to the ardent Romanist." lJreemasonry was liis religion, he was perfect in the ritual, and interpreted it with a solemnity which irresistibly impressed liis hearers. There was no levity, no slipshod stumbling over word or ceremonial, when he occupied the chair. This completion of Aveling seemed to the members assembled as the most dramatic and impressive rendering they had ever heard. I must here mention t h a t all the parties were very friendly with an artist, Miss Kata Carnegie;, and she takes upon herself t h e unpleasant and diacult task of placing before Dr. Angus his social and professional ruin if he does not break o f relations with Mrs. Aveling; and after a long struggle, painful t o both, they f agree to resume their former friendly footing, and in this they are assisted by t h e fact t h a t Aveling has to go abroad on important business, and takes his wife with him. On tlie return of the pair a happy event occurs, and with t h e birth of a son the story ends happily. It is dificult to explain exactly how Dr. Angus resolved to take t h e right course, but Masons will be able to fill in what I have hinted at. The plot of the story is very simple, b u t the characters are very well drawn; tlie story, however, is not likely to impress the average novel reader. The latest novel is Love and the Freemason, written by Guy Thorne, autlloi of the celebrated book When i t was Dark, a work which excited much discussion a t the time of its publication by those who take strong views of religious matters. Mr. Charles Severn, when the story opens, had just returned from a business visit to Tunis which had occupied some five months, and was met by his faithful clerk, Grafter, who quiakly informed him of all t h a t had happened during his absence. Charles had a brother Christopher, who ha,d married Mildred, t h e daughter of a deceased officer who had long lived in t h e cathedral town. The father of theae two young men was deeply interested i n Masonry, and when he died his last words were " I go from Lybour to Refreshment; so mote it be." It is soon e v i d e ~ t h a t Charles is madly in love with his brother's wife, and is ever thinking what a shame it was t h a t such a sweet girl should be married to his brbther, who was something of 'a dreamer znd a poet, and took too muoh to drink. The housekeeper of Charles a t t h e old house, the home of the Severns for generations, was his late mother's sister, and she took so much interest in the Craft

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t h a t she had read all t h e books on its history, and followed very closely the doings of the local Lodge and t h e members thereof. Poetry. mystery, t h e ideal were summed up for her in the word Freemasonry. To celebrate Charles Severn's return, he gave a dinner party to his brother, not yet a Mason, and his brother's wife; Dr. Tourtel, the leading doctor in the place and a past Grand Officer, with his daughter Olga, who intended, if possible, t~ be Mrs. Charles Severn; t h e Rev. Mr. Uther, and his not very pleasant wife. The clergymen considered Freemasonry a farce, a body of men holding responsible positions, who met t o play an elaborate game, surrounded by ridiculous mystery, t h a t no Romanist can countenance such a movement, and on the Continent its members did their best to undermine the power of the Papacy. Dr. Tourtel in a few sentences utterly smashed the clergymen's arguments, and the conversation drifted to other subjects. Soon Christophor Severn was initiated, also a friend, Lieut. Menzies. Some time elapsed; and Mr. Charles Severn received a visit from a seedy individual who had been a t a University, and through drink had gone down in the world. H i s visit was to inform Charles Severn that, as proof-readen to a printing firm of bad repute, he had corrected the proof of a book which professed to reveal t h e secrets of Freemasonry; and this- unworthy brother, thinking t h a t C. Severn, t h e author, was Charles, tried to blackmail him. The interview ended by Charlee purchasing t h e proof and obtaining the name and address of the printer. Charles a t once travelled to London and tried to induce t h e printer to deliver the manuscript and in his presence destroy t h e type. The printer refused, having large advance bookings for t h e work. Charles then proceeded to call on a Peer of the Realm, stated t p be Pro-Grand Master, and got a satisfactory answer. I n t h e description of this interview there is a serious slip, as the great man is first described as Lord Weymouth and before t h e close of the interview as Lord Guernsey. Some influence was brought t o bear, and t h e printer decided to act as requested. Before t h e scamp Omalius left t h e cathedral city he had obtained money from one Pendricik, a member of the local Lodge. This shady individual insisted on a meeting of t h e Lodge with a view t o t h e expulsion of Charles Severn. Some time before these events the leading hotel of t h e place, " The Cups," had been bought by a retired officer with a view to benefiting mankind; and, dying soon after his start, t h e work is continued by his daughter, Muriel, and Charles, having cooled somewhat in his worship of his brother's wife, falls deeply in love with Muriel. J u s t before t h e ~ o d meeting ihs Masonic Hall was burnt down, a n d it ~ e was decided to hold the meeting in t h e large room a t " T h e Cups" Hotel, and Muriel determined to hear t h e charges against her lover; so, with the aid of a curious old man in t h e hotel who would do anything for his mistress, some boards were cut away behind the musicians' gallery. Before t h e time fixed for t h e opening of t h e Lodge, Muriel and her factotum Percy concealed themselves; b u t before the charge against Charles Severn had got beyond a very exciting stage, Muriel pressed too heavily against t h e loose boards, and t h e two were precipitated) into the gallery. They were soon seized by the members, and, after due consideration, it was decided to initiate t h e pair. Muriel was allowed to leave, b u t Percy, nothing loth, remained and partook of the banquet a t which on ordinary occasions he would have assisted to serve. Muriel, now in possession of t h e facts, proceeded to t h e house of Christopher Severn, whom she found very drunk and furious, having just received a letter from his much loved b u t neglected wife Mildred, stating t h a t she could stand life with a drunken poet no longer, and had eloped with his friend Menzies, now Captain. Muriel succeeded in obtaining t h e manuscript, t h e last proof against Charles, and Christopher, having admitted t h a t h e was responsible for the whole thing, was seized with what she believed to be delirium tremens, and just as Christopher

Three Masonic Novels. thrust a pair of scissors into his throat, Charles Severn arrived on t h e scene to find, Christopher dying and his beloved Muriel injured by t h e violence of his brother. Within a month of her husband's suicide Mildred married Menzies, and the Severns heard very little more of them as the pair went to live in Ceylon. Dr. Tourtel published a History of Freemasonry, and his charming daughter, having now no hope of Charles ~ e v e r n ,married the Dean's son. " The Cups " Hotel was sold to a company. Pendrick, t h e shady solicitor, who had tried to ruin Charles Severn, went in for a speculation over which he lost his own and some client's money. We are then carried to Tunis, where Charles and Muriel are just completing their six months' honeymoon of perfect happiness. It is impossible to believe t h a t so many people in a large town are always thinking and talking of Freemasonry, and t h e author has made several brethren to be anything b u t what they should be; so t h a t among all t h e characters only behave as gentlemen, some four or five df the Dr. Tourtel and Charles S e v e ~ n others seem to be constantly taking too much to drink; and, although many details oi Masonic doings are given, the ordinary reader would not on reading the book have a very high opinion of t h e Craft or its members. It is difficultto see with what object t h e book was written; while t h e brethren would be of opinion that, without reason, injury had been done to their beloved Scciety . Bro. H. T. Cart de Lafontaine, M.A., P.G.D., has in his possession a work published in 1826 entitled Sandoval, or the Fremason, a Spanish tale, by the author of Don Esteban. The first volume contains very few references to Freemasonry, but the troubles which fall on the hero, and the persecution of t h e members of t h e Craft, are well described by our worthy Brother on pages 24 and 25 of Number Three of the Masonic Secretaries' J o ~ t r n l ,published in 1918. I n the wel1,known old play, Tobin's comedy, The Honeymoon, t h e Duke remarks " Oh t h a t I were in a Freemasons' Lodge, because they have no women there ! " It is possible that there may be descriptions of Masonic life i n other books. I have frequently come across a referenoe to attending a Lodge, or to influence obtained through knowing a Masbn in an e x a l t d position. 'Many d a y think t h a t I have not completed t h e task I have undertaken. I have done my best with somewhat limited leisure, and crave the indulgence of my Brethren a t the end of forty-three years of active work in the Craft.
S

A vote of thanks was passed unanimously t o Bro. Lovegrove, c?n t h e proposition of the W.M., seconded by Bro. E. H. Dring.

Bro. GORDON HILLSsaid :Bro. Lovegrove commenced and ended his paper with a personal reference, and i t would be strange i f , in welcoming here the voice of so old a friend in Masonry, something of the same character should not come out in my remarks. The Quatuor Coronati Lodge recognises in Bro. Lovegrove a representative of those old and tried supporters of our Correspondence Circle t o whom we owe so much for their constant and unfailing support, continued as it has been for so many years-in this particular case since November, 1887; but what gives me personally especial gratification in being the medium to convey our thanks to Bro. Lovegrove, is the debt I owe, since nearly twenty-thrw years ago, as my seconder, he took me by the hand and helped to lead me into the Craft. As one, then, who is intimate with some of the work t h a t Bro. Lovegrove has accomplished during his forty-three years of devotion to Masonry, so much of

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which has been occupied with the constant cares and duties which fall to the 1pt of those who undertake the burdens which devolve upon Secretaries and Treasurers in particular, I can fully appreciate t h a t when we add t o these the responsibilities of a busy professional life and the many outside activities in wlrich Bro. Lovegrove has engaged, he has not, as he has pointed out, found time for serious Masonic research. Ero. Lovegrove's reference t o his early tastea and aspirations must awaken an echo in the memories of most of us; so many of the instincts which are natural to children, such as curiosity, love of mystery, the dramatic tendency, are really root causes amongst the influences which have built up the Craft in its present t'c:m, and have brought us ourselves into it. Many of us, I daresay, even p l a y d at teing Freemasons in our childish days. Here Bro. Lovegrove touches upon a large subject, and in his review of the three Novels under consideration he brings us t o the fringe of another of wide rznge, t h e subject of " Freemasonry in Fiction." The title of the paper disarms any criticism t h a t our Brother has dealt irladequately with so extensive a topic as " Freemasonry in Fiction," and on this point I may mention t h a t the question of a paper dealing with it has sometimos been discussed, but p u t aside bec.ause to do so exhaustively would be so large a task, and because, as the subject after. all is only fiction, and that of very various qualities, i t is altogether doubtful if it merits either the labour or the space i t would need for its accomplishment. When a novelist sets to work to weave a plot in which Freemasonry plays a part, the consideration is not t h e good of the Craft, b u t how to achieve a new and startling situation. The references to Freemasonry vary very much in value according to the knowledge of the writer; in fact, t h e more the novelist really knows, the less likely is it that information will transpire, and if one attempts to deal with matter from a Masonic point of view, 'one is quickly met by the danger of touching on matters which must not be committed t o print as will be the case with some of t h e remarks I am about to make. A hundred years hence an incident in a novel may be quoted about some forgotten usage of our Craft with just about the same weight of authority t h a t the exposures and pretended rituals of the eighteenth century a r e cited now-a-days. All require taking with a grain of salt! We shall be glad to have a reference t o " Freemasonry in Fiction " in our Transactions, and so I hope t h a t the result of Bro. Lovegrove's paper will be that onr discussion may bring together a fairly representative list of the many Novels which do touch upon Freemasonry, and so afford in our pages a treatment which will be quite adequate t o its importance. To go further and attempt to record the many lesser references, serious, humorous or otherwise, might be a hopeless task. The quotation from The Honeyrrtoon is a case inapoint, and such instances might be cited almost ad infiniturn. Thackeray supplied another when he wrote of the feminine weakness for likes and dislikes a t first sight, and spoke of " that mysterious undefinable freerpasonic signal which pames between women by which each knows t h a t the other hates her." The long and rather involved plot of the first novel referred to, of which I am not quite certain whether the hero is Beecham or Mordaunt, would certainly convey a mistaken idea about Freemasonry in Russia, as it has been prohibited in t h a t country sinoe 1822. The second on the list, The Freemasons, does not do justice to the morality or code of honour either of Freemasonry or t h e Medical Profession. The Craft is introduoed simply to serve the purposea of the'novelist. Personally, I much prefer Loue and the Freemason, and granting some of Bro. Lovegrove's strictures t o be well-founded, yet virtue is triumphant, vice is vanquished, and i t is really quite a good story and a fair specimen of its author's handywork. I will only add one more name to the list in Miss Evelyn Underhill's The Lost Word. This contains one character who really seems drawn from life '

in the person of the verger of a Cathedral, and a good' Mason to boot. Otherwise the book is a curious medley of the writer's ideas about architecture and Freemasonry overlaid with and subordinated to a peculiar system of mysticism. I ccnfess I find i t a very mawkish book from which i t is a relief to escape to the open air of Brother Douglas Jerrold's humorous references in The Cauclle Lectures, H . T. Craven's rollicking verses on The L M ? ~ Freenrnson, or the breezy robustness of Bro. Rudyard Kipling's experiences as enshrined in his characteristic works.
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Bro. W. B. HEXTALL :said We are indebted to Bro. Henry Lovegrove for summaries of three works of fiction, each of which may be considered as curious rather than edifying. The date of publication of Amy Lawrence, the Freemason's Daughter, is not stated; but its author, F. J. Smith, was i n t h e eighteen-forties and early fifties a stook writer for the London Journal, and his and kindred productions are thus appraised in Charles Knight's Popular History of Englnnrl l : " The humble hacks, utterly devoid of knowledge and abounding in bad taste, could reproduce all t h e forgotten trash of the Minerva Press in what has been called the Kitchen literature. Their labours were crowned with enormous popularity in periodicals which f ~ u n d e dtheir large circulation in meretricious cheapness. Hence, for t h e most pzrt, a deluge of stories that, to mention t h e least evil of them, abounded with false representations of manners, drivelling sentimentalities, and impossible incidents." How far t h e recent lucubrations of Messrs. L . S. Gibson and Guy Thorne, epitomes of which are before us, merit such a description, I do not say; but a sense of humour should have protected these writers from the absurdities they put forth. A short notice of Mr. Thorne's book is in A . &.C. xxviii., 212. Probably some of the earliest fiction cognate to our subject is to be found io the Preface t o The Grand Mystery of Free-iliasons discover'(!, 1724; the address " To the Reader " in The Free Jfnson JJ,~nnzin'd,1754; and the address where the authors severally " To all Free-Masons " in Jnchin and Boaz, 1762; did their best to push the sale of their wares by marvellous accounts of how the; came by their pretended knowledge more or less successfully foisted upon a credulous public. Probably other ' spurious rituals,' a t one time so much in vogue, display similar efforts of t h e imagination; and there is a useful list of these works in A . Q . C . xx., 97 (1907). For obvious reasons we should not expect from worthy members of t h e British Craft novels whose avowed object was Freemasonry; b u t profit and pleasure would result from the collection of some of t h e many instances where Freemasonry has been made bhe subject of passing, and more or less casual, reference or allusion in works of general fiction. It will be in Bro. Songhurst's recollection t h a t some years since a provincial member of our Corresponde~lc~ Circle took u p the quest, but he unfortunately died, and I understand the material he had got together is not a t present available. As throwing light on regard in which the Craft has been held by t h e world a t large, such a compilation should hzve appreciable value, and one fairly early example occurs in-The Spiritual @uixote, or the Summer Ramble of Mr. Geoffry Tt-ildgoose, first published in 1772, and written by the Rev. Richard Graves (1715-1804; Rector of Claverton, near Bath; from 1750), where t h e hero being a t Cardiff, and desirous of making acquaintance with one Howel Harris, a Methodist preacher, " went immediately aod found him out. As soon as they met, like true free-masons, they discovered each other's occupations, and in the apostolic phrase, Wildgoose gave Howel the right hand of fellowship." More modern instances are in Wilkie Collins' The Woman i n White, where Count Fosco describes himself as " Perpetual ArchMaster of the Rosicrucian Masons of Mesopotamia " ; in Mrs. Lynn Linton's The Cne too Many, " [The Doctor] was a young man not long come into t h e neighbourhood, vice the old practitioner lately deceased-the old practitioner who would
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have cried out against the presence of 4 lady in an operating room, as would ever the members of a well-tiled Lodge had a woman been found concealed beneath t h e table during the initiation of the neophytes "; and in Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's The House by the Chz~rci~yard, He's from Donegal; I know all about " him, the sourest dog I ever broke bread with,-and Mason, if you please, by J O V ~ a prince pelican! H e supped a t the Grand Lodge after labour, one night. You're not a Mason, I see; tipt you the sign! " It may not be strictly correct to refer t o The Broken Seal, or personal reminiscences of the Morgnn Abductio~ln ~ u lMurder. By Samuel D. Greene. Boston [U.S.A.], Published by t h e Author, 1870, as a novel; b u t though mainly and ostensibly devoted t o the William Morgan excitement of 1826, the volume contains this remarkable statement of an alleged happening in England which seems new (except for its re-appearance in an English work of 1879), and one would like to know if contemporary authority for it can be given :This [l8261 was not the first time t h a t the secrets of Masonry had been divulged, nor wa.a Morgan t h e only one t h a t has suffered death for making the attempt. I n 1762 was published, in England, the book called Jnchin a?zd Boaz. . . . Soon after t h e publication of Jachin and Boaz, its author was found murdered in t h e streets of London, his throat having been cut from ear to ear. It was this book which Miller undertook to republish in Saratoga." I have sadly strayed from the title of Bro. h e g r o v e ' s paper, and trust he will appreciate t h a t no criticism is directed to the latter.
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Bro. RODK.H. BAXTER u~rites:Although Bro. Lovegrove's ~ a ~ e ; styled, " Three Masonic Novels," he is mentions one or two other works of fiction containing Masonic allusions, and his fical paragraph seems to indicate t h a t he has made an attempt t o incorporate in his essay all well-known Masonic references in general literature. The probability is, therefore, t h a t any discussion which may follow t h e paper will take the line of an extension in this direction, rather than of actual criticism for which t h e paper affords little scope. The late Bro. S. R. Baskett, of Dorchester, for many years noted all al!usions--even of the most casual kind-and had a t the time of his death quite a voluminous sheaf of papers dealing with Freemasonry in fiction, which he had intended to p u t into the form of a paper for our Lodge. He did actually promise to give an address on the subject before the Manchester Association for Masonic Research on the 24th March, 1915, but unfortunately his health did not permit him to fulfil his engagement, and although he forwarded his papers to the Secretary, who did his best to take the lecturer's place, the complexity and disjointed character of the notes made his task an exceedingly difficult one, and nothing suitable for printing was evolved. Many quotations were given from the works of Scott, Dickens, Thackeray, Cutcliffe Hyne, Cuthbert Bede, Rudyard Kipling and others. Some few years ago a work from the pen of the late Bro. Jud& Edge, A n Irish Utopia, reached the popularity of a shilling edition and met with a ready sale; especially a t railway book-stalls. Although it could hardly be classed as a Masonic novel, there was much in i t of interkst to craftsmen. I n my own collection I have a small volume by the late Compton Reade, entitled Bmillisa; the Free of a S P C T C ~ from which I shall only give one Craft, quatrain, which may, however, be sufficient to indicate 'that i t could not b Jnchin and Boaz, in many editions following the first, had which referred to abuse and threats of violence he had been subjectei to; and at the same time repudiates a statement in Ahiman Rezon that he was dead some time since."
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Peter's, Dublin (died 1824) : S t . Irvyne or T h e Rosicrucian, written a t the age of 17 years by the ill-fated Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), which Bro. A. E. Waite considers to be ' an incoherent and worthless romance.' All are, of course, familiar with A Strange Story and Zanoni by Lord Lytton, who was admitted a Erater of a Rosicrucian College a t Frankfort, and was, from 1871 until his death in 1873, Grand Patron of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, and may also have been a Freemason. A romance of great power and imagination is Salathiel The . Immortal. A History, by the R ~ v George Croly (1780-1863, born a t Dublin and Rector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, London), of which a new and revised edition in 8" appeared in 1856. Bro. Lovegrove mentions Sandoval; or T h e Freemason. A Spanish T d e . B y the Azcthor of " Don Estebam." I n Three I.'olunzes. London. Henry Colburn. 1866. This work was written i n English by a foreign (presumably Spanish) author whose name I have never succeeded in discovering. Nor do I know if his other novel Don Esteban possesses any Masonic interest. I n 1844 appeared Cecil ilierryuille; or T h e Female Freemasons. I n Three Volumes. London; Ellward Bull, PublisAer; A . K . Newman and Company. 1846. The ' Introduction ' tells how a bevy of young ladies decided to ' make a Club, or a Society ' t o be called ' The Female Freemasons.' Miss Diana, one of them, is speaking :" We are to have a secret and all the members must take a solemn oath not to divulge it . . .,, " We mean to be faithful to our King, our religion, and our country. W e are to assist our fellow-sisters whenever we meet, should they be in want; we are t o pay a certain sum into the Secretary's hand every month, towards purchasing clothes and fuel for t h e poor; once a week we are to meet and work for them; and, once a month, the treasurer or secretary is to produce his accounts, or, rather, her accounts. This is to be our grand day, when our President is t o make a s p e ~ c hand resign the office, which is only held monthly. All the lxenlbers wear a black ribbonet with a little silver cross, and all must take an oath not to betray our secret." " Do you admit married ladies? " said Edith. " Oh. n o ! married ladies would tell their husbands . . . I forgot t o say, no one can be admitted without writing a long or a short tale, as may please them, into the ' Freemasons' Book.' " The Society flourished for two years during which ' numbers flocked daily to gain admittance.' But then, alas I dissensions arose and:" One evening, after the annual feast, a trifling dispute about who should be proposed for Secretary occurred. . . . From words they went to threats-from threats to blows-until half the Freemasons, who had sworn to assist each other, lay scattered on the floor, whilst the Miss Stanhopm, taking the chair, declared the meeting dissolved." ~ CL^ - ' Miss Stanhopes ' having married, the others attempt t o revive t h e Society 1 without them, but a t the very first meeting:" the female sisters were petrified by seeing Mr. Leicester Stafford and Mr. Etherington arise from under one of the benches, just as Mrs. President was making a speech. Bursts of laughter ensued; and the unlucky volume of ' Tales of the Female Freemasons ' . . . was carried off by the gentlemen with loud shouts . . . Suffice it to say, this event completely destroyed the meetings of the Female Freemasons . . . and a few weeks after . . . they had the pleasure of seeing a new work appear . . . under t h e title of ' The Female Freemasons.' " Then come the ' Tales ' which may be described as mild and are not Masonic. The name of the authoress (surely a lady) is not given.

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Another anonymous production is O n the Sqnnre. A S o ~ l e l . " I wz1~ strive to live mith ease attd care, zcpon the Leccl by the Square." L)?tb/&n : Zlodges, I'zggis alld Co., Crcrfton S t r e ~ t ; London: SimpXzoz, Marshall and Co.; Edinburgh : d ?)drew Elliott. 16386. Our own Lodge thinly disguised as ' The Lodge of the Four Kings ' figures prominently in one of the stories by Mr. H . G. Wells. It is the one called The Story of the Inexperienced Ghost and i t occurs in a volume bearing the title Tzlelve Stories ancl a Dream. The idea is as follows: A certain Sanderson is:" a Freemason, a member of the Lodge of the Four Kings, which devotes itself so ably to t h e study and elucidation of all t h e mysteries of Masonry past and present." Ha is ' by no means the least" of the Lodge Members and has knowledge of a ' cartain branch of esoteric Masonry ' which enables him to supply one Clayton with information which the latter sealcs on behalf of a Ghost with whom he has become acquainted. This unhappy Spectre is dreadfully bored with the haunting buqiness and wants to cut the whole thing b u t cannot remember the final ' passes ' necessary to enable him to disappear permanently. Sanderson of Our Lodge gives Clayton the requisite tuition a t the Golf Club House before a numerous audience, and Clayton rashly goes through t h e entire series of ' passes.' As a result Clayton does not vanish, but he gaps out (as a light is extinguished), in other words, he drops dead before the horrified golfers. But what about Bro. Sanderson's Obligation in that ' certain branch of esoteric Masonry ' ? And was it not hard l~ickfor the Ghost?-Unless, of course, Clayton was able to tell him all about i t over there! Mr. Frank Richardaon, the novelist, in one of his wilder stories, tells how a young lady and her fianc6 somehow get mixed up in their identities so t h a t he inhabits her body and she his. She attends a Lodge of which he is a member and signs the book with her own name, t o the great amusement of t h e Tyler, who imagines that i t is a case of a Lover whose mind is so constantly running on the subject of his Lass t h a t he even writes her name where he ought to sign his own. ' Never happened before in all the thirty years I've been a Tyler,' says t h e Tyler, or words to that effect. I cannot remember the title of a very thrilling romance in which the English Hero, having fallen into the clutches of the Spanish Inquisition, and being about to receive treatment with t h e thumbrcrew preparatory to being burnt alive, experiments upon t h e Inquisitor with the Masonic Grip. By a liicky chance the Inquisitor is a Brother Mason, and all ends very happily. A work of a very different stamp is : - The Lost W o r d . B y Evelyn C7nderl~ill, Author of ' The Grey World,' ' The ~Wiraclesof Our Lady S . Mary,', etc. ' W h a t means this Mystery? ' ' The loss of the TVord of a Afason, which is lost indeed; but nay, we hope, by our aid be recovered.' Ceremonies of the ' . Knights of the TYhite Engle. London. Trillianr Heinemann. 2901. 1 vol. 8 pp. 316. Any of the Brethren who have not read this are recommended to do so as there is every reason to suppose t h a t both idea and treatment will be found to be interesting: Paul Vickery, t h e son of a Cathedral Dean, possesses as a boy ' that old ecstasy of building-the dreamer's soul and the craftsman's will.' H e loves the cathedral which-for him represents ' the home of every mystery.' H 3 can ' give no reason for t h e passion which filled his life. As the years went by it taught him to look out from the house built with hands to t h e other, so t h a t he saw in the sky and the forest the column and arch of the world.' A kindred spirit is Rogers, a Verger and ' a Freemason of the n o r e imaginative kind,' who ' sought craft symbolism in every detail of Gothic ornament,' and who felt that ' n Freemason is the pro$er guardian of a building t h a t Freemasons once built. There's a powerful fascination . . . in the knowledge of being . . . a brother of the builders of t h e past.' The two become great chums and together they make important disooveries, including a wonderful sculptured fourteenth century frieze and a Mason's Mark. Paul is intended by his parents for Oxford

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and the Church, and to Oxford he goes in due course. There he meets Hug11 Feltham, ' rich, slow-minded, and devout,' and Paul and Hugh become ' comrades ~f the indulgent master and trusty dog type.' B u t Paul takes to Natural Science a s d passes through a phase of Agnosticism, during which his old interests and enthusiasms seem to have deserted him, and t h e minds of the Dean and Hug11 are troubled. Rogers, however, is confident t h a t the cathedral will ' have him back by-and-by.' ' a power you'll never shake off. It was a Freemason's mark, sure enough; the signature, so to speak, of a cathedral builder, that all other masons could read and recognise, as you would very well know if you were a member of the Craft. . . . being a mason, I feel more a part of t h e cathedral than what others can possibly do--more understanding of her moods, as you used t o call them-as is natural enough in a member of the craft t h a t built her.' Paul's interest is renewed, and :' He wanted his old love again . . . Rogers' vague, picturesque language, his suggestion of a secret connection between craft masonry and t h a t Gothic building which still owned half his heart, came back again and again , . . .' acd he decides t o become a Mason. Chapter iv: Tlle First Degree which describes Paul's Initiation and t h e mental experience which accompariied it, is worthy of t h e close attention of Masonic students. The following ' Author's Nate ' :' Lest any be offended I think it well to state t h a t t h e account of a Masonic ceremony oontained in Chapter I V . of this book- has been obtained in no unlawful manner, but from published sources which are easily accessible to any student of speculative masonry. E.U.' was not necessary-none will be offended. Paul has found his vocation. ' The search for t h a t Word . . . He held t h e secret of the quest, but the Word was yet to be found . . . H e vowed himself a t t h a t hour to its discovery . . . i t was in building t h a t the Word must be sought for. I n the discovery of t h e secret of right building-the secret.of the old masters-the purpose of his existence would be fulfilled.' Paul decides to become an Architect, Feltham decides to become his Grand Patron, and together they will build the Church of Quatuor Coronati when the years of training are done. ' It would be a life-work,' said Paul slowly. H e felt awed, almost frightened; like a pilgrim who sees his bourne, scarcely hoped for, start abruptly from the horizon.' The Brethren must go t o the book itself t o discover how the Quest fared, and to kcow the curious people who took part therein, and t o learn how Catherine entered into Paul's life and how she affected t h e Quest. And finally how Paul found not the Word b u t a Substituted Word and what t h a t Substituted Word was.

Bro. C. GOUGEsaid :I n venturing a few observations on t h e interesting paper to which we hzve had the pleasure of listening, I am confident I shall receive a full measure of indulgence usually extended t o any maiden effort. The subject of Masonic novels, or, speaking more generally, of allusions to Freemasonry by Novelists, is one spread over such a vast area t h a t it would be well nigh impossible to make a comprehensive survey of it. Throughout t h e range of the old Freemasons Magazine and t h e longer series of Masonic periodicals which followed in more modern times will be found an abundance of fiction and light literaturn into which Freemasonry is introduced t o assist the particular

Discussion. objects of the writers. And whilst, possibly, i t would not be classed as a Masonic novel, to rank with those named by Bro. Lovegrove, there are a number of short stories written by Bro. t h e Rev. Erskine Neale and published under t h e title of Stray Leaves from a Preen~ason's vote UooE as an afterthought to and improvement on t h a t of A Home for the Lonely or T h falter in the erection of a Ty ' Nasonic Temple? which was originally proposed as its name. Although possessing little literary merit, the stories enabled the author to propound his favourite theories on class distinctions and social amenities. There are two other books, scarcely t o ba designated Masonic Novels, to which reference may be made. One is called Hill E-ise, written by W. B. Maxwell. P n t very briefly, i t treats of the development of a building estate a t Medford some twenty-five miles from London. It mentions t h a t the White H a r t was the best, the only real Hotel in Medford, 2nd derived some of its profit from t h e large room upstairs, which was always used by t h e Medford Ancient Lodge of Freemasons No. 8215-the high number probably alluding to the rapid growth in the cmation of Lodges. Prominent characters are Mr. Crunden, " t h e most prod perous solidly respectable builder in &fedford," who was known as Hedgehog Crunden; Jack Vincent, the son of Sir John Vincent, and Mr. Dowling, an Architect. They were all Masons. Bro. Crunden is first introduced in t h a t capacity, " as carrying u p some of the Masonic furniture t o t h e Lodge roomit's Lodge night." Mrs. ice is the Cook-housekeeper t o Bro. Crunden. On an occasion when she was about t o retire t o her kitchen she remembered she had an important question to ask Crunden. " I e it the Freemasons' dinner to-morrow or the day after, because I want t o air your dress clothes and you'll want them for the hospital reception? " Crunden replies there is no question about t h e day after to-morrow. " It's our initallation banquet. Always dress clothes for that. We shall be busy in Lodge till six o'clock, putting t h e new Master in t h e Chair, appointing his Officers, raising two fellow craft t o the third degree------" Mrs. Price wagged her head in sly pleasantry. " You musn't," she said, " because I haven't been in the clock case. I'm not the Lady Freemason." . Jack Vincent, being urged by his mother t o take an interest in life, " Be something more in the world than our son," replies, " I am. I am an ex-Militia Officer, VicePresident of the Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Past Master of the Lodge 8215 of Freemasons. Also a Buffalo.'' Jack Vincent appears to have borrowed money of Bro. Crunden, and tells his mother t h a t he is bound t o stick up for old Crunden. We are Brothers-Masons, to begin with-and he lent me 250. He afterwards appeals to Crunden. money you lent me. " I say, Crunden-Masonic-that You won't get i t out of me, except one way. Take me on, give me work. Let After well me work out my debt with just enough for my grub, Masonic." thinking i t over and discussing i t with Bro. Dowling, Crunden says " Yes," and gets from Vincent, " Thank you, Sir, you're a trump and a good Mason." Vincent acts the part of a good Mason, too. H e repays the financial debt with interest and evinces his gratitude by rendering services to Crunden when the latter was in less prosperous circumstanoes, earning from him t h e satisfactory renark " That's very handsome of you Bro. Vincent. I'll not forget it. No, I'll never forget t h a t as long as I live'." Another book to which I would like to draw attention bears t h e title Dauid a & Bathsheba. A Royal Romance,-stated t o be based on Rabbinical tradition with materials drawn from t h e Talmud and other Hebrew s o u r w . The book was published by Geo. Routledge & Sons in 1887, the authors' names being given as Conzae Dick and James Cresswell. Who they were, I have not been able to learn, and I understand t h e publishers themselvm can give no informa, tion. The book has long been out of ~ r i n t and, I fancy, is somewhat scarce. The story opens with simultaneous dreams by the respective fathers of David and Bathslieba. These are several times interpreted with t h e same result that the one father should have a son who should be called David, and t h e other a daughter who should be Bathsheba, and t h a t these two were predestined from all eternity to be husband and wife and t o be King and Queen in Jerusalem. The romance unfolds the realisation ,of these dreams, and, needless to say,

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rnaterially differs from the Scriptural story. The Masonic interest in t h e book is probably-confined to a few passages which in themselves are somewhat remarkable. After the wedding ceremony which made David and Bathsheba man and wi-fe, there followed a royal banquet. Jesse, conducting Eliam, t h e father of Eathsheba, t o the banquetting hall, remarked to him " Thou hast never been in this hall, my friend? Of course not! It is a glorious building, for my son, David the King, is a Royal Arch." " What is t h a t ? " " Oh, thou a r t not one of the initiated brethren. I may therefore not say more on t h a t part of the subject. H e understands architecture." Eliam admiring the glorious pillars, and Jesse, still acting as the Guide, says: " First notice t h a t the floor is divided into three different sections; the second section one step higher than t h e third, and the first, where we stand, one higher than the second." Then Eliam observing three thrones, Jesse explains: " hose three thrones are not alike; t h e centreone of gold is emblematical of supreme Authority, and is for t h e King; the right hand onc is of ivory emblematical of absolution from sin and is for the High Priest, while the third is of ebony betokening the dark mysteries of the wise, and is for t h e Chief Rabbi. Now notice behind the throne in the Eastern wall t h a t immense circular window-and in the centre there is the double triangle of t h e Alagen Dcvid-the Shield of David in blue with t h e name of Jehoval~ therein in flaming red." Did we fail to realiae t h a t we were reading a work in which fiction plafed a n important part, t h e statement t h a t King David was a Royal Arch would be most startling and would greatly disturb the various theories which learned brethren have formed as to the date when that degree originated.

mites:Bro. Sir ALFREDROBBINS Bro. Lovegrove is extremely charitable to the failings of both The Freemasons and Love a n d the Freemason. The former has a decidedly strong scene of temptation, while the latter presents a night-bathing episode, which scarcely makes for edification. There is this, however, to be said for The Freemasons: while the author was clearly not a member of the Craft, he had obtained, from sources we can well understand, information of an external nature concerning i t of which he made effective use, not only in t h e essential portion of his plot, but in certain of its salient details. This is more than can be said of Love and the Freemason, which was published with an elaborate preliminary puff as to what i t would relate concerning Freemasonry; and yet t h e author tripped again and again on Masonic matters of t h e most ordinary nature, his description of Grand Deacons as " a kind of Bishop " being a sample of t h a t kind. Though Bro. Lovegrove's paper is confined to " Three Masonic fiovels," i t suggests a field for wide research; not only as t o novels, b u t poems and plays. Respecting .the first-named, Bro. Rudyard Kipling has touched upon Masonry in more than one of his stories. The latest was a specificially Masonic tale, I n the Interests of the Brethren, which appeared in t h e issue for Deoember, 1918, of the Story Teller, a monthly magazine. This dealt with a purely imaginaw Lodge of Instruction, Faith and Works, No. 5837, E.C., meeting in London, and specially concerned with assisting Freemasons wounded in t h e War. " I wonder," exclaims the narrator, as he is leaving one of its gatherings, " what would happen if Grand Lodge knew about all this: a Lodge of Instruction open three nights and two afternoons a week, and running a lodging-house as well? It's all very nice, but i t doesn't strike me as regular." The narrator was riqht in his suspicion; while if Bro. Kipling had any choice in the matter, h e should have selected a better Masonically-informed illustrator for t h e hiqhly-coloured picture on t h e cover, which represents members of t h e supposed Lodge of Instruction sitking down to a frugal meal, with a Provincial Grand Officer and a Past Provincial Grand Steward in regulation Masonic clothing. The picture is even less convincing than t h e tale. It would be a task for the diligent literary student to compile an antholoe;~ of practical allusions t o the Craft. Probably t h e earliest of these was in the

fourth book of the Uqr1rcic12, when Pope's Queen of Dulness " confers her Titles and Degrees," and anlong H e r children first of more distinguished sort, . . . . . . . . . . . Some, deep Free-Masons, join t h e silent race Worthy to fill Pythagoras' place. About a century afterwards, Crabbz, in t.lie Tenth Lett.er of Tire h ' o r o ~ ~ g ? ~ dealing specifically with ' Clubs and Social Meetings,' devoted 46 lines to the Craft, beginning with his usual shrewd common-sense, by declaring his ignorance of the Craft, in the lines :Masons are ours, Freemasons-but alas ! To their own bards I leave the mystic class; I n vain shall one, and not a gifted man, Attempt to sing of this enlighten'd clan. I know no word, boast no directing sign, And not one token of the race is mine. I all the ignorant who have written about Masonry, whether in prose. f peetry or plays, had been similarly frank and honest, we should have been spared many travesties, especially on the stage. From The Generoztr Freerncl.so?~, which dates from 1730, until to-day, these have been abundant, and some i t would be specially interesting to trace. One wonders, for example, what was the style of Tile Freemasola or T h e Secret of t h c Lodge Room, a two-act domestic drama, by J. P. H a r t , produced in London a t the Queen's Theatre, on 3rd June, 1833. I n our own time we have seen in the Metropolis Are Y o u a dfccso~d a three-act farcical comedy adapted from the German of C. Logepbriider. The original was produced a t the Residenz Theater, Berlin, on December 4th, 1897; and the English adaptation h a v i n ~been given a ' trial trip ' a t the Theatre Royal, Woking, on September 9th. 1901, was presented a t the Shaftesbury Theatre, London, three days later. This had a fair amount of success, having been since revived in t h e Metropolis, as well as having been on various provincial tours. There must be others, and especially in the United Statee,, of which Freemasons generally would be glad to hear. Bro. Loveqrove deserves their thanks for having opened up a quest which is bound to lead to interesting results.

Bro. W. J. SONGHURST said:-

It is only fair to Bro. Lovegrove to mention t h a t the title of his paper as printed is not the one originally chosen by him. A n alteration was made a t the suggestion of members of the Lodge Committee, to whom Freemasonry i n Fiction seemed t o cover a wider field than t h a t with which Bro. Lovegrove had dealt. Four alternative titles were therefore submitted to him, and from these he selected Three Masonic Novels as forming a better description of t h e paper. Bro. Baxter has mentioned the collection made by the late Bro. S. R . Easkett of references to Freemasonry in non-Masonic books, and from my own knowledge of this collection I should be inclined to say that i t included hundreds, if not thousands, of such references. Frren~asonyi n Ficfion is certainly a very big subject, perhaps only slightly less than Fiction in Freorna.~onry,which might be considered as including the great rrajority of books which have ever been written in connexion with the Craft. A Masonic Novel may be described as a tale of domestic life, based whollr or in part upon what the Author considers to be Masonic teaching or practice. x e should t h e r e f ~ r e ,I think, have t o include Joseph Btrlsamo, or t h e Memoirs

94

Trntisactions of the Q ~ ~ a t u o r Coronati Lodge.

of a Phy\it ion,' by Alexandre Dumas; and with it might be bracketted Godwin's l'ravels o f S t . Leor~, and Bulwer Lytton's Zunoni, both of which have been mentioned by Ero. Tuckett. From several brethren we have had references to John H. Edge's B n Zvish Utopia (Two Editions, 1906 and 1910); to Evelyn Uilderhill's The Lont Tt'ord; and to W . B. Maxwell's Hill Rise; and we may also not2 Gerald Maxwell's The $'car of Life (Blackwood & Son, Edinburgh ~ n d London, 1908), containing a description of initiation into the Illuminati; John Strange Winter's A Regirne7rtol Lodge, or how Jack Hartog was made a Freemason, published in " Cavalry Life " (Chatto and Windus, London, 1885); and Gliy Thorne's later work Black Iloney (Lloyd's News Home Novels No. 52, 4d. net), which describes the extermination of a supposed Society of Rosicrucians having headquarters in Malta. Reference must also be made t o the short stories by Emra Holmes, which originally appeared in " The Freemason " (London) and its off-shoot " The Masonic Magazine," in the early seventies of last century. T!?ey were collected and reprinted in two small volumes under the titles of Tales, Poems and ilfnsonic Papers (Stokesley, 1877), and A mabel Vaughan and other %riles (Truro, 1878). I n Cutl~bsrt Bede's Advcntzlres of M r . 17erdant Green (Elackwood, London, 1857) is an account of the hero's admission into t h e Order of Cement" Bricks, while Douglas Jerrold, in Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures (commenced anonymously in " Punch," 1845), gives us two ' Lectures ' dealing with our subject :-v%. Caudle has beeu made a Mason : Mrs. Caudle indignant allcl curious.-xx. ' Brother ' Caudle has been to a Masonic Charitable Dinner: Mrs. Caudle has hidden the ' Brother's ' Cheque Book. A paper by Bro. W. B. Hextall, A Afasonic Panton~irneand some other I'lnys, in A . Q . C . xxi. (1908), pp. 138-160, adequately dealt with t h e dramatic side of the subject. Of American Novels mention may be made of Etidorhpa (=Aphrodite transposed), which purports to relate the adventures of t h e man William Morgan whose mysterious disappearance early last oentury was made t h e pretext for an attack upon Masonry in the U . S . ; of The Signet of King Solomon, or the Freemason's D n ~ ~ g h t e by A . C. L . Arnold (Masonic Publishing and Manufacturing r, Company, New York. New Edition, revised and enlarged, 1868); and of The m history, by Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren Sctret Directory. A Bomance of h i d d e ? ~ (Philadelphia, 1896). I remember reading a three volume French Masonic Novel some years ago, but, unfortunately, I did not take a note of i t ; and I have not been able t o irace A d & initzte from which Ragon quotes in his Afa~onnrrie ' A d o p t i ~ n . ~ d We may, however, note Ln F r n n ~ - ~ J f n ~ o n Vierge, by F1. Bouhours, published in Paris, de la 1888; and Le Compngnon d u Tour de France, written by George Sand in 1851 (Third Edition, Paris, 1869). This last is of indirect interest to Masons, as it deals with what may be termed the parallel organization of the Compngnonnoye. An earlier work than any yet mentioned is Le Pvincc Francma~on,et 7n Princcssr Zelbine, Oli ['on voit l'origine & Yes proyrPs tle 1% d f a ~ o n n r r i e ,which was published a t the Hague. A copy in the &.C. Library has on the title-page the date MDCCXLVIII., but this edition is not mentioned by Wolfstei:, who gives those of 1745, 1746, and 1747, without apparently having seen either of them. I a m inclined to think that there was reallv only one print (1745) and that the date on the title-page was altered in the three succeeding years. Ths actual date of publication i.; not important, unless, as I suspect, the little work was really a political skit.
Bro. HENRY LOVEGROVE mites as follows in reply :- , I am pleased to think t h a t my paper has called forth such interesting notes. 1 have not read Dnvid ond Bntlzslzehn, b u t personally I have little doubt that the Royal Arch is of con~parativelymodern invention.
1 An English edition (undated) was published. bp Ward, Locke & Co., London. ZJIanuel complet de la Mrrronn~rae d',4tlnptzon, pp. 4-9. Ragon qnotes from a manuscript which perhaps was never published.

V.W.Bro. Sir Alfred Robbins sends a verv coricise and excellent sull~rnar;~ which one would expect froni such an expert with tlie pen. Bro. W. B. Hextall quotes Charles Knight's rather severe condemnat.an. The novels in question certainly supplied a want, for all people could not purcfasc the three-volume novels of the time; and if such works were not in t h e best literary style, a t least they gave amusement t o many in their hours of recreation. The other books quotecl did not, I think, pretend to be novels, and are certainly a carious collection. I did not p u t forward A m y Lnturekce as a high literary work, b u t simply as the earliest work of the kind known to me. Referring to the late Bro. S. R. Raskett, I had several discussions with him, and regret that he was not spared to give us the benefit of his notes. It is quite difficult t o sever t h e truth from fidion in the case of the notorious William Morgan. Bro. Gordon Hills is very pleasant and flatte~lngin his remarks. I have heard of The Lost Word. Bro. J. E. S. Tuckekt travels outside the other apealrers, and his remarks are interesting and deserving of more than a passing re,mark. Bro. Songhurst's able sumlrary leaves me b u t little on which to comment, but he deserves my grat,itude for securing so much attention to my feeble efforts.

$t+ Bukjrt'e @as in @nruest+

TUESDAY, 24th JUNE,
1919.

H E Lodge met a t Freemasons' Hall, a t 5 o'clock. Present:-Bros. Gordon P. G. Hills, W.M.; W . B. Hextall, P.M., as S.W.; Lionel Vibert, as J.W. ; Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch., Chaplain; W. J. Songhurst, P.G.D., Secretary; Herbert Bradley, P.Dis.G.M., Madras, M7estcott, P.G.D., P.M. ; I.G. ; R . H . Baxter, Steward ; Dr. W ~ n n E. H . Dring, P.G.D., P.M. ; and J. H . McNaughton, Tyler. Also t h e following members of t h e Correspondence Circle:Bros. Henry H a r v e ~ , E. G. Dru-Drury, Arthnr Heiron, George Robson, C. F. Sylies, S. P. Penwarden, F. J. Asbury, John Church, Hugh C. Knowles, P.A.G.R., Thomas Sykes, F. C. Bickell, George Carter, Edward T. Pryor, R. Wheatley, Rev. H . G. Rosedale, D.D., P.G.Ch., A. R. Upjohn, P.G.Stew., A. Rischgitz, F. W. Golby, P.A.G.D.C., Walter Dewes, W. A. Tharp, P.A.G.Pt., F. G. C a r ~ e n t e r ,J. A. S. Bullock, G. W. Sutton, J. Walter Hohbs, Charles H . Scarlett, L. Hemens, F. W. Le Tall, Fred. Armitage, J. Russell McLaren, J. E. Boggild, J. R . Culley, jun., Frank A. Williams, W. J. Greer, Rev. H. Saumarez Smith, Percy H. Horley, L. G. Wearing, Walter H . Bronn, P.G.Stem., G. J. Petitpierre, W. Stonhold, Rev. H. G. Meserve, Wm. C. Terry, Chas. J. Lalier, C. Gough, W. Archbald, C. Gordon Bonser, G. Derrick. Digby G. Cropper, H . Johnson, James Powell, P.S.G.R., and S. W. Rodgers. Also t h e following Visitors :-Bros. Dugald H. McLachlan, Lodge R.A. St. John's No. 320 (S.G.).; Percy F. Kensett, W.M. London Rifle Brigade Lodge No. 1962; R e r . Alfred W. Batchelor, D.D., \%-.M. Grenfell Lodge No. 3077; Thomas F. Griggs, Fitzrog Lodge No. 569; H . N. Sichell, P.M. St. Dunstan's Lodge No. 1589; P . H. Fox, Carnarvon Lodge No. 708; J. M. Diclrson, Scone Lodge No. 183 (N.S.W.C.) ; and Ramsden Walker, P.M. Unitcd Northern Counties Lodge No. 2128.

Letters of apology for absence were reported from Bros. Edward Conder, P M . ; Edward Macbean, P.M. ; Sydney T. Klein, P.M. ; F. J. W. Crowe, P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ; G. Greiner, P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ; Cecil Powell, P.G.D., P.M. ; n o s . J. Westropp ; H. F. Twiss, I.S.0.; Sir Alfred Robbins, Pres.B.G.P.; William Watson; W. Wonnacott, P.A.G.Sup.W., P.M. ; and J. E. Shum Tuckett. On Ballot taken : V.W.Bro. Sir ALFREDROBBINS, residing a t 32, FitzGeorge Avenue, Baron's Knight Bachelor; Journalist. P.M. Gallery Court, London, W.14. Lodge No. 1928, and Jubilee Masters' Lodge No. 2712; Past Grand Deacon; President of the Board of General Purposes. Has contributed t o A . Q . C . : T h e earllest years of Englzsh Organized Freemnsonry (xxii., 1 6 ) ; -4 neii.ly tllscovc7~ecl11r1nf of t h p ' R o b ~ r f MS.' (xxii., 186); Dr. s A?tdcrson of the ' Constztutzons ' (xxiii., 6) ; Frederick, Prince of T.Vales, as n E'reemason (xxix., 326) ; and other shorter articles and notes; was regularly elected a joining member of t h e Lodge.

One Lodge and thirty-one Brethren were elected to membership of the Correspondence Circle. By request of the Grand Lodge of Scotlnnd a M.M. Certificate was presented to Bro. Dugald IfcLachlan, as a member of R.A. Lodge of St. J o h n No. 320, Saltcoats and Ardrossan.

Bro. R . H. Baxter read the following paper:-

l'ransncfions of the: Qcctctclor C'oronati Lodge.

'

3'1

PECULIARITIES OF THE BOOK 0fi CONSTITUTIONS.

D P BRO. R O D I i . H . U A X T E Q , P.Pr.G.IV., East Lancs.

( T h e figilres in spzcare brackets refvr to the n u m b e r s of t h e regulations or rules.)

UR custom, in, the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, of celebrating the Festival of St. John the Baptist brings us together this year on a date very nearly coinciding with the Especial Meeting of Grand Lodge to celebrate the great peace, when representatives from every English-speaking jurisdiction have invitations to be present. Some of them, b-ing members of our Correspondence Circle, will, no doubt, avail themselves of the opportunity of being with us this evening, so t h a t the paper which I am now about to read, although hardly of the kind usually contributed to our Lodge, may not be altogether inappropriate on this occasion; giving as i t does, not indeed a comprehensive view, but a t least some slight idea of our code of laws, which may enable over-seas visitors to estimate and appreciate the difference between our . and their rules of procedure. But to come to mv subiecti:Our Book of Constitutions has undergone a wonderful evolution since the first edition appeared in 1723, which contained a simple code of laws, stated to have been compiled in 1720, when George Payne was Grand Master. B u t eve11 now, with such a wealth of detail enveloping our regulations as almost to justify the assertion made to the Master of each Lodge t h a t there is scarcely a case of dificulty that can arise in his Lodge that the book will not enable him satisfactorily to deal with, there are still many peculiar points remaining, which i t may not be unprofitable to discuss. The first peculiarity to which I would draw your attention is the title of the work itself-" The Book of Constit~itions." How does i t come about that we have adopted and retained this plural n o u n ? Other societies have a Constitution and Laws, and even other Grand Lodges than the Grand Lodge of England have not fallen into the error; if error indeed i t be. I asked this question in Miscella?,ca Latomorum III., l , and i t elicited the reply t h a t t h e name was traditional, as our oldest Craft document (the Regius MS. of 1390c.b as well as some of our Old Charges made use of the words; but another replier, "W.B.H.," in whom I think me shall have no dificulty in recognising one of our own esteemed Past Masters, seemed to see a special significance in the query and answered it accordingly. Whatever, then, may be our opinion as to t h e original correctness of the appellation I do not think there is much likelihood of any change being made now in a name which has stood the test of time and so gained acceptance by long usage. Turning to the actual contents of tile book we find them well arranged in a series of sections under different headings. I have no intention of trying to trace the processes through which the various alterations have passed to arrive a t I think, has already this fairly comprehensive and well arranged order-that, been well done, on more than one occasion, by our late Bro. Hughan-but shall a t once proceed with t h e examination of the peculiarities of sollle of t h e sections as they now stand. For this purpose I shall pass over t h e preliminary or introductory chapters and commence with t h e clauses regulating t h e
-

This august body manages the public interests of the Fraternity, and is composed of a general representation of all private Lodges on record, together with the Grand Stewards of the year, and the present and past Grand Officers, with the Grgnd Master a t their head.

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r'ransactions of t h e Quatzcor C!ovonati Lodge.

" All private Lodges on record " does not necessarily mean only private Lodges under the Constitution of t h e United Grand Lodge of Free and Acceptru Masons of England, but as there are many private Lodges whose constitution is not recognised, ambiguity might have been avoided by phrasing the clause differently. So far as the Grand Officers, present and past (which latter term may be assumed to include brethren upon whom past Grand Rank has been conferred), are concerned there are very few restrictions to limit their appointment, or perhaps i l would be better to say only very slight services from a strictly Masonic standpoint are required to render them eligible for appointment. True, the Grand Registrar must be an Installed Master [l81 and the Grand Tyler [22] and the Grand Stewards C401 must be Master Masons, b u t no other Grand Officers need have attained these distinctions. They do not seem to be required to be subscribing members of any Lodge, and there does not even seem to be any rule that they must be Freemasons a t all; although it is hardly likely that anyone could possibly be appointed who had not previously gone through t h s ceremony of initiation. The Grand Secretary himself need not be a Master Mason, although the clerks in his office must have attained t h a t rank [34]. (This requirement was waived duringlthe continuance of the great war, notwithstanding that there must have been many brethren, not only well qualified, b u t anxious to earn a livelihood in such a capacity.) Scrutineers-who, like the clerk% (as such) in the Grand Secretary's office, are not Grand Officers-appointed to assist t h e Grand Pursuivant must be Installed Masters [59] and yet t h a t officer himself need have no special qualification so far a- degiees are concerned. The Grand Master is elected by the members of Grand. Lodge who are absolutely unfettered in their choice, no rule being provided that the candidates must be selected even from amongst the ranks of the Entered Apprentices. And although, after election, he has t o be installed in t h e chair of Grand Lodge, this is a very different thing from being in possession of the secrets of an Installed Master. The P r o and Deputy Grand Masters are on t h e same footing. To digress for a minute, we often hear it argued t h a t there is no such thing as a chair degree, and are told t h a t Installation is only a ceremony. But surely Initiation, Passing and Raising are also ceremonies, and i t would be quite useless to suggest they are not degrees. My own point of view is t h a t whenever esoteric secrets are conferred a degree is established, and I can see no reason why a short form of, opening a Board of Installed Masters to prove t h e qualification of all p r e s e n t a s in all other degrees-should have met with opposition from some of our officials. This raises the far more important question of how far any official, no matter h o d highly placed, has a right to interfere with t h e ceremonial working of a Lodge. I f we only knew what actually met with approbation in Grand Lodge in 1816, when the ceremonies of the first three degrees were rehearsed, and afterwards in 1827, when the Lodge or Board of Installed Masters defined the ceremony of Installation, we would be on safe ground. Unfortunately, the knowledge has not been handed down to us. Upon the annual installation of the Grand Master he shall appoint the Grand Officers (except t h e one afterwards mentioned and t h e Grand Treasurer, .who is elected in March) who are thereupon to be installed or invested in antient form [18]. Installed and invested are, I presume, not intended for synonymous terms, b u t imply probably t h a t t h e Pro and Deputy Grand Masters are to be installed and the other officers invested. No provision is made for investing officers who may be unable to attend on the regular day, so t h a t i t would seem appointment alone entitles a brother to his rank and afterwards t o be regarded as a past Grand Officer. The exception amongst the Grand Officers to appointment and investiture a t the Grand Festival is the President of t h e Board of Benevolence, who has these honours reserved for him a t the Grand Lodge in December [ 2 1 ~ ] . It is strange that this appointment has not long since been brought into line with the ot1,ers.

Peczcliarities of the Book of Constitutions.

~99

I n the event of the death or resignation of the Grand Master the Pro u i ~ Grand Master, or in his absence the ~ e ~ Grand Master, or i n his absence the Grand Wardens shall summon the Grand Lodge immediately to record t h e event and to take certain steps for temporarily filling the vacancy, but if there be no Pro Grand Master or Past Grand Master willing to step into the breach, then the Grand Wardens shall f x a day for Grand Lodge being summoned to elect a Grand i Master for the remainder of the year [16]. Why should this duty devolve on the Grand Wardens instead of the Deputy Grand Master ? Grand Wardens and Deacons are never mentioned as Senior and Junior, and except for t h e description of t h e distinguishing jewels and emblems of the Wardens there would not be anything in t h e rules to indicate tliat it was allowable to differentiate between t h e two. They are, however, named separately in the " Ceremony of Laying a Foundation Stone." I have noticed lately t h a t t h e reports of the Quarterly Communications only refer to Grand Wardens but enumerate Senior and Junior Grand Deacons, which is precisely t h e reverse of what we would expect. Indeed, I do not know t h a t there is anything i n our laws to authorise such descriptions. W Are Provincial and District Grand Masters Grand Officers? 'Rule 56 would suggest t h a t the reply is in the affirmative. I remember a t one of t h e Festivais pf the Royal Masonic Benevolent ,Institution a Provincial Grand Master, when proposing the toast of the Grand Officers, said he had asked the Grand Secretary whether he was not a Grand W c e r himself, and t h a t Sir Edward Letchworth, with his usual courtesy and tact, had replied t h a t h e was not sure whether he was a Grand Officer or not, but he was quite sure lie was something very much better. 'As business papers are to be sent to all present and past Grand Officers as well as t o Deputy Provincial Grand Masters, Provincial Grand Secrefaries, Masters of Lodges, and members of the Board of General Purposes, it may fairly bo assumed t h a t Provincial Grand Masters are included in the first category, unless, indeed, the papers sent to Provincial Grand Secretaries are intended for their chiefs. There is no Voting is to be conducted by holding up one hand [75]. mention of i t b9ing the right hand, and i t is difficult to ascertain how the present method of voting in what is called " t h e customary manner among Masons " has crept in. The Grand Stewards are to be nominated from nineteen different Lodges [40], which would seem t o indicate t h a t any nineteen Lodges might make recommendations. Clause 46, however, makes i t clear that only certain Lodges are FO privileged, but which they are, or why they have been singled out, are points left in complete darkness. The position of t h e Grand Stewards is peculiar, in so f a r t h a t after their year of office they cease to be members of Grand Lodge, unless otherwise qualified. hi? surely disposes of their claim t o rank as past Grand Officers, as all past Grand Officers are members of Grand Lodge. It is frequently assumed t h a t no brother is entitled t o the appelIi.tir.,i of Worshipful until he has attained the chair of a Lodge. The foot-note t o Rule 6 makes i t quite clear t h a t this is not the case. The most recently instituted of our Masonic distinctions, known as enables the Grand Master to copfer this honour on Past Masters of London Lodges during his pleasure, b u t t h e holders are not Graud Officers and are never invested, so that their position is indeed peculiar. Once appointed they hold their rank indefinitely, as there is no rule to insist on continuance of membership of either a London or any other Lodge. When we come t o the laws governing PROVINCIAL AND DISTRICTGRAND LODGES we are on surer ground.

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Transactions of the Qttatuor Coronafi Lodge.

Provincial and District Grand Masters are appointed by t h e Grand Master [82], who is not hanipered in his vlection by an enactment in the baok. These Right WOL-hipful Brethren must bs installed before they can perform the functions ot their office, but installation here again does not entail being in possession of the secrets of t h e Master's Chair. Provincial Grand Masters must serve five years and District Grand Masters three years to qualify them for past rank [83], so that here, a t least, they are in less favoured positions than ordinary Grand Officers. It is, however, when we come to t h e rules regulating the appointment of d the Minor Lights in Provincial and District G ~ n Lodges t h a t we find some clear attempt a t definiteness. Thus Deputy Provincial and District Grand Masters must be Past Masters of regular Lodges [86], but there is no mention of them being installed in their offices, nor is there even any provision for their investiture a in the case of all other officers. Wardens must be actual or past Masters, arid . Deacons must be serving or have served t h e office of Warden in a Lodge [go]. All members must be subscribers to a Lodge in their Province or District [81], and all officers must be actually resident. [ 8 9 1 This last rule may be evaded by R dispensation from the Grand Master, but in actual practice I think it is more frequently brbken thzn observed. Discontinuance of subscription to a Private Lodge automatically determines membership of t h e Provincial or District Grand Lodge in these particular areas, but there is no rule to take away a Brother's past rank, under such circumstances, nor to prevent him wearing his regalia in other Lodges. District Grand Lodges have an advantage over Provincial Grand Lodges in so far t h a t should a Prince of the Blood Royal be appointed as ruler, he may appoint a Pro District Grand Master [87]. I fail to see why this rule should not have been equally applicable to Provinces. Another advantage which District Grand Lodges enjoy, under the same rule, is that they may have a District Board of General Purposes, with a President, who ranks as a District Grand Officer. Not only so, but degrees may be conferred on candidates a t intervals of one week [115], instead of four weeks as is the case a t home. This rule is to bring English Lodges into line with Irish, Scottish, and other Lodges, which may be located in their territories. Different procedure is provided for in case of t h e de>ath of a Provincial Grand Master t o t h a t of a District Grand Master [80 & 811, but they are quite in accordance with the necessities which different circumstances require, and so can hardly be regarded as peculiarities. As in the case of Grand Lodge, Wardens and Deacons are never referred CO as senior and junior. Provincial and District Grand Masters may summon Lodges and Brethren in their jurisdictions to appear before them a t any time or place they may select, in order t h a t irregularities may be avoided and complaints investiyated [91]. This is no$ a mere question of meeting in Provincial or District Grand Lodge, but a kind of court of Masonic inquiry. The decision to suspend any Lodge or brother resulting from this procedure must be notified to t h e Grand Lodge or the Grand Master. The word " o r " here makes a wonderful difference so far as publicity is concerned. The next rule on the list [92] seems to be an extension of its predecessor. It enables Provincial and District Grand Masters t o hear and determine all subjects of Masonic complaint and to proceed to admonition, fine, or suspension. Iainutes of these investigations must be kept and tr;ansmitted to the Grand Master. There is no alternative in this case of notifying the Grand Lodge. Presumably Deputy Provincial and District Grand blasters 'may assume the fcnctions of their chiefs if invested by patent under hand and seal [84], but irt no case has any other officer or official the right to interfere. Provincial and District Grand Masters shall correspond with the Gracd Lodge and transmit to the Grand Secretary a report of their proceedings [953. If would be interesting t o know what becomes of this correspondence. I have no recollection of ever having seen any record of such matter being brought to the

Pec~rlinn'tiesof the Boelc of Constitzttions.

101

notice of Grand Lodge. It may possibly reach the Grand Secretary's office, which is quite another thing. only, however, too often confused in the minds of many brethren. Provincial and District Grand Officers take no rank out of their own Province or District [96], b u t as they are allowed t o wear the clothing of their rank in all Masonic meetings t h e rule is difficult to understand. W h a t privilege does Provincial or District Rank confer inside their own regions beyond the right to wear a distinguishing regalia? The P r ~ v i n c i a land District Grand Masters do not come within the purview of this rule, which is another argument in favour of their being regarded as Grand Lodge Officers. There seems no special reason why t h e word " in " preceding " form " in the last line of Rule 100'should be printed in italics, so far as I can see. " Great advantage having been experienoed from t h e establishment of a local fund for charitable and other Masonic p u r p o m , each Provincial Grand Lodge may direct payments to be made by t h e Provincial Grand Officers and t h e Lodges in the Province for this desirable purpose " [104]. My object is not so much to criticise the doubtful grammatical construction of this paragraph as to say t h a t in many large and influential Provinces the fund is almost entirely devoted to the payment of a salary to the Provincial Grand Secretary and t h e liquidation of other necessary administrative expenses. Many local benevolent institutions, however, exist for which voluntary subscriptions are readily forthcoming. Provincial and District Grand Treasurers are to be elected, as in t h e case of the same officer in Grand Lodge, but a more healthy rivalry exists for this, the only elective office, than in Grand Lodge itself, where of late years a t all events, a caucus has undertaken t h e nomination of a London and a Provincial Brother alternately without any challenge from t h e general body. Advantageous as this arrangement may be in time of war, I cannot help thinking t h a t in ordinary timee a more full opportunity might be taken of t h e privilege of electing t h e Treasurer. Many Brethren are eligible, and election would be a greater honour from a number of nominations. District Grand Lodges, by delegation from Grand Lodge, have t h e power of investigating, regulating, and deciding on all mattars relating to Lodges and individual Masons within their respedive districts [106], and here again have an advantage over Provincial Grand Lodges. Doubtless, distance from headquarters, and difficulties of communication, have been taken into consideration in framing this rule. And although Districts may levy higher fees than Provinces [110], they are, on the other hand, free from certain payments to t h e supreme governing power. I n the matter of issuing certificztes under Rules 111 and 112, Districts are privileged, the reasons and t h e procedure being fully explained, so that, although a peculiarity in one sense, there is really nothing extraordinary in this indulgence. To turn now to the chapter on

PRIVATE LODGES,
we find that the first rule [l161 makes provision for applying for warrants of new Lodges. Petitioners must be registered Masons under t h e English Constitution, even in Districts, which must, to some extent, hamper the progress or extension of our own special jurisdiction, although, it is obvious, there would be difficulties in the way- of removing this restriction. One advantage which brethren abroad do enjoy is t h a t the Grand Master may authorise District Grand Masters to issue provisional warrants, so t h a t delays may be avoided [117]. According to the marginal note of Rule 118, provisional warrants are to be exchanged for regular warrants, although there is no mention in the rule itself of an aotual exchange, but only of an application for the extra warrant being necessary. The Master-designate of a new Lodge in England must previously have served the office of Warden, but in the case of Lodges abroad no such qualification i3 insisted on. Bro. E. Lord, in his " Freemasonry in Pontefract," records t h a t

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the late B r o T. W . Tew (afterwards R.W. Provincial Grand Master of West Yorkshire) was t h e first Master of a new Lodge in that town, although he had not previously filled a Warden's Chair; but perhaps the rule was not then in force. As the founders of new Lodges must be Master Masons and the Master and Wardens must be selected from their number, there can be no 'question of any but Brethren who l ~ a v eattained the Third Degree occupying the Chairs in a new Lodge, but there does not seem to be anything to prevent evea an Entered Apprentice being elected to t h e Chair of an old Lodge, and all the other offices being filled by Brethren of the same degree. It is the fashion to speak of new Lodges being " consecrated," but the Book of Constitutions never uses this word. New Lodges must 'bs " constitutcd " and " registered " before they can enjoy their full privileges [120]. Every Lodge must be in possession of a regular warrant, without which i t cannot act, except Lodges Nos. 2 and 4, which work under immemorial constitutions [125]. The questions naturally arise, how does the Master address initiates a t t h a t stage in t h e ceremony where we say, " As during the course of the evening you hsve been called on for certain fees, &C." ? and how does the Installing Master get over the difficulty of having no warrant to entrust to the new occupant of the Chair? Thesa difficulties must surely give pause to those brethren who clo:r,our for absolute uniformitv of ritual ! There are in all nine regular officers in a L'odge and six others whose status is not defined, but who may be classified as non-regular, besides an unlimited number of Stewards [129]. It is stated that c o brother can hold more than one regular office a t a time, but Rule 172 would seem to indicate t h a t a Master could also act as Secretary. As seven Master Masons can form a new Lodge, all the regular offices need not necessarily be filled, although ths difficulty could be got over by the Master acting as his own Secretary and the appointment of a serving brother as Tyler, who need not be a member of the Lodge. There is nothing to prohibit & brother from filling more than one of the non-regular offices, nor combining a regular with non-regular offices. Wardens and Deacons are properly described as " Senior " and " Junior " [l29 and 1301. This is perhaps the most satisfactory way and might equally well be adopted in Provincial and District and Grand Lodges, only dropping the adjectives when past rank is described. Clause 130 raises a very difficult point. I n most Lodges Minutes are not put for confirmation, but are simply voted on as to the correctness of their record. This, of course, is not right, for the rule makes i t evident t h a t the election of t Master is not complete u h t i ~ h e Minutes have been sonfirmed. Conversely nonconfirmation renders the election void. How far is confirmation necessarv to legalise other matters of business which may have been transacted? It would obviouslv be absurd to non-confirm the initiating of a candidate. but assuming " " that a brother had been irregularly advanced to a higher degres. ds by, e . g . , too short a space of time having c l a ~ s e dbetween the ceremonies. would non-confirmation be of any use? Most money grants are voted only after notice of .motion. IP confirmation necessary to legalise payment? The whole subject is a big one, and bristles with difficulties. Some dearly defined ruling is essential. Before leaving this question of the election of Master requiring confirmation we find t h a t there are other two rules wllich may confus? the issue [ l 3 1 and 1341. A Prince of the Blood Royal, on accepting the Chair of a Lodge, may appoint a Deputy Master. That is to say, t1:e brother who actually rules the Lodge doas not need to be elected to the Chair, and yet 2 t the end of-a year he is entitled to all the privileges of a Past Master ! The Master-elect, bafore installation, shall solemnly pledge himself to preserve the landmarks [l321 This is undertaking a duty, the nature of which he surely does not fully appreciate, for, so far as I am aware, they have never been pointed out. W e do know that Installation itself is one of the Landmarks, but what of the other or others?
c 2
L

Peculiarities of the 7j00k of Constitutions.

103

Proprietors or managers of taverns are not allowed to hold office in Lodges n~cetingin their own houses, except by dispensation [138], but, fortunately, this i no slur on their character, as they are not debarred from holding office in Lodges : meeting elsewhere. I hope t h a t Freelnasons in England will always be tolerant, and not resort to what the late Bro. Speth described as t h e intemperate temperance legislation, of our American Brethren. I n the event of no Installed Master being present, how does the Senior or ' Junior Wardsn rule the Lodge as provided for in Rule 141 ? The Master's Chair must apparently be vacant, so t h a t i t would seem at least some modifikation in the form of ritual of opening and closing would be required. If any kind of Installed Master be present he may occupy the Chair, and degrees may be conferred by anyone who is capable of doing so, but no explicit instructions are given as to how the cererrony is to be modified. I remember, when quite a young Mason, passing two candidates. Only one Past Master was present, and he had never done a ceremony in his life. The method I sdopted was t o stand on t h e right hand of the presiding officer and do the work from t h a t position. Although, as already seen, t h e Grand Wardens need not be of any special degree, yet when the Grand Master presides in a Private Lodge he may appolnt the Warden of the Lodge, or ,any other two brethren to act as his Wardens, pro tcmpore, but if the latter they must be Master Masons [142j. A similar rule appliw to the, case of a Provincial or District Grand Master visiting in his own territory [144], although actual Provincial or District Grand Wardens must be Installed Masters. The Masters and Wardens of Private Lodges are enjoined to visit other ' . Lodges as often as possible, in order t h a t the same usages and customs may be observed throughout the Craft 11491, b u t it is hard to see why this question of The next rule [l501 makes it , visitihg should be restricted to chief officers only. clear that visitors from other constitutions should ~ r e s e n ttheir certificates. but , this iis apparently not necessary for English visitor;. The possession of s;ch a Locument is a, precaution which is likely to reduce the risk of unqualified visitors bking admitted to our assemblies, but, even when combined with an ability t o pass cn examination,, is not necessarily a perfect safeguard. Some more definite pronoupoement of the credentials required from unknown visitors is desirable. What is really meant by " known bad character " in Rule 151 ? I apFrehend i t would, require a very bold Master to exercise his privilege under this clause, for I am not a t all sure t h a t even all those brethren who have attained to the highest dignities of the Craft can always be looked upon as exemplars of the highest ethics of Masonic teaching. Honorary or non-subscribing members are recognised for the first time by an addendum to Rule 152, but their right of attending any Lodge more than once is,limited to the particular Lodges of which they may have been elected honorary rrembers, and this notwithstanding the fact t h a t they need not ever have been actual subscribing n-.embers of s u c l ~Lodges. According to Rule 154, all Lodges held a t a greater distance than ten miles from Freemasons' Hall are Provincial or District Lodges, and are under the immediate superintendence of the Provincial or District Grand Masters within whose,jurisdiction they meet. B u t what about those Lodges which are not under the rule of a Provincial or District Grand Master? The Lodges in Bermuda, to pick but one example, have PO District Grand Lodge to supervise their proceedings. , The " mode of ,working " in Lodges of Instruction must have received the sanction of Grand Lodge ,[158]. , What precisely is meant by this phrase? To assume that i t means the oeremonial working opens up again t h e question of what was decided on in ?rand Lodge after the Lodge of Reconciliation had completed its labours, for since then Grand Lodge has not dealt with t h e ceremonies, and no man now* knows t h e exact procedure then adopted. The rules relating t d the keeping of ~ i n u t e s establish t h e fact t h a t i t is necessary to record the names of all members and visitors present [l60 and 1721.
'

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The custom which is becoming common of recording t h a t brethren were present " as per attendance book " is to be deprecated. Should the regular day of meeting fall on Christmas Day, Good Friday, or a publio holiday the Lodge may be held t h e day before or the day after a t the discretion of the Master [165]. This rule has been re-cast more than once within my own recollection, and the addition made to it, in quite reoent times, t h a t its provisions shall not over-ride Rule 195, simply cancels, for some purposes, the value of the altered date being deemed t h e regular day of meeting for all purposes. Why should it be necessary to have a special meeting to consider t h e question of the removal of a Lodge? [167]. Could the matter not be discussed and settled a t a regular or emergency meeting when other itsms of business could b3 undertaken ? f Rule 183 is certainly one which requires some revision or explanation. The question of character is always likely to be one of difficulty unless a definite standard i j laid down, whilst as regards due instruction, I am afraid, in most cases, it is simply non-existent. The names of proposers and seconders must appear on the summons [184], so t h a t it is not sufficient to Fay proposed by t h e Senior Warden and seconded by the Junior Deacon, for example, as is so frequently done. It is surely in accordance with common sense that a candidate, who has been proposed and seconded a t a regular meeting, could be elected and initiated a t an emergency meeting, and yet Rule 185 leaves us in doubt on the subject. Candidates who have bedn proposed by letter can certainly be so elected and initiated, and i t would be giving them an unfair advantage to enable them to take precedence, over those who had prior claims. This, is really what would happen, however, by a strict interpretation of Rule 184. The procedure to be adopted for the admission of candidates under the age of twenty-one years as described in Rule 186 is decidedly vague. Has t h e dispensation to be secured before an actual election takes place, or is i t only the ceremony of initiation t h a t has t o be deferred until the requisite authority has been procured ? The declaration which every candidate is required to sign [l871 would need to be modified in t h e case of a minor, and yet nq provision is made for this ccntingency . Clearance certificates can only be granted to members who have resigned or been excluded according to Rule 213, so t h a t no brother can demand such a document a t any other time, and yet Rules 189 and 203 insist on such a testimonial being produced before a brother can join another Lodge even whilst he still continues to subscribe t o his present Lodge. The interval of four weekg which must elapse before a higher degree can be conferred C1951 (except in the case of Lodges in Districts and Colonies where there is no District Grand Lodge) does away with t h e special benefit granted under Rule 165, as already mentioned. The examination under this rule [195], which exTerycandidate must pass, is of a very perfunctory nature, and in practice often resolves itself into a mere prompting of the correct answers by the Deacons. Duplicate certificates can only be granted on proof of the originals haviaq been lost or destroyed [197]. What particular proof of loss is required? A thing may fairly be said to be losB if its whereabouts are unknown, and yet i t may afterwards t u r n up. Some provision ought to be insisted on for the return of the duplicate under such circumstances. The certificate here referred to is the one which every brother is entitled to on his name being registered in t h e books of Grand Lodge, which is usually only granted after he has been raised to the degree of a Master Mason; although Rule 200 indicates t h a t on initiation and as sing certificates may be issued, which, howerer, have to be surrendered before a certificate of having obtained t h e Third Degree can be gAnted. The printing and publishing of proceedings of Lodges is prohibited, unless by the consent of the Grand Master or t h e Provincial or District Grand Master [205], but, in spite of this, there is never any lack of news of t h e doings of all kinds of work in t h e Masonic press, nor of the issue of Lodge Histories recmnting

Peculiarities o f the Book of Constitutiov~s.

105

the progress of old Lodges in all parts of the country, without which indeed we in the Quatuor Coronati Lodge would be deprived of the best fruits of our endeavours, and our labours would be considerably hampered. and 2 1 9 ~ deal with the procedure t o be observed by Lodges Rules 2 1 8 ~ abroad wishing to form Sovereign Grand Lodges, b u t as t h e consent of the District Grand Master is necessary before any preliminary meetings for discussion can be held, certain Lodges in the Colonies would be awkwardly fixed where there is no such official. Not only so, but there is no method for establishing District Grand Lodges, though, doubt,less, a memorial to the Grand Master would always receive sympathetic consideration. What may fairly be regarded as another peculiarity of the book is t h a t the numbers of the rules, which have been expunged, still remain, and that fresh rules instead of being re-numbered have alphabetical indices added to old liumbers. There are, of course, good reasons for these proceedings so long as the stock of , t h e current volume holds out, b u t new editions are so frequent t h a t a general closing up of numbers would be a simple matter. It would hardly be thought t h a t in the section dealing with

REGALIA
there could be rruch room for comment, b u t actually peculiarities are even ,here existent. For instance, there is iio regulation in t h e case of Grand Lodge officers tor the words " deputy " or " assistant" to appear on t h e jeuels or gauntlets of deputy and assistant officers, b u t only above t h e emblems on t h e aprons; and in the case of Provincial and District. deputy and assistant officers t,he same rul2 holds good, except thaL in framing it it has evidently been forgotten t h a t the Deputy Provincial and District Grand Masters have a distinctive emblem and regalia entirely different from t h a t of their chiefs, and yet the regulations require that they sho~lldhave the word " deputy " embroidered on their aprons. I am afraid t h a t I have dealt more with inconsistencies and defects tl1ti.7 with peculiarities of the Book of Constitutions, b u t however t h a t may be, I hope you will agree that there is a growing necessity for a thorough revision of the whole work. Now t h a t we have a reformed Board of General Purposes, it may not be long before such a task is undertaken. Should such a thing come about, my own plea would be for a simplificatior, of t h e rules and a relaxation of many of the restrictions now hampering us, which sometimes lead us ,to wonder if we are really " free " Masons; for it must be remembered that to most of us Masonry is, after all, only a relaxation, and there is no reason why it should be made tedious or irksome.
A vote of thanks to Bro. Baxter was unaninloi~slypassed, and comments on the paper were made by Bros. Gordon Hills, W. B. Hextall, Lionel Vibert, J. H. Stirling, W. J. Songhurst, A. R. Gpjohn, Frederick Arnlitage, Walter H. Brown, Herbert Bradley, and J. Walter Hobbs.

P. Ero. GORDON G. HILLS, W.M., said:It gives me much pleasure to propose a hearty vote of thanks t o Bro. Eaxter for his interesting and suggestive paper. It is a paper which will repay more careful and detailed study than we can &tow on it to-night. Some of t h e questions mooted may on the surface appear easy of solytion, but when one comes to look into them one finds t h a t they are bound up with t h e history of the development of the Order, and t h e evolution of t h e Rules in our Book of Constitutions as they have been built u p " precept upon precept and line upon line." I n this connection a reference t o Bro. Levander's Comparison of the Regulations " 1723-1819, in volume xxx. of the A r s Qwltuor C o r o m t o r u m , will be found to throw light on several minor points which Bro. Baxter hag

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T r a ~ ~ s a c t i o n s the Quntzror Coronnfi Loc&c. of

touched on. Other subjects for discussion which are mentioned, such as tho Grand Steward, question of Degrees, Landmarks, " mode of Working," raise the consideration of points on which much has been written and still much remains to be done to arrive a t clear decisions. With regard to the tji.le " Book of Constitutions " I certaillly support tllo established usage, not only because i t is a case in which Antiquity's Pride W e have on our side, but because I venture to think that tlle plural is an entirely correct use in this connection. The word Cfon\titzctron has a good many different significations, and in those two cases with which we are chiefly concerned we speak either of Con-stitution in the singular or Cfonatitutions in the plural. I n the former case t h e word is used in a rather abstract sense when we speak of the Co~lstitcctionor theon/ o f government of a country or jurisdiction, i n the latter sense we refer cltfi?zitefy tb the several laws and regulations of such a Constitution, as each of them being by constitutions, t h a t is rules con~t~ituted authority to realize the theoretical constitution. The Book of Constitutions does not claim to be the Constitution of our Order, i t contains the " General Charges " with which this paper does not deal, and the " Laws and Regulations "-only part of our Constitution-which like the British Constitution largely remains unwritten, and includes Landmarks, Ceremonies, and established Customs of the Craft. The use of the word Constittrtiou may be noted in the index to the present regulations referring t o Rules 2, 49, 81, 223 and 254, and also in the marginal notea t o Rules 223 and 254. Bro. Baxter refers t o the expression of a Lodge being " constituted " (Rule 120), and gives another example of t h e word as visitors from which have to producs their certifiapplied to foreign Coi~stittrtionn, cates. His enquirim in Miscpllnneu Lntonlorum elicited tlle information that old copies of the books in the eighteenth century were cominoilly called Constitutdo?~ Books, but, as was then pointed out, that phrase has no more significance than t h a t i t is a convenient description, like Prayer Book or I f y r n n Book. S0m.e of the anomalies to which attention is directed certainly point to a need for re-draughting some of the rules to bring them into accord with established' custom, but i t can hardly be supposed that i t is really open to one outside the Craft to be elected G.M. a t the present day; there are very obvious difficultiesl in a Lodge being administered by mere Entered Apprentices sufficient to prevent such an occurrence; and, coming to a more modern requirement, I cannot see that there is any just objection to be taken t o proposers and seconders being described by their offices as S. and J . Wardens end not by their names-the point would be purely s quibble. The position about the confirmation of minutes is excellently stated by Bro. Hawkins in his Concise L f y c l o ~ m d i n ,where he explains the double purpose t h a t confirmation carries in our Masonic procedure, in Grand Lodge, and in private Lodges, not only as a confirmation of correctness, but as a re-endorsen e n t of action agreed upon as to a money grant, alteration of By-laws, or election of Master. H e points out t h a t the Scotch Constitutions expressly provide that confirmation applies to the record alone, and questions agreed to a t one meeting cannot be opened up and discussed afresh on the mbsequent reading of the Minutes, exactly the opposite case to the usage of our jurisdiction. I should like to support Bro. Baxter's plea for a revision of t h e Laws and Regulations in t h e Book of Constitutions; doubtful points and anachronisms might well be cleared away and the regulations sinlplified without yielding any of the ~ r i n c i ~ l e s involved, but i t would be a bigger task than appears a t first glance, so intimate is the connection of the whole system and the dependency of its many rules. We do not want to be hampered by unnecessary restrictions, we do not want the Craft to fall into t h e lines of organisation in the nurseries of the last century, when the idea was whatever children did, to tell them not to; b u t there must be rules and regulations to be intelligent.1~ obeyed. I quite agree that we

do not want to make our relaxation tedious or irksome by red tapeism or following of precedents in a blind adherence to the letter; t h e spirit of fraternity is the main-spring of our Craft, and so long as our aspirations and actions re-act t o t h a t touch-stone, we want our laws to forward and not to fetter our action within the wise limits that our Landmarks prescribe and long custom has established.

Bro. W . B. HEXTALL, seconding t h e vote of tlianlrs, said :Bro. Baxter's paper on the Book of Constitutions as we have i t a t tho prehent day is an acceptable sequel to what proved t.o be, unhappily, the last contribution of our late Bro. F. W. Levander, his Zna~~.qlrrcd Addrens, printed in A.Q.C. xxix., 376, and his Concparison o f the Regltlntiotls, 1723 to 1819, xxx., 56. A continuation of the latter from 1819, showing successive alterations to date, would now be welcomed. One or two of Bro. Baxter's criticisms strike me (if he will forgive my ,saying so) as a little microscopic; application of a useful principle, t h a t " t h e greater contains the less," affording sufficient answer. True, there is no specific requirement t h a t every officer of t h e Craft shall b3 a member of the Craft, but the title, headings, and purview of t h e Constitutions surely suffice for this, remem.bering that our Regulations were framed by Masons for Masons, and not for the information of the world a t large. Quite apart from anything relating to a Board of Installed Masters (as to which reference may be made to A.Q.C. xxiii., 44, 65, 66, 70, and to 3 f i . s ~ . Lot. I I . , 123-126), and on t h e general question only, nothing o u ~ h to be more t widely known than that no individual-be he who he may-has right or power to " interfere with the ceremonial working of a Lodge " of which he is not himself a member. All complaints are to be made t o the Board of General Pumo-0s under Rules 214 and 272, or to a Provincial or District Grand Mastor und3r Rules 92 and 214; and i t would sometimes have been better if this had bzen more clearly understood. Any attempted officiousness of the kind referred t o is but an impertinence, and as such to be ignored. The answer to " What privilege does Provincial or District R.ank confer inside their own regions beyond t h e right to wear a distinguishing regalia? " may be found in what in Rules 87 and 88 furnish a Provincial table of precedence. Again, can i t be correct to imply t h e possibility of " an Entered Apprentice being elected to the Chair of an old [i.e., an already existing] Lodge," when Rul4 130 expressly requires the Master t o be elected from members who " shall have served for one year . . . the office of Master, or Senior or Junior Warden " ? Such an implication supposes appointment by the Master of an E . A . as one of his Wardens-a contingency I am frankly unable to imagine, even though there be no prohibition in terms. Bro. Baxter's reference to the Consecration of a, Lodge is a reminder that until in 1884 the Constitutions ordered (Rule 120) t h a t certain consequences and disabilities should follow on default, there was a good deal of laxity in obeying the injunction which before then read, " Every new Lodge should be solemnly For constituted "; t h e word " should " being in 1884 altered t o " shall." instanoe, a certain Lodge, warranted in Deoember, 1865, was only consecrated and dedicated in November. 1873, twenty-eight initiatw liavinq been admitted gave, " The manner of in the intervening years. The ante-1884 Corz.stit~tfions constituting a new Lodge, according to the ancient usage of Masons," d w r i b i n g part of i t by the words, " The lodge is then consecrated according to ceremonies proper and usual on those occasions, but not proper to be written." Dr. George Oliver in his Jfnsonic Jzcrisprlcdenct, 1859, 12-13 ; 1874, ibid. applies " constituting " and " consecration " t o the Lodge, and " dedication " to the building in which meetings of a Lodge are held : and in The Book of the Lodge, 3rd edit., 1864, 96-110, gives, " The ceremony of dedication and consecration " a t length, but only as applying to a new Masonic Hall. It would be interesting if we could learn why " T h e manner of constituting a new Lodge," and all mention of " con-

108

Transactions of the Qqtatuor Coronati Lodge.

secration " have been deieted from the Constitutions since 1884, whilst the " Ceremony of laying a Foundation-Stone, &C.," is still retained. Confirmation of Minutes, so far as ordinary businas is conmmed, was dealt with in A.Q.C. xxv., 336-7; but I know opinions on the subject differ. For myself, I think there is authority showing that a Lodge has full power to retrace its steps in matters of substance as well as of form, even though an awkward position might result. This last would have t o be considered when the occasion arose. I n these days, the ruling of a Lodge by a Warden is so infrequent as to r a k e its etiquette almost academical. Tne view of a past generation is given in T h e Freemaso~s' Magazine of May 26th, 1858, page 1,008, where the Editor wrote: " When a Warden, from the absence of the W.M. is called upon to rule the Lodge, he should take his seat either on one side or in front of the Chair, as The 1884 Constitutions added words to Rule 141 may be most convenient." which preclude a Warden from occupying the Master's Chair when ruling the Lodge, and also forbid the conferring of degrees by any but actual Masters or Past Masters. I do not follow Bro. Baxter in his reading that Rule 150 does not (as an alternative) nequire production of his G.L. oartificate by an English :visiting brother. The words are, " the certificate of the Grand Lodge under which he claims " [to enter and be present, on the axiom that ' A Mason's Lodge is a Mason's Church 'l, and the Rule makes no distinction between any of the recognised Constitutions. Confirming the view a t which Bro. Baxter hints in his reference to the sanctions a Lodge of Instruction " shall be . . . requirement that a Lodge x~hich responsible that the mode of working adopted has received the sanction of the Grand Lodge," i t may be mentioned that the late Bro. William James Hughan wrots in November,' 1902, " Rule 158 contains an impossible condition." For some reason, the words " every deviation from the established mode of working is highly improper, and cannot be justified or countenanced," which were in the editions down to 1873, ceased t o appear after the revision of 1884, and this is the more noticeable as Rule 158 (above) was retained without alterations. I s it possible this last was per incul-iam? Should not " qualification " in the last sentence of Rule 180 read " disqualification " ? Has not Bro. Baxter overlooked the words, " or whenever a t a subsequent time, he may require it," in his criticism of Rule 213, as to Clearance Certificates? There is perhaps unintentional difference in the inscriptions on two jewels fiXurid in the Constitutions. That on the jewel of the Grand Stewards, also given in Rule 284, being ," United ,Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of England "; whilst that on the Grand Tyler's jewel is " Grand Lodge of England," only. There are in existence jewels of Past Grand (Hficers after the, Union of 1813, inscribed " Grand Lodge of England," which seem t o have been worn earlier than the first appearance of illustrations in the Constitutions of 1841. We must all feel much indebted to Bro. Baxter for his useful and suggestive paper.

'

Bro. LIONEL VIBERT said :Almost the last person to whom I said good-bye i n Madras was the Deputy District Grand Master, W.Bro. Scl~midt,and in the course of conversat.ion he observed that one of the great needs of the Craft to-day was a handbook t o the Constitutions, a simple text-book for the plain man who has no legal training, but who wants to know a t a glance whether, e.g., a particular resolution of one meeting negds confirmation a t the next; and who wants t o be able to give a ruling then and there in Lodge without, as usually happens, first holding a lengthy conference with brethren on the dais; the index t o the Constitutions having previously been drawn blank.

I t is a remarkable coincidence that two days after landing, the proof of to-night's paper was put in my hands. I cordially agree with Bro. Baxter's final pargraph, and in the paper itself he has brought together a remarkable list of peculiarities, some due to the history of the book itself, but some really seem due to nothing else than bad drafting, or, (rather, bad emendation. I feel sure t h a t the Q ~ I S ~ I I O T Coronnfi Loclgc would gladly co-operate in any attempt towards a revision or simplification of the Rules and Regulations, as was recently suggested a t one of our meetings by the President of the Board of General Purposes. R . W . Bro. J . H. STIRLING (Prov.Dep.G.M., Antrim) u7ritr.s:Th-re are some notable points of difference between the constitution and government of English Masonry and of Irish, to which attention may fittingly be drawn as a complement to Bro. Baxter's paper. A t the outset the author deals with the composition of the governing bodies of the Craft in England and the qualifications-or absence of them-for office therein. Every officer in the G.L. of Ireland must be a subscribinq Past Master of a subordinate Lodge, and of a t least five years' standing as a Master Mason. The largest Pr0v.G.L. in It-eland (Antrim, 147 Lodges) carries this further, and requiree five years' standing as a Past Master before being eligible for office in that Pr0v.G.L. I n referring to the status of a Past Master, Bro. Baxter raises the question of whether there is or is not a " Chair degree." I shall only say t h a t in our Irish Ritual the Installation is expressly referred to a t one point as " this, the Chair degree." Perhaps the most noteworthy differencs between English and Irish Masonry is that under the E.C. practically all offices are nominative, while under the I.C. they are elective. Beginning with the subordinate Lodge, under the E.C. the 1V.M. is elected and lie then appoints his officers. Under the I.C. all officers are elected by the Lodge a t t h e same time as the WIM. himself. When we'reach ' Grand ' rank, the Grand Master appoints the Frov. Grand Master, and he in his turn appoints his Deputy. So far both Constitutions agree. But then under the I.C. all officers in Prov.G.Lodge are elected by vote of the memb2rs of t h a t Prov.G.L., and neither the Pr0v.G.M. nor his Deput-y has anything to say in in the matter. S i m i l i a r l ~ Grand Lodge, the Grand Master is appointed by open vote, and he appoints his Deputy, %ut there his power of selection stops. All other offices are filled by open electi~n. I content, myself with stating the difference between the English system and the Irish. There is no doubt a good deal to be said for both. Under the I.C., both Wardens and Deacons are in all ranks always distinguished as " Senior " and " Junior." The I.C. provide definite rank and preoedence for all present and past Prov. Grand offic-rs, both in Grand Lodge and in Prov. Grand Lodges other than their own. Under the I.C. all subordinate Lodges situated in Ireland must elect their officxs prior to 30th November in each year, which means, in practical working, t h a t they are elected a t the Stated Communication of the Lodge in November. They must then be submitted t o Grand Lodge for confirmation and must n s t be installed until so confirmed, nor prior t o St. John's Day, 27th December. I n the absence of the Master, a Warden cannot take the Chair in an Irish Lodge. For a temporary absence the Master has t h e right to nominato, a substitute from among the Past Masters of the Lodge. If he fails to do so, or in the case of the death of the Master, the Immediate Past Master x\ould rule the Lodge, f and in his absence the Senior P.M., and so on down in order of Seniority. I no P.M. of the Lodge present felt equal to the duties of the Chzir, zn actual or Past Master of anothsr Lodge right be invited to take the Chair. Ero. Baxter deprecates the practice of recording t h a t brethren were present " as per Attendance Book." I have been in a Lodge where over two hundred

110

Tra~zsgctionsof t h e Qzcatzior Corona! i Lodge.

subicribing members were present. Does Bro. Baxter suggest seriously t h a t t h e unfortunate Secretary should copy all these names laboriously into his Minutes? The question of confirmation of Minutes raises a very interesting point of difference between English and Irish practice. The usual custom of deliberative and executive bodies is t h a t minutes cannot be challenged a t the next subsequent meeting except on a question of absolute correctness of record. The practice a t many ' boards ' and ' bodies ' is for the Chairman t o initial a rough draft of the minutes a t the close of the actual meeting. The practice in English Masonry of altering what has been done a t one meeting by refusing to confirm a t the next meeting the minute dealing with t h a t matter has no counterpart in Irish Masonry. I t . is only the correctness of the record which is submitted to the vote of an Irish Lodge, and if the facts are admitted, t h e minutes must stand. If the Lodge wishes to reverse its action on some point, i t can only d b so after due notice of motion, and this cannot be discussed until t h e lapse of six months from t h e date of the original decision. Perhaps I may quote from a letter received in 1913 from our late learned and lamented Bro. Chetwode Crawley, whose death was almost as great a loss to English as i t was to Irish Masonry. H e wrote:-" Your letter has a chastening influence on me; it makes me feel so old. Thirty years ago, or so, i t fell to me t o demonstrate t o the G.L. of England t h a t our practioe was then, and had always been, different from that of the G.L. of England in regard to Confirmation df Minutes. The matter excited some controversy a t the time, though i t ended in our sustaining our position with better logic and sounder law than our opponents. A curious point of heredity crops up in the fact t h a t the Irish practice obtains in many English Lodges. On investigation I found that such of these dissentient Lodges as I could trace had origin in the Irishborn G.L: of t h e Antients : the only G.L. of England recognised by the G.L. of I r d a n d during t h e latter part of t h e eighteenth century." The present practice of English Lodges in this respect would appear to have crept in as a result of several decisions of the G.L. of England during the nineteenth century, i . e . , subsequent to the Union of 1813. As t h e G.L. of Ireland is the Senior Grand Lodge having an unbroken record and tradition, and has never had to make any compromise with any rival body in respect of either its ritual or its jurisprudence, its views on this question can a t least claim t h e sanction of more ancient custom than those of the G.L. of England. The hi-centenary of the G.L. of Ireland in 1925 will be a real bi-centenary. said Bro. W. J. SQNGHURST :-

'

I am entirely in svmpathy with Bro. Baxter when he pleads for a simplified Book of Constitutions. There seems t o be a tendency in these days towards overlegislation, and a desire rather to ' uphold t h e Majesty of the Law ' than t o consider what is really the best in t h e interest of the Craft and its members. The average Master is a man of business, and quite capable of ruling his Lodge in accordance with ordinary business procedure. It is, however, doubtful if he has the time or opportunity t o make such a careful study of the complicated rules laid down in our present Book of Constitutions as to enable him t o escape t h e many traps and pitfalls therein contained. That the rules are not fully understood even by those who have had a direct share in their compilation and anendment, was brought honle to me only a few days ago by a member of the ' reformed ' Board of General Purposes, who seriously assured me that t h e Mastpr of a Lodge could not legally call an Emergency Meeting without first obtainin? a dispensation for the purpose ! And .although the free gift, recently sanctioned by Grand Lodge, of a copy of the Rook Constitzctions t o every Lodge on the English Register, may technically prevent a plea of ignorance being sustainrl ir the evenf of a complaint of breach of the rules, it must be admitted t h a t in these days any Edition of the Book is practically obsolete even before it leaves the printer's hands. Many of the ' peculiarities ' mentioned by Bro. Baxter derive their greatest interest from a consideration of the history of the Book of Constitutions durin:

the past couple of hundred years; and that they are ' peculiarities ' a t all is mainly due to the fact that in many cases where alterations have been made in one rule, no thought has been given to their effect elsewhere. It seems quite clear t h a t in the present day a Provincial (or District) Grand Master is not a Grand Officer. If he were so he wotlld be unable (under Rule 23) to hold another office i n Grand Lodge a t one and t h e same time, and a reference to the lists will shew that some Provincial Grand Masters do hold other such offices. This, however, was not the case formerly, as the records of Grand Lodge shew that on one occasion a Provincial Grand Master who had been appointed to the office of Grand Warden, was declared ineligible, and he renounced the Wardenship. I n my opinion i t would bs a very good thing if Mastership of a private Lodge were made a qualification for office in all Provincial and District Grand Lodges as well as in Grand Lodge, more especially now t h a t Provincial Grand Officers (if otherwise qualified) are permitted t o attend Grand Lodge without wearing the light blue collar. I well remember a Grand Chaplain who was not installed as Master of a Lodge for many years after his appointment in Grand Lodge. Bro. Baxter refers t o the case of Bro. T. W. Tew (afterwards Provi-ncial Grand Master of West Yorkshire), who was i.nstalled Master of a Lodge without having served as Wtarden. I have in my mind a brother in London who used to boast that the only office he ever held i n a Craft Lodge was t h a t of Master. There must be manv other similar cases. One or two points in some of the rules recently amended seem worthy of note. No. 185, which deals with initiations on emergency, directs t h a t t h e Master shall state in open Lodge the cause of the emergency, before the ballot is taken. I n the case of emergency arising after the election of a Candidate i t would thus be neoessary to ballot for him a second time. No. 189 enacts t h a t if a Brother who has been elected a joining member does not present himself for membership within one year after his election the election shall be void. The reason for such a condition-is not apparent, and its effect may cause complications. The voiding of the election *would necassarilv entail the return to tlte Brother of subscri~tion I and joining fees paid, and t h e return by Grand Lodge of registration fees and quarterages, while the Brother himself might under certain circumstances lose his membership of Grand Lodge, and be compelled t o qualify again by service as Master of a Lodge. The requirement t h a t a candidate for joining (and we may presume, for re-joining as well as for founding a new Lodge) shall produce a clearance Certificate from every Lodge of which he is or has been a Member is in my opinion quite right and proper, but I fail to see why the Certificates should be returned to the brother after his admission, for unless they are actually ' demits ' they will be of no possible use to him a t a later date, and I think they sbould more properly be filed by the Lodge which has required their production.

Bro. J . WALTER HOBBSwrites:There are a good many points upon which observations could be made to clear up some of Bro. R. H. Baxter's difficulties, b u t as this would lead to a discursive explanation on matters foreign to the apparent object of thg paper it seems hardly necessary to go into them. The apparent object is to lead to a consideration and revision of t h e Book of Constitutions, with the view of clearing away doubts and difficulties and the filling up of omissions and otherwise co-ordinating its provisions. One point occurs t o me as peculiar which has not been referred to in the paper or the verbal remarks made upon it. I refer to the question of " removal " of the Master of a Lodge. I need not dilate upon t h e improbability of such a case arising, or t,he undesirability of legislating for it, but as such a contingency is recognised by Rule 141 t h e procedure may well be considered.

!12

l'ransactioi~.~ t h e Quntuor' Coronzti Lodge of

"

If the Master shall die, be removed, or be rendered incapable of discharging t h e duties of his office," &C., &C., t h e Wardens shall act. i n summoning the Lodge as specified. So f a r as-I can ses no procedure is provided for the removal by any Masonic jurisdiction or authority. How can i t be done-by in what circumwhom-or stances ? Some cases of removal ar2 provided for, i.e., Rule 136. The Tyler " may a t any time b. removed for cause deemed sufficient by a majority of t h e Brethren present a t a regular meeting of t h e Lodge," which suggests that no prior notice is necessary in such a case presumably becauEe t h e Tyler would be detected i n Fngrclnte delicto and t r i d immediately. Rule 24 refers to t h e " removal " of Grand Officers, but continues: " B u t no Grand Officer can be removed without t h e approbation of Grand Lodge " vvhich suggests tliat being " removed " is a different penalty to being " displaced " as in t h e case of a n officer of a Private Lodge b u t a t tlie same time leave3 t h e removal of a Grand Officer in the same doubtful state as t h e removal of a Master. Rule 140 provides tliat " should $he Master be dissatisfied with t h e conduct of any of t h e officers he may lay the c a w e of complaint before the'Lodge," &C., &C., and if well founded " the Master shall have power to displace such officer and appoint another. " This is cleirly within t h e discretion of t h e Master (the Lodge being satisfied t h e complaint is proved) b u t does not apply to himself. Rule 209 provides for tlie exclusion of a member for tlie meeting, and in this case t h e Master is tlie person to enforce it. Rule 210 provides for t h e pern-anent " exclusion " of a member from the Lodge. If this procedure is p u t i n motion successfully against a Master (he might however prove obstructive by refusing to call a meeting, or to have the subject p u t on t h e agenda and so on) he would no doubt be " incapable of discl~argingt h e duties of his office," b u t i t would appear t h a t Rule 141 is directed to incapacity from illness, mental derangement, or imprisonment, because if h e sl!ould die, which is provided for, h e would equally bs incapable of acting. Rule 214, which provides for appeals to Grand Lodge, seems hardly to meet t h e case, because when a complaint has been investigated " such order and adjudication zhall be made as t h e laws and regulations of Masonry authorise," b ~ these laws and regulations (so f a r as t h e Book of Convtitzctions is concerned) t authorise nothing on this subject. Of course, by parity of reasoning, if a Grand Officer may ba " removed " by Grand Lodge (Rule 24) a Master might well be sltbject t o t h e same penalty. The rules relating to t h e Board of General Purposes throw little, o r no, light on t h e point. Rule 272 gives t h e Board power to " hear and determine all subjects of Masoliic complaint," &C., &C., and " generally to take cognizance of all matfRrs relating to the Craft." Rule 273 authorises t h e Board to ~ r o c e e d " to admonition, fine or suspension according t o t h e laws," b u t in a case of a flagrant nature requiring t h e " expulsion of a Brother from the Craft " a report to Grand Lodge is necessary, presumably beforehand. Rule 274 gives the Board a power bf " suspension " of a Lodge or Brother for certain specified defaults, b u t this does not help on t h e subject of our enquiry. Whatever view is taken upon t h e subject it would seem a t least desirable t o bear i t in mind i f , and when, any revision of t h e Book of Constitutions is under consideration.

R . 141

Bro. RODK.H. BAXTER i t e s in reply :m

It is naturally gratifying to me that my paper has called forth such a useful discussion, and my only regret is t h a t some of the Brethren who spoke have not committed their remarks to writing. The task of replying is, fortunately, easy, as most of the participants in the discussion have expressed general agreement with me in my appeal for a simplification of the rules in our Rook of Constitutions, or have called attention to peculiarities not embodied in my paper. Our W.M.'s definition of t h e meaning of the words " Constitution " and " Constitutions " will perhaps enable Brethren to settle the point a t issue. Bro. Hextall seems to be the only comnlentator who really questions any of the points raised by me, and even so there could have been no cross-purposes between us, in several instances, had we both consulted the same edition of the Book of Constitutions, for, as our Secretary points out, any edition is practically obsolete before i t leaves t h e printer's hands. Rule 150 in t h e 1917 edition is not a t all as quoted by Bro. Hextall, and the error pointed out by him in Rule 180 has been corrected in t h a t edition, which is the one I used during the preparation of my paper. After my paper had gone to t h e printer a new edition appeared and several alterations had t o be made before I could read i t in Lodge. I , of course, readily forgive our Brother for saying one or two of my criticisms struck him as being a little microscopic, for no doubt he was quite right, but may not a microscopic examination be advantageous a t times? For the most part, Bro. Hextall's notes are a valuable addition to my paper, and as such are much appreciated. The only paragraph I cannot follow our Brother in is the one- in which he asks if I have not overlooked t h e words " or whenever a t a subsequent time he may require it " in my criticism of Rule 213, as to clearance certificatw. So far as I can see these words do not affect my statement. The omission of the word " subsequent " would p u t the whole matter in order. Bro. Hextall's desire for a completion of Bro. Levander's examination to date of successive alterations in the rules is opportune. I know of no Brother better qualified to undertake t h e task than Bro. Hextall himself. The comments of Bros. Vibert, Stirling, Hobbs, and Songhurst are all useful adjuncts to my paper and hardly call for any reply, although I may say, in reply to Bro. Stirling, that I still think i t the duty of the Secretary to record the names of all the Brethren present in his Minutes. Rule 172 is certainly quite clear on this point. The information vouched for by Bro. Herbert Bradley and others, t h a t some Provincial and District Grand Masters designate, not being already in possession of the secrets of an Installed Master, have been privately instructed in them before being installed in their Provincial or District Grand Lodges, is interesting. The question arises whether the Brethren revealing such secrets are not violating the obligation they took a t their own installation. I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Bro. F. W. Golby for pointing out some errors in the rough proof 01 my paper which enabled me to make corrections before reading i t in Lodge. I return sincere thanks for t h e vote accorded t o me, and to all those Brethren who have contributed to the discussion.

Transactions of the Quatuor Coro~zatiLodge.

LODGE. NO. 20, ANTIENTS.

N his History of the Neptune Lodge (London, 1910), Bro. F. W. Golby says, " our first Minute Book contains the Minutes of another Lodge which was constituted, existed for three years, and became extinct before our Lodge was established, and which apparently never had any wnnection therewith." This Lodge was No. 20 on the Register of the Grand Lodge of the ~ n t i e n g ,and i t appears to have met throughout its career a t the. Hampshire Hog, Goswell Street, London. The Book in which its Minutes and those of the Neptune Lodge are recorded has had its binding carefully repaired a t a comparatively recent date, and I judge t h a t before this was done it was in a very dilapidated condition. Some leaves seem t o have b e e n quite loose, and unfortunately they have not been re-inserted a t their proper places, the consequence being t h a t i t is not easy without careful examination to ascertain to which Lodge the Records really belong. The confusion is worse confounded by the fact t h a t the Book was started a t both ends as well as a t varidhs other places, so as to enable i t to be used for t h e Minutes proper, Lists of Members and of Visitors, By Laws, Cash accounts, &Q., while to cap all a former Secretary, apparently with a desire to carry t h e career of the Neptune Lodge t o an earlier date than could legitimately be claimed for it, has in several places altered No. 20 into No. 13, which was Neptune's number some years after No. 20 had gone out of existeince. Bro. Golby has explained fully the means he adopted-unfortunately without success-to ascertain how the Book came into the possession of t h e Neptune Lodge, and thanks are due to him for kindly giving facilities for a transcript of the records of No. 20 t b be made for publication in our Transactions. These records shew its complete history for the three years of its existence, and they have not heretofore been printed. The various particulars have been brought together into a regular order, and so far as type will permit t h e peculiarities of the various secretaries have been retained. The book was prepared for the use of the Lodge by Laurence Dermott; and the By-Laws, t h e preliminary headings and t h e Minutes of the first two Meetings are in his handwriting. This explains the entry of 8s. " for 6his Book and Writting." The By-Laws may profitably be compared with those later issued by the Grand Lodge of t h e Antients and recommended for the use of all Lodges It would have been more interesting if they had proved under its jurisdiction. to be a copy of the earlier Rules which on 4th March, 1752, were superseded and ordered to be cut out of the Book of t h e Records of Grand Lodge. Dermott held the office of Grand Secretary from 1752 t o 1771. Samuel Galbraith t h e first S.W. of No. 20 was appointed Junior Grand Warden in 1755 having been Master of No. 3. The Tyler Gough was probably Richard Gougll who was Grand Tyler 1752-6 and Grand Pursuivant 1756-63. Dermott was a member of No. 16 the Master of which, Hugh Horan, constituted No. 20 on 9th July, 1753. It seems evident t h a t the Lodge had been aeeting a t a n earlier date, for the accounts include oash received from' John Hosier " for making " and apparently he was one of the members a t the Constitution. L. McIntosh of No. 3 was a frequent Visitor. He may be identified as Lachlan McIntosh the Junior Grand Warden of 1753-4. The Lodge was never very strong, and I think we may fairly assume that Galbraith was its mainspring. The, " affectionate love " which induced him to advance Three pounds for t h e expenses of its formation seems also shewn by his proposition of new members and t h e frequent presence, as Visitors, of members of his Lodge No. 3. I n March, 1756, it is noted t h a t he went to Ireland, and after his departure there is record of only one ceremony being worked, and t h a t apparently without the usual Lecture. A n alteration in the days of meeting

Lorlge S o . 20, Antients.

115

evidently failed to keep the members together, and the Records cease with the meeting of 22nd September, 1756, when the Lodge was closed " with the most agreeable harmony. " W.J.S [ Title-Page. ] Number 20 Constituted J u l y the gth 1753 John McCormick Sam'. Galbraith Ward? J a y Bedford [On the back of this page is the following : -1 A Prayer t o - b e Repeated a t the Making of a New Brother. 0 God the auth,er and giver of every good and perfect gift and the Grand Architect of the Universe, we thy servants truely sensible of our own unworthinefs, approach thy Divine Majesty hGmbly ~ e s e e c h i l ;thee t o blefs and protect us, and ~ all those who with t h e Secrets of Masonry Endeavour t o Unfould and practise t h e Mysteries of Godlinefs and Christianity, grant us Thy Presence in this and all our Undertakeings. Confirm our choice of this thy servartt, and t h a t h e may in all things live, as becomes A Mason, give him the spirit of Wisdom to avoid the Evil, and to Chuse the good the spirit of Meeknefs and forbearance, and df Erotherly love and charity. Strengthen him against all Temptation t h a t he may Ever be able to Subdue his pafsions, and Adorn us all with the spirit of Zeal for thy Glory, and fervency in thy Worship, t h a t we may not use our Freedom in Christ as A Cloke of Maliciousnefs. b u t in all our thoughts Words & Actions. so Square our lives within t h e Compafs of thy Comandments, as becomes tlio Servants of Christ thy San our Lord. Amen.
D

Mastr.

[This prayer seems to have been written by Noblet O'Keefe the Secretary.]

I THAT a Lodge of Free & Accepted Antient Masons be held a t t h e Hampshira Hog in Gofqwell StP. London (or elsewhere) on the 1 & 3 Monday of each Month And that Such Lodge Consist of One ,Master, Two Wardens, Two Deacons, and A Tyler with as many Members as t h e Master and Majority Shall think proper, that all the Brethren do appear in decent Apparrel with proper Cloathing, and obey the Mastr. and Observe a good decorum while the Lodge is Engaged i n what is Serious and Solemn, otherwise the Transgrefsor Shall not Sit in t h e Lodge with the Consent of the MastT. and Majority.

I1
T E A T the Lodge meet a t the Hours hereafter Mention'd Viz. from t h e 25th of March to the loth. of Septr. a t 7 o'clock in the Evening and sit until ten. and from the loth.of Septr. aforesd. to the 25th. of March following, from 6 until 9 o'clock and if any memT. be absent one hour after the time of meeting Shall be Fin'd Id penny, and if Absent t h e whole Night or time of Busitiefs Shall be fin'd 2 pence. Except such Absentee be Sick, in Confindment, or three miles from t h e place of meeting And that all such Fines be p u t in the Box.

I11
T H A T the Mastr. be Chose by Ballot, Viz. the Wardens Shall Stand Candidates the Lodge night before each St.< O H N ' S day, and the Candy withdraw J from the Lodge while every free Member gives his Vote in favour of him he deems
,

116

Trctnsnctiona of tlzr Qlrnttror Coronnti ~ d d p .

most Worthy, Each free memT. having One Vote & t h e Mad. two. When done the Cand". Shall be call'd in, and the MastT. declare him duly Elected who hath the Majority then the Mastr. Elect Shall nominate his Wardens with the aforwd. proceedings, And Deacons according to Seniority, and a Secretary and all' Master lMA80NS. 11 11 T H A T the Master & Ward? do attend the Grand Lodge on Every first Wednesday of every month a t the usual hours, and a t all other times on proper notice when Businefs Require, and therein to transact all matters relateing to this Lodge as full and truely as if We the whole Body were there present.

v
AND if any Member refuse to Serve any of the aforesd. OtEces shall be Fin'd as follows Viz. the Mastr. 5 Shilln. each Wardn. and Secretary two Shill". each Deacon One Shilling, and to be Fined the Same if they don't Serve their That the Master full time Except for the Reasons mention'd in t h e 2d. Rule. and Brethren meet on every,St. J O H N day to dine together between the Hours of 12 and two o'clock and that each &IemT.pay 2 Shill" the Lodge night before each St. J O H N S day towards defraying the Charges of the Festival t h a t the Wardens be appointed as Stewards to Transact all matters Relateing to the Feast that the new Oacers be in Stall'd immadiately after Dinner, and all Visiters who dine, I n this Lodge on said days Shall pay 2".6 for Dinner.

T H A T on each Lodge Night every Mem'. pay one Shilling and put 2 pence in the Box that t h e J u n r . Ward. keep an Exact Account of the Reckoning and Acquaint the Body when all are in, and upon his neglegence or Omifsion he Shall bs Answerable for the Difficiency.

v11
NO Visiter to be Admitted after t.he Hour of 9. o'clock (nor a t any time) without the Masters Leave and if Admittsd Sllall pay Equal with the Mems. Nor Shall any Bror. be admitted a Second time t h a t doth not belong to a Regular Antient Lodge until he has Enter'd himself a member of An Antient Lodge as aforesd. and his name Register'd in the Grand Lodg Book.

v1 11
A N Y Ferson desireous of being made a Mason Shall be reported a Lodge night b-fore his making by a Member of the Lodge and if not well known Shall ba farther reported to the Grand Secretary nit11 his Name, Occupation, and place of Abode3 mitl.1 the intended time of his makeing, that the Secretary may make a Strict Enquiry into his Character, (and if approv'd off) Shall pay 1.5, one pound five shillings one moiety to be spent as a Wellcome t o the New BroT. and the Other part to be p u t in ye Chest of this Lodqe and a t his making Shall Cloath the Lodge if Requir'd and when Enter'd Shall be Register'd in the Grand Lodge Book. I IX W H E N any Mason is desireous of becoming a Member of this Lodge he Shall be Reported a Lodge Night before, as above and Balloted for and when Admitted, Sball pay gi16"&e # e h a d O n Shilling 10 the Grand Secretary me for Registering him to the Number of this Lodge. X
I

IF any B'. in the Lodge Curse, Swear, lay, or offer to lay Wager or use
any Reproachful Language in derogation of GODS NAME and Corruption of good Manners, or Intrupt any Officer while Speaking, Shall be Fin'd a t the Discretion of the Master & Majority.

1%'any Member of this Lodge come disguis'd ill Licquor he Shall be ' ~ d m o n i s h ' dby the Mastr. for the First Offence, for the 2d Offence he Shall be Fin'd One Shillg. for the 3d he Shall bn Exclt~dedW-ithoutCertifycate or Benefit from tlle Lodge and reported to the Grand.
ALL Fines, dues, &c. that Shall or may become due to the Lodge Shall Be paid the 3d. Lodge Night after they are due, Otllerwise the Transgreisor Shall have no Vote in the Lodge and if not Clear'd on St J O I I N S day Shall be Excluded.
l

XI11 THAT on a Lodge Night in the Masters absence the Past. Mastr. may take his Place, and in his absence by the Sen'. Warden, and in his Absence by the JunT. Warden and in the absence of all the Officlrs, tlle Members according to Seniority and Merritt Shall fill the Absent Officers places &c. And the absent Officers, on Regular Lodge Nights or otherwise duly summon'd Shall be Fin'd a discretional fine over and above the Common fine of Private Members.

1754 April the Ph. Amendment on the Opposite Agreed that Each absent Officer (Viz. Master & Wardens) on proper Lodge nights or otherwise duly Summon'd) bs fin'd as follows that is to say The Master Shall
S D
I

be fin'd 1 6 each Warden one shilling this method to hold in full force and Virtue during the Continuance of this Lodge. XI111 T H A T the Mastr. have full power and Authority to Call a Lodge of Emmergency, when all the b l e m b r e to attend on Proper S U ~ K O : ~ ~ .
/

xv
T H A T the Box, Money, and Furniture of this Lodge be in the care of Some Responsable Bror. as the Master and Bi-ethren Shall think Sufficient. And the Money be disposed off for the Advancement of the Lodge, $ Cenefit of the Crethren. XVI T H E Secretary Shall keep a Regular Registery of all tho Members According to the Form laid down for tlle Same And proper minutes of the Transactions (that are proper to be wrote) and the same to ba laid before the Grand Once a Quarter if Requir'd. XVII T H A T no disputes arise between any Brethren in the Lodge but if any dispute shou'd happen out of the Lodge Concerning Masonry or Otherwise (which they can't decide bstween themselves) to prevent Vexatious Law suits, such disputes or Controversies shall be laid before the Lodge and there decided if pofsiable but in case such Brethren Shall not then Agree, t h e Master Shall Order his Secretary to take minutes of such disputes &c. and lay tlle same, before the Grand on their next meeting, when such Brethren are to attend and Agree as the Grand Shall Order but in case such Bro8. will not then Agree to the decision of the Grand, Such Bros. Shall have no Certificate, for ever Excluded and deem'd unworthy of the Society. XVIII T H A T the Master and Brethren oft this Lodge have full power t o make, Amend, or Explain these or such Other By-laws, Rules, and, Orders, as the Shall think Most proper & Convenient for the good of this Lodge and the C r a f t in General, But first to lay such Amendments or Additions before the Grand (for the Benefit of the Regular Antient Lodges) and leavs Copies of the Same if requir'd.

'

118

7 ' ~ t r t r s n c t i o ~ ~ s t h e Quatztnr Coronati Lodge. of

XIX T H A T every New Mason Shall pay t h e Tyler One ~ h i l l ~ n g every Mason and who Enter's as a Member 6 pence And t h e Tyler take Particular Care not to admitt any Visiter a second who doth not belong t o a Regular Antient Lodge.
XX T H A T thefe Rules & Orders be Read by the Secretary or some Other Bror. Ey the Masters Order. To every New Member And otherwise as Occasion shall Require in the Lodge.

XXI
T H A T what ever is acted or Spoke in this Lodge, Shall not be discours'd nor Mention'd out of this Lodge to any Person whatsoever Except the present Members of this Lodge aforesd. under the Penalty of one Shillg. for the First offence and Double for the 2d and trible for t h e 3d &c. XXII IF a Complaint be brought against a B'. by another and be found Guilty, he Shall Stand t o the Determination of the Lodge B u t if a Complaint be brought against a BroT. wherein the Accuser can't Support his Complaint to Conviction, Such Person Shall Forfeit Such penalty as t h e person so Accused Shou'd have forfeited had he been Really Convicted on Suoh Complaint. XXIII IF any Membzr of this Lodge withdraw and Form a Lodge without Leave and Irregularly Make Masons, they Shall not be admitted (no not as Visiters) in any Lodge (tho: the Brethren so made may be allow'd) until they make full satisfaction Render a good Reason and due Submilsion for their Offence. XXIV T H A T no Mason be Admitted t o Visit this Lodge b u t such as are Mastr. Masons, least we hinder or distroy the Harmony of Working Master Masons.

xxv
A N D if any Member of this Lodge be guilty of any Misdemeanor not Specified in the aforesd. Rules and Orders he or they Shall be Dealt with a t the Discretion of the Lo'dge. We the of Our Lodge wholesome for as witnefs our Master Wardens and Deacons with the rest of our fellow Members No. 20 do approve of the following Rules and orders as good and the good Government of this Lodge t o which we mutually Submit hand. October 2d. 1753. William Fox Tho". Wier Paul Blunt William Green Sam'. Hutchins Robt. Barnett William Corp Thomas Dowsett J n O . Forsaith Cgeorge Lankston

2753 OctoT. John MCormick M Saml. Galbraith S.W. James Bedford J.W. Noblet OKeeffe Secrety . Tho8. Warren Discharged John Finch Tho". Stones John Scofield John Hosier Fenwick Widdrington J a m e s Newham Wm. Healy John Summers John Haughton John Hogan William Bickerton

TRANSACTIONS. 1753 July 9 Constituted after t h e Antient Manner and form of YorkMasons by the Mast'. of No. 16 and proper aisistance (Vide Visiters) Closed at 10 with good Harmony. Lodge Night M'. & We. present Open'd 8 o'clock 1; B : Call'd off a t 9 . Clos'd a t 10 o'clock with good Harmony. Lodge opend a t 6 o'Clock when Bro'. Galbraith gave a Lecture in the first Branch Master Present C10s'~a t 10 with Harmony. Lodge Night Mr. & Sen'. Warden present Open'd a t 7 o'clock 1: B : Call'd off a t 9 Recd. B'. Haket's Petition (Vide Cash Acct? for t h e Rest) Clos'd a t 10 with good Harmony. M'. JnO. Scholefield Reported by the Master & Sen'. Warden to be made a Mason on our Regular Lodge night next ensuing. Lodge opend a t 6 o'clock M. Present B'. Lewis gave a Lecture in t h e Craft Closd a t 10 with good harmony. MT. J o h n Cleminson Reported by t h e Master Br. Stone & Bror. Lewis M. No. 4 t o be made a Mason on our Regular Lodge Night Next Ensuing. M. P. .Closda t 10 with good Harmony

16 Aug". 6 20

N.B. SepT. 3d N.B.

17th. Lodge open'd a t 6 o'clock as Useal. d)ctor. l".

Lodge opend a t 6 o'clock M., P. Bror. Lewis gave a Lecture in the first Branch when Bror. Scovill. Bror. Cleminson was made A n Enter Apprintice in Our Regular Lodge. Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony. TRANSACTIONS.

1753 Octor. 15th.

Lodge open'd a t 6 o'clock M. P. Bror. Fenwick Weddrington, Bror. James Newham enter'd ,Enter Apprintice, Bro'. Galbraith gave a Lecture in the first part. BroT. Bcovill Raisd. a fellow Craft in our Regular Lodge. Closd. a t 10 with good Harmony. Lodge opend. a t 6 o'clock Master absent till 9 o'Cloclr Bror. Clemlnson Raisd. a fellow Craft, Bro'. Warren Demanded a discharge which he got. Bror. Lewis master of No. 4 gave a Lecture in t h e Second Part, Closd. a t 10 with good Harmony. Reported by Bror. Finch Mr. Byrne, Reported by Bror. Stone Mr. Sam'. Welbeck both to enter into our Regular Lodge. Lodge of Immergencey Calld by the Worshipful1 Masters Ofders and BroT. Scofield was Raisd. a Master Mason and part of a Lecture Given by t h e Senior Warden in the Chair. Lodge Opend. a t 7 o'clock Master Present Bro'. Cleminson Raisd. a Master Mason, BroT. Wetherinton was made a Craft, also BroT. Welbeck was enter'd as an aprentice, t h e Senior Warden and Closd. a t 10 Junior Warden find for Cursing and Smaring. o'clock With Good Harmony. Lodge Met According t o Order M. P. present Bror. Galbraith, BroT. Finch, Bro'. Stone, Bror. Cleminson. Bror. Finch Reported MT.Chevileer. Closd. a t 10 o'clock With Good Harmony.

Novr. 5th.

llth.

Novr. 17th.

23d.

TRANSACTIONS. Lodge open'd a t 7 o'clock M. P . Bror. Welbeck was made a fellow Craft Bro'. Galbrzith gave a Lecture in the firs5 part. Closd. a t 10 o'clock with Good Harmony. Lodge Opend. a t 6 o'clock Master Present Bror. Wedderingtorl was R a i ~ a ~Master Mason the Brethren by a General1 Consent ' Elected t h e Master in the Chair for the Insuing half year and also the Senior and Junior Wardens for the Same, It was also Unanin~ously Agreed i t being lodge Night to Cliuse Officers that all Members Absent Should be find. the Sum of 4 pence. Extraordinary Lodge, Closd. a t 10 with good Harmony. Lodge Open'd on Immergency a t 6 o'clock M. P . Bror. Welbeck was Raisd. a Master Mason, the Lodge Agreed on St. Johns Day dinner, and paid thier Money. Bror. Galbraith Reported Mr. Wm. Healy to be a Member of this Most HonbIe. BE Antient Lodge of Free an Accepted Mason Closd. a t 10 o'clock with Good Harmony. Lodge opend. a t 7 oClock Master Present Mr. Wm. Healy was made an Enterd. Apprentice. Bror. Galbraith gave a Lecture in t h e first part, it was unanimously agreed by t h e Lodge t h a t Bror. OKeeffe Secretary of the Lodge Shoud be Allowd for his trouble S d. 1 from each New Made Member & 6 for a Member that enterd. Closd a t 10 with good Harmony. TRANSACTIONS. Lodge opeli'd a t ' o'clock Master Prest. Bror. Healy Raisd i a fellow Craft. Bror. L . Dermott G.S. Gave a Lecture in the Second part Closd a t 10 with good Harmony. Lodge opend a t 7 o'clock Master Present Bror. Healy Raisd a Master Mason, Bror. Colenlan gave a Lecture in the Master, Bror. Galbraith R e p ~ r t ' M'. H. Butcher, Mr. R . Gibs, Mr. John ~ Summers ClosQt 10 with good Harmony. Lodge opend a t 7 oclock M. P . M".John Summers made an Enter apprentice Bror. Galbraith gave a Lecture in the first Branch Closd a t 10 with good Harmony. Marcli
,

4th. lath.

Lodge opend a t 6 oClock M. P. master gave a Lecture in the first Branch Closd a t 10 with good 'Harmony. Lodge opend a t 6 oclock Master present Bror. Summers RaisJd a fellow craft, Bror. Galbraitli gave a Lecture in the first Branch, two petions for Charity, presented to our Lodge which thier Nanles Bror. Mathew Finley, Bror. Nicholas Bryn. Closd a t 10 with good Harmony. i t was likewise offerd by the Master whether or noe, by an agreement made by the masters of t h e Regular York Lodges. 'TRANSACTIONS.
t

[Mch. 2gth or] [April lst ?l

Lodge opend a t 6 oClock M. P. Bror. Hogan & Bror Beckerton Enterd as Members in our Lodge Bror. Galbraith Gave a Lecture in the First Branch Calld off to Refreshment a t 9, Closd a t 10 with Good Harmony.

toclye S o . 20, Ar~tz'e?ats.

Lodge of Immergency call'd M. P. BroT. Galbraith gave a Lecture in the Enterd. Apprentice, i t was agreed by t h e Members that each Absent officer (Viz) Master & Wardens, on proper Lodge Nights, or otherwise duly deeked Summon'd be finJd as follows, S d S that is to say, Master shall be finld 1 6, eaoh warden 1 this method to be in full force and Vertue as Long as t h e Continuance of this Lodge, Members present, M. Bro'. Galbraith. S.W., B. Bedford J . W . , BroT. O'Keefe S., Bro'. Stone, Bro'. Houghton, Bro'. Hogan, B. Hosier , C10s'~a t 10 with Good Harmony. Lodge open'd 7 o'clock Mr and Ward? psent B' Dermot gave a Lecture in the Z d : B : Call'd off a t 9 o'clock Call'd on a t 4 h r : after 9 Clos'd a t 10 with good Harmony. i t is agreed t h a t a Lodge of Emmergency by call'd to which all the members of this Lodge shall be summon'd and upon his or their negleact to answer such summons h e or they shall be Reported to Grand &c. M'. Wm. Fox Reported the W". MastT. and agreed t h a t he the sd. M'. Wm. Fox be made a Mason in this Lodge on our next Lodge Night. TRANSACTIONS. 1754 April 2gth. Lodge of Emmergency Mastr. & Wards psent. Open'd a t 7 o'clock Call'd off a t 9, Call'd on a t &h; after 9 Clos'd 10 with good Harmony. Lodge open'd a t 8 o'clock M. P . & Wardens. BroT. Dermott G.S. gave a Lecture in t h e l". B. Bro'. Wire Reported to become a Member of our Lodge by Bror. Galbraith, Call'd off t o Refreshment a t 9 oClock, Closd.'at 10 with Good Harmony. M. Present & Wardens. Bror, Lodge open'd a t 9 oClock. Wier E n ~ e r a ~ ' Member, M'. Wm. Fox was made an Enter Apprentice Bro'. Galbraith Gave a Lecture in t h e first part. Call'd off to Refreshment a t 10. Closd. a t 104 with Good Harmony. June 3d. Lodge Night M' and Wards. present ,Openld 2 : B : Crafted B'. Wm. Fox Fin'd B'. Wederington (for swearing) one penny BT. Healey fin'd (for absence) two pence Call'd off a t 9 Clos'd a t J h : past ten and hope to have better Harmony on our next meeting. TRANSACTIONS. Lodge open'd a t 7 oClock M. Present, busenefs Calld. on to Raise Bror. Fox a Masber Mason, likewise Master and Wardens to be chose for the Ensueing half year Bror. Bedford J . W . Chose Master, Bror. O'Keeffe S.W., BroT. Warren J . W . , BroT. ~edford fin'd for Swearing Id Bror. Hosier Do. Bror. Weddrington Do. a dispute between Bro'. Bedford, & Bror. Weddrington, in Regard of Zd find. Levied upon him which was left to four Masters of Different Regular Lodges which are Bror. MOInstoshNo. 3 Bror. Glover 11 Bror. Norton 16, Bror. Scurlock 18 which given against Bror. Weddrington which he made proper Submiision Calld off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd. a t 11 with good Harmony. N.B. Bror. Weddrington ommitted paying his fine. Lodge open'd a t two a t Noon being the festival of St. John, Calld of to Refreshment a t three Calld on in order to make BroT.
\

May

6m.

'

J u n e 17th.

Trat~sactio~~s t h e Qiiut(~orCoronati Lodge. of

Robert Whitehall an Antient Mason, he being a Moddren Mason before made him in all the parts, Master Enstalld. & Wardens all'^ off the Second time to Refreshment, Call'd on to work C10s'~ a t 10 with Good Harmony. J u l y the lst 1754
8

Lodge Night Mr. 15 Ward" present Open'd l : B : 4h : after Call'd off a t 4 h : after 9 Clos'd $ after l 0 with good harmony.

15th.

Lodge open'd a t 8 oCloclr M. P. & W'. opend in the 1: B : a Lecture by Bror. Galbraith, Calld. off to Refreshment a t 94, Closd. a t 10; with Good Harmony. Lodge of? Immergency Calld. Bror.MDCCormuck P.M. took the Chair for to make Mr. Paul Blunt, Mr. Wm. Green Masons, which they here made Enter apprentice and fellow Craft, in this Most Noble and Antient Society off free and Accepted Mason. Calld. off to Bror. Galbx-aith gave a Lecture in the first part Refreshm,ent a t 94 Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony, the above was Reported by Bror. Warren J . W . Lodge openId a t 8 o'clock M. P. S. W. P. J. W. Absent, Calld.. off to Bror. Galbraith Gave a Lecture in tlie first part Refreshment a t 94 Closd. at 104 with Good Harmony, paid Bror. S d Galbraitll 16-114, in part off 2 3 8 4 which is due to him, for advancing, for the Support off the agreeable Lodge N o : 20 Bror. Hogan Declard. off this Night, on account, t h a t he was not willing to pay into the Grand Lodge is dues, it was agreed by the whole t h a t was present, t h a t Bror. Galbraith shou'd be paid the above sume that was in the chest, Present, M : S : W : Do. Bror. Healy S : D : Bror. Hoesier, Bror. Hogan. TRANSACTIONS.

27th.

AugSr. Gth.

1754 Augst. lgth.

Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock Master present and Wardens Bror : Blunt & Bror Green Raisd. Master Masons Calld. off to Refreshment a t 9$ Closd. a t 1 0 i with Good Harmony.

Sepr 2d.

Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock Master & Wardens Present Bror. Dermott Gave a Lecture in the first part Bror Blunt Requir'd a Certificate has he his goeing to Jemecia which he has Recd. honourably, as he paid all his Dues in our Lodge No. 20 honourably. Calld. off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd. a t 109 With the most pleasant and agreeable Harmony. B : Worshipful1 Master paid B r d : Jones l8as he was ordefd By BroT. Galbraith & by the above Master to tile No. 20, paid BroT. Gouf let after the Lodge was Closd. until1 the Debate was Desided By Bror. Galbraith & tlie Above Gough Tyler. TRANSACTIONS.

1754 Sepr. 16th.

Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock M. P. & Wardens Mr. Hutchions Made A n Enter Apprentice Bror. GaIbraith gave a Lecture in the first part Calld. off to Refreshment a t 9J. Calld. on to work, two Letters p r o d ~ c 'by Bror. O'Keeffe in regard to Bror. ~ Houghton whether No. 20 shoud. pay towards his fees, ~ e t t l by '~ the Lodge to know how this money is to be paid before we agree. Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony.

Lodge N o . 30, A r ~ t i e ? ~ t s .
[Octr. 6th.] Lodge not open'd on acct. off not having the Key nor Sufficient Members to open the Lodge, i t was agreed by the Majority present M : & Bror. Galbraith to fine all Absent Members, Bror. Summers sent five shillings for his absence with a letter off Excuse in Regard to clear the Book next Lodge Night, agreed to fine Bror. 0 Keeffe S : W . for Neglecting t o send his Key, or the masters which he had Departed after nine oClock paid for Bror. Houghton to Release Sd him out off confinement 3.6. Lodge opend. a t 8 oClock M. P. & Ward"? Bror. Hutchins Raisd. a fellow Craft & Master Mason, Calld. #off to Refreshment Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony. TRANSACTIONS. 1754 Novr 4th. Lodge met as usual the Senior Warden present but went away before the Lodge was opend, for wch it is left a t the Descretions of the Master and the rest of the Brethren to fine him t h e next Ensueing Night, no officer present when the Lodge was open'd the pafs Master in the Chair, .when the, Lecture was given in the first part by Bror. Galbraith, who acted as Master Lodge a t 9 and d closd. with a good harmony a t 10. BroT. Healy finId for Swearing 1. Lodge open'd a t 72 oclock M. P . & Wd3. Bror. o Keeffe paid for his Neglect in not coming upp to open the Lodge the last Lodge Night, Bror. Warren find. 1'. for his Neglect in not Coming to his Lodge he being J. W. Bror. MCcCormickP. M. gave a Lecture in the first part, Calld. off too Refreshment a t 93 Calld. on to work Closd. a t 104 with Good Harmony. Lodge opend. a t 8 oclock M. P . & S : W. agreed by No. 3. No. 20, No. 36, That each Lodge shall dine a t Bror. Bedfords next St. John's day and No. 20, St. John day following, & a t Bror. Hutchins after, signd. by agreement by M. No. 3 & J.W , M. No. 20. & S. W. No. 36, M. & S. W, paid t o Bror. Jackson, S. W. No. 5 for S d Bror. Evans, he being ill, 2.74 Calld off to Refreshment at 94 Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony. TRANSACTIONS. 1754 Decr. 16th. Lodge open'd a t 72 M. P . & Wardn8. in ordr. to Elect officers for the Ensuing half year, Bror. O'Keeffe Elected Master, Bror. Warren S : W. Bror. Stones J : W . Bror. Healy S : D . Bror. Hosier J : D. Bror. MccCormick P : M. of this Lodge, offerd off his own free will to Stand Secretary for t h e Ensuing half year Calld. off to Refreshments a t 99 Closd. a t 108 With t h e most agreeable Harmony it is agreed by t,he Hole t h a t the Deacons Shall be find. d 9 for their Nights absent. Lodge open'd. M. P . & S. W . noe Lecture as there was but 4 Members present, Closd. a t 10 with Harmony. Lodge Opend a t 7 oclock M : P . & Jr. Wd. Brother Galbraith gave a Lecture in ye First P a r t Calld of to refreshment a t 9 Receivd t h e Order of the Stweards Lodge in regard to Bro Mitchals Funaral, as several Members being absant ye money was not Collected Calld on to work a t 10 Closd a t 10 and half with Harmony.

[Octr. 2lSt.]

LNovr.] I F h .

Decr. [2"d.]

L 17551 Jan". 6th.

Jan". ye 20th.

124

Trnnsacfions of ~ J L P Q ~ I O ~ I I O T Coronnti L o c l g ~ .
I

[FebY.

3rd.]

TRANSACTIONS. Lodge opend a t 7oClock Master and S. Warden pres$nt a Lecture in ye first P a r t was giver. by ye Past Master Br MCOCormick Calld of to refreshment a t 9 Clos'd with harmony a t Ten. Brother Hoziar fin'd for swearing-one penny. Lodge opend. a t 8 oClock M.P. Wds. Absent Bror. Galbraith J : G. W . Gave a Lecture in the first part Calld. off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony. Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock B' McOCormickP . M. in ye Chair ye Master and Wardens absent also Keys & the Keys of ye Chest yt none of ye Uutencials Could be had a t ye Opening to ye Closing of ye Lodge Clos'd with harmony.

[Febj-. ITth.]

March ye 3 : 1755.

March ye 17 : 1755. Lodge met and opend a t six oClock ye Master presant as Usual with good harmony.

Closd

[ ? l
April1 7

Lodge of Immergency calld. in ordr. t o pay thier dues to the Grand Calld. off to Refreshment Closd. a t l 0 with Good Harmony Master & J. W . present. Lodge opend as usual Master presenh, Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony. Calld off to Refreshment,

TRANSACTIONS O F T H E LODGE No. 20. April ye 21: 1755. Lodge mett whas Open'd by B' J n o Hofier By reafon no other Member or officer whas preafant, & Clofd i t with y i t h the Aiiitance of Vif;ting Bra. May ye 5 : 1755 Lodge met and opend a t 8 OClock Brother Galbraith Past Master in the Chair, Brother Robert Barnet was made an Enter'd prentice Mason Calld off to refreshment a t 9 Closd a t ten with Harmony. May ye 18: 1755 Lodge calld on emergency t o report Mr. TVm Corp as being worthy of this Honorable sociaty. The master in ye Chair asisted by B' Galbraith and Br MCormick Closd with Harmony. May the 19: 1755 Lodge Night Brother Galbraith P. M. in ye Chair gave's Leture in the F. B. i t was p u t to Ballat Whether or no the abstant Members should be Excluded which was Carried by ye Majority for, Calld off to refreshment a t 9 Closd at with Harmony. TRANSACTIONS. 1755 May 25th.
i

Lodge of Immergency call'd Mr. Wm. Corp made an Enter apprentice m'. Wm Tompson Reported By Bror. Galbraith J. G : W to be worthy t o be admitted in our Regular Lodge of free an Accepted Antient Masons Calld. off to Refreshment. Closd with Good Harmony. N. B. Bror. Thomas Dowsett Reported t o become a member in our Regular Antient Lodge by Bror. Galbraith J : G. W. he being worthy of being a member, by his Certificate from No. 218 in Ireland.

Lodge S o . 20, Antienta.

125

J u n e ye 2 : 1755 Lodge met and open'd a t 7 O'Clock 7" W . M. presalit Brother Barnett was r a ~ a' ~ master Mason a Lecture Given by Brother Galbraitll in ye first Branch Calld of to refreshment a t tell an closd with IIarmony. J u n e loth Lodge off Imn~ergeiicycalld. M. Present Bror. Corp Raisd. a fellow Craft NIp. J o h n Forsaith Reported arid wade a n Enter apprentice in this most honourable & Antient Society of free and acceptsd mazons Calld. off t o Refreshment a t 10, Closd. a t 102 with the nlost agreeable harnloily Poisible. TRANSACTIONS C O N T I N U E D . J c n e ye 2 : I ? 16th.] Lodge met and opeiid a t 7 O'Clock M' presant B' Corp was made a Master Mason also B' Foresaith was made a The Lodge according to anual Custolii Calld to fellow Craft, Election for Officers for ye ensuing half Year, when Brother Tho'. Warren was duly Elected as Master, BP Doweett as S Warden and B' Barnett J Warden B' Hosiar Senior deacon B' Corp J deacon Calld of to refreshment a t 9 clos'd a t ten with harmony.

Lodge of Imerginsy czlld to make BP Foresaith a Master mason The Masber in y' Chair Clos'd with Harinorly a t half after 10. Lodge met as usual the Master in the Chair Senior Wardell July ye 7t" . present J u n r 11" absent A Lecture in the first p a r t given by BrO. Galbraitli Opned a t eiglit 0 Clock and closd half after ten with the most agreable harmony. J U ~ Y 2lSt Lodge opend a t 8 oClock M. Absent S . W & J : W . C a l l h f f to present a Lecture in t h e first P a r t by t h e S : W Refreslimeilt Closd. a t 104 With Good Harmony TRANSACTIONS C O N T I N U E D . Lodge met as usual the Master and senior Warden present t h e Lodge opried at 8 o Cloc!r arid Closd with the ntost agreable harmony a t 10 0 Clack. 1 August the 13th Lodge Night 1' and Julier Warden presznd B' field Visiter t h e Lodge Opne'd a t 8 Call'd to Refreshnierlt a t 9 Clos'd a t 10 With good Harmony Er Earnet B' Corp BP forsitli paid two months Dues to the grand. Lodge opend. M. et Wd3. absent past. M took t h e Chair. Sepr lst Bror. mc"Cormk. gave a Lecture in the first p a r t i t wap agreed by t l ~ e a ~ o r i t ythis Night, t h a t the Master Shou'd be find. 6d over M & above is fines, Wds Do. Calld. off to Refreslimellt Closd a t 10 with Good Harmony. Lodge opend a t 8 oClock M. S : W . Absent 16th Bror. Cormk. Gave a Lecture in the first Calld off to Refreshment. Closd a t 10 with Good Harmony. August ye 4t" P Lodge Opend a t 9 0 Clock B' MCCCormick . M. in yc Chair B' IIozier presant all ye rest of ye Members absant Wliicl~is agreed by ye Majortity yt Each member be find 4d over yc Comlnon fine Closd a t 9 & 4 with harmony. October ye 20: 1755 Lodge met and opend a t 8 0 Clock t h e W" P M Brother Galbraith in ye Chair and agreed by the Majority yt Each member absant Should be fined p' Last and t h a t all members should be October 6

Jur-? 23

126

Transactions of the Quattlor Coronnti Lodge.

summond next Lodge Night and in non-apearence to b d x c l u d e d Calld a t 9 & 4 and Closd a t 10 with harmony. Lodge met as usual Opned a t 8 0 clock no Lecture on acct of the busines of the night which was fixt on a regular footing which is t h a t Every brother pay his quarters dues t h e first Lodge night after St. Johns day next and Likewise the dues of the grand Lodge with some other irregularities rectefied likewise Bro. Clemenson readmited with universal aprobation Closd with the most agreable harmony a t al~nostten o Clock. Lodge Opend a t 8 o Clock M. S : W. J : W. absent P :M. in [Novr. 17th] S d the Chair. W : J : G : W. paid 2.6 for Bror. Cleminson's Entering by the Consent off the Transactions above. Bror Stones has Novr.
4
S

by the Unanimous Consent off the Lodge Agreed to pay 6 t h a t is for our Lodge, and t h e Grand, has we have agreed by the Cornplaint he made in regard off his Situation off life not being able to Support our Lodge, in regard of his family and trade, a Complaint made by the J : G : W . against Bror. McOCormuck in ragard off his going to the Stewdg.Lodge, and Exposd our Lodge to the R : W . G.Wds. &c. afsembld. t h a t our Lodge was going to Decay, and had noe Jewils to open the Lodge a t different times, woh. we considerd he had noe right to make a complaint without making his complaint first to our Lodge, and if our Lodge Shou'd not agree, then he is t o apply t o t h e Grand, for which mistake he has made Submifsion, but does insist t o have the affair settld. in the Stewards Lodge, the Report was made by Bror. Lewis, calld off to Refreshment. Closd a t 10 with Good Harmony. Decr. Lodge met as usual where all things Concerning the Lodge ware transacted Such as the dews of the same being regulated in order to have all things rectefied against the half years Election for Master, and Wardens with other Offiers and Likewise a lecture in the first part by BrO. MCormick BrO. 0 Keeffe in the Chair opned a t 8 o'clock Closd a t 10 with the most agreeafble harmony. 15th Lodge opend a t 8 oClock M : absent J I : W . prest. Bror. Cormk. P : M: in the Chair gave a lecture in the 1 : B : M : & Wd'. Chose for the Ensuing half year. Bror. Clemi~~son Elected M. BroT. Corp S : W. Bror. Hosier S : W . S : deacons not chose Calld off to Refreshment a t 94. Closd a t 104 with good Harmony. Lodge opend a t 7 oClock M : P. S : W. J : W. Do. noe lecture Worshipful1 Reported Mr. Geo. Lanstor to be be made, last St. John's Day. Calld off t o Refreshmt at 84. Closd. at 9 with ths Same Harmony as the former. TRANSACTIONS. 1756 Janry. lgth Lodge opend. a t 7 oClock M : P : & S : W . Bror. George Lankshn made an Enterd. Apprentice, Bror. Lewis M : 31 Gave a Lecture in t h e first part. Calld. off to Refreshment Closd. a t 10 with. Good Harmony. Lodge opend. a t 7 oClock M : & J : W . Present, Bror. Qalbraith gave a Lecture in the first P a r t , the above Reported, Robert EXickman, Sam'. Gwatkin t o be made Masons, in our Regular Antient Lodge, Calld. off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd at 10 with the Most Agreeable Harmony Pofsible.
lst

1756 [Jany. 6th]

Febry.

2d

Lodge N o . 20, B n t i e ~ ~ t s .
March the lat

127

Lodge night Master & Wardens present open'd a t 4 h. after 8 a Lecture in the 1 : B : Ey Bror. S. Galbraith J : G : W. Call'd, off a t 9 .Call'd on a t 10 and Clos'd a t 4 h. after with Good Harmony. Lodge opend. a t 8 o Clock M : P : Wd? abst. Bro'. MCcCormk. 15th Gave in the first part Calld. off t o Refreshment, Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony. April ye 5 : 1756 Lodge night Master absa?lt open'd a t 7 0 Clock Calld off a t 9 Clos'd a t ten and agreed by the Mijorty t h a t ye Master should b3 fined Six penoe over the Common fine in his Office for detaining the Jewal from ye Lodge. Closd with harmony. April ye 1 9 : 1756 Lodge met the master and S . W . absant B'. McCormick P. M. in the Chair opend in ye F. B. a t 7 0 Clock Calld off to refreshment a t 9 and agreed by the majority yt ye M. should be fined as p'. last and all other Members according the Rules of Sd Lodge Closd a t 10 with ye most agreeable harmony. May ye 3 : 1756 Lodge night M. and S. W. presant opend in the S . B. and mad B' Langstbne a fellow Craft Calld of to refreshmenL a t Closd a t 10 with Harmony. J u n e ye 7 : 1756 Lodge Night opend a t 9 0 Clock Mr. Absant with his Jewal F. W. and All members Except The J . W. Closd a t ten with Harmony. J u n e ye 21 : 1756 Lodge night M. presant opend ai, 8 0 Clock in ye first B when B' Kieff P. M. and B'. Warren P . M. required a discharge from ye Lodge which was granted and also agreed by ye Majorty yt ye Presant Officers should stand for ye insuing half year Calld of to refreshment a t 9 Closd a t 10 with harmony and all agreed t h a t Sd Lodge shauld meet ye Second and fourh Wednesday of ye Month insuing. July ye 1 4 : 1756 Lodge night M. presant opend 8 Calld of a t 9 Closd a t 10 .with harmony. J u l y ye 2 8 : 1756 Lodge met M'. Presant opend in ye F. B. Calld of to refreshment a t 9 and Closd a t 10 with harmony & %'. Finch Joined ye Lodge. August l l t h 1756 Lodge met a t 9 Call of to Refreshment a t half a nour after Nine M' : S : W . J : W . Absent and all brothers except B' Stone B' Finch Closed a t Ten with good Harmony.

Septr. ye gth Lodge met a t 7 Calld to Refreshment Master & S. W . absent Closed a t half an hour after Nine W - t h good Harmony. Septembor ye 2 2 : 1756 Lodge night the master and S. W. absant opend in ye First Branch and postpond the Businefs of ye Sd Lodge for the next Meeting Calld of a t 9 Closd a t ten with ye most agreable Harmony.

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NAMES. Time of Discharge. Reason Why.

Occupatior~ c place e of Abode.

Nohlet 0 ' ~ e e f f e The! MTarren Tho" Stones W". Healy John Hosier Jama. Bedford John McCormick Saml. Galbrait h John Summers Wm. Green Fenw"Weddrenton Sam'. Hutchins May 5 Robt. Barnett Saml. Welbeck 1755 May 25 llTn'. Colp June 2 ThoS. Dowsett Do. 10 JonO.Forsaith

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Victular a t ye Red Crofs in ye Millories. Lock Smith a t ye C:olrlcn Key tlcan street Soho Shooe Maker Great Arthur Street. Shaggreen Case Maker, Warwick Lane. Sl)ittle Fields. Brewer, Bell Lane,

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Transactions of the &t~attror'Coc.onntiLodge.

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' l ' r r ~ n ~ a c t i o n s t h e Q u a t u o r C'oronafi Lodge. o/

NOTES AND . QUERIES.

AISTER MASON, &C.-As bearing on the subject-matt-r of " ' Free-mason ' about 1700 A.D.," A l . Q . C . xxviii., 28 j1915), i t xray not bs out of place to note this extract from MSS. a t Tabley House, Cheshire, relating to the private chapel there, still in beautiful preservation :I t was begun upon the 29th day of J u n e A.D. 1675 upon a Tuesday, arid was finished within and completed A D. 1678, the last day of May. John Birchenough of Over Alderley, Maister Mason, Willianl Merriman of Nether Tabley, Chiefe Bricklayer, John Kell of Over Tablsy, Carpenter, and Ephraim Broadhurst of Nether Knutsford Joyner, who took his pattern from Brazeiinose College Chappell in Oxford. But Broadhurst dyed before the work was finished. *l/trsotl was equivalent to our present -4 r( h i t r c t . I t illay be remeillbered that .lfrr.ste~. W . B. HEXTALL. Bro. lsaac Chi1cott.-Subzcrib-rs to .l :Q.('. will recollect the portrait of the above-named in vol. xx., 27 (1907), where it is statsd that he was a member of the Loyal Mollmouth Lodge, and probably also of the " Royal Augustus " wllicli preceded it. Tlre I~'rrrn/nsons' (S/rctrterly R e v i e w for 1843, page 81, has the following : M o x ~ o u ~ ~ . - T hLoyal Lodge, 671, until lately nearly defunct, e has, through the industry and zeal of Bro. Isaac Chilcot, not only revived, but is actually in most excellent order, and rapidly increasing in numbsr and respectability, thirteen having been initiated, and as many joining; among the latter the High Sheriff. Bro. Chilcot's zeal is most commendable; he attributes his success entirely to having read and studied to the best of his power, t h e Masonic works of the Rev. Dr. Oliver. W.B.H. T h e Leland-Locke MS.-In 1883 Bro Rob2rt Freke Gould in his H z s t o r y he placed with The o f Freemaso7rry (i., 489) described this document-which Steinmetz Catechism ; The Malcolnl Canmore Charter, Krause's MS. ; The Charter of Cologne; end The Larmenius Charter, anlonq " Apocryphal lIanuscripts,"-as one " which all authoritizs, r r c r l l t For f , concur in regarding I n 1903 he szid f ( ' o , / c i c r H z k t o r ? ~o f Freemnsonry, as an impudent forgery." p 166) that " modern writers . . . regard it as a palpable fraud and wholly unwortlly of the critical acun-2n which has beell lavished on its contents." In " Notes on Historical Freerrasonry," published in The S o r t h ~ r : Freemnso7r ~ (Liverpool), February, 1906, his views appear to have been modified in consequence Ag of an article whicli had appeared in T h e SPIL] e (U.S.A.) for October, 1904, and in his paper in the former journal hs gave reasons whicli were conclusive t o his mind " with regard to the necessity that exists for a re-hearing of the evidence in the case of the Locke MS." Several writers in the late Eighteenth Century seem to have doubted the genuineness of t h e document, though amongst English Masons i t was accepted by both Antients and Moderns. Dermott printed i t i n full in the 2nd edition (1764) of his Alliman R e z o n , though curiously enough h e made no mention of i t in t h e 1st edition of 1756, three years after its publication in the Gentlema?a's i1fagazinr.l Noorthouck has i t in his edition of t h e C o n s t i t ? / 1 Probabl!- the earliest print of the document in a Masonic work is in The Pocket Gornpcrnion, published by J. Scott, London, 1764.

142

Transactions of the &uatuor Coronati Lodge

tions of 1784; and of course Preston and Oliver accepted it without question. Dr. F o r t Newtan, in T h e Builders (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1914, p. I l l ) , says of t h e document t h a t i t " is allowed by all to be genuine." Probably he speaks of his countrymen in t h e U.S.A., for in the present day few students could be found te here who would subscribe to such an opinion; and t h e f 0 1 l o w i n ~ ' ~ o from T h e Bodleian Qziarterly Record (Vol. I I I . , No. 26, p. 27) is therefore of great interest. . W.J.S. THE PHILOLOGIST AND THE FORGER.-The forger of literary and historical documents has many pitfalls in his path, b u t his fall is often long delayed. A forgery which for many years has found supporters is a masonic treatise entitled ' Certayne Questyons . . . Concernynge Maconrye; wryt.tenne by . . . Kynge Henrye t h e Sixthe . . . and . . . copyed by me Johan Leylande,' published in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1753, xxiii., 417, but stated t o be a reprint of E i n Brief won . . . Herrm Johann Locke (Frankfurt, 1748), where i t is said that the original manuscript is in the Bodleian ~ i b r a r ~No such manuscript, . however, has &er come to light, and Mr. Madan, in his S u m m a r y Catalogue, refers t o i t as mythical. A student of masonry recently made a special visit to Oxford with a view t o a further search for t h e treatise. because. as he said. ' masonicallv this is by no means as universally regarded as spurious as i t was some thirty or so years ago.' Needless to say, he did not succeed where Mr. Madan had failed, b u t t h e authenticity of t h e text was still undecided. It occurred to a member of t h e Staff to ask Mr. Onions, one of t h e editors of t h e N e w English Dictionnry, whether t h e treatise could possibly have been written as early as 1460. Mr. Onions kindly examined the text, and almost immediately denounced i t as spurious on account of the occurrence of t h e word ' kymistrye ' (chemistry), which is not found in English until about the year 1600 and which did not become common until the middle of the seventeenth century. By such slips is the forger betrayed. S.G.
J

Shakespeare a n d Freemasonry.-O,n p. 997 of his monumental work, T h e Great Cryptogram, Ignatius Donelly states :" Nicolai claims Bacon as the founder of Free Masonry," quoting from A S e w St~cdyof Shakespeare, p. 192. The purport of Donelly's book being to prove t h a t Bacon was tlie author of t h e Shakespeare plays, it became a matter of interest t o re-read these in order to discover what allusions, if any, there are to the Craft. Such reading brought t o light only a few passages which seem to have any reference; these are given below, but it is not suggested t h a t the list is complete, as other and less obvious phrases may be found by more diligent searchers.

(a)

TETdPEST, IV., i. Stephano and Trinculo steal the fine clothes hung on a line by Ariel.

T r i n : . . . we steal by line and level, an't like your grace. Steph. : I thank thee for t h a t jest, here's a garmect for't: wit shall not go unrewarded while I am king of this country. ' &a1 by line and level ' is an excellent pass of pate; there's another garment for't. I n HAMLET, I I . , ii., is an allusion which is somewhat inore involved: ( h ) H a m : I am but mad north-north-west; when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw. the Hoopoe is For ' Handsaw ' read ' Hernshaw,' a tribe of birds of one. I n Ancient Egypt i t was a sign of tlie rising of .the Nile when in a Southerly wind the riligration of the Hoopoe took place, and ~vheriin a Northerly mind the

iVotes and Queries.

L43

Hawks returned from their sojourn in Europe, it was a sign of the Nile falling. The star Sirius was in the ascendant _atthis time, and in Ancient Freemasonry this star was of importance. Earlier in this same scene is a speech by Polonius with.a deeper meaning: P o l : . . . I will find where truth is hid, though it were hid indeed within the centre. ( c ) I n L E A R , II., i., occurs this sentence: Glou: . . . The noble duke, my master, My worthy arch and patron, comes to-night. It probably has no hidden meaning, b u t of the three times t h e word is used by Shakespeare this is the only occasion i t appears as a noun. The other two cases, both unimportant, are :

(1) R I C H : 3, IV., iii., 2. Tyrrel (after the murder of the Princes) The tyrrannous and bloody deed is done, The most arch act of piteous massacre.
H E N : 8, I I I . , ii., 102. Wolsey: . . . Again there is sprung up A n heretic, an arch one, Crannier. ( ( l ) A more certain allusion appears in ANTONY and CLEOPATRA, I I . , iii., 8. A n t : . . . . . My Octavia, Read not my blemishes in the world's report: I have not kept my square; but that to come Shall all be done by the rule. . I n the foregoing scene, Maecenas speaks of Cleopatra: " She's a most triumphant lady, if report be square to her." The word ' Square ' is used with peculiar significance also in L E A R , I . , i., 75, where Regan protests : " . . . t h a t I profess Myself an enemy to all other joys Which t h e most precious square of sense possesses." The last pertinent reference in this short .list is found in H E N R Y 4, part 2, I I I . , ii. (e) Shallow (speaking of Falstaff's taking bribes to keep men out of the army) : H e is not his craft's master, he doth not do it right. The late Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence, in t h e course of one of his amusing letters on ' Bacon I S Shakespeare ' in the Referee, said t h a t t h e facts are known to members of the 33rd degree. It would be of great interest if the truth or otherwise of this statement could be ascertained, with due regard, of course, to all necessary caution. FRED GROVEPALMER.
(2)

Transactions of the Qtcatztor Coronnti Lodge.

OBITUARY.'

T is with regret that we have to record the death of the following

Brethren :George Atkinson, F.R.G.S., F.R.S.A., of Manchester, on 8th May, 1919. Bro. Atkinson held tlie rank of P.Pr.G.D. of East Lancashire. H e joined out Correspondence Circle in March, 1906. Rev. Edward Young Dixon, of East Griqualand, Natal, on the 13th May, 1919. A member of Lodge Umzimkulu No. 2113, who joined our Correspondence Circle in November, 1889. Alfred Sydney Gedge, F.C.A., F . I . D . , F.C.I.S., of Bromley, Kent, 011 1st April, 1919. Our Brother held the rank of R . S . G . D . , and that of P.Pr.G.Sc.N. H e became a member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1901, and for nlany years acted as Auditor of the Lodge acco 11 t?. Frederick Brand George, of Wells, Sonlerset, on 20th May, 1919P . P r . G . D . and P.Pr.G.St.B. (R.A.). He joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1911. Johannes M. Hamm, of London, on 17th May, 1919; a member of the Pilgrim Lodge No. 238, and Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies. He bscame a member of our Correspondence Circle in March, 1891. lrnre Kiralfy, of London, on the 24th April, 1919. Past Grand Deacon; Past Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.). H e joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1906. John William Lambton, of Preston, ~ b r t h Shields, on the 13th May, 1919. P.Pr.G.St.B. ; P.Pr.A.G.So. of Durham. H e became a member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1897. J Williarn Thomas Pegge, of London, on the 7th June, 1919. A P.M. of the Cheshunt Lodge No. 2921 and P.Pr.G.Sup.W. (R.A.) India (S.C.). He joined our Corraspondence Circle in June; 1906. Lieut.-Colonel Sisson Cooper Pratt, R.A., of Charminster, Dorset, on the 10th April, 1919. A Past Master of the Moira Lodge No. 92, and a Founder and Past Master of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. E. C. Rees, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 16th April, 1919. A P.M. of the Gosforth Lodge No. 1664, Northumberland. H e became a member of our Correspondence Circle in June, 1912. Sir William Vernon, Bart., of Chester, on the 24th June, 1919. P.Pr.G. S.B. (Staffs.), and a Life Member of our Correspondence Circle, wl~ich he joined in May, 1899.

FRIDAY, 3rd OCTOBER, 1919.

H E Lodge met a 5 Freemasons' ' Hall a t 5 p m . Present :-Bros. Gordon P. G. Hills, W.M. ; W. B. Hextall, P.G.D., P.M., as S.\\'. ; W. J . Songhurst, P.G.D., Secretary.
Also the following members of the Correspoildence Circle:: Bros. Lieut.-Col. D. M. Stewart, Theo. J. Salwey, J. Heron Lepper, A. Gilchrist, G . C. Pnrkhurst Raxter, S. J . Owers, ITaltcr Detves, J. Fletcher Porter, W. F. Stanffer, Robt. Colsell, P.A.G.D.C. (as J.W.), R. F. J. Colsell, A. H. Uymond,, Chns. J . Lnker (as I.G. ). Edw. T. Pryor, G. R. Cummings, F. Gildcrslerrcs, Rev. F. Bnvin, Dis.G.M., Jamaica, Alexander S. Ehcon, L. G. \\Tca~.i~~g, D. Sido, and C. F. Sykcs. Earl
'

Also the folloning Visitor :-Bro.

G. Chcrry, P.C;.\Tnrden, Tictorin.

Letters of apology for n1)scncr were rcportcd from Bros. Edmnrd C'lndcr, R. H. Baxtcr, F. H. Golduc~y,8. T. Kl(\in, Herbcrt Bradley, 1,. Tlbcrt, John T 'Il~orp.Canon 'Horslo~-,J. E. S. Tuclcc~tt,\Tlllinm \Vatson, 2nd Cccil Poncll.

The \\'.M. rend tlic folloning :-

*
IN MEMORIAM.

Brethren, i t is with very sincere regret t h a t I have this evening t o announce t h e death of our esteemed P.M.,

Our brother's health had for some time been failing under pressure of ~vorlr and anxieties imposed by t h e conditions of t h e times On August 6 t h he wrote to Bro. Songhurst telling him t h a t h e was obliged t o go into a nursing home in view of a serious operation, which we hoped might have restored him t o us again, b u t this was not t o be, and he passed t o his rest on Saturday, ,August 23rd, 1919. Bro. Macbean's name stood as t h e fifth on our roll of members, so t h a t his death breaks a link we shall indeed miss with t h e membersliip of t h e early days of t h e Lodge. A few years since h e was taking a n active p a r t in our proceedings, despite t h e long journgy from Glasgow which his attendance entailed. Necessarily, of late, vie had not seen so much of h;m, but his keen interest in the Lodge remained unabated, and h e was ever ready to give his aid and couiisel when called on. H i s last attendance a t t h e Lodge was on 8 t h November, 1916, and those of us who attended t h e meeting a t Hastings in 1913 will cherish the msmory of Ero. Macbean's mosh recent attendance a t one of our Outings. EDWARD MACBEAN was born i n America in 1845, b u t his earliest recollections were associated with t h e Island of Ceylon, where, for some years, his father held a chaplaincy. Afterwards i t fell to his lot t o travel very extensively, and t o visit India, Egypt, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, and to make

146

Tr(rn\ctcfio~rro f t h r ()tr~ctcror C o r o n ~ t iL o c J ~ P .

more tlian one voyage round t h e world. About 1875 he settled down definitely to mercantile purbuits; and entered into business a t Glasgow, in a firm of which Ile co~ltinued the active head till his death. Brother Macbean was initiated in S t . John's Lodge, Glasgow, N,o. 3 his, in 1884, and in 1885 became a companion of the Royal. Arch in Glasgow Chapter, No. 50. H e was also a full nlznlber of N a r y Cllapel Lodge, No. 1, Edinburgh, Iiad been accorded hoaorary membership of several other Masonic bodies, and had Iield t h e offic- of Grand Steward in the Grand Lodge of Scotland. Passing t h e Chair in his Mother Cllapter, our Brother became a Founder, and afterwards Treasurer, of H i n g Solomon's Cllapter, No. 2029 (English Constitution), and P a s t Grand Chancellor of tl;e Grand Chapter of Scotland. An lionour mucll valued by our Brother was his appointnlent as Grand Representative of t h e G r a i d Chapter of Maine a t the Grand Cllapter of Scotland, conferred a t the instance of tliat distinguished American Brother-the late Josiali H. Drummond. Brotlier Macbean had made his mark in essays on iC!/ttr7,01i.sr~l, l<!/yljtkn9z A I f ! / ~ ~ f r r iand , kindred subjects, as well as in papers dealing with subjects relative ~.v t o t h e Craft, in his X o t r s 0 1 1 t h e H i s t o r y of ,Scotfis2L Crccft Al/tr.sonr!/, arid T o t e s 017. ('rcrft t't;rrr/~otrinI,when, in May, 1887, Ile became an early member of our Correspondence Circle, which had only come into being in Februarv of t h a t year. 0 1 &y 1 ! a 4tl1, 1888, lie was elected t o the full membership of the Lodge, and a p ~ o i n t e dSteward by Brother W . Simpson a t t h e installation meeting of t h a t year. H e served co~ltinuouslyin the subordinate offices for seven successive years leading u p to his occupation of the Cllair in 1895-6. Bro. Macbean's inaugural address took the form of a review of the work of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge u p t o t h a t date, comprising the first ten pears of its existence. Some pleasant light, is thro\vn, in the course of t h e address, upon tlle relations. between t h e then n~embersof tlie Lodge. The newly-installed Master spoke of his special indebtedness to sollle of tile Brethren, and proceeded to say : Bro. Spetll is my sponsor in this Lodge, and to llim I an1 indebted for liaviilg become a member of 2076. Bro. Hugllan has been my guide, philosopher, and friend masonically for many years: and to Bro. Simpson (formerly known as Crinlean or Indian Simpson), a respected and esteemed P . M . of this Lodge, 1 owe in some measure my fondness for Eastern Worships: while our dear Bro. Rylands, of a n entirely different cast of tllought t o the above, has done inore t o disabuse me of false teaching t h a n any other person I know. Bro. Macbean read before the Lodge papers on S c o t t i s h I"rrert~tc.qorlry ill /I t h e prp.vrtlt E r ( / : T h r fortnntiotc o f t h r Grcclrd L o d g r o f , V r o t l ~ ~ ?and Jfu.?ter .lC(rson.~ o t h r tft.or,*tzof , Y ~ ~ t l ( c l z d . ( S . t f .i., 254: iii., 172: vii., log), all valuabls t (A assets in the treasury of our Trrr,,strrfiot2.s, and his Memoir of his friend, our P . M . Willian~ Simpson, t h e great W a r Correspondent and Artist. expresses n tribute of admiration and affection, in which the warm heart of t h e author is plainly evinced. Tlie list of Reviews appearing in our pages shou~st h a t our Brother gave useful service t o the Lodge in t h a t respect. H i s contribution dealing with our late Brother J . Ross Robertson's Histor?/ o f I,or/!/r F o r t r o s r , Stortznrc.n?/,' is a t son.? length, and in his happiest vein. Bro. Macbean there mentioned the pleasure he had experienced when, in t h e summer of 1903, h e visited. Bro. Robertson a t Toronto, and during his entertainment was conducted over the " Children's Hospital," t h e " Lakeside Co~lvalescent Hon~es," and kindred ;nr,titutions ill wllich our lamented Cailadian Brother was so deeply interested. It was owing to llis intimacy with Bro. Ross R.obertson t h a t Bro. Macbean wished

1 Rc~icx~l-s h\- Hro. E. 3Iacbean npprar in .l.(,).('. r h f as.follon.s:-7~rou~ T , i ! / h f . I)a\-id \Tillox, \ i i . , 93: l - ~ t r r ( ~ ! : 'fo / /~ ~ / P 1f1111, D. 37. 1-11.. 95: ( / P I l l r ~ ~ f ~ rT ,~ tdi! / ~ , l r r n s l c ! / . E . T. Great11;irh: ant1 S t . .7ohn Bootist L o ~ ~ P , r n T F::'.rr%f~r. ... Andrell- H o p e , r i i i . , 4 1 : T,o(lr/~o f F'r,rtrtuT~.T,crnrtrster. H . h n g m a n . \-111..4.5: ( ' r n t ~ n n r of Lot10.r ('onrordin, R t r l t i m ~ r r . E . T . Schultz, r i i i . , 166: !~ T,od!/r of Fortrose. S f o r ~ n l r o y , . Rots Robertson, X\-iii.. 235. J

Trn?s.snctions of tltr Qlrcctuor C ' o r o ~ ~ n T,orfgr. li

147

himself t o p u t o n record in t h e T r c r 7 i . w c f i o t ~ ~ &fenioir of o u r l a t e colleague, a a desire only relinquished owing t o t h e c o n d i t i o ~ i sof over-work a n d s t r a i n w h i c l ~ , a s we npw see, led u p t o t h e sad event me record t o - d a y . Bro. Macbean h a d e x t e n d e d his &lasoiiic activities beyond t h e bounds of , C r a f t a n d A r c h Masonry a s a member of K n i g h t h o o d of t h e Temple, a n d k i n d r e d O r d e r s a n d degrees. He was also a m e m b e r of t h e Rosicrucian Societies of E n g l a n d a n d Scotland.

Bro. J. E. S. Tuckett was elected Master of the 1,odge for the ensuing ycnr; Bro l\'. H. Rylands was elc,ctcd Trrasurcr; and Bro. J. H. MrS:~ughton was re-elected Tylcr.

Forty-three Brethren and tq-o Lodges n e r e admitted to men~bershipof the Correspondence Cirrle.

Congratulations nere offered t o the following memhers of t h r Lodge slid Coyrespond~nceCircle who were n ~ p o i n t e d (or promoted) 'to Grand Office :it tlie Pcncc. Celebration. held at the Royal Albert Hall on 27th Jnnc. 1910:Bro. Edv ard Armitage l\.. B. Hestall l$. A . E b b l e n h ~ t e It. \.crrtcy Clayton liobert Colsell Past Grand Deacon. do. do. do. do.. Past :4sslstant Grancl R e g ~ s t r a r Past A w s t a n t Grand 1)lrector of Cercnlon~es do. do. do. do. Past Grand Snord 13earcr do. do. do do. do. do.

H. J . Grace
\Villiam \Vatson Henry B a r r o ~ r Hay!- Gl;~ss~nan John T;I?-lor \\'. A . Tliarp

The S~CRET.\I:Y drcw the attentio:~of t h r Brethren to the folio\\-ing

EXHIBITS.

CE~TIFICATK (11.11,). issued 15 I \ l ; t ~ ~ 1803 I)? Td9dpC S t . (;i.orgr. Sort11 Shields. ~li No. 407, ill fal-onr of Alesanticr 3Iitchcl: signed by John Huntor. 1lastc.r.; H. Hime. S.\V. ; Richd. Uarison. J.\17. ; and \\-illn1. Rc.id. Svr>-. The Lodge was erased in 183!.

CERTIFIC~TE (R.A.), issued 28 I"el)ru;~ry1809 l)> the Chaptclr of S t n c t I i c n c ~ m l c ~ ~ c r .

Su%derl;rnd, To. 103, in favour of tlic same hrotller: s ~ g n c d 1)) Hardy, Z . ; \Vm. Tarn, H . : J. Dison, J . ; and Wm. Hodsotr. . : F Tho'

lir~rdwith APRON, believed to hare I;<-enwern I)y the same brot1lc.r. I t is of sl<u~ coarse linen, ;~l)ont f t . 8in. broad by about 2ft. Oin. dec!) with :I curved l flap. The whole of the dcsi:n is hand painted. On the Lo$y of tlie aprm7n are shewn t ~ Corinthi;ln Colum~ls,and between them an Arch or Dome o

Trcli~suctionsof the Quc2ttco.- C'oronuti Lodye.

with an Altar, Closed Booli, Square, Level, Plum-rule, Com_na~ses, Cr. Outside the Colunlns a r e renresented two Operative Masons, a t work with Gavel and Square. A Rainbow and Ark are also prominently displayed. 0 1 1 the flap are displayed the Sun, Rloon, and seven Stars. The flap is edged wit11 red ruched ribbon, and t h e body of t h e apron has in addition similar stri9s of white and purple ribbon.
d r a o x (1t.A.). beliercd to have been worn by t h e same brother. It is of skin, On the flap are the letters T H in about l f t . Oin. wide by gill. deep. The whole is bordered with red and purple ribbon, indented spangles. ~ratrli\vorkfashion.

CCICTII.IC'~TE (Robe C r o i ~ ) .i ~ s u e dt o hls Gr;indfathcr, Uro. John Este Vibert, on tllc 26th day of the 5th J i o ~ ~ in the year of the true Light 5835, by the th Grand Orieut of Brazil, as member of Lodge Imparcialidade, Rio do Janeiro. Two ~ r ~ o r presumably Craft and Rose Crois cnder the Grand Orient of Brazil, s , originally belonging to t h e same brother.

I'res~ntotl to t h c L o d g e .

CSI<TI~IC.ITE (Grand Lodge of kh~gland),issued septcbmber 1874, ill favour of Bro. Ceorge Tliistle Thor~ics,a 111cn1berof the Lily Lodge of ltichmond, No. 820. CEI~.~IFICATE (Grand C?hn~)ter Eiiglitnd), issued Novernber ,1875, in favour of of snr!ic brothor, a rl~enlbcrof t h r P a i ~ ~ r ~ Chapter, No. 720, now the Globe , ure Chapter No. 23.

Steward ll.M.B.Ii~st., 1880. Antediluviail Order of Buffaloes: Metropolitan Lodge: Prirno, 1896. do. "Order of Merit and Honour of Iqnighthood," 1901.

Independent Order of Oddfellows, Manchester Union : St. Bride's Lodge : Chairman, 52nd Anniversary, 1897.

Presented to the Lodye.

A hearty vote of thanlrs was accorded to the Brethren who had most lii~.dlysent objccts of interest for inspection, and niqde presentations to t h e Lodge Museum.

Hro. T. J. Salwcy read the following paper:-

Transactions o f t h e Q u a t t ~ o rC ' O I O ~ L U ~ ~ Lodge.

NOTES ON SOME TRADE GUILDS AT LUDLOW.

U T BRO. T. J . S d L T I ~ l C ~ , I'.I'r.G.T17. (Salop).

H E town of Ludlow has beca ilescribed as the nlost distinguished has done soniething in the past one in England, and i t certa~rlly to merit tliat description. When i t took its rise is obscure, but it must have been a fairly nnportant place in tlie late Saxon times, for amongst other institutions there existed a mint: one of the coins Issued therlefrom I have seen. I n the time of Edward the Coufessor there existed a society of Paliners or Pilgrims In the ton-11, two of whom made an expedition to Jerusalem, and their experiences are the foundation of the Legend of the King's Ring. One of tlre results of this pilgrimage was that the King chartered t h e Ludlow Palmers Guild, which attained a position of great wealth and influence, which i t does not appear to have used for trade purposes but with benevolent and other baneficent objects. In the Grammar School, which J . R: Green declares to be the oldest in tlie kingdom, we stlll enjoy one of those benefits, together with A t all events, there was a pre-Conquest some others which are problematical. Guild founded. Shortly after tlie con~pletion of the Conquest the erection of tlie palatial castle gave some securlty to the lives and property of the inhabitants. The place must have thriven greatly, for in the thirtesnth century a church of tmusual size was erected. Indeed, the present church stands on the actual Early English foundations. I am inclined to think this church was not an ordinary church, but a guild chapel, for the rector is not responsible for the repairs of the chancel, and before the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 the Town Council appointed the churchwardens, and the north transept is to-day known as the Fletchers Chancel; the Fletchers being olle of the Guilds to whom I shall shortly allude. Shortly after this the toxi.; walls were built, and a snug municipality was sheltered within it. Considering that t h e castle was the centre of operations of t h e Lords Marchers of the Welsh Borders and their trains (not to say the possibility of there being some resident Knights Templar), trade might be expected to flourish and with it the Guilds t h a t regulated t,hoss trades. Some of the Guilds became federated, among then1 the Stitchmen and Hammermen, which appear to have been two of the principal ones. The Stitchmen included Tailors, ' Mercers, Drapers, Cappers, Hatters, Glovers, Skinners, and afterwards Feltmakers, Haberdashers, Bodice-makers, Stay-makers, women Mantua-makers, Stationers, Furriers, Book-binders, and Book-sellers. I need not say more about them as our W. Master's father wrote an account of them fifty years ago. It is more with the Hanlmermen or Coinpally of Smiths and others tliat we . are concerned, because they included the ~ a s o n s and we have access to documents referring to their origin, practices, and ceremonial, from a contelrrplation of which we may get some light thrown upon our Speculative Masonic system. I n the year 1461 King Edward I V . chartered the borough and gave a , power of supervision of the Trade Guilds to the Town Council. Possibly, uncertainty existed or dispute arose about tlie trades' costoms and powers in various places, so in tlie 19th year of Henry V I I . Parliament enacted: " That no Masters Wardens & Fellowsl~ips of Crafts and Mysteries nor any of them nor any Rulers of Guilds or ffraternities take upon them to make any acts or ordinances by then1 herekofore made in disheritance or diminution of t h e king nor of any other now against the conllnon effect of the Peoples. But if th Jame acts or ordinances be examined and approved by the Cliancellor Treasurer of England or Chief Justice of either Bench or three of them or before both

150

T r u ~ ~ s a c t i o r of t h e Quuttior Coronnti Loclgr. ls

Justices of the Assize in their circuit or progress in the shire where such Acts or ordinances be made upon payne in the same Stat,ufe-limited and appointed as by the same Act more plainly i t doth and may appear." s, Accordingly, on the 6th March, 1 S i 5 , the Bailiffs, ~ u r ~ e s s ea n d C&monalty of the Sorough under their Common Seal and the Occupation of Sniiths and others entered into a mutual Indenture setting forth the acts and ordinances to be submitted to the Justices of Assize for their approval. An early recital is Long time before the making of which sd Statute here within to the effect t h a t : this town there have been divers good & wholesome Articles, Rules, constitutions, ordinances & Acts used & practised among the said Fellowship and, Brotherhood of the said Art, Mystery, Trade, and occupation of Smiths, Fletchers, Eowyers, Goldsmiths, Ironmongers, Cardniakers, Saddlers, Coopers, Cutlers, Pewterers, Braziers, Nailers, Armourers, Plasterers, Masons, Carpenters, Plumbers, Joiners, Tylers, Slaters, Helyers, makers of Sieves or 'I'ugari, & Hawkers of Bend Ware united & conjoined as part & parcel of the sd Fellowship & Brotherhood of Smiths." It is also stated that one of the objects of entering into the Indenture was: " That hereafter no indemnity, loss, or damage may grow or come to the Bailiffs of the said town in hearing or receiving the suits, causes, or matters appertaining to the said Fellowship; and t h a t the said Fellowship by their Wardens may commence, prosecute, follow and rxecute their causes, suits, plaints, and. informations before the Bailiffs of t h e said Town of Ludlow." The first really operative statement is: " Th'at the said Fellowship or Erotherhood of ~ n ~ i t and others have been time out of mind a Body politic, keal, hs and incorporated by the name of Six nlen as Chief Heads and Governors of the same body and twd Stewards or Wardens as officers and nlini~tersto execute the lawful commandments of the said Six men & seek, levy, receive & gather the forfeitures, penalties, amerciaments, & Fines assessed of all & every -person or persons according to the tenor of these presents." It is then " Expressed &c. t h a t the sd Brotlierhood or Fellowship shall & may by the name of the two Stewards or Wardens &c. sue, arrest, implead, answer & be answered in t h e Queens (Elizabeth) Court before the Bailiffs in all causes &c. in anywise." It is next-declared t h a t the Six men and two Wardens may thereafter be nominated, elected, and chosen in manner and form thereafter expressed, and that John Clee, Richard Swanson, John Season, Thomas Asbache, Huniphrey Lea, and Richard Grove should be the Six men, and William Bradshaw and James Fennel Wardens till the next Election. Then the Bailiffs, &C., enacted: " That the sd Fellowship or Brotherhood shall & may have retain & keep their accustomed ordinary & usual place for their assembly in convenient place of the .church of St Laurence in Ludlow." This was the North Transept which is screened off and to this day is known as the Fletchers Chancel. The word chancel impliesfa place for transacting business, and the absence of the word ' parish ' is suggestive. The annual meeting day was the Sunday next after the Feast of Et. Philip and St. Jacob (.stc), when the Wardens were elected for two years. Provision is nlade for filling up vhcancies caused by deaths. ' The next provision was very important. It was t h a t i f any cause or quarrel should arise among t h e members of the Brotherhood " The same quarrel, Suit, cause, action, or demand shall be first declared. set forth, shewed & examined before the Six men, and t h a t they determine, judge, & deem the same quarrel &C., & all controversies thereof depending or growing by the assent of both the parties as well touching private matters & causes between party & party; Causes ( . 1 pleas touching the Crown Title & right of inheritance or Purchased Lands &c always excepted. " " And in case any member of the Brotherhood -.shall presume to sue, vex, molest or trouble by any suit &C. any of his brethren before he hat11 imported the cause &c to the Six men That then the said party so offending in or impleading any of his fellows in any the Queens Court of Record or any other court
"

Sotrs

on S o r n ~T m d e Guilds at L z ~ l l o u . .

151

shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of 3" 4d one moiety to t h e use of t h e Urotlierhood. k the other to the Treasury of t h e Town." I payment was not made the Wardens were enjoined to sue for t h e same f before t h e Bailiffs. Elaborate provision is made for the assessment by t h e Six men of the members for contributions and enforcing payment. Refusal to attend for assessment or to pay was finable to the extent of 3s. 4d. " And i t was ordered &c. t h a t any Freeman which is or which shall be free of the said Fellowship or Brotherhood . . . ehall & may have and bring u p such apprentice and so many apprentices in such order as they have done in times past as by t h e Queens Majestys Laws of this Realm i t is permitted to one of ihe faculty so t h a t t h e same person or persons so to be taken as a n apprentice or apprentices cause his Indentures of Apprenticehood t o be enrolled before the Bailiffs of t h e said T o x n of Ludlow And also t h e said person or persons serving as a n apprentice shall & may be a t t h e age of Twenty-four years a t t h e ending & determination of his term of a ~ ~ r e n t i c e h o oto be determined and so t h a t h e be d bound & serve the full term of Seven years t h a t then t h e said'person or persons a~liicli so served as is aforesaid and willing and requiring t h e said Six men and two wardens or so many of them as shall living and resident within t h e said Tow11 tc be admitted, deemed, $ judged free of tlie .aid Occupation, A r t , Mystery, Trade, and Science, upon such request & suit made shall thenceforth be admitted free of them. H e or they yielding and paying to t h e said Wardens for t h e use. of the occupation of their Freedom in manner d.; form following ( t h a t is t o say) The Smiths 1OS/-, t h e Armorer 101-, the Fletcher 101-, the Bowyer 101-, t h e Goldsmith 101-, t h e Ironmonger 101-, t h e Cardmaker 101-, t h e Sadler 101-, t h e Cooper 101-, t h e Cutler 10 I - , t h e Pewterer 10/-, t h e Mason 101-. the Carpenter G"/8d, the Plumber 618, t h e Joiner 618, t h e Tyler 618, the Glazier 6 18, t h e Brazier 6 18, the Nailer 618, t h e Plasterer 618, t h e maker of Sieves o r Tugars 618, & Coopers of Bend Ware 618 to t h e use of the said Fellowship or Brotherhood." A t this point the charges given to a newly-made Freeman should be referred to They were published in the Tm~z.~crc.tio~r.s vol. xii., p. 107, and will bring to in m i t ~ da portion of our resent ritua1.l Next are some provisions for t h e continuation or completion of apprenticeships after the dieatli of a n employer. It was also decwed that'no " foreigner & stranger notrnithstandinq he hath been brought up in t h e said Trade of Smiths & others within anv Citv Borough o r Market Town within this Realm hereafter be permitted & allowed within t h e said Town to set up & be a free Master within the sd Town unless " he be resident and 11-ave better testimonial as to his apprenticeship and good report and t h a t h e pay for the privilege as follows : -Blacksn~iths, Armorers, Fletchers, Rowyers, Goldsmiths, Ironmonqers, Cardmakers, Saddlers, Coopers, Cutlers, Pewterers, and Masons. forty shillings each and the other trades 13s. 4d. each. This reminds us of our joining members. A violation of this regulation csrried a fine of 3s. 4d. It was-the duty of t h e Wardens to mak? an annual Register of accounts and claims. Indentures of Apprenticeship had to ba registered arith the Wardens within a month of sealing. ~ ~ ~ r e n t i c e ~ c beu assigned but only in the same trade under a penalty o ld of 401-. The fees for admittance of Freemen had to be in " Ready monsy, Silver gag2 or sureties. " The Wardens had to give Bond for 40-0-0 on election dav for t h e paymeni to the Six men of t h e monies they may receive. Default was finable i n 401-. It was further set forth t h a t t h e Six men and Wardens should have power to make lawful order tending to the wealth of tlie Fellowship The resolution of all ambiquities, doubts. or questions had to be referred to the Bailiffs, Twelve, and Twenty-five.
L L

up

Thcsc Charges are re-printed nrr an Appendix t o t h e prcse~itpaper.

It was alzc stipulated t h a t if the Fellowship should t r y to defeat the claim of t h e Borough to t h e moiety of fines, then tlle Indenture shoulcl be void. The foragoing was submitted a t Rridgfiorth to Sir Edward Saunders, Lord Chief Earoli of t h e Excllequer, and Willianl Lovelace, Sergeant-at-Law, Justices of Assize, on t h e 3rd.Apri1, 1576, and by thein confirmed, subject to powers of Revision and Revocation. Owing to the iiat'ural development of commerce and industry additional occupations arose which made i t necessary for a supplementary Indenture to be entered into between t h e same parties on the 4th August, 1715. It opens with a lengthy recital of the original Incorporation ~vliichhad now become known as the " Hammermen's Company," and states t h a t since the confirmation by tlie Judges in Queen Elizabeth's time t h e trades of " Silversmiths, Clock & Watchmakers, Glaziers, Tinplate workers, Chairmakers, & Cabinet makers" had arisen, & that although several of these artizans were " free to some of t h e former trades were using & exercising the latter without paying any fine for their freedom." Furthermore, " the kegping of Public Feasts & Acts of Charity were become more chargeable than formerly & their stock much impoverished by Suits of Law what had arisen by reason of the uncertainties of their fines & other ambiguities &C., and t h a t several m.embers of t h e company chose to pay the fine for refusal to serve tlie office of Steward." Therefore i t was Articled, concluded, and agreed ( i n t e r nlin) as follows:" T h a t t h e several Trades of Silversmiths, Ciock & Watchmakers, Glaziers, Tinplate workers, Chairmakers, & Cabinet makers shall from henceforth be incorporated with deemed & taken as p a r t of the said Fraternity of Smiths and others," and be subject to tlie Bye-laws, &c. Circumstances seem t o have made i t necessary to amplify the ordinances, for i t was now ordered t h a t t h e Six men, two Stewards, and such as had served t h e ofice of Steward (mark t'he analogy with p a r t of our Speculative system) should have power " t o make any foreigners or others free to any of the Trades, &C., mentioned, such foreigners & others being qualified, & paying fines as follows:Smiths, Goldsmiths, Silversmiths, Ironmongers. Sadlers, Coopers & Hawkers of Bendware, Cutlers, Joiners, Clock & Watchmakers, Plumbers, Braziers, Pewterers, Tinplate workers, & Cabinet n~alrers not exceeding 10-0-0, and to Fletchers, Bowyers, Cardm.akers, Nailors, Armorers, Plasterers, Masons, Carpenters, Tylers, Slaters, Helyers, Makers of Sieves or Tugars, Chair m a k e s , Glaziers, or other trades, belonging to t h e Fraternity, not exceeding 8." This new classification of t h e importacce of the Trades is ~ignificantas being one of the signs of the t,imes. Tt, was also provided t h a t a foreigner or other who had served apprenticeship to more t h a n one Trade, &c:, need not pay a separate fine for each Trade. The Apprentice educated within the Town could now be made free a t a lower age than 24, b u t he had t o pay not exceeding 101- as. a " treat." A person who without approved excuse refused t h e office of Steward could now be fined 5-0-0, 3 t o go to t h e Company's Stock and t h e rest to the Charity School- of t h e Town, b u t if t h a t was discontinued, to such local Charity as the Bailiffs may appoint. Any disobedient Steward was finable in 201- to be divided equally between t h e Company and t h e Charity School. Power was given t o the Fraternity t o alter its place of meeting in the Church to any other place in t h e Town. As a sequel i t was ordered t h a t all duly summoned members do go along with the Stewards to such place as they may appoint ( 1 t h e Alehousz) and pay a n equal share of the Reckoning subject to a fine of 10;-. The Public Meeting for Election or" the Six Men and Stewards was fixed for the Sat.urday next after the 3rd May. Lastly all former ordinances not repealed were confirmed. Approved subject to powers of alteratiol; & revokation a t the County Assizes 30th August 171.5.

Notes on Some Trade Guilds at L?tdlow.

153

From this time oiiwa'rd tliere was much unrest about the restriction of the freedom to trade, and the privileges of the Guilds became greatly encroached upon apparently with the tacit approval of con~mercialsociety. Anyway, t h e exclusive powers of the Guilds declined; possibly the Law Courts looked vpon their existence as being " i n restraint of trade " and therefore not to be e~couraged. Certain i t , i~ that the Hammerinen's Company lost its importance except in certain faculties. The list of members from 1786 t o 1830 shows that few of the higher grades of tradesmen took up their freedom, and then t h e membership began to be honorary, people who had not served any apprenticeship being made members and having a fictitious trade assigned to them, although in many instances they were already Freemen of the Borough hhrough inheritance. My own father was one. H e was brought up to the Law, but was assigned t h e trade of a Smith. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, Sec. 14, after reciting the various privileges and monopoJies I have described, enacted " That notwithstanding any such Custom or Bye Law, every person in any Borough may keep any Shop for the sale of all Lawful Wares, & Merchandizes by Wholesale or Retail, & use every lawful Trade, Occupation, Mystery, & Handicraft, for Hire, Gain, Sale or other wise, within any Borough." Although this did not extinguish the Trade Guilds it was their virtual death-blow. They may have existed in places in a sporadic form for some time, but most of them died of inanition. But it must be remembered t h a t this Act of 1835 did not apply to the City of London, so the City Companies were left, to some extent, in their pristine glory, and their ability to exercise their beneficent influence. As a boy I knew several of the last operative Freemen, the last of whom, Mr. Thomas Cook, Plumber, became the sole depositary of all the original documents and regalia of the Hammermen's Company, which he patriotically gave to the Ludlow Natural History Society, in whose charge they are now, and from whom I have acquired this information. APPENDIX.

[Reprinted from A . Q . C . xii., 107.1

The charge to be given to everie Master made free to this ffellowship of Smithes and the rest af the members. You shall take the Sixe men and Stewards by the hand promisinge by your fayth and truth to observe and keepe all such orders and decrees as shall be given to you in charge. You shall be true to or Sovraigne Lord the Kinge his heyres and succefsors and to the fellorshippe and occupation whereof you are made a freeman. You shall keepe your Election day truly being the Saturday next after Holyrmd Day in may yearly uppon Lawful summons given uppon payne of forfeiture to the said Occupations and Stewards the summe of three shillings and foure pence for ev'y shuch default, except a lawful excuse shewed and allowed by the sixe men. You shall appeare a t all Lawful1 Summons given you by the Stewards for the tyme beinge uppon payne of the. forfeiture of Three shillings foure pence. You shall not procure any worke out of any masters hands and cofellors being free of this fellorshippe upon payne of forfeiture of Three shillings foure pence to this Fellorshippe to be levyed by the Stewards. You shall not commence any suit against any freeman of this fellorshippe without Lycense of the sixe men and Stewards or the most number of them uppon payne of forfeiture of three shillings foure pence t o be gathered as before.

154

I1'~o~sactions the Qzlntuor Coronati Lodgc of

You shall not myssuse or spealre any Ray leinge or indirect words towards any of the sixe nlen or Stewards uppon payne of forfeiture of three shillings foure pence to be gathered as before. You shall pay your hall money as yt hath been accoustomed uppon the like payne you shall not Refuse beinge chosen and Ellected to the Stewardsippe of the said fellorshippe uppon t h e payne of five pounds uppon denyall of the same. You shall also be content t o beare yor portion for all Scott and Lott that shall be seased uppon y6 by t h e sixe men from tyme to tyme for any seasement that the occupation shall be charged withale.uppon paine to be disfranchised from the said fellowshippe as a forriner. You shall not use any other trade but what you have been apprentize or allowed or made free into uppon payne of forfeiture for every day three shillings foure pence and be disfranchised. Noe Master of this fellorshippe shall suffer his servant or apprentize to come to the Occupation dynner or Supper B u t only such as shall pay one shilling uppon payne of forfeiture of three shillings four pence. You shall take no apprentize under t h e tearme of seven yeres and the same apprentize name t o be registered in the booke of the fellorshippe uppon payne of hindrance of the said apprentize of his trade. You nor your wief or any other in your behalf shall not use to kneele in the Occupators pews before you have been steward.
c

P Bro. GORDON . G . , HILLS, W.M., said :Our hearty thanks are due to our Brother, Dr. Salwey, for t h e very interesting paper he has given us on those of the ancient Guilds of Ludlow which became federated together as the ' Hammermen's Company.' Personally, too, I owe him acknowledgment for the courtesy which has left it to me to supplement the subject of the Ludlow Guilds by drawing on the account given fifty years ago by my Father, Gordon M. Hills, of that association of t h e other leading guilds of that ancient town which came to be known as the ' Stitchmen's Company.' The standard work on English Gilds produmd by Mr. Toulmin-Smith, with an introductory Essay by Professor Brentano, contains an account of the rise and suppression of t h e mediaeval ' Palmers' Guild ' of Ludlow, which corrects our Brother's references to t h a t body on some points of fact, and supplies much information of special interest to us. The Palmers' Guild belongs to t h a t class of guild association which was mainly concerned with t h e duties of religion; b u t in t h e Hammermen's and Stitchmen's Companies we have the record of the business activities of the trades guilds of t h e same community which had formerly supplied the membership of the old religious guild, as they survived after the Reformation period, lingering on well into the last century. It must be remembered that in the rediaeval period khe oae element which was common t o all classes of such fraternities was the religious one, for in those days there was a very vivid sense of the essential closeness with which Divine and human affairs are interwoven in our daily life, a fact, unfortunately, less appreciated nowadays, to our great loss. It is particularly interesting t o follow the story of t h e decay of these trades guilds, passing through stages so similar t o those of our Speculative Craft, and to find a t the end of t h e history t h a t whilst the trade associations have become as it were worn out, yet a memory of the early religious activities is maintained, a t any rate, in the case of the Stitchmen, to quite a late period. Mr. Toulmin-Smith tells us that the Palmers' Guild had been founded by twenty-seven Burgesses of Ludlow, and t h a t later on this name was agreed upon a t a meeting of t h e fraternity, which included men and women, held in St. Laumnce's Church on Whitmonday, 1284. The Guild,-afterwards described as " The Palmeres Guyld wthin the paryshe Churche of Saynt Laurence,"-reoeived the Royal Confirmation, and privileges with regard to holding property in the reigns of Edward 1 1 and Richard I I . , but was founded by the good folk of 1. Ludlow as long ago as to date almost, as we should say, from ' time immemorial.'

I t is not too much t o say t h a t to t h e Palmers' Guild Ludlow owed t h e church and its principal charities, a condition of things common in t h e days when guilds played so large a part in the life of the people. To take one other example, the accounts of the building of Bodmin Church in the fifteenth century show some forty guilds all more or less connected with t h a t church. Ludlow Church in those days counted a t least seventeen a1tars.l The word ' chancel ' in t h e present connection inust be taken as applicable t o any portion of the church-not necessarily the Eastern-that was divided off for special use. The objects of the Palmers' Guild were religious in that full and proper sense which includes not only the worship of God, but what is summed up in t h e maxim " Love thy neighbour as thyself." Hence t h e objects of t h e fraternity included the assistance of members in misadventure by theft, fire, shipwreck; in case of imprisonment or seizure of their goods; in temporary sickness or incurable disease, and provided dowries for young women; and thus conducting them along the path of their earthly careers, the guild assisted a t t h e last sad offices, and still continued after they had passed beyond the veil to commend their souls to the mercy of Almighty God. I n tlie old guild life t h e attention of t h e fraternitier, was very forcibly directed to the contemplation of the inevitable end of this mortal existenie, and i n this particular case t h e ordinance dealing specially with this religious duty seems to me very well worth recording here for t h e light i t throws on more than one point of interest to us. The original Latin has been translated thus :" Services for the dead shall be duly attended by all t h e bretheren and sisteren. If any man wishes, as is common, to keep night watches with the dead, this will be allowed, on t h e condition that lie neither calls u p ghosts, nor makes any mockeries of t h e body or its good name, nor does any other scandal of the kind. . . . And never shall any woman unless of the household of the dead, keep such a night watch." The government of the Society was ~ r o v i d e dfor in the ordinance t h a t " Five or seven men of the guild shall, every year, choose a Rector and Stewards of the guild, who shall manage its affairs." A t the time the guild took its name three chaplains were supported especially t o celebrate services for t h e living, t h e dead and in honour of the Holy Cross, a dedication very naturally associated with the original objects of a Palmers' or Pilgrims' Guild. A t t h e time of t h e suppression of the Guild under Henry V I I I . , the funds maintained a warden, seven priests, four singingmen, and six choristers, " t o sing divine service wthin t h e paryshe Church of Saynt Laurence," and also sufficed for t h e support of the Schoolmaster of Grammar and thirty-two Alms people. There was an almshouse for t h e poor folk and a mansion house for the ministers of t h e Guild, who, however, had no ye ministers of t h e Guyld be parochial responsibilities, as it is expressly said-" not chargeable toward% the Cure." The Palmers' Guild was also known as the ' Fraternity of St. John,' which probably points to its place of meeting in the parish church, where afterwards, as I shall mention, the Stitchmen used to resort. The Annual Meeting day of the ' Hammermen ' held a t one time t h e Sunday next after tlie feast of S t . Pliilip and S t . James, t h e first of May, a t a late period was regulated to be on t h e Saturday next after 3rd May, which is the Feast of the Invention of Holy Cross celebrating the discovery by St. Helena. This, like other points which Bro. Salwey has mentioned, shows a similiarity with the customs of the earlier Guild. My Father, Gordon M. Hills (1826-1895), read his paper O n the Ancient Company of Stitchmen of L u d l o w : their account-book and money-box before t h e British Archaeological Society (B. A. A . Journal xxiv., 327), from which I quote
1 English Church Architecture, by Francis Bond, I., 202. All these seventeen Altars surrounded by screens were situated as f6llows:-The High Altar a t the East of the great chancel; three chapels in N. Aisle, and four in S. Aisle; two in each transept, and five under the arches of the Nave. Parish Lzfe in Medzaval England, b y Cardinal Gasquet (4th Edition, Rlethuen & Co.), 265.

156

Transacttons of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

t h e following description, which discloses a history parallel wit11 t h a t of t h e H a m m e r m e n ' s Company, a n d , I t h i n k , most suggestive i n i t s similarity w i t h t h e course of t h e evolution of o u r C r a f t , of which m y F a t h e r was, however, n o t a nember. T h e Book a n d money-box, which was i n 1867 i n t h e possession of M r . R i c h a r d J o n e s of Ludlow, who was a d m i t t e d t o t h e Society i n 1825, a n d officiated a s key keeper i n 1832, i s now, I believe, i n L u d l o w Museum. M y F a t h e r ' s account r u n s t h u s :The book begins with a history of its own origin in 1669, and then sets forth some facts respecting a previous 'account-book of the Company which dated back a s f a r as 1563. It shews t h a t t h e rules or "composition" of t h e society were remodelled in 1569, and again in 1579. The statement is thus: "THIS BOOCKE was made ye xxth day of August in the xxjth yeare of t h e Raigne of or Soveraigiie Lord Charles t h e Second by the grace of God of England, Scotland, Fraunce and Ireland Kinge, defender of t h e Apostolicnll Protestant and t r u e Faith, of the Holly Gospell of Jesus Christ. SND the in yeare of or Lord God 1669.

" I n t h e yeare wliearein Samuel Weaver and Tamberlayn Davies

Richard Wilde Edward Durford Samuel Weaver of Edward Robinson one of Robert Bond and 1 William Adams

Weare BAYJ~IFPS t h e of Auntielit Corporacion of the TOWNE LUDLOWE of

SIXMEN the Fellowship of Aldermen and Brotherhood of Taythe sd lors, Mercers, Draps, Capt h e 25 masters ) ers, Hatters, Glovers, -& \ Skyners. Taylers

J o h n Lewis, Tayler and J o h n Actonfurd then

) STurnTs.. ,,

On t h e same page is continued a n equally formal recital, from ,yhich i t appears t h a t " t h e last former booke belonging t o this Companie was begun R h y the 16th, 1563, in Queen Elizabeth's, time; and t h a t l n 1569 " t h e said Companie renewed their comvosission, according to a n act of Parliament of t h e ;5th January of t h e nineteenth year of Henry VII.; and t h e "comvosission was sealed by Sir Edward Saunders, Knt., Chlef Baron of the Court of Exchequer, and Thomas Carns, Justice of t h e Common Pleas, and by the baififfs of Ludlow; and further, in the year 1579 a n addition was made t o t h e composission," and the whole confirnicd and subscribed by Sir Henry Sidney, Lord President of Wales and t h e Marches; Sir Henry Townshend, described a s bailiff and recorder of Ludlow ; and by t h e Chief Justice of Chester, and t h e rest of the justices, S. Bromley, Charles Fox, and E. Walter. Then follows t h e charge t o be given t o every member on admission t o t h e brotherhood, and a code of rules, twenty-lline in number, from which the nature and ol)jects of t h e brotherhood, a trade-union or protection-society, may be very clearly a prehended: The form of t a i i n g t h e charge by a new niqmber is to take the Sismen and t h e stewards bv t h e hand, arid to promise "by your Fayth and Truth " t o observe and Leer, their orders, t o I)e t r u e to the sovereign and t o t h e fellowship; and this,-it appears by the last rule, was in fact a n oath sworn on the Gospels, and administered by t h e officers. According t o the rules (1) Election-day is t o be held yearly, on the Saturday following t h e day of the 1nve1:tion of t h e Holy Cross (3rd of Mav), and evcrv member is t o attend upon pal11 of a fine of twelve pence in default. The meetings, though held yearlv, as thus ap?olnted, elected their officers only every alternate year, t h e term of office being two years (rule 4). And further (rule 18), every member is t o attend a t quarter-days when summoned, he is t o be sumnioned for election-days, and even a t other times is liable t o be summoned, and every default is visited by a fine of twelve Fence. The officers of t h e association are t h e Six-men and t h e two Stewards. The Six-men chosen by election, are t o be two tailors, two mercers or drapers, and two of 'either of t h e other associated trades (rule 4). These are t o appoint t h e two stew-ards, one of whom is always t o be a tailor (rule 5). The Six-men are t o govern t h e Company, and t o determine all questions against R h e members as to trade, or offences against t h e rules ( 6 ) ; t o impose payments of scot and lot ( 3 ) ; but no rules or decrees are to be'enforced which a r e "repugnant to t h e conion lawes of this realme, or t o the h u r t of the Libertisc and comonwelth of this guide towne of Ludlowe" (22). The Stewards are t h e executive of the society, under orders of t h e Sixmen, " as by t h e composition " is appointed, and a member refusing t o take t h e office is liable to a penalty of twenty shillings (rule 2). The Stewards a r e t o issue summonses for the meetings (18), levy and collect (23) or distrain for (24) forfeitures and pcnalties, or sue for them before the bailiffs of Ludlowe (24); and duly t o account for (26) and pay over t h e same t o t h e

Discussion.
Six-men, to t h e use of t h e brotherhood, on election-day, yearly ( 2 3 ) ; and are a t no time to make any payment or disbursement w ~ t h o u tt h e consent of t h e Six-men. It appears (25) t h a t t h e use t h e brotherhood had i n these payments was for the relief of poor members; or when t h e king should require it, t h e fund was t o be applied "towards furnishing of souldiers for t h e kings majestys warres "-a requirement only once made i n t h e record, VIZ. i n 1689, when fifty shillings were paid for " t h e defence of t h e Council of t h e Marches of Wales." Almost every fee paid, a s will be seen below, had a n odd eight-pence. These odd pence were always "spent," i t nlay be shrewdly guessed, on refreshment. Freemen were t o be admitted (14) only on the annual election-day and on All Saints Day (1st November). No man t o be admitted a freeman or member exce!>t by a majority- of the masters f,reemen of his own trade (8). Every freeman must have served seven years apprenticeship i n a city or corporate town, must be of good repute, and oze t h a t "can skill right well in the trade wheareof desire' is made to be free ( 8 ) ; and none shall use anp other tiade than the one to which he is admitted, under t h e penalty appointed by the act, 5th Queen Elizabeth, and such fine a s t h e Six-men may impose (9 and !l).. Those who had served a n apprenticeship in Ludlow were t o pay, on adniission as freemen, tailors, cappers, hatters, glovers, and skinners, 10s. 8tl.; mercers and drapers, 20s. 8d. B u t ,if t h e had not served their time in Ludlow, they were deemed " foreigners, and g a d t o pay much larger fees, viz., tailors, 46s. 8d. ; cappers, hatters, glovers, and skinners, 40s. 8d. ; mercers and drapers, 66s. 8d. (1'0). Freemen failing t o pay scot and loto a s appointed by the Six-men, are liable t o a fine of 10s. (Y), and were not t o commence n lawsuit against any of the brotherhood without f i ~ s tsubmitting &he cause t o the Six-men and Stewards, who should either declde t h e cause or grant licence for i t t o he taken before t h e bailiffs of Ludlow (7). A breach of the rule entailed a fine of 6s. 8d. Tailors .or skinners only shall measure or cut garments (19), and these two trades shall not infringe upon each other's work (20). No master shall have abpve two sho s (27); and no shops shall be 1et,to any journeyman but " a t daie or TveeRlie work, hire, or garment wages (28) ; and lastly, it is enjoined on every member t h a t he (21) ' l shall not a t any tlme or times of assemblie hereafter revile or despise or use any worde of envie, obprobie or despite' against anie other of t h e bretheren of the same Fellowship and brotherhood, or else unreverentlie, uncomlie or unhonestlie talke, revile or behave yourself before t h e Six-men and Stewards, or against any of them for t h e time beinge, upon paine of three shillings and four pence for everie offence." Apprentices (12) must be sons of freemen of t h e town of Ludlow, or of some other city or corporation. They must be twenty-four years of age a t the end of their term of service, and this term must not be less than seven years; and a s they must be bound within three months "of entertaynment " (13), they .must flrobably always have been nearly seventeen years of age a t the beginn~ng. 1 apprentices were t o be received before t h e Six-men and 1 Stewards, and their indentures enrolled and registered by them within fifteen days. As t o those not of this society, none could, without licence of t h e brotherhood, follow any of its trades in Ludlolv, under pain of 40s. per ,month fine (11). No other man's seryant could be employed by those.of t h e brotherhood without licence of the society,-fine 10s. (15); and no foreigner belonging t o the associated trades could work'in any house in t h e town except a freeman's (16). Any "burgess, cheucer, or resiant " of t h e town is pro10s. N~ hibited from employ;ng any but freemen of t h e society,-fine, foreigner shall work as chief or master without consent of t h e whole company (28). Although the book was hegun in 1669, t h e earliest minute of t h e society's proceedings contained in i t is of 7th of Feb. 1679, one of their quarter-days. We find there a hst of members including t h e Six-men and Stewards and fifty-seven otlicrs. All these members then met in St. John's chancel, heiiigc the usual1 place of mcetinge," in the chuch of St. L a w r e ~ c ea t Ludlow. They admitted a feltniaker and a tailor freeman, delivered two bonds into the custody of t h e steward, ordered t h e stewards t o present one name for unlawfully exercising the trade of a tailor, not having served a n apprenticeship of seven years. Except t h a t no members were fined for absence, this may 'be taken as a specimen of t h e business conducted on t h e quartcr-days for very long aftcr. The first election-day recorded is May 8th, 1680; but'it is the alternate year in which no election takes place. The last election-day recorded is May 13, 1862, with the minutes of which day's proceedings t h e book terminates, and t h e society is now i n abeyance. The book was inspected a t intervals of from two t o ten years, and t h e inspection certified by. t h e signatbrc of a n officer, whose examination, apparently, had reference orlginallv t o stamps parable t o Government on t h e enrolment of members; a one-sliilling stamp being used for each member before 1698, and a tn.0shilling stamp afterwards. The last inspection was in 1856. From the book a history of the oseration of t h e society, and of its docay, may be drawn. Besides t h e tailors, mercers, drapers, cappers, hatters, glovers, and skinners, named in the coniposition, other trades were admitted

Transactions of t h e Quatttor Coroszati Lodge. t o the fellowship. Feltmakers, called in two instances feltmalrers or hatters, were frequently admitted between 1879 and 1763. Also, evidelltly a s allied t o the hatters, we have in 1680 a haberdasher; alld irl 1723, a ' l haberdasher A boddice-maker, stay-makers, ,and women mantua-makers, a s of hatts." allies of t h e tailors, were also admitted, in nlne instances, from 1681 li58. The bodice-maker admitted in 1681 figures as a tallor and Six-man 111 1894. Stationers were admitted a s allles of the skinners and furriers, and exercise usually as n-ell t h e trades of either skinner, furrier, bookbinder or bookseller; seven instances occur from 1681 t o 1'788. It was not often t h a t interlopers attempted to trade i n Ludlow against t h e rules of t h e brotherhood; and usually t h e attempts t o do so ended in t h e n being mulcted i n a fine, and being then admitted on duly conforming. The united trades are first termed ''Stitchme11 " in 1710, after 15-hich this convenient and expressive name soon becomes the common designatioll for the brotherhood. I t s operation as a trade-society continued in full force till 1750. The next few years shew a rapid decline in its trade influence; t h e attendailces i n " t h e usual place of meeting," St. John's chancel in the parish church of St. Lawrence, Ludlon-, become very small, and the stimulating effect of social dinners a t different hostelries ill the town is brought to bear t o i m ~ r o v ethe attendances. The list of apprentices entered ceases 111 1754. T h e quarterly meetings a r e neglected, and soon there is- only one meeting in the year, and after 1769 they never meet a t the church. Fines and fees a r e reduced, t o entice new members; but also t h e funds are diverted from trade Durposes, and used t o furnish forth the dinners; until, under this system of 6i~rnii1g t h e candle a t both ends, i n 1783 the Stitchmen possessed only t e n shillings. At t h e beginning of t h e present century i t was simply a society of "good fellows," and those, apparently, of quite the humblest class of tradesmen. I n 18!)1 the quarterly meetings were formally abolished, and two half yearly meetlngs allowed. From l795 i t was recognised as the duty of the Stewards t o pay a guinea towards the dinner. After 1803 one Steward only was appointed by the Six-men. A revival 110~1-took place. The better tradesmen and profeskional men joined t h e brotherhood; but t h e imposition of the fine on t h e Steward made the selection, no\\- become annual, a somewhat delicate m a t t e r ; so t h a t a wag liliened t h e process t o drawing a radish, and t h e election-day came to be written down " t h e radish meeting." I n 1833 Lord Clive was Stelr-ard. At this time i t was customary for the .gentry of thc district t o be admitted t o t h e ,brotherhood; and so with a flicker of prosperity it held on till 1862, since whlcll no meeting nor election has been held.
X

\Ve have seen t h a t the Stitchmen held their business meetings in St. John's chancel, in the parish church, down t o 1769.. They also occupied the same part of the church for t h e ordinary divine services; and the hearing of a sermon, for which they paid Ss., was a part of the business a t one meeting annually. I n 1686 it was ordered t h a t no one should sit i11 the uppermost seats under t h e gallery (the gallery was on the north side), exctyt those who had served the office of steward; the other three seats to be alloted t o freemen. Subsequently orders contiilue to be made for t h e use, custody, construction, and reconstruction, of t h e " p e n s or seats." I 1 1716 a rent (of 12tl. per ann.) 1 is first imposed on every occupant not having served t h e office of steward. I n 1780 the Stewards paid 4 : 18 : 6 for a faculty : t h e authority granted by it ,is not stated. It does not appear from the accounts t h a t the rent imposed 111 1716 realised anything; but in 1813 t h c Stitchmen had become more hungry and less scrupulous, ahd succeeded i n letting one of their news a t 3 per ann., which they resolved "should be applied t o pap for t h c freeman's dinner." Soon after two other pews \\-ere let, ;und thc like appropriation of the proceeds was made. The let,ting no\v proved so profitable t h a t from 1813 to 1858 it contributed g212: 1: 6 t o the dinners. I n opposition to this selfish appropriation, i t is only fair t o t h e Stitchmen to rnention their better deeds towards t h e church. I n 1692 the Stewards were ordered t o expend 3 towards buying two bells for t h e church, t h e same " t o bee tuiieable when up, or else the Stewards t o keepc the money in their hands "; and in 1732 they gave 5:5 towards the bells then t o , be made by Ahraham. Rudd;~llof Gloucester. It is pointedly recordcd t h a t this order was made nemzne co~~tr.ctd~cente,-a desirable harinpny, t h e absence of which appears t o have been painfully felt on other occasions; for a t t h e previous quarterly meeting i t had been ordered t h a t the article 21 of t h e Composition, against reviling, should be read a t every meeting. To exhaust the public benefactions of the body, I may notice their contribution, in 1681-2, of 60s. "towards yn buyinge of a n engine ag'st ffier ' ? ; and their laudable exertions in 1713, and for many years after, in support of " t h e charity,schole l a t e p propagated 13-ithin this towne."
X X

The " g r e a t box" and the "little box" are mentioned so frequently i n the minute-book t h a t I shall not attempt to recount the instances. The rules a t t h e begiunii~gof the l~ookspeak of only one box. Rulr 14 appoints t h a t a certain fine of 40s. shall be paid, one half t o t h e bailiffs of Ludlow, t h e other half " t o t h e comon box or treasure of this snide brotherhood." Rule 26 directs the Stewards t h a t oil the election-day, on t h e Saturday after t h e Inventioil of the Cross (i.e., after Bfay 3rd)) they shall, a t the end of

their time, " t r u e arcoun~ntand p a ~ m c n tmake t o thc hands of t h e Six-men of all t h a t the!^ s!lall rc,m5ine in your llai;,ds, t o bee presearved. i n t h e conlon box or trexsurle.' The " t r u e acconnlpt was to be the special business of thc Stewards on this day, for t h e next preceding rule had provided t h a t all forfritures should be paid over by the Stewards t o t h e Six-men as soon as levied. I believe the box exhibited t o be the ' l comon box or treasurie " referred to in these rules written in 1669; b u t its age, I have no doubt? is fully a hundred rears greater. I n its make and appearance i t . . . 1s a s old as thc reign' of Henry V I I I . If xve bear in nnnd t h a t t h e rules of 1669 m-ere a inere transcription of rules t h a t had been settled in 1579, and had previously, in 1569, heen revised from a still older form, I think it is almost conclusive, from the evidenre of the minute-book and from the appearance of the box, t h a t i t was the " t r e a s u r ~ when t h e oldest set of rules referred t o were in existence. The ci~stodyof t h e " comon box " is left by the rules with t h e Six-men, and the custom was for them t o apppint key-keepers biennially. B u t there was also in existence another box which had i t s key-keepers; a ! although n the second box is not mentioned in the rules, yet in t h e minutes t h e great box" and " t h e little b o ~ "regularly apnear down to the period when t h e trade operation of the society came t o be neglected in t h e middle of t h e last century. I n the best times three key-1ree"ers mere generally appointed to each box; but even then very oftn two, or only one, were deemed sufficient. A box-keeper \\-as appointed, who, it is presumed, had the care of both boxes. Some entries in the minutes sheur t h a t one of t h e boxes was used for t h e prrservntion of indentures and bonds, and this was t h e great box; for i n 1722, 1723, and 1725, t h e ordinary annual examination of t h e contents of t h e money-box distinctly designates i t " t h e little box." After 1760 m-e.lose sight of the great box altogether in t h e minutes; and as t h e register of Indentures had then ceased for six years, and t h e decay of t h e society made t h e papers lrept In the box valueless, i t is probable t h a t t h e great box itself was disused and lost sight of about this time. One box still continued in use as a moneybox, with sometimes one and sometimes two liey-keepers; and t h e box was generally in the custody of t h e host of t h e inn patronised by t h e society with its dinners. The last lie--keeper was annointed in 1846. . . . Thus t h e history of the money-hox of t h e StitchmGi; of Ludlow is traced from the time of Henry VIII. t o t h e present day. The box is made from t h e wood of the ash tree, and bound with iron. The 11-ood was a solid block, and has heen merely rounded and hollowed out. . . . The lid of t h e box is hinrred; and there are three locks. a padlock I~eta-ecn tn-o hasp-locks. . . The weculinrity of this box is t h a t though its lid is scooped out on the top, outscde, t o a deep cup-shape, there is not, and never m-as, a mone--slit in it. The money could only be p u t in by opening the box. The 1)ox is six inches and a half diameter a t t h e largest, outside; scvrn inches and three-eighths high, up t o t h e lid; and ten inches and a quarter high, including the lid. The inside is hollowed out t o six inches deep, and ahont fire inches diameter. The cup i n the ,top of t h e lid, outside, is one inch deep.

T h e box i s i n t h e f o r m very generally i n use f o r m e d i z v a l a l m s boxes of which examples f r o m H a r b l e d o w n H o s p i t a l , o u t s i d e C a n t e r b u r y , a n d N e e n Sollers C h u r c h , Shropshire, a r e illustrated i n t h e British .4 rcitcrologicai Association J o u r n a l (xxiii., 104); these, however, b o t h h a v i n g a slit f o r insertion of money t h r o u g h t h e cover, which was n o t needed o r desirable i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r case. Bro. W o n n a c o t t , i n his interesting p a p e r o n T h e F r i r ~ z d l ySociety of Free a n d d c c ~ p t e c ldfasons (A . Q.C. x x i x . , 112), h a s recorded uses of a money-box a n d key-keepers reminiscent of t h e uses of t h e L u d l o w Societies. With r e g a r d t o t h e g r e a t box which fell o u t of use when t h e r e w e r e n o l o n g e r bonds o r i n d e n t u r e s t o be l o d q ~ d n it. I t h i n k we m a y g a t h e r a v e r y m u c h fuller sienificance f r o m i E r o . Dring's valuable p a p e r s o n t h e Tracing o; Lodge R o n r d (A.Q.c. xxix., 243, 275). Professor B r e n t a n o , i n his i n t r o d u c t i o n t o M r . T o u l m i n S m i t h ' s E n g l i s h

Gilds ( p . clv.), gives p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e S t a t u t e s of a journeyman's association connected w i t h t h e Shoemakers' Guild of A r n s t a d t i n 1628. He wrote t h a t t h e
journeymen h a d t h e i r own box, containing t h e i r articles a n d d o c u m e n h secured w i t h t w o o r t h r e e locks, a n d proceeded:-" T h e opened box w a s t h e sign t h a t t h e meetinq h a d begun, just a s w i t h t h e Craft-Gilds. W h i l e , therefore, t h e b o x was open, all preseLt h a d t o remain w i t h uncovered heads, a n d d u r i n g such t i m e all disrespectful conduct, a s well a s i m p r o p e r clothing, cursing a n d swearing-in short, all t h a t showed w a n t of respect,-was severely punished. O n the o t h e r h a n d we find t h a t , whilst t h e box was o p e n , a social c u p was h a n d e d r o u n d , t o t h e expense of which all h a d t o contribute."

The Quatuor Coronati Lodge has in our Museum a handsome specimen of a " great box " which very probably belonged to a Speculative Lodge, made of mahogany and inlaid with 'emblems such as were no doubt in common use to hold Lodge properties in earlier days.

in Bro. W . B. HEXTALL, seconding the vote of thanks, said :Sro. Salwey has done himself less than justice in refrainit~gfrqm mention t h a t he contributed the article on the Ludlow Lodge and its predecessors at A .Q.C. v., 77; and also the charges of Ludlow Hammermen a t xii., 107. When our Lodge held its " Outing " a t Shrewsbury in 1906, and visited Ludlow, attention was called to t h e metal arrow standing upright on a gable of St. Lawrence's Church, even yet presenting its outward and visible sign of the old and extinct Fletchers' guild.

Canon HORSLEY rit e.s : w As I shall not be able to attend Lodge on Friday I send a note or two on Ero. Salwey's paper. (1.) I do not know where or why J . R. Green declared the Ludlow There has been an old Grammar School to be " t h e oldest in the kingdom." controversy as to t h e rival claims of the Cathedral Schools of Canterbury and of York t o be t h e oldest; b u t I never found Ludlow mentioned as coeval. Canterbury, my old school, dates from t h e primacy of its founder, St. Augustine, but received its higher status under the scholarly Theodore of Tarsus, who became Primate in 668. York was probably coeval, or nearly EO,and amongst its headmasters was Alcuin, who acted as educational expert in the court of Charlemagne, u s and by some is supposed to have been the ~ a ~ m Grecus so familiar and so puzzling to Masons. (2.) I n t h e Ludlow Indenture of 1575 the Brotherhood of Smiths contained many trades, some of them very remote in aim and operation from smiths. These are grouped in the list to a certain extant, and so Tylers, Slaters, and Helyers come together. Houses were, and are, covered with tiles, or slates, or thatch; hence the three cognate trades. Nowadays we might write Tilers, Slaters, and Thatchers; but the old Saxon word Helyer is still in use. . I asked my church" A helyer from Bearsted " (the next village) warden who thatched his ricks. he said. The helyer heles or covers the rick. A gardener heles the potato plants he earths up. And so Hell in t h e Apostles' Creed is the covered place, the unseen world, the ancient conception of t h e world being t h a t of a flat plate with the river of ocean running round it, while above there was a hemisphere heaved up and hence called heaven, and correspondingly beneath there was the heled or covered place. Men could look up and understand something of the star-spangled arch of blue, b u t the reversed arch or crypt beneath was to t h e eyes of flesh " heled, concealed, and never revealed," or, as some would I suppose say, " hailed, concailed, and never revailed " ! (3.) Why Bro. Salwey says " the word chancel implies a place for ' Chancel ' comes from cns~crlli, the transacting business " I cannot divine. railings which separate the sanctuary from the choir in a church, or the choir from t h e nave. So Cicero speaks of the crcncrlfi fori, t h e bar of the tribunal. A olace for transacting business would least of all be found in the chancel. Some I business, some rites even, were done nd ostitrrn ~ c c l r s i w at, or in, the porch, in the vestry, or in t h e nave. A Guild or Brotl~erhoodwould no doubt have considerable latitude allowed as to what might be done in its own chapel in a church. I only demur as to what the word chancel is said to imply. (4.) The Brotherhood met on the Sunday after the Feast of St. Philip and St. Jacob, which was, and is, May 1st. Bro. Salwey put a (sic) after the word Jacob, b u t obviously the earliest documents of the guild were in Latin., and
' 3

the date would be i n I'esto Sancti P h i l i p p i et Sn~~cti Jacohi. Yakoub, Jacobus, Jago, James are the same in different tongues as much as Jehochanan, Johannes, and John. (5.) The Indenture of 1715 enumerates glaziers amongst trades " which had arisen since the time of Elizabeth "; b u t earlier in t h e paper glaziers are mentioned with their 618 paid for admission, and they could l~ impleaded in the Queen's Court of Record, i.e., under Elizabeth. (6.) It is characteristically Elizabethan (or earlier) English when we read of " lawful order tending to the wealth of the Fellowship." Wealth, i.e., well 'being, not wealth, i.e., the possession of money. So thrice in the contemporaneous 1::lglish of the Prayerbook we pray for the wealth '(not large banking account) of the King; for the wealth (not the dangerous affluence) of t h e people; while in the Litany the contrast between " t h e time of tribulation and the time of wealth " is what is intended : the time of ill-th and the opposite time of weal-th each having its characteristic dangers and temptation. Already in Elizabethan times t h e word had begun to have a new and degraded meaning as if thefe could be no well-being without much-money-having; but here i t is used in its real and original sense. (7.) H e mentions the regalia of t h e Hammermen's Company as extant. i t would be interesting to know exactly what they were: perhas a photograph could be obtained to illustrate t h e paper. Many friendly societies have more or less copied Masonic ways and Masonic regalia, and a paper on such, pointing out likeness and the reason for variance, would be of interest, as also would be one on the words and ways which Masonry has taken from the Church. When I was installed as an Honorary Canon by t h e Bishop of Rochester, Dr. Talbot, in Rochester Cathedral, I was surprised t o find how he, not a Mason, did several things which were familiar to me elsewhere.

Bro. ANDREW HOPE writes:As late as April, 1919, the custom has prevailed a t the town of Chard, in the County of Somerset, for the Vicar to appoint t h e Vicar's Churchwarden and the Town Council to elect the other. .Before t h e sermon, t h e old custom of officially notifying the Vicar (Preb. Green) of the Town Council's appointment to the Borough Churchwardenship *as carried out, Police-Inspector Edwards walking u p the aisle, bearing t h e Borough Mace a n d ' a letter announcing t h e selection of Councillor Godby to fill the office for another year. This was a t t h e Easter Service. The procession returned t o the Town Hall in inverse order a t the close of the service, and there dispersed.

SATURDAY,

NOVEMBER.

H E Lodge met a t Freemasons' Hall a t 5 2.m.

Present:-Bros.

Gordon P. G. Hills, W.M..; E. S. Tuckett, S.W.; W. B. Hextall, J. P.G.D., P.M., as J.W. ; Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch., Chaplain ; W. J . Songhnrst, P.G.D., Secretary ; Herbert -Bradlep, P.Dis.G.M., Madras, I.G.; Rodk. H . Baxter, Stew.; Lionel Vibert, Stew.; Edward Armitage, P.G.D., P.M. ; E. H. Dring, P.G.D., P.M. ; J. P. Simpson, P.A.G.Reg., P.M. ; and Sir Alfred Robbins, Pres. B.G.P. Also the following members of t h e Correspondence Circle:-Bros.
F. W. Golby, P.A.G.D.C.,

A. E. Pugsley,

George E. King, S. J. Owers, A. J. Prewer, W. Maurice,

W. Douglass, W. N. Blair, John Thompson, H . A. Badman, P.A.G.St.B., H. M. Baker, W. W. Dickson, G. C. P. Baxter, L. G. Wearing, Robt. Blake, P. H . Fox, R. Wheatley, F. J. Asbury, W. J. Williams, L. S. Green, J. C. McCullagh, Abdul Rahman, Robert Bridge, J. A. S. Bullock, F. C. Bickell, G. F. Ely, Harry Tipper, P.Cr.8t.B.) Jas. S. Protheroe, G. H. Fennell, Jas. G. Gould, Hcrbert War*en, Herbert Y. Mapell, J. M. Bruce, Alex. Walker, and G. W. Simpson. Also t h e following Visitors:-Bros. W. J. Pratt, Finsbury Park Lodge No. 1285;

H. Edwards, P.M., Marlow Lodge No. 2752; C. F. Cumberlege, Old Haileyburian Lodge

No. 3912; W. 0. Hickle, Hortus Lodge No. 2469; Rev. G. Freeman Irwin, P.Asst.G.Chap. ; Sydney A. White, P.G.St.13. ; S. H . Walker, UTelwyn Lodge No. 3227 ; F. G. Portlock, Warrant Officers7 L o d ~ eNo. 2346; J. S. M. Ward, Lodqc Rangoon No. 1263; G. H . Stainer, Lord Charles Beresford Lodge No. 2404; R. J . H. Stretton, Carnarvon Lodge No. 703; Arthur Hyams, Barnet Lodge No. 2268; R. H. Warren, Evening Star Lodge No. 1719; and Ramsden Walker, P.M., Unit2d Northern Counties Lodge No. 2128.

Letters of apology for absence were reported from Bros. WT. H. Rylands. P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ; T. J. Westropp ; William Watson, P.A.G.D.C. ; S. T. Klein, P.M. ; Ed. Conder, P.M. ; John T. Thorp, P.G.D., P.M. ; Count Goblet d'Alviella ; F. J. W. Crowe, P.A.G.D.C., P.M.; Cecil Powell, P.G.D., P.M.; and Dr. Wynn Westcott. P.ti D., P.M.

?'ransactions of tlie Quutuor Coronatd Lodge.

163

The resignation of Bro. Henry FitzPstrick Tmiss, I.S.O., Lit.Doc., was received with much regret.

One Lodge and twenty-five Brethren were admitted t o membership of t h e Correspondence Circle.

Bro. James Edward Shum Tuclrett, M.A., F.C.S., T.D., P.Pr.G.Reg., Wilts., t h e Master-Elect, was regularly installed in the Chair of t h e Lodge by Bro. Gordon P. G. Hills, assisted by Bros. J. P. Simpson, W. B. Hextall, and Edward Armitage.

The following Brethren were appointed a s Officers of t h e Lodge for t h e ensuing year :Bro. William Watson ,, Herbert Bradley ,, Canon Horsley W. J. Songhurst , F. H. Goldney . T. J. Westropp , L. Vibert S.W.

J.W.
Chaplain. Secretary. D.C. S.D. J.D. I.G. Steward. Tyler.

..

..
G

It. H. Baxter

.
.

Sir Slfred Robbins J . H. McNaughton

The W.M. proposed, and i t was duly seconded and carried:-That l'ottigrew Graham Hills, P.Pr.G.W.,

Bro. Gordon

Berks., having completed his year of office a s

Worshipful Master of t h e Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, t h e thanks of t h e Brethreu be and hereby are tendered t o him for his courtesy in t h e Chair and for his efficient management of t h e affairs of the Lodge; and t h a t this Resolution be suitably engrossed and presented t o him.

The 1V.M. delivered the follo\ring I n s t a l l t i o n Address :-

Trunsuctions of the Quutuor Coronati Lodge.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
BRETHREN, T this truly impressive moment in my life there are in my heart two hopes struggling to find adequate elfpression. The first is t h e hope t h a t my Brethren of this illustrious Lodge will believe how deep is my feeling of gratitude for the great honour they have done me in calling me to rule over them. The second is the hope t h a t during this coming year I may be enabled to maintain the prestige and dignity which are part of the honourable tradition of t h a t high Office. To all Brethren of this Lodge of both Circles and in all parts of the World my first message from its Chair is one of Hearty Good Will. As in accordance with time-honoured custom a newly-installed Master or" the Quatuor Coronati Lodge must deliver an Inaugural Address, I crave your attention while I lay before you some thoughts on :-

Masonic Traditions-like other Traditions-are for the most part built up of statements concerning perEons and places which may generally be labelled either as (1) antecedently likely to be true or (2) antecedently l i t c l y to be false. To the latter class belong some of the stories to be found ih the Legendary History of the Old MS. Constitutions. and all those wild fables of the remote ~ a s which are so t characteristic a feature in the works of the earlier Masonic writers and which had such a disastrous effect upon t h e minds of scientific historians and arclizologistr, that by them Freemasonry was until comparatively recently treated with contempt as unworthy of a moment's serious consideration. It is evident that Traditions such as these can seldom commend themselves as cuitable subjects for further research. When a Tradition or Legend, for example, assures us t h a t Grand Master Noah opened a Grand Lodge in the Ark assisted by Shem and Ham as Grand Wardens and with Japhet acting as Grand Tyler or Outer Guard, one instinctively feels t h a t the chance of finding corroborative contemporary evidence, whether documentary or otherwise, is not sufficient to justify a serious student in making any considerable investment of time and energy in the search. B u t the period of the great activity of t h e mediaeval Builders and the centuries which' receded and which followed t h e ' Revival ' of 1717, are rich in Masonic Traditions. I which, while they cannot in the, present state of our knowledge rank as historical truth, may fairly be included in Class I., as consisting of statements which are likely to be true, and, therefore, worthy to be retained with a view to further examination in the light of the new discoveries which are constantly adding to our stock of knowledge. And it should not be forgotten t h a t there are Traditions " " which must necessarily be consigned t o Class I I . , but which may, nevertheless, be founded on Facts-the Facts having undergone distortion even to the extent of being forced t o yield a meaning diametrically opposed to tlie Truth. Unfortunately, much promising material of a Traditional kind has been relegated to the limbo of disrepute, and with an 'air of finality which is very much t o be deplored, by over-confident judgments liable a t any moment to be reversed by fortunate discoveries of additional evidence sufficient to convert what was a mere Tradition into a certain Historical Fact. Let me justify this statement by a few examples. There are a t least two distinct legends which connect the famous Sir Christopher Wren with the Craft. One represents him as ' Grand Master ' and describes the movement which resulted in t h e formation of tlie Grand Lodge of 1717 as due t o his neglect of the duties of that offioe. This has by some writers been dismissed as a fable worthy only of a place in Class II., but the Olcl Charyes

and the ICeyilss -IfS. bear witness t o ' General Assemblies ' distinctly suggestive of a ' Great (i.e., Grand) Lodge ' a t which the King's Surveyor-General might very well have been the presiding officer. The story concerning Sir Christopher, who was the King's Surveyor-General, may have arisen in consequence of the survival of some such mediseval practice, and i t should not be put out of court because the Title Grand Master smacks of the Grand Lodge of 17,l7. The other legend represents Sir Christopher simply as a Freemason and a frequent attendant a t the Lodge of Antiquity. Freemasonry was in active being in his time, and i t must be conceded that i t is antecedently extremely likely t h a t the foremost Architect of the day was a member of a Society so near akin to the A r t of which he was so distinguished an exponent. Yet t h e greatest of our Masonic historians has declared t h a t :" The admission of the great arcllitect-at any period of his life-into the Masonic fraternity seems . . . a mere figment of the imagination, bzct i t m a y a t least be confidently asserted t h a t i t cannot be p r o ~ v ~ d t o be a reality."' The italics in the above quotation are not in the original b u t are used to mark a passage which does not add to t h e value of what is otherwise a most valuable summary of the evidence t h e n before the writer. The latest pronouncement on this subject, having equal authoritative weight, is very decidedly favourable t o the truth of the tradition or legend. It is t h a t of Dr. Chetwode-Crawley and is quoted by Bro. Wonnacott in the course of his review of the History of the Lodge of A n t i q u i t y by Bro. Rylands ( A . Q . C . xxv., 205) :" I n view of the more recent investigations the case stands somewhat thus. Omitting Aubrey's testimony we find in t h e course of the Acception, in the stream of family tradit,ion, and in the obituary notice of 1723, such grounds for inferring Sir Christopher Wren, like others of his stanip and day, to have been connected with the Craft, t h a t we should be justified in feeling the liveliest surprise if it could be shewn that the fact was otherwise. Admitting Aubrey's testimony, we find the probability turned into such a certainly as act.uates men in the conduct of their daily life. Rebutting evidence there is none. The witness and his testimony are such as the Court must admit." The strange story of the Sackville Medal is another case in point, and here also the unfavourable judgment has already been reversed. Tradition steadily maintained that in 1733 a medal in honour of an Englishman named Charles Sackville had been struck a t Florence by one Loreriz Natter. The earliest mention of the medal was supposed to be that in Johann Bode's Pocket Book (1776-1793) for 1777, where a specimen was said to have been formerly preserved a t Leipsic but to have mysteriously disappeared. The existence of the medal-for long strenuously denied-was a t length made certain by the discovery of other specimens (two are now a t the British Museum and two a t the Bodleian). I t is a curious fact that in the writings of Masonic historians of the ' Authentic ' School one too frequently finds an unreasonable hostility to the ' High ' or Additional Degrees of Freem.asonry, those who framed them being represented as cheats and rogues and those who acquired them as weak-minded dupes. Now Johann Bode and Loreng Natter were both devoted members of the Strict Observance and engaged in the of that Rite in foreign parts (Sweden, Denmark, Russia, etc.). .Also the Sackville Medal with its d b Origine motto is clearly a Strict Observance medal. So i t was loudly and confidently asserted t h a t the medal was : " certainly a fraud perpetrated a t a much later date (than 1733) in the interests of the Strict Observance." And in another place i t is described as:" a notorious medal supposed by many students to have been struck at a much later period in St. Petersburg for t h e purpose of proving the early existence of certain so-called High Degrees."
R . F Co~ild, T T i s f . of Frcemnxonr!l, v d . ii.. p. 55. 3 A.(?.('., T 01. iv., p. 182. "b., vol. iii., p. 303.
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Tra?~sactions tfte Qtratzror Coronnti Lodge. of

Of poor Bro. Natter i t has sometimes been said ' H e was a rogue because he ' perpetrated a fraud like this medal,' and of the medal ' It is a fraud because ' i t was perpetrated by t h a t rogue Natter.' It is to two distinguished members of the Authentic School, Drs. Begemann and Chetwode-Crawle~,~ that we owe the clearing up of this mystery. They have proved conclueively that none of 'the arguments against the authenticity of the Sackville Medal were justified, and that Johann Bode and Lorenz Natter were quite innocent of the fraud imputed to them. Incidentally, they afford additional reason for tlie growing convictio~lt h a t for the origin of the Strict Observance we must look beyond the Baron v011 Hund and 21vThn21s even as far back as. 1730." This miscarriage of justice was-due t o preconceived notions about the High Degrees. The important subject of the development of Additional Degrees has been made needlessly complex and difficult by arbitrary final pronouncements as to the lateness of the origin of certain Degrees and Rites in t h e absence of direct evidence and in the face of Tradition. Arguments and objections without number have been directed against the famous Charter of Larmenius by critics none of whom had ever seen the original. It has been confidently said t h a t i t was ' manufactured ' in 1705 by an Italiafi Jesuit Bonanni,' i t has been proclaimed a ' counterfeit . . without any ' doubt prepared under the rule of . . . CossB-Brissac (1776-1792), i t has figured amongst the ' Apocryphal Manuscripts,' " it has been dubbed a ' fraus pia ' of between 1805 and 1810,7 ' its reality no serious student could possibly main' tain,' s evil indeed have been the things said of its c o n t e n k g But in 1911 Bro. Crowe was able to produce what purports t o be actually the original Charter of Larmenius,lo and some a t least of the objections are seen to be without justification. Few will be found t o believe that this most interesting document really dates from 1324 and t h a t the Story of Transmission is true after all, but if n o t what is the truth about its origin? The field is open for new efforts, and the subject is not merely interesting, i t is one of very great importance in connection with the history of more than one Masonic Rite or System. The traditional connection between the London Masons' Company and Speculative Freemasonry was testified to by Dr. Anderson in the 1723 Book of C'on.stitutiows, but i t was conlmonly regarded as one of the Doctor's flights of fancy until Bro. Conder's great discovery l 1 showed t h a t once again Tradition was right and the Critics wrong. The Lockr-Lrlatzrt MS., in the absence of t h e original and also on account of certain alleged impossible manufactured archaisms in t h e copy wliich is all that is now in evidence, is usually classed as a fraud, and as the matter now stands this verdict is perhaps inevitable. But i t is quite likely t h a t there did exist, and perhaps does still exist awaiting discovery, some such document, and t h a t the version which we now possess is an effort of memory rather than a deliberate attempt a t imposture. Many Masonic Traditions, other than those alluded to, which were forinerly condemned as utterly valueless, have been found t . ~ yield good results on reexamination, but many more still await similar treatment a t the hands of patient investigators who are not content t o abide by the judgments pronounced against them. The labours of what we now call the ' Authentic School ' have raised the study of Masonic History and Arclizology to an equality with other branches of science, and i t is not possible to over-estimate the value of the service so rendered or to exaggerate the debt of gratitude which we who follow owe to those who have

Clarel, IIist. l'ittor.., etc., 1844, p. 214. Iiist. of Frermct.son,~,!l, 186.5, p. 691. 6 Gould, Hut., vol. i., p. 600. 7 \1700clford, ('yrlr~l~c~tlitr, 1878, 1). 109. 3 IVodford, I.'yclol~.atlitr, 1878, p. 109. 9 .-L.Q.fi., vol. xxvl., p. 170. 1'1 [ l ) . , vol. xxiv., p. 183. 11 E. Contlcr. ju~:.. Ilolr (',,clft. r,fc., 1834, Also :I.().C'., vol. vii.> 178; vol. is., p. 28; vol. sxvii., p. 81.
4 , VinC1~1, i

1 d . Q . C . , vol. xii., p. 204. -9/ l' / . , 1-01. xiii., p. 142. " l ) . , vol. xiii., p. 149.

beet) the pioneers. A t the outset their work was necessarily to a great extent clratrzccti~~r, weeds and tares had to be rooted up, the rubbish removed, tllc the ground cleared t o make room for a new and healthier growth. And so nothing which could not bs substantiated by unimpeachable evidence was permitted to pass, and (to change the metaphor) the foundations of the new edifice were laid, well and truly laid, on tlre bed-rock of solid fact, encouraging the hope that upon the foundation thus laid would arise a superstructure alike perfect in its parts and honourable t o t h e builders. That our own Lodge of the Quatuor Coronati has played a great part in this work is known and appreciated by men of learning within and without the Craft and throughout the world. But tlle attitude of mind which was so essential to t h e success of t h e labours of &he pioneers of the Authentic School carried with i t a certain danger from which, i t must b s confessed, they and we have not wholly escaped, namely, the tendency to pronounce final judgments resting upon partial and therefore inconclusive evidence, and the failure t o recognise the true value of and t o make the full us: of Masonic Tradition. Sir Gilbert Scott' has. drawn attention t o this : " the fables of the Freemasons have produced a natural reaction, and the degrea of t r u t h t h a t there is in these traditions has consequently b2en overlooked." l The fact is that an antecedently likely Traditiou, one which is either contemporary a i t h or not too far removed in point of time from the personages concerned, and is one which is- fairly frequent and persi~t~ent, prohably t r u e , although tlle available evidence may be wholly insufficient to establish it as such. I n such a case a final judgment against is as great a blunder as the conclusion t h a t because an event nrny have happened therefore i t nruat have happened. The mischief caused is not only that investigation in a certain direction and on a particular subject by other students is checked, but; and this is far'more serious, their power of discernment becomes warped by the creation of illusory * data,' as happened in the case of the Sackville Medal. The tendency t o under-estimate the value of tradition was noticed by Bros. Speth and Rylands; the former on one occasion declared that : " He invariably attached greater credit to tradition than sonis of the brethren were willing to concede," and the latter replied :" I n my opinion i t is as unsafe t o cast aside tradition entirely, as i t is entirely to credit i t ; tiiere seems always t o b.. a nucleus of truth

. . . .

1 ,

Ero. Rylands was right, there is generally a n?icle~iso f T f l ~ t h and i t i u worth , while to se-k diligently until i t is found. The fact which has too often been lost sight of and upon which I lay special emphasis in this my Inaugural Address is / t h a t Tradition is not an Enemy .owing tares amongst the wheat but a Helperin-the-Harvest, the precise value of whose assistance depends entirely upon the intelligence with which we ourselves make use of i t . Brethren, I greet you well.

After the .subsequent banquet, Bro. G. P. G. Hills, I.P.M., proposed "The Toast
ci the Worshipful Master " :-

The very pleasant duty and privilege now falls to me of proposing the health of our W.M., W.Bro. James Edward Shum Tuckett, but, before I call upon you to drink t o the toast of the evening, I shall'try, according t o established custom, briefly t o put before you a short record of our Brother's career, and to give you some idea of his many qualifications as a gentleman, a scholar, a good

' .4.().('..
3

vol. i . , p. 6s. i b . , vol. x i . , p. 170. i l l . . vol. xi.. p. 170.

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citizen, and an earnest Mason, which assure us that he will most worthily fulfil L the duties of the honoured position which he occupies this evening. The name Tqtckett or Touchet--in the older form still in use a t the present day-has an honourable history known to students of genealogy; and so i t is that our Brother can trace his direct descent from ancestors settled in Devonshire, a t Honiton, so far back as 1630. Conling to a more recent period, his great-grandfather, Richard Tuckett, who lived from 1749 to 1819, was in practice there as a ' Scrivener and Writer,' discharging very much the duties of a modern solicitor. H e took an active part in the politics of tlle time, and acted as election agent for Mr. George Shum, who, i n 1796, and again in 1802, was one of the three members returned to Parliament as representatives for Honiton. It is owing to this association t h a t our W.M. carries on the traditions of his family in bearing the name Shum, first borne by his grandfather, Richard George Shum Tuckett (1795-1859), godson and lrrotPgi of the M.P. Shum is a name which has a special Craft interest for us, since this particular George Shum, M . P . , who lived till 1805, was a prominent Mason of the day, and President of the Board of Stewards in 1789; his son, .Bra. George Shum, Junior, was a Grand Steward in 1802. With these associations, i t is not surprising to find that Ero. Tuckett's great-grandfather and grandfather were both ardent Masons: their certificates and regalia are amongst his masonic treasures, and, in fact, to this day he wears the Royal Arch sash and apron which they had in use more than a hundred years ago. Bro. Richard George Shun1 Tuckett, our Brother's grandfathsr, was a solicitor. I n 1842 he became Registrar, and, later on, Deputy-Judge of the Bristol Court of Bankruptcy, during t h e prolonged illness of the Judge, Mr. Serjeant Ludlow. From practical experience gained in these capacities, he was valuable service by his assistance in tlle drafting of' the Bankrupt abie to Law Consolidation Act of 1847. Bristol owes something to his public-spiritedness as the originator of t h e Bristol Water Works Company. His marriage in 1818 with Miss Eliza Churchill was an alliance with a family distinzuished in military lk.~tory, for t h e lady claimed direct descent from Sir Winston Churchill, father of the first Duke of Marlborough; and relics of t h a t h e r e i n the form of baby-linen -are still religiously preserved by t h a t branch of t h e family. Bro. R . G . S. Tuckett was initiated, passed, raised and exalted a t Chard in 1819. The youngest son of his marriage was Michael Adolphus Shum Tuckett (1840-1882), the father of our W.M., but as regards his connection with Masonry no particulars are known, as his early death, at the age of 42, prevented him from making any marked progress in the Craft. I have dwelt a little upon our Brother's family history because I think it is ~ o s interesting t note how the very qualities which we honour in him to-day t o may clearly be seen t o be the legacy of the characteristics of his good old English Stock. Our W.M., James Edward Shum Tuckett, was born, just outside Bristol, on March 3rd, 1870. Educated a t Bristol Grammar School, he rose t o be Senior Prefect, and passed to Cambridge, with an open Scholarship a t Gonville and Caius College. Taking his ,degree as B.A. in 1892, he was 25th Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos, 1892; took Second Class Honours in the Natural Sciences Tripos, 1893, and graduated M.A. in 1895. Shortly after he became a Fellow of the Chemical Society. Bro. Tuckett then launched out in his profession as a Schoolmaster. Starting with a brief sojourn a t Christ College, Brecon, seven and a half years were spent a t Eastbourne College, until, in 1902, he joined the Staff of Marlborough College as an Assistant Master. I n 1904 he became a Housemaster, and in 1916 was selected by the Council to be Bursar of the College. Bro. Tuckett has a record of m i l i t a v service reaching back t o the days of the old Volunteer Force,-in the M c e r s ' Traininp Corps, Cambridge University Rifles, South Wales Borderers, Royal Sussex, and Wilts. Regiments, leading up to his position as Major, second in command, of the Marlborough College Battalion, O.T.C. A t t h e last Coronation, he and his Commanding Officer received the Coronation Medal, " as His Majesty's own personal gift," and in 1914 Bro. Tuckett was awarded t h e Territorial Decoration. Through the period of tlle War senior officers of the 0.T.C. were not allowed to leave their Corps, but during the

school holidays Major Tuckett was employed on attachment to various Battalions of the Black Watch training in this country. Last July our Brother retired with permission to retain the rank and to wear the prescribed uniform of Major. It was a t Eastbourne in 1898 t h a t Bro. Tuckett became a member of the Craft, being initiated in t h e Hartington Lodge, No. 916, and exalted in the Hartington Chapter the following year. After his removal to Marlborough he joined the Lodge of Loyalty, No. 1533, and tlie Methuen Chapter, No. 1533, occupying the Chair of the former body in 1906, and being 1st Principal of the Chapter in 1910 and again in 1913. I n 1910 Provincial Grand Honours were conferred on him as Grand Registrar and Grand Principal Sojourner, in Provincial Grand Lodge and Chapter of Wiltshire. I n 1911 Bro. Tuckett was one of the founders of the Old Marlburian Lodge, No. 3533, and became a joining member of Robert Thorne Lodge, No. 3663, Bristol, in 1915. Ero. Tuckett has also joined the Order of the Temple, is a Knight of Malta, and has received t h e associated degrees conferred under the Camp of Baldwyn, Bristol. H e has also taken the 18" A . & A . Rite a t Bristol, and has qualified as a Life Governor of the three Masonic Institutions. I n 1910 Bro. Tuckett joined the Correspondence Circles both of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge and of the Leioester Lodge of Research, and soon gave evidence of his assiduity and activity in research by contributing papers to our Lodge on :T h e Earlie.st Bcrltlwin K . T . Certificate (.l .Q.C. xxiv., 285); Dr. Rau*lincon & the ;liasonic E ~ t t r i e s n EZias A ~ h m o l e ' sDiary (xxv , i 237) ; A n rlpollonian S z ~ m ~ n o n s (xxvi., 31); Some F u r t h e r Light on J . Moryan of the P h e n i x Brita~rnicus(xxvi , 71); lYapoleon I . 'and Freemasonry (xxvii., 96); and a valuable note-of generous length equivalent to a paper-on Lord Harnouester (xxvii., 63). Other literary work in connection with the Craft took the form of a history of Freemasonry i n .l!farlhorozrgh 1768-1834 (1910); our Brother was also part author of the History of the V a s o ~ 7 i cT e m p l e , -1fnrlboroz1gh (1911), and a contributor to the Tl'ilts. Masonic Calendar, of which he was for some time an Assistant Editor. Thus i t came to pass that in October, 1914, Bro. Tuckett's patience and industry received recognition by his election as a member of the Lodge, and since then this energetic student has favoured us with further papers on:iVicolas P e r s ~ v a lancl La Triple C n i o n (xxvii., 217); Savalette de Langes, Les Philalites, a ? ~ d the Convent of Ti'ilhelmnbnd, 1782 (xxx., 131); T h e Early History of Freemasonry i n France (xxxi., 7); T h e illintrte Book of a Loy/e dcs Jlaitres a t A m i e n s , 1776-1790 (xxxi., 124) ; T h e Origin of Aclditional Degrees; and placed us under still further obligation to him by the interesting address with which he has inaugurated his year of office. Devotion to the Stuart Cause, Bro. Tuckett tells me, has been a tradition in his family, with the understanding that the ' Cause ' died fmally, with Henry Benedict Cardinal Dhke of York, so that I suppose we may fairly denominate our Brother ' a Speculative Jacobite.' It is this old association, however, which has given special gist to his researches into French and Continental Freemasonry and so-called ' Stuart Masonry ' in its still unravelled intricacies, to the elucidation of which several of his papers have been directed. Bro. Tuckett is a diligent collector of MSS., Books, Pictures, Prints, Jewels, Medals, China, Certificates, etc., relating to Freemasonry; of Stuart Books and Medals; of Books, etc., relating t o tlie French Revolution and the Emperor Napoleon I. Mere possession, however, is not enough for him, but he has always hunted out and written up the history and associations of each item as acquired,

and hence. no doubt. obtained mucl1 of t h a t knowlecl~ewhich ilas enabled him. besides t h e papers already mentioned, t o contribute many interesting notes t o the pages of our Transnctionr ancl t o t h a t useful periodical the .l/ivcellanen T,nfo,nortrm. O u r Brother is, I am sure you ail1 agree, a lnan of many tastes and activities, t o complete tlie record of w l ~ i c lI~ ~ n n s tell you t h a t h e pleads guilty t o t a keen interest ia Arcl~zologyin general, and has also,fo~ulda n outlet in musical composition. IIis P a r t Song S ~ r ~ r frot' s f71r cvr, and the song ,Cur fcrr n~r~n!/', published by Novello, are tuneful settings to tlie words wliich appeal t o lovers of simwle melodv. One particularly happy incident recently served t o bring out. our Brother's powers of order and harmony. I n J u l y h e took a leading p a r t i n the settlement of t h e strike of t h e Building Trades at. Alarlborough, by hiinself drawing u p .the actual details of a scheme which proved acceptable t o all parties and brought t o a satisfactory conclusion the dispute which had for five weeks paralysed the work of t h e locality. Brethren, I give you the toast of Rro. James Edward Shum Tuckett, a gentleman, a scholar, a good citizen, a n earnest Mason,-the UT.lI. the Quatuor of Coronati Lodge, wislling him a most happy and successful year of office.
0

T r L n s a c t i o i ~ sof tl4c Q u a t u o r C o r o ~ t a t iL o d g e .

NOTES AND QUERIES.

E V E N " AND " T H R E E M A S T E R MASONS " IN 1529.Whether by a mere coincidence or by design the traditional right of the early Freemasons t o form a Lodge when seveu were ' gathered together ' gets a side-light from the history of no less an architect than Micllel Angelo Buonarotti. The dangers wlzich had gathered round Florence, his native city, had been accentuated in 1523 by the ascendancy of the violent party. The Signory often felt the uilspoken message " see that your walls be strong," and appointed their great fellow citizen a t a wage of 30 florins of gold for 40 days. W e have during the great War got accustomed to see men taken from peaceful pursuits to serve in the defence of their country, SO are less surprised than students of the life of the great, painter and sculptor felt a t 'his amateur work on the ramparts of Florence. I 1 those days, as now, no one 1 was astonished, and a t least one contemporary soldier has recorded his approval :rnd admiration of the works done, and even such an authority as Vauban has spoken of them with favour. The letter is in the 13u~narotti A~chives. I capy and italicize the translation 1 given by Mr. Charles Heath Wilson, K.C.I., of Tile Life (112d l170rks of -1ichrltr)r~/elo Ui~ot~cdrotti (2nd editjion, London, 1881, p. 319). Tlie date is 31st March, 1529 :Magnifice TTir. This will be presented by the ~ttctsternznsotz Fabbriano Neretti w i t l ~s i . ~ o u ~ ~ ) u n i o ~also all maiter masons, all of whom desire c zs, to serve your Signory on the walls of your bastions. They are capable nien and will not rrc~trire t o 6 c lutrtched o v e r . and their work will be such to merit your praise and tomorrow' others will come making up the number of t e n 7r~ccsters,which your worship requested me to send. On Saturday I spoke of them to Giovanni Rinuccini your associate, and he told me to send them this morning'to you f r m him, as the said Giovanni sent them to me, and I wished to speak to your Signory but you did not come t o t h e palace, for t h e y w i s h to be placecl it&a b o d y rtltoyrthpr so that their work may be seen, would t h a t it might please God, that there were manv of this sort. Therefore I exhort you to show them a good countenance and t o keep them, for their work will merit commendation. I spoke of tllein on Friday to your Signory on the height, when I gave you my naiile that you might have some knowledge of me. I have written tliese few sentences as above by commission of Giovanni Rinuccini, arid also because I wish t h a t this people sliould be well served by intelligent nlen able to do honour t o your Signory, to whom I recommend myself. -May Christ have you in his keeping. Yours NICCHOLAIO DATI. Another nota is dated 17th June, 1529, and -is as follows:I give notice to your Signory of the assignment of the first ditch above the road . . . W e Giovan Battista and Lionardo Cliiari alcrster masons and compclnions undertake to excavate it, . . . other contracts for tlie fosses of the new works are' preserved b u t all are of similar character. Making no assertion as t o the nature of the Master Masons' Guild, einployed by the future architect of St. Peter's and the decorator of the Sistine chapel, the facts are of much interest. They are the confirmation t o our ideals'and a lesson to their countrymen that a band of skilled ' masters ' and ' companions ' should afford. Tliey are non-political, working (without need of any watching save ' the All Seeing Eye '), wishing to work together as a ' lodge '; a perfect group of ' seven ' forming tlie body, but reinforced by three more, skilled workers of equal ranks. Tliey are in spirit, if not in organization, the worthy compeers of their
L

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172

Trunswctiotrs of the Quwtccor Corotrati Lodge.

English contemporaries, who, a t a later day, determined to receive ' accepted ' brethren, and, almost unintentionally, founded a nlovement which (while i t keeps with$ its ancient landmarks) is a power potent, for good-will and integrity. T. J . WESTROPP. Foot Cloth-Painted Cloth-Floor Cloth-Flooring.-On the 2nd July, 1744, P&re Simonnet, Prior of Heurgeville (Heurtrkgeville) wrote to his publisher on the subject of the illustrations for his proposed book (see --1.Q.L'. xxxi., p. 27). The original let.ter is in my possession, and it contains what must surely be one of the earliest (if not t l ~ rearliest) written description of a Lodge Foot Cloth. Tlie followi~gis the passage referred to :. . . Before him (the Master of the Lodge) is an Altar or elongated table covered with a Pall (Drup AIIortt~trirr) wliicli is embroidered on the Tomb of Hyram with ' la tCte tlechtrrtlte, ' two crossed swords, palms, cypresses, and winged-clocks. Lastly a Cloth (Tapia) painted on oil-cloth (toile cirCe) entirely covers the floor (W/) of this redoubtable place. B u t as tlie number of figures shown hides tlle design and because this Cloth is as full of mystery-as was the Shield of Achilles of olden time i t is reserved to form the subject of the next engraving. I t must be understood that no engravings or drawings have survived with tlie letter, so that we have the description only. Foot Cloth (Tal~iad r pied) covering coillpletely the Floor (Sol) of the Third Chamber or Place of Assembly of the Free Nasons properly called The Lodge, used only on the days appointed for the Reception of some new Brother. The original of this piece came into the possession of a Profane in a very singular manner and the information to be derived from i t throws much light upon the pretended Mysteries of Masonry. The position of this Cloth is in front of tlie Throne or Grand Master's seat and i t is laid in accordance with the Points of the Compass. The two Columns of the Temple of Solomon forming the entrance thereto are thereon depicted as also the Plan of the Tabernacle which Moses set up in the Desert. The cylindrical object (L'esprcr d r silindre) which is in the middle together with tlie other operative building tools are the honourable Signs of tlie offices and dignities of tlle Brethren present and they are scattered about a t random. The Rough Ashlar (Lu P i ~ r r r6rrrtte) wliicll appears above i b the Syinbol of Primitive Matter or Nature (I'ittrcr!~~ tle Itc nlcctiere pritttitiar o c la nutlcrc) and that is what the Cabalistic Signs graven c upon i t are intended to show. The situation of this Rock is outside ( P I & drlior.~ dr) the Column J . Outside the Column B is the situation of a Five-Foot long Chest (C'ofrr d r citty ~ , i r d . \ )clozing with three keys whicli they call The Ark (I'drche) and in which are locked up all the ornainents of the Lodge. The J rapresents the word J A K I ~ and the IN B Booz which proves the truth of the discovery made by Mr. Banier. lq'or information concerning Mr. Htlnier see --l.Q.('. xxxii., p. 6. The four IlIustrations proposed by M. Sirnonnet were :-I. The Tower of Babel. 11. Tlie Novice in a Chamber of the Lodge hoodwinked. 111. Tlie Novice introduced into the Chanlber of Reception where he receives the Light (occ OIL clebunde les yeur). I V . Foot Cloth, etc. (as above). The Table Cloth or Pall ~ t y l e d' Drap Mortuaire ' presents some surprising features in connection with an Initiation ceremony. The objects depicted upon it are suggestive rather of ' high ' or ' additional ' Degrees. The ' tombeau d'hyram,' ' t6te tlecharnke,' ' deux sabres en sautoir '(which may very well be really ' un OS et une 6p6e en sautoir '), the ' pallnes ' ancl ' ciprhs,' and the ' horloges ail& ' (whicli inay very well be ' tstes d'Anges montkes sur des ailes ') are all familiar This letter was written in 1744, the year in in tlie Ecossois ' 2116 ' Degrees. wliicli appeared Lr r't~rfcrit Kacon and La Prcozc-.lfa~on>~e, both of which books treat of Ecossois Degrees.

Notes and Queries.

173

One of the objects depicted on tlz,e Foot Cloth is an ' espece de silindre,' and i t is surrounded by ' building tools scattered about a t random or in confusion.' I this mysterious ' cylinder ' was really part of a b r o l ~ r ncolzrmn we should here f have something lziglzly suggestive of another and very important high Degree. It seems possible that what Pike Simonnet had secured were not Craft pictures o t all. Whether this be so or not there are several points about this description which are of interest in connection with Bro. E . H. Dring's Tracing Board Lecture in -4 .Q.C. xxix., which he repeated with such success a t Bristol on 17th July, 1920. Though the Rough Ashlar occurs, Mzere is no mention of a ' Perfect Ashlar ' nor even of tlze ' Pierre Cubique taillee en pointe.' The Ark came in for a good deal of attention in the course of the Discussion reported in A . Q . G . xxix., p. 313, etc. Bro. Dring said that he was unable to state definitely whether the Ark (and other Syinbols now regarded as R . A . ) appeared i11 connection with Craft working during the eigliteentli century or not. It will be noticed that the ' Pierre brutte ' and the Ark balance each other in M. Simonnet's description of t h e particular picture he had before him. J . E. S. TUCKETT.

Freemasonry in France 1732-3.-For the following interesting paragraphs I am indebted to M.W. Bro. Melvin Mayrlard Johnson's Freemasonry i n America The llorjton TVeekly Ilehuursul, 19th February, 173213 contains prior to 17'50. with its news from Paris :On the 5th, tlze Nuncio having made his Publick Entry in the accustomed Manner, is now busily employed in the Ceremonious P a r t of his Functions; that is, in making Visits to the Princes and Princesses of the Blood, in paying and receiving Complirnents to and fro among the Cardinals, Ministers, and prime Nobility. On Monday, his Excellency, being a FREE MASOS, is to lay the first Stone towards the building of the great Altar in the Church of S. Sulpice. This by a Papal Nuncio is surely remarkable even allowing for the fact t h a t the first Bull directed against Freemasonry was not launched until 1738. The Uoator~ W e e k l y ,Vews Letter, 9th June, 1737, announces that:. . . the old Cure of St. Sulpice the Great Pro(t)ector, and Father Tournemin the celebrated Preacher and Jesuit, were going to initiate themselves, (when) out conies an Order from the King, like a Thunderbolt, and throws down the Babe1 Building. J. E. S. TUCKETT.

A Roman Catholic estimate of English Freemasonry.-Tlle Right Rev. Sir David Hunter Blair, Bart., sometime Abbot of F o r t Augustus, has recently published his reminiscences in a volume elltitled -4 Jf edley o f :lfentories (Arnold, 1919). Born in 1853, he was educated a t Eton, and went into residence a t Magdalen College, Oxford, in January, 1872. It was not till March 25th, 1875, that he was received into the Roman Catholic communion, which eventually led to his joining the Benedictines, and rising to be Abbot of this Scottish house of the Order. H e writes (p. 57) :I was admitted, I think in my second term a t Oxford, into the mysteries of Masonry, for which t l ~ e r e ~ w a s that time a good deal of active at propagandism in the Universlty. W e had an exclusively University lodge, the Apollo, with handsome premises near tlze Union, the citizens having an amalganiation of their own (as Angelo Cyrus Bantam would have 1,ut it), somewhere in a back street. Our Worshipful Master was a prominent High Church dergyman, many well-known dons belongecl to the lodge, and masonic bigwigs from London used'to come down from time to time to encourage and instruct us. There was a deal of pleasant and quite harmless conviviality about our meetings and sub-

l1ru?lsuctiolta of t h e Qllntcior C o r o t ~ c i t i Lo(i'ge.

sequent " banquets," as they were solnewhat liyperbolically called; and I not only thought tlie n~ason:critual rather impressive, b u t was very favourably struck by t h e active benes~olenceof tlle brethren, and by t h e excellently managed schools for boys and girls which they maintained a t large cost. I rose t o be Provincial Grand Organist of Oxfordshire, and used t o conduct the music a t Oxford and Banbury ine.etings. B u t I do not renleinber ever being asked to join in any dark conspirac;es against Church or St,ate. Aft," I had become a Catllolic, and had severed lny connection wit11 Preemasonry as a niatter .of course, I ventured on one occasion t o write to a Catllolic journal, t o say that English Masonry, according t o niy expzrience of i t , was a sort of charitable goose-club on a large scale, supported by a great nunlber of l ~ i g h l yrespectable people, who could not see anytlliiig wrong u~hatever i n either its principles or its ceremonial. My letter elicited a rather now adorns iny scrap-booktruculent (and anonyn~ous)rejoinder-it t o t h e effect t h a t I was evidently one of the Iloodwinked, and t h a t my letter showed un~ilistakablesigns of diabolic possession. GORDON G . HILLS. P. T h e " O p e r a di San Pietr0."-Mrs. Hug11 Fraser, in her book of recollections. entitled J f o r e Ztcrlictn 17esterclu~/u, tells t h e s t o r ~of " a poor mason called Giovanni Borgi," a n operative, engaged on t l ~ e staff a t S t . Peter's a t Rome about 1780 :H e belonged t o tlie " Opera di San Pietro "-that is he was one of the workmen engaged for life by tlie ac1nlinistraLion of S t . Peter's for the maintenance and repair of tlle Basilica, the Vatican Palace, and its nlany dependent buildings. The " opera " was a close corporation and included artisans of every necessary craft, froin n~osaic workers to br;cklayers, plumbers and carpenters. Of course the privileges were largely hereditary, t h e Italian traditions of Guilds leading t h e son t o follow t l ~ e t r a d e or profession of llis father whenever possible, b u t big11 character and a blanleless record were also indispensable qualifications for every appointment. This reference to a n operzrtive craft organisation, and t l ~ equalificatio~~s its of n?en?bersis of interest, as a relic of inedireval metllods, and the character of Giovanni Eorgi is i n accord with our speculative use of the word ' Masonic.' Borgi spent his nights in administering t o sick ant1 d y n g in tllc Hosl~ittrlof Santo Spirito dn t h e " Borgo," and his s y n ~ p a t l ~ y aroused for the boy waifs and strays of the was city for whom h e founded a n asylunl. Pope Pius V I . bought tlle Palazzo Ruggia as a permanent home for t h e Aeilo. The fo~ulder," Tata " Giovanni, as he was affectionately called, died Junfe 28tl1, 1798. I 1 after years Giovanni Maria 1 Mastai-Ferretti of Sinigaglia, afterwards Pius I X . , was for four years director of t h e institution. It will be remenlbered tllat some interestiug l)articulars about Pope Pius IX. aild his actual nlembersllip of tlle Craft appeared i11 a recent volunle (&I.(l.('. xxvi.. 218). GORDON G. HILLS. P. T h e Leland-Locke MS.-The very interesting discovery by Mr. Onions (noted cuote, p. 141) appears t o prove conclusively t h a t tlle so-called Leland-Locke MS., i n t h e earliest form in wllicll i t i; kno\vn t o us, is a forgery: t h a t is t o say, i t cannot possibly be a n actual copy of an origiilal dating back to tlle time of K i n g H e n r y V I . , who reigned froin 1422 t o 1460 As a fact., however, i t does not claim to be a direct copy of suc2i a document, and i t nlay therefore be urefu1,to set o u t its traditional l i i ~ t o r yas recorded in 1753. It inay be assumed t h a t :'s l . Tlre C ~ n f l ~ n z c c nJ/tryr/cl2itle of September of that year first prilited the document in England. It stated t h a t i t was a " Copy of a snlall

2. Pamphlet, consisting of 12 pages in Octavo, printed ill Frankfort, in Germany, in 1748," b u t thi.; print l ~ a snot been traced. I t is, however, said t o liave been taken froin
3. a Manuscript " found in the Desk or Scritoir of a deceased Brother " with a covering letter (dated May 6, 1696) addressed by J o h n Locke (1632-1704) " to the Rt. Hon. . . . E a r l of . . .," and this letter saps t h a t Locke has 4. " by the help of Mr. C . . . 11s procured a copy of t h a t MS. in S o s u r h A1.S. ha.; been the 13otlleinn LiIwa~*jn.11ic.h yo11 n-cre so nnsio~i.; t o see. traced there.
"

5 The MS. is said to liave been lieadecl C'prfn!/n~; ) I I P Y ~ , I / O ~I I C L ~ ,-l L~ I - I ~ . S ~ I Y T C S ( S ~ to thr .~777r, ' O ? I C P ~ ) Z ? I 1 0I J J P ~ t r r y * ~ I C I C O ~ and/ P , have been " faythfullye C ~I I f y of I I ! to copyed by me J o h a n Leylande Antiquarius " ( 1 1506-1552), from
6. the original the Name."
"

wryttene by tlle Hande of Kynge Heiirye the Sixtke of

I n t h e Not.es said to have been added by Locke i t is assumed t h a t this J o h n Leland is the well known Antiquary who lived in the reign of H e n r y V I I I . It may, however, be noted t h a t there was another of the same name, a Grammarian a t Oxford, in t h e reign of Henry V I . I have already inentioned ( ~ I I Zp. P , t h a t what in all probability is the ~ 141) first printed copy of the MS. in a Bilasoiiic work, is in T11r I'ockrt Compnnion, published by J . Scott, London, 1754, where it was used t o refute tlie strictures of Dr. Robert Plot in his .\-rct~trtrl N i s t o r y of S t n f o r d 4 i r r 1686, pp. 316-318. I n T h r I'ockrf C o n ~ l ) ~ o l i o iimillediately following the author's l, Detectation of D r . Plot's Account of t h e Free-Masons," appears a re-print of A n .421ology f o r t l 1 ~ P r r r ccncl i l c c r p f c ( l ~lfncot7c . . . Trccn\lntrrl f r o w tllr Frrnch, h y o B r o t h r r . IJ~.zi, d nf FrtrtlX f o r t , - l f , D C i ( ' , S LT7LZZ.-precisely the place and > e a r given for tr the untraced p r ' n t froin which t h e G'rnf7r/?1cr?z'x l f c ~ q n : i r / ~ A is said t o have obtained its copy. This may be pure coincidence, but it should also be noted t h a t t h e version in Tlzr P o c k r f Cionzprrt,io/7 was apparently not copied direct from the Cr/~tlrnlce~z's Alfnl/nii~lc, i t gives iiaines whicll t h e latter ornitq: " the R t . Hon. . . . as Earl of . . . " becoines " the R t . H o n Thoinas E a r l of Pembroke," and " Mr. C . . . ns " appears in full as " M r . Colliiis " This seeills fair evidence in support of t h e claim made by the Gentlrt,lcrt,'c . l L ~ y n z i / ~ r its use of to a Frankfort publication, and so may carry us back one step in our eildeavour t o get to t h e original. The letter and notes said t o have been by Locke tnn?y be quite genuine, though i t would have been easy for a writer a t a later date to include references t o the E a r l of Pembroke, Mr. Collins, and Lady Masham, all of whom are known t o have been liis friends. One would like to find a reason for its appearance. The Act 3 Henry V I . , c. 1. may be disniissed, although tlle period is suggestive. A more promising suggestion seems t o be the formation of t h e Grand Lodge of tlie Antients in 1751, but this also may be ruled out because Derinott made no use of t h e MS. before 1778, tllough lie had t h e opportunity of doing so in 1756 arrd 1764. T h e F r a n k f o r t A l ~ o l o g yof 1748 seems altoqether t h e m o ~ tappropriate place for its first appearance, b u t without further information i t is perhaps useless t o speculate upon tlie probable date of t h e ' forgery.' Bro. Hextall has called attention (A.Q.C'. xxvi., 1913, p. 124) to a letter 'c dated 9th October, 1753, which appeared in t h e G ' r n f l r t t ~ ~ ? rJfcrqnzine shortly after the publication therein of t h e LrI~71cI LOCX.PX,S. -This letter stated t h a t the MS. had been "since unartfully printed in various shapes," b u t no such reprints have yet been traced. The letter was addressed from Norwich, and t h e writer metitioned t h a t " The Brotherhood were so well pleased with i t t h a t there was not a Magazine to be got in this City, and orders were given for a fresh supply. " W.J.S.
"

176

Tl~~rt~sclctions t h e Q7tatwor Cnronati L n d q ~ . of

OBITUARY.
following Brethren :Osborn Hambrook Bate, of South Africa, on the 30th September, 1919. Bro. Bate held the rank of Past District Grand Warden (E.C.) and Past Provincial Grand Mastsr (D.C.). H e joined our Correspondenca Circle in June, 1889. Wm. Booth, of Stockport, on the 5th December, 1919. Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies; Past Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.). Bro. Booth became a member of our Correspondenca Circle in March, 1912. George William Capel, of Surbiton, Surrey, on the 6th October, 1919. Past Master of Lodge No. 19. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1894. James Couch, of Hatfield, Herts., on the 27th November, 1919. Past Master of Lodge No. 1601. Bro. Couch became a member of our Correspondence Circle in June, 1907. Henry J. Dalgleish, of London. P a s t Provincial Grand Deacon of Devon. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1907. William Fisher, of Chiswick, on the 30th September, 1919. Bro. Fisher held the rank of Past Assistant Grand Pursuivant and Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies (1t.A.). H e became 3, member of our Correspondence Circle in October, 1907. George John Gissing, of Kingston-on-Thames, on the 14th August, 1919. Past Master of Lodge No. 1056, L . R . H e joined our Correspondence Circle in March, 1907. Henry Charles Hermann Hawker Houndle, of London, on the 30th September, 1919. Past Provincial Grand Warden, Surrey. Bro. Houndle became a member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1890. Robert Sinclair Laurenson, of South Africa, on the 29th August, 1919. H e was a member of Lodge No. 2486, and joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1919.' Rev. Thomas William Lemon, D.D. (Oxon.), of Bude, Cornwall, on the 16th December, 1919. Bro. Lemon was Past Provincial Grand Warden and Past Provincial Grand J . , Devon. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in September, 1887. Stanley Llandaff Burnett Lines, of Toronto, Canada. H e was a member of Lodge No. 50 (N.S.W.C.), and joined our Correspondence Circle in November, 1910. Benno Loewy, of New York City, on t h e 19th August, 1919. Representative of t h e Grand Lodge of Hamburg. H e became a member of our Correspondence Circle in May, 1894. Edward Macbean, F.R.G.S., of Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire, on the 23rd August, 1919. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1887, being elected a full member on 4th May, 1888, and was installed Master on the 8th November, 1895. James Millar, of Ketchikan, Alaska. E-Ie was Past Master of Lodge No. 155 (Canada), and became a member of our Correspondence Circle in May, 1909. Dr. Julius F. Sachse, on the 15th November, 1919. Librarian, Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. William F. Stockings, of Norwich, on the 10th September, 1919. Past Master of Lodge No. 943. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1902. Dr. Henry Francis La Touche White, of Cambridgeshire, on the 24th July, 1919. Past Provincial Grand Deacon of Northants and Hunts. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1908.
l

T is with much regret that we have to record the death o- the

YRIXCE CHARLES EDTTARD STUART. Engraved froill life by the Prince's comnlaild at. Edinburgh, during the J'acobite occupation, 11745. Fro???f h c m r r oriflinn/ i n fltr collrcflon of U r o . -7. B . S . T l t c t e t t , T.M.

OF THE

Qluafuor Coronaft Bobge, @o, 2076,

=-nu

TYF

I I I B E L L A MISSAL.

-----PL.

L.

6RITl.H

M U S E U M , & D D , M 8 8 7.861

c!nCA. 7 6 0 0 A D .

II ..
4.

22th

December,
YJ +-

11919-

HEARTY

GOOrl
TO TIIE

WISHES

MEMBERS

OF. BOTH
FROM TIIE

CIRCLES

MASTER

AND
OF T H E

OFFICERS

QUATUOR

CORONATI DAY
A.D.

LODGE

No.

2076

ST. J O H N ' S

IN

WINTER.

1919.

I n view of the present high cost of printing, and the consequent need for strict economy, it has been decided, as a temporary measure, to omit the long list of Correspondence Circle members, and to print only the names of those who have been elected during the year, and of those who have been removed by deatli. Subject, therefore, to these alterations, and to resignations, etc., t h e full list published under date, of 27th Decelybsr, 1918, remains in force.

A.L. 5919.

VERYDEARBRETHRES,

T is indeed a high honour as it is most certainly a precious privilege t o be called to rule over a Lodge whose members are to be found in every part of the World and I gladly avail myself of the opportunity afforded by our annual St. John's Card of comlng a t least this once into direct communication with you when I, following the custon~established by my predecessors, address to you on this Festival A Message of Good Will , t o All.
From tlle East the Master and 0.fficers of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge send Fraternal Greetings and Hearty Good Wishes t o the Members of both Circles. .?day T.G.A.O.T.U. grant to each one an abundant measure of the blessings of Health and Happiness, and may H e continue to prosper the Labours of our Lodge in tlle Future as in the Past. Bratl~ren,I greet you well And remain Yours faithfully and fraternally, Master

PRINCE C H A R L E S E D W A R D S T U A R T .

Whetlier ' Bonnie Prince Charlie ' was a Freemason or not is a lnatter of doubt (or belief). Nevertheless, liis name loonis largely in the History of the Craft and Allied Orders, and this has been deemed sufficient to justify the selection of his portrait for this year's S t . John's Card. The Engraver, Robert Strange (afterwards tlie famous Sir Robert Strange, Kt.), was brother-in-law to Andrew Lumisden, ' Private Secretary to tlie S t u a r t Princes,' whose name is promineritly associated with t h e Teniplar Masonic R i t e of t h e Strict Observant?. The engraving was done from life by Prince Charlie's Coininand during the Jacobite Occupatioii of Edinburgh. The epigraph ' A Paris, chez Cliereau, r u s St. Iaques,' served a double purpose, being both a blind to permit the circulation orf t h e prints on this side of t h e Channel and also t h e genuine addrms of the publislier who issued the proofs. The following letters C . P . R . ostensibly stand for ' Cuni Privilegio Regis,' and were necessary for publication in France, but t o t ? ~ eJ n c o b i t r a those letters meant ' Charles Prince Regent,' t h e title and powers of Regent having been conferred upon t h e Prince by his father, t h e Old Pretender, who (for liis adherents) was King James 111. Tradition (but a t present i t is only Tradition) asserts t h a t in tlie Audience-Chamber a t Holyrood Palace a t Edinburgh on Tuesday, 24th September, 1745, a ' Solemn Chapter of t h e Ancient Cliivalry of the Temple of ' Jerusalem ' was held ' by appointment ' and t h a t ' Our noble Prince looked most ' gallantly in t h e white robe of The Order, took his Profession like a worthy ' Knight ' and ' did vow t h a t lie would restore the Temple higher than i t was in ' tlie days of William t h e Lion. Then my Lord of Athole did deniit as Regent ' (of tlie Order) and his Royal Highness was elected Grand Master.' J . E. S. TUCKETT.
1 Sir Rol~ertS t r a ~ ~ g e lived a t 52, Great Queen Street. London. the house lately occupied by the Quntuor Coronati Lodge.

MEMBERS OF THE LODGE.

IN THE ORDER OF

THEIRI

SENIORITY.

Warren, Lieut.-General Sir Charles, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., The Oaks, Westbere, C'anterbum~. 278, 1417, 1832, P.M. Past Grand Deacon, Past District Grand 'Master, Eastern Archipelago; Past Grand Sojourner. Founder. First

Master.
Rylands, William Harry, F.S.A. 27 Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2. 2, P.M.; 2, P.Z. Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies; Past Deputy Grand Director of Ceremonies (R.A.). Founder. First Senior Warden.

Past Master.
Rylands, John Paul, Barrister-at-Law, F.S.A.

96 Bidston Road, Birckenhead.

148,

1354. Founder.
Westcott, William Wynn, Df.B., (Lond.), -7.P. 39 Rapson Road, Durban, Natal. 814, Y.M., P.Pr.G.D.C., Somerset. Past Grand Deacon; Past Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.) Past Master. Joined 2nd December, 1886. Goldney, Frederick Hastings, J.P. Beechfield, Corsham, Wilts. 259, 335, 626, P.M., Pr.G.Treas., P.Pr.G.W., Wilts. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner. Past Master. Director of Ceremonies. Joined 4th May

1888.

Lancaster Lodge, Kew Gardens, Keli., Surrey. 404, L.R.; 21. Past Master. Joined 8th November 1889. Ninnis, Belgrave, M.D., Inspector General, R.N., C.V.O., F.R.G.S., F.S.A. The .Ens, Lezgham Avenue, Streatham, London, S.TVJ6. 259, 1174, 1691, P.M., P.Dis.G.D., Malta. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner. (Joined C.C. March 1890.). Joined 9th November 1891. Malczovich, Ladislas Aurhle de. Beliigyministerium, Budapest, Hungary. Lodge Szent Istvan. Formerly Member of Council of the Order, Hungary. Representative of Grand Lodge, Ireland. (Joined C.C. January 1890.) Joined 5th January 1894. Conder, Edward, J.P., F.S.A. The Conigree, Newent, Gloucestershire. 1036, 1074, L.R.; 280. Past Master. Local Secretary for Oxfordshire and GloucesterJoined 5th January 1894. shire. (Joined C.C. May 1893.: Greiner, Gotthelf. 33 Warrzor Square, St. Leonard's-on-Sea. 92, P.M., 1842. Past
Assistant Grand Secretary for German Correspondence, Past Assistant Grand Directnr of Ceremonies (Craft & R.A.). Past Master. (Joined C.C. January

Klein, Sydney Turner, F.L.R., F.R.A.S.

1888.)

Joined 24th June 1896.

Horsley, Rev. Canon John William, M.A., Oxon, Clerk in Holy Orders. Detling Vzcarage, near ,Wazdstone, Kedt. 1973. Past Grand Chaplain. Past

(Joined C.C. June 1891.) Joined 24th June 1896. Wickersley, Brough, E. Yorks. 57, 1511, 2494, P.M.; 1511, P.Z., P.Pr.G.W.; P.Pr.G.R. (R.A.), N. & E. Yorks. Past Master. Local Secretary for the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire. (Joined C.C. May 1887.) Joined 7th May 1897. Armitage, Edward, Y.A. The Green Hills, Tilford, Farnhan, Surrey. 16, 859, 1074, 1499, 2851, P.M. ; 859, 1074, 1 (S.C.), P.Z. Past Grand Deacon ; Past Grand Sojourner. Past Master. (Joined C.C. October 1888.) Joined 7th October 1898. Crowe, Frederick Joseph William, F.R.A.S., F.R.Hist.8. S t . Peter's House, Chzchester. 328, P.M., 1726, P.M.; 110, P.Z., P.Pr.G.R.; P.Pr.G.Sc.N., Devon. Rep.G.L. Hungary. Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies; Past Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.). Past Master. (Joined C.C. Novemher 1888.) Joined 8th November 1898. Thorp, John Thomas, F.R.Hist.S., F.R.S.L., F.R.S.A.1. 54 Princess Road, Leicester. 523, 2429, P.M. ; 279, P.Z., P.Pr.G.W. ; P.Pr.G.J., Leicester & Rutland.
Shackles, George Lawrence. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner. Past Grand Warden, Iowa. Past Master. (Joined C.C. January 1895.) Joined 8th November

Master.

Chaplain.

1900.

16

Watson, William,

24- Trznston G a ? ; t l ~ n sH e p c l r r t ! ~ l ~Lertl\. 61,, P.Rl., P Pr.G.lJT.; , y, P.Pr.G.So., W. Yorks., Past Assistant Grand Diroctor of Ceremonies; Past Senior ITarden. (Joined C.C. February 1887.) Grand Standard Bearer. Joined 3rd March 1905.

17

Songhurst, Wllliam John, F.C.Z.,q. 27 Grectt Qltepn S f ~ e ~Lonrlon, TT7.C.Z. 227, f , P.M., Treas., 3040, D.C., 3743, D,C.; 7 , P.Z., A { , P,%. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner. Secretary. (Joined C.C. January 1891.)

Jo~ned 2nd March 1906.

18 Simpson,

John Percy, B.A. 176, P.M.; 176, P.Z. 1905.)

16 Nolt!y/ltotl S t ~ r r f ,S l t l ~ r ~ / c hLontlnn, 1T.C.I .

Past Assistant Grand Registrar; Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies (R.A.).. Past AIqster. (J0inc.d C.C. January

Joined 25th June 1906.

19

Dring, Edmund H u n t . T r r n t ~ c o r f l t ,Tlte E l t l ~ g ~ ~ c nSlctfon, , Y I I ~ I . P I J . rj, 1297, P.hf., 3444; 1297, P.Z. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner.

P a s t Master.
20

(Joined C.C. January 1899.)

Joined 25th J u n e 1906.

Hextall, William Brown.

2 G n ~ i l e n ' o ~ r r fT e m p l ~Lonrlon, E.P.4. 1085, 2128, P.RI., ( , , P.Pr.G.W., Derbyshire. Past Grand Deacon. P a s t Master. ( J o ~ n c dC.C. J a n u a r y 1904.) Joined 5th hIarch 1909.

21

, Goblet

d'Alviella, le Comte EugPne F6licien Alberb, Itlembre de I'dcadcmic Royale. C'hdtenu de C o ~ c r fS t . E f l e n n e , Brrtl)rtf~t, ~ 7 ~ i l l m . Past Grand Master, B Joined 5th Marcli 1909. Belgium. (Joined C.C. February 1890.)

22

Wonnaco;tt, Ernest William Malpas, d . R . Z . B . d . , F.S.Z. 6 Oltl C(tvenr11slt RYreet, London, Tr.1. 241q, 2956, Sec., 3171, P.M., 3321, P.Pr.G.D., Herts ; 2.1, P.Z., 2416, P.Z., 292.9, P.Z., 29.76. Past Assistant Grand Supt. of Works;, Past Grand Standard Bearer ( R A . ) . Past Master. (Joined C.C. Rlarch 1904.)

Joined 3rd March 1911.

23 Westropp,

Thomas Johnson, ICI.A., N . R . I . S . , Pres.R.X..4.7. 115 Strnnrl R o a d , S a n d y m o u n f , D t ~ l ~ l z n 143 (I.C.), P.fi1. Past Grand High Priest, Ireland. . Senior Deacon. (Joined C.C. November 1897.) Joined 24th J u n e 1912.

24

Powell, Arthur Cecil. The I l e r m i t n q r , TI'rston-~~rp~r-JIccre. 187, P.M., P.Pr.G.W., Bristol; 187, P.Z., P.Pr.G.J., Bristol. Past Grand Deacon ; Past (Joined C.C. Norembcr 1902.) Assistant Grand Sojourner. Past Ilastcr.

Joined 24th J u n e 1912.

25 Hills, Gordon Pettigrew Grahain, A . R.Z.B.A.

Fii c r o f t , C'oolik(trn Drrrn, Berkshire. 2416, P.M., L.R., 2228, P.M., 3684; 241G, P.Z., P.Pr.G.lJT., Bcrks. Past Master. (Jo1:led C.C. ?Ifay 1897.) Joincd 2nd October 1914.

26

Tuckett, Major James Edward Shum, ,4f.A. (Crtntrth.). F.C.S., T.D. 12 R e l v ~ t l ~ r c 1Coat1, RetElnnil, Brlstol. 1533, P.M., P.Pr.G.H. ; 1.733, P.Z., P.Pr.G.So.

Worshipful Master. 1914.

27

(Joined C.C. Novcmber 1910.)

Joined 2nd Obtober

Bradley, Herbert, C.,S.Z. I<o~nmrr,T T ' P s ~ C11ff Rontl, no111 nrmovth . Past District Grand Master ; Past Grand Superintendent, Madres. Junior J1-arden.

(Joined C.C. October 1893.) Joined 5th J a n u a r ~1917.

28 Vibert, Arthur Llonel: Z.C1.S. ICfizr7171r, Lrtnsrlo~cn,n n f h . P.Dis.G.1V. ; P.Dis.G.J.,

Madras: Local Secretary for Somerset. Junior Dracon. January 1895.) Joined 5th J a n u n r ~ 1917.
29 Baxter, Roderick Hildegar.

(Joined C.C.

97 J I t l n r o ~ oRonrl, Rocl~tl(tle,T,n n r t r s h l ~ r . P.Pr.G.lV. ; P.Pr.A.G.So., E. Lancs. Local Secretary for East I~anrashire. Inner Guard. (Joined C.C. October 1907.) Joined 5th January 1917.

30

Robbins, Sir Alfred. 32 1f77tsC:eorg~ v e n ~ t r ,R n ~ o n s Cotcrt. T,onrlon, TT'.lJ. 1928, S P . M . ; 1928, P.Z. President, Board of General Purposes; Past Grand Joined 24th Jmtc 1919. Sojourner. (Joined C.C. January 1899.)

HONORARY MEMBER.
31
H . R . H . The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, >:.G'., &c. Grand Master; Grand Z. Honorary 3fc.mber. Joined 9th November 1908.

MEMBERS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE

ELECTED

IN

1919.

" T h e Asterisk before the name indicates Life-Membership.

The Roman numbers refer to Lodges, and those i n Italics to R.A. Chapters.

LODGES UNDER THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION.

I

1 2 3

JOIKED.

No. 2774 Verilon Lodge ,, 3442 King EdwArd TlI. Lodge ,, 3806 hfaguncor Lodge

Johannesburg, Tmnsvaal Bradford, Yorlishire Grantham, Lincolnshire

May 1919. J u n e 1919. October 1919.

LODGES UNDER OTHER CONSTITUTIONS.

Unioil Lodge RTo. 719 (S.C.) Kimberley, S. Africa St. Andren's Lodgc No. 19 (S.A.C.) Adelaide, S. Australia Lcopold Ijodye No. 31 (S.il.C.) Cilbrrton, S. Australia Marl!~orougll Lodge of rnanimity KO. 1C6 Ulcnheim, New Zealand (N.Z.C.) Lodge Star of Africa No. 61 (D.C.) Jagersfontein, S. Africa. Lodge Edda. (G.1,. Dellmarli) Reykjavik, Iceland October 1919. iJailuary 1919. J a n u a r y 1919. November 1919. March 1919. May 1919.

OTHER ASSOCIATIONS.
hIulasters' and JVardcns' Association Masonic Rescarcli Society North Adelaide, S. Aubtralia Portland, Origon J a n u a r y 1919. January 1919.

BROTHERS.
F., U.S.O., V . C . Box 3395, Jol~ctnneabury, Trctnsvual, S. d f n c t l . 3lav 1919. Adam, John. Lc11 t 11!lrw e , Sir e f f l a s t o ~ r nr.. Clttsgorr. Pr.G.I).C. ; 1x9. October 1919. , Akehurst, S. U. 63 Hercea 120ctt1, Pulnters G'teen, Lontlon, 1 . 1 3 . 1364. November 1919. Alien, Beorge Thomas. 129 Uetlfor tl HILT, 13ctllrctVL, Lontlon, ,5'.TF.l2. 3661. May 1919. Anderson, Thomas. 9 S t . T,eontrrtlh Itotctl, E'ctl~izg,Lorrtlon, TT'. 5 , Sec. May 1919. Anstey, Theodore Heginald. Il'l~e I i e ~ f o y, l)(, .4clr, S o u t h Sfrtctr. 3198, J . D . Nov. 1919. r Armstrong, Jamcs. C'roJts Lect l'tiik, Ilfr~ttcorrlbe,Devon. 1135, J.11'. March 1919. ~ A r n o l d ,John A. D .ltherrlcty liotrtl, Surrhectcl, L o n d o n , S.E.15. 1658. J u n e 1919.
Adam, C n p t . G. A. "Ballentyne, Henrv. 400 Crorrn R f r e e t , Blnsyorr.. 536; l 2 P.Z. October 1919. Bathurst, Herveg. 4 JIcr~Xct H u ~ l t l i n y . ~ , Nlltnclng L a n e , Lontlon, E.C.S. P.G.Stew. 29

May 1919. 12 Queen d n n r ' s G a t e , L o n d o n , S . T . 1 . 1826. October 1919. Bernstein, S. 12 TT'rlltnyton S t r e e t E n s t , I i t y h e r Br.oughton, X a n c h e s t e r , Lancs. 1798; 81s. blarch 1919 Bickell, Fredrrlrli Chas. 54 Ltrrt~htot~ ltocttl, TF~rnblrtlon,Lonclon, S.TT7.19. 1602. May 1919. Biney, J. A. P.O. Box 27. Onltahit, Ltryos, N ~ g e n a . 3780, J . W . November 1919. Blake, liobeyt. 37 G r o s v e n o ~ Koctrl, l l f o r t l , Essex. P.Pr.A.G.D.C.; 2005, H . Nov. 1919. Bolton, George. T h r M o u n f , Htctley Hllls, B ~ n g l e r l ,Y o l k s . 600, I.G.; 600. Oct. 1919. 6 121casell Alctrrstons, S o u t h a m p t o n Rote, L o n d o n , TY.C.l. 569. Bonser, Honard John. Alarch 1919 Bonser, .lames. 14 ilfc~tlhorout~lt liotttl, -Vunectfon, TBar rclckshrre. 432. November 1919. Eealunrl, TVelllngton, N e w Z e a l u ~ ~ d 2256. . Bright, ( ' c t ~ ~ f John William. I I t ~ n k o f S P ~ C . October 1919.
Baxter, Bcorge Charles Parkhurst.

51

32 33
34

35 36 37

Hokonguroe T.E., Buru Hctpjun P.O., Assum. 3812, UT.3i. March 1919. Browse, Henry William James.' l 3 Davenport ltdud, Catford, London, S.E.G. 192, P.M.; 28, J. May 1919. Bullock, Rev. John Arthur Smith, -M..4., B.D. The Clergy House, Spitul S q u a ~ eLoncEm, , E. 3244, Ch. J u n e 1919. Burgess, Frederick William. 138 Preston Drove, Blighton, Sussex. 1636; 315. J a n . 1919. BurgesS, William George. 82 Cowzck Road, Tipper Tooting, London, S.TV.17. 1991; 31. May 1919. Burgoyne, John. 6 Prznees Squure, Lontlon, W.2. 147. May 1919. Butler,.John Henry. Suva, Fzji. 1931, P.51. October 1919.
drown, Joseph William.

P.O. BOB 20, Denver, Trunsvual, S. Africu. 3167, P.M.; 3167, J. November 1919. Carpenter, F r a n k G. 341 Fznchley Road, London, N.W.3. 2319, P.M. January 1919 Casburn, John Robert. Buzldhall, Grantham. Pr.G.D.C. ; P.Pr.A.G.S. October 1919. Chapple, W. It. 8 Branksome Gardens, TVtnchmore Hill, London, N.21. 1364. Nov. 1919. Clare, Selby. Heathfieltl, Cardzgan, Wales. 476; 476, Sc. E. J a n u a i y 1919. Clarke, Samuel Robert. P.O. Box 49, Jagersfontein, O.F.S., S . Africa. 61 (D.C.), I)ep.M. March 1919. Colenso, Lt.-Col. J. E. 217 Gurkha Rifles, c j o Cox &. Co., Bombay, Zndiu. P.Dis.G.D., Bengal. October 1919. Colley, Crossley. 12 Northuinberhnd Avenue, Benton, 3e~acustle-upon-Ty Xorthumne, berland. 2260; P.Pr.A.G.Sc.E. (N. Wales). J u n e 1919. *Collier, Joseph Henry. 8 S t . James' Squal-e, London, S.W.1. 3238; 52. May 1919. Collins, Alexander Burnett Poole. 54 Rachmond Roctd, Tottenhum, London, 3.15. 1044, P.M. March 1919. 'Collins, George Laxton. South Dene Tower, Strltccells, Gutesheucl, Durham. 3105; ,2929, P.So. J a n u a r y 1916. Collins, W. P. Freeport Club, Freeport, Necc Y o r k , U.S.9. 62, Ch.; 302, P.H.P. J u n e 1919. "Colsell, Robert Frederick John. Slverstone, P u ~ kH ~ l llloud, Chinyford, Essex. 12. O c t ~ b e r1919. Cooper, Henry William. Box 117, Wangctnuz, S e w Zealuntl. 705, J.W. October 1919. Cooper, Heginald H. 600 North Third Street, Palafka, Floritlu, C.S.9. October 1919. Cooper, Bobert Geraint. 6 Doyo Street, Carrllfl, Bktm. 2453; 960. January 1919. Cooper, William Suddaby. 29 Glencoe Street, Hull, Y o ~ k s . 2134. October 1919. Cully, James Russell, Jun. Undine, 8 Woodlands Avenue, Wunstectd, London, E.11. P.Pr.A.G.Sec. (&sex) ; 453. March 1919. Cumberlege, C'ecil Francis. 59 Westbourne Park Roud, London, W.2. 3912. Nov. 1919.
Cain, Daniel. de Salis, Lt.-Col. Edward Augustus Alfred, D.B.O.

Heudyuurters, U.G.R.C'., Hurroxby Camp, Gruntham, Lincs. P.Pr.G.W. (Lincs.); $62, P.So. October 1919. Dempster, John M. 49 Robertson Street, Glasgox. 32 (S.C.), P.M. March 1919. Derrick, George. 40 Hermon Hzll, Wanstead, London, E.11. 814, W.M.; 285, J . , November 1919. Dexter, Arthur. 528 H ~ g h Roud, Goodmayes, Essez. March 1919. Dickson, William Wallace. 9 Commercial Road, B~cindon,TVilts. 1295, P.M. May 1919. Douglas, Louis Mortimer. 89 Whitefield Termce, Heuton, Xetccustle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. 3428, P.M. ; 2571, P.So. January 1919. Douglass, William. 1 Granmer Avenue, West Ealing, London, JV.13. 1298, Stew. January 1919. Duffy, John Dennis Patrick. Bau Viecc, The Cove, Tramore, Co. Waterford, Irelund. 5 (I.C.); 5. October 1919. Dunlay, Edward Eric: 2205 Rzo Grande Rtreet, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. 456. Mar. 1919.
Earle, Alfred Augustine. 157 Rushey Green, London, S.E.6. 92. May 1919. Ely, George Frederick. 49 S ~ ~ t h e r l a nAvenue, London, W.Y. 1974, P.M. ; 2416, 2. d

66 67 68 69

March 1919.
Fisher, William Nicholson H d g s o n .

113 D u n s m u i ~Croae, Gateshead-on-Tyne, Durham. 424; 424. May 1919. Fox, P. H . Union Club, Trafulyar Squas-e, Lontlon., S.W.1. 708. October 1919.

70 Garraway, Walter. Ilerry, Park Lane, Tl~alltnytwn,Surrey. 857. J u n e 1919. 71 Gates, Harry. Aston Abbotts, near Aylesbury, Bucks. P.Pr.G.W. May 1919. 72 Gibb, James Rattray. Parlzament House, Edinburgh. 1 (S.C.) March 1919. 73 *Gibson, T. B. Badarpur Ghat, Sylhet, Indza. 1268. May 1919. 74 Gilbert, W. N. 16 C'lar,emont Road, Bzshopston, Brtstol. 1296, P.M. J u n e 1919. Goldberg, Joseph. 88 Borfolk lioud, London, E.8. 1950; 1201, P.So. October 1919. 76 Gray, Major Arthur Lansdel. Kazapoz, Netv Z e a l a M . 6, P.M.; 1. October 1919. Green, A r t h u r James, M.B.E., J.P. Box 92, Ktmbeqley. Dis.G.M., S. Africa (Cent. Div.); 1374, P.Z. October 1919. 7 : Green, L o u ~ s S. 4 Essex Court, Temple, London, E.C. 2263. J u n e 1919. Greer, William Jones, P.R.C.S. 19 Gold Toys, Xewport, &Ion. 633, J.W.; 6S3. J a n u a r y 1919. 80 *Grieve, Charles James Kerr. P.O. Box 20, Kuula L u m y u r , F.JI.S. 3674, J . W . ; 2337, P.80. May 1919. 81 Griffiths, Ernest James. 5 Gnoll Avenue, Neuth, Glum. 364. October 1919.
?F

-,,

82
83

84 85 86

87
88
89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Hall, Herbert Knight. 21 Mzlford Road, H u ~ b o r n e ,B ~ r m ~ n y h a m Pr.G.St.B. (\lTorcea. tershire). November 1919. Halliday, Robert T., M.B. 14 S t . A n d r e d s L)rive, Polloksh~elds,Glusgolc. 772 (S.C.), P.M. March 1919. Haqsen, Hans. Preszdent, Masonic Club, Fzshers Ialund, Netc Y o l k , C.S.A. Oct. 1919. Harben, George Alfred, M.I.Mech.E. 23 Dt yden Chambers, Oxforcl Street, London, TV.l. 1671. J a n u a r y 1919. Harper, Edwin Francis. Fentvtck House, Lords~oood Roccd, Hulborrie, Il~rmingltarn. 1016, Ch. November 1919. * Hartman, Frederick Thomas. 12 LVtrter Street, l-okohuma, Juycin. P.Dis.A.G.D.C. ; 1263, Sc.E. J u n e 1919. * Hemmans, Lawrence Fielder. 9 Letclsham P u ~ k , Leczshunl, Lontlon, S.E.13. 2945 ; 2840. October 1919. Hemmings, lsaac. 116 Westbourne Roud, Shefieltl, Yorks. 3363. October 1919. Hempson, Ernest John. 33 Henrietta Street, S t ~ u n d ,London, LV.C.2. 2874; 153 J u n e 1919. "Henderson, J o h n Alexander, U.A., U.A.I., A.3I.lnst.C.E. Lishellutc, Co. l'ermanagh, Ireland. 205 (I.C.). November 1919. Hickson, William Welsman. 3farlborough College, IT-dts. 1533, W.M. November 1919. Holland, James. Alverstoke, &Iount S t u a ~ tRpatl, Iloba?t, Tusmunlu. P.Dis.A.G.D.C., Queensland. J a n u a r y 1919. Hoilinrake; Wilfred. Sprzngfield, Alber t Roud, Eccles, Lancuah~re. 1213, J.W. November 1919. Hosken, Clifford James Wheeler. 18 Argylle Mans~ons,King's Road, Cl~elseu,Lontlon, u.W.3. 2190. May 1919. *Humm, Capt. Percy Stanleg. c / o Jlcssts. COL d Co., H o r n b ~Boc~cl, Bo~nhay. 2532, W.M. October 1919. Hunt, Thomw. H u m t u n , IVellinyton College, Be1 ks. P.Pr.G.M7. ; P.Pr.G.Sc.N. J u n e 1919. Hunt, Thomas George. T h e Elins, Thurn~aston,near Leicester. P.Pr.G.S.B.; 1130, H . J a n u a r y 1919. Illingworth, William George. J u n e 1919.

99

S t . Augustine's

College, Canterbury, K e n t .

1345.

100 101 102

Johnson, Arthur. Norths~tle,Avenue Itorrtl, Hockerill Pco,k, Bishop's Stortford, Herts. 2729, P.M., L.lt. ; 7 , J. May 1919. Johnston, Dnvid Landale. 8 y a r p a t f a House, Wutnz Tal, U.P., India. Dep.Dis.G.M.; l)is.G.H. (Bengal). March 1919. Jotcham, William Percy. 8 Queen Anne's Gardens, Bush Hill Pork, Enfield, filiddlesex. 754, P.M. March 1919. Kennedy, David A. 82 Wull S t r e e f , Scto Y o r k City, N.Y.,U.S..4. 972, S.D.; 302, King. J u n e 1919. Kennedy, John Itussell. Authors Club, Whitehall Chambers, London, B.1F. 2015, W.M. May 1919. Ketchum, Chas. H. K e y W e s t , E'lorzda, U . B . S . P.G.H.P. , J u n e 1919.

103 104 105

106 107 108 109

King, George Edward. 57 A y t o u m Rocid, Stockwell, Londor~, S.IV.9. 1641, P.M.; 7 P.Z. -March 1919. King, H a r r y BushelL 14 B r y n y m o r Crescent, Slccin.\eti, Glcim. 237; 137. January 1919. Kirkby, Frederick George. Knzghton lloutl, L e ~ c e s t e r . 2429, J.W.; 1130. Nov. 1919. Knight, Frederick Charles. 36 Mursham S t r e e t , IVestmlnster, L o ~ ~ t l o n , S.W.1. 2030, W.M. November 1919. Latng, Alexander Mossman. 29 liosricotfh Avenue, G o s f o i t h , x e ~ r c t c s t l r - t c l ~ o r i - T y , l e , Northumberlurul. 1664, P.M. ; 1664, P . Z . 3Iarch 1919. Langfcrd, George. 9 Elgzn P u r k , Heclluncl, U i ~ a t o l . P.Pr.G.R. Alay 1919. Latto, Alexander Jack. C'ustlla 760, Vcclpc~~coso, Chzle. 1411 (E.G.), \V.&f.; l , H . P . October 1919. Laurenson, Hobert Sinclair. Holpan, IJ.O. I i l ~ p d u n i ,Cope Ptovlnce. 2386. Oct. 1919. Leask, Henry Leslie Graham. 70 Uz.con Avenue, Ctoashlll, G'lusgoic. 753 (S.O.), P.M. J u n e 1919. Lewis, Troy W., A.M., I'h.D., D.C.L., Perm. Sectry., Arkansas Academy of Sciecccs. Lzttle B o c k , Arkansus, G.S.A., 2 ; 2. November 1919. Ling, William Stannard. B u n k House, Attleborouyh, S o r f o l k . 1193, P.1M.;$36, P.So. May 1919. Lord, Samuel Thomas. L e c k f h ~ c u i t e ,3Iu1ichester Routl, Rochdulr, Luncs. P.Pr.G.D. May 1919.

Macdonald, James Alexander. 19 Etrst S t t e e f , T u u n t o n , Sometaet. P.Fr.G.W. ; P.Pr.G.H October 1919. McLeod, ltobert Henry. 3 Greut Jtcmes S t r e r f , Uetlfottl 12oic, London, T1'.Gf.1. 2700, P.M., L.lt. ; 73, P.Z. October 1919. Marles, Lzeut. C. Wright, R . E . 62 Murylantls 12otrt1, Jlti~tlci I1111, L o ~ ~ t l o n , TV. 3244, J . D . J u n e 1919. Marquis, George C. Lezzngton, Illrssou~z,G-.S..4. Grand L e c t u ~ e r(1t.A.). J u n e 1919. Marriott, F r e d e r ~ c k George. 6.4 B e t h e t t o n G'r.ove, E'ulhun li'oc~tl, T,o;rtlon, S.TV.10. 3473; 170. October 1919. Marson, Edward William. 1 U ~ ~ r r d o n u llloutl, IVzllestlen, N.IF.lO. 2696, W.M. ; 2721. tl October 1919. Martin, J. F. Glenfield, X . U . S ~ ~ n r r y s l d e ,l t f l e p o r t , Cumbs. P.Pr.G.0. March 1919. L May, Will~am Henry., M ~ l f o r d House, Z'orfluntl Fllkts, l ' l y m o ~ ~ t h . 3226, P.M. J u n e 1919. Milne, James Leslie. c j o S h u ~ c , Jl'ullucc cl: Co., P.O. Box 70, Culcuttcr, Itldtu. 150; 150. March 1919. Missing, Bernard. 12 B a t h Lane T P ~ I U C N e t r c u s t l e - t ~ w r i - T p e , S o t t h ~ ~ m b e i l c c n d . F, 3428. J a n u a r y 1919. Mitchell, W ~ l h a m . tVoodville House, lZotton Lune, Brcrtlfo~tl,P o ~ k a h l ~ e . 974, P.M. October 1919. Morgridge, George Burton. Szet.rtc Illutl~e, Cul~forltta, U . S . 1. 408, Librarian. October 1919. Munro, John Anderson. P.O. Box 900, Metlrr~ncH a t , d l b c ~ t t i Cci1iue1(1. 25 (Manitoba), , P . M . ; P ~ z n r eI i u y e r t , P.Z. J u n e 1919 Musgrave, Williain Wallace. Icing Etl~ccittl Rontl, St~necrton, 1l'ut.tockshtre. 432. J u n e 1919.

132 Naylor, R. Owen. Orchard House, H a v r r i s t o n e ~ l n l ~ , It'estmorland. 1 3 ; 13. J u n e 1919. 133 * Neilson, Albert. IValszngham, 37 Bt. Htlda's Roud, S t o k e Netcingfon, London, N.16. 3539, 1.G. ; ,538, P.So. Ifarch 1919. Nicholson, Ralph Wise. Club o f TVesteT~t ZntEzn, Z'oontr. 91 (S.C.). May 1919. 134 135 Nixon, Henry Edwin. illulacca, B.S. 3557; 6337. March 1919. 136 137 138 139
Outram, Lt.-Col. Harold William Sydney. Rock Housr, Highgate, ond don, 1.6. 1635. J a n u a r y 1919. Overy, Arthur S. 24 Cltrphum Road, Lotrestoft. 71, J . W . ; 71, A.So. J a n u a r y 1919. Palmer, Stanley. 16 Great Russell S t r e e t , London, W . C . I . 2395, P.81.; 7, P.Z. May 1919. Pankhurst, Victor V. 22 C l c ~ p h a mRoad, Lotc'estoft. 71; 91. J a n u a r y 1919.

Partlow, Haywood R. Pciragould, Arkanscts, U . S . A . 368. J u n e 1919. Penwarden, Stanley Peter. 35 G'resley ECoctd, L o n d o n , ,V.ll). 73. J a n u a r y 1919. Perry, 11cv. l'1e6. George Henry, A1.A. S t . L u k e ' s R e c t o r y , Oltl S f t e c f , Lonrlon, E.C ? 3051, S.W. ; 3051. March 1919. T,ontlon, TT7..5. 1024, P.M. ; Petitpierre, George Jules Henri. 32 M n t t o c k L n n e , E r ~ l ~ n g , 1024, H . March 1919. Ph~ll~ps, Edward Blartin. 191 Selhtcrst R o a d , S o ~ t f h Sor:eootl, L o n d o n , X.B.27. 1139.

November 1919.

B a n d a E s t a t e , P.O. Box 35, ICnmpnlrr, Cgnnrln. 3402. October 1919. l Z o m e ~ c o o d ,A t h l n s Ronrl, Cltrphtrm Pcctk, Porter, John Fletcher, C.B.E., ilf.R., J . P . London, S.TY.LZ. 3864, S.W. ; 21!10. October 1919. Crcrcgnn~r,Slcznfon, Mttnchcsfcr, Lancs. Postlethwaite, William Taylor, O.R.E., L L . R . P.Dep.Pr.G.R. ; 2616, P.So. May 1919. Prior, Oliver Herbert Phelps. 82 DuncAtcrch Rontl, R u g b y , 1~nricickshil'e. 3497, 1V.M. May 1919. Protheroe, James Smith. 177 Fzcfor7a Rontl, S t r t n d o n , lTrzlfs. P.Pr.G.D. ; P.Pr.G.S.B. J u n e 1919. Proudlock, Edmund Dunn. 32 L e n m i n g f o n Rontl T'zllns, ?T7ecfl)o~crn~ t k , Lonrlon, Pu 1V.11. 3151. May 1919.
Poole, Walter Godtrey. Rae, Watson Francis. Wo!jnl E x c h a n g e B u ~ l c l ~ n g s , Glnsgoto. 772 (S.C.). J u n e 1919. Raynor, J o h n Lawrence. P.O. Box 136, Frecpo?-f, N.T., C.,S'.A. 956, J.W. ; Grand Rees, John.

Lecturer. November 1919. Hzgh School Ronrl, Tirmhrrley, S o u f h Aft-tcn. P.Dis.G.W.; 1774, P.Z. October 1919. Ritchie, W. H. 2 Glebe A v s n u e , Trootlforrl, Esssx. 1540, J . W . ; 102.3, P.So. J a n . 1919. Rooney, ltichard Robert. .Jccyersfonfeln, O.F.S., S. Afrzcn. 110 (I.C.). March 1919. Ryan, Thomas. Parlzrcmcnf House, N e l b o u r n e , T 7 z c f o r ~ u1Z1~strtrlzn. March 1919. , Ryde, H u g h Sterndall. 33 &lzllzcent Rontl, f e a t Hrztlgford, S o t f ~ n g l l o m . P . P r . G . 0 . ; (Craft & R.A.). J a n u a r y 1919.

Jtrgersfonfein, O.F.S., S. Africa. 61 (D.C.), 0. March 1919. Sawyer, Albert Ernest. 100 Hzgh S f r c c f , Roufhicolcl, R ~ t f f o l k . 1983, I.G. J a n u a r y 1919. Schneider, J o h n Jacqnes. S o u t h o e , Dollzs P n r k , C h ~ c r c hEntl, 1f17nrhlcy, L o n d n n , X..?. 179, P.M. ; .?,?R;. March 1919. *Shadwell, Gilbert Colville. Porbes Plnre, F r e c p o r f , Long Zs'nntl, S.LT., G.8.9. 2140 (E.G.); 302 (N.Y.). May 1919. 1658, *Side, Erle Douglas. 59 Dorltlzngfon Grove, K e n n z n g f o n P n r k , L?ntl In, S.E.17. P.M., L.R. J u n e 1919. Simpson, George Honeyman. 4 C o m ~ l l nS f r c s f , Gnfcshsorl-on-Tyne, D ~ c r h n m . 3626, S.W. ; 48, A.So. March 1919. Simpson, H. E. 89 T h e Drzvs, Fulhrrm Roarl, LontJon, S.TT7..?. 1293, P.X. J a n u a r y 1919. Skidmore, Arthur Charles. A~rcrlnlc, T e f f e n h n l l , R t n f f s . P.Pr.G.St.B. ; P.Pr.A.G.So. J u n e 1919. Smith, Hugh Evan. 132 Rnlzsbury S q z ~ n r s ,Flest S t r e e t , L o n d o n , E.C.4. P.Pr.G.D. (Middx.) ; 1471, P.Z. October 1919. * S m i t h , Stephen George. E . T . Mess, G ~ b r n l f a r . 3503. J a n u a r y 1919. Smith, Thomas Clandius Tiberius. 27 D u f i e l d R o o d , Zrlnms o' fh' H e i g h t , J f n n c h e s t e r , Lancs. P.Pr.G.D. ; 815, P.Z. J a n u a r y 1919. Soden, E. E . Old Rfnjf Lznrs, Secunderabad, Ileccnn, I n d i a . 1444, P.M.; 4.74, P.Z. October 1919. Somers, Wilham George. 35 Cnrters Green, TVest B r o m ~ v ~ c hS f n f f s . 652; 662. , J u n e 1919. Steele, Hendcrson W. Box 783, T'nzontoicn, Ftrysfte C o u n t y , Pcnns!llvnnln, C.S..4. 651, P.11. ; 1G5, P . H . P . J u n e 1919. Stephens, Henry Joseph. 17 ('httrch Crescent, ilfustcell Hill, L o n d o n , K.10. 1426; 1$?6. J u n e 1919. Sykes, Samuel Brook. 55 Orrell L n n e , t l z n f r e s , Liverpool, Lnncs. 220. October 1919.
Salmonsen, Otto Charles Valdemar.

174 175

Taylor, Glen Arthur. ilfzdtlleton H o u . ~ e ,Brzton F e r r y , Glnm. 162. Ju11e 1919. Tesoro, Gaudencio. P.O. Box 4, S n n f n C ~ I L h g l t n n , P.1, 26. J a n u a q 1919. Z)

Carlet Collpge, Trellzngton, Zndla. 1093, Sec.; 1093, Sc.E. May 1919. Thornas, J o h n Edward. 2 Lctnylantl Rorrrl, i l f u m l ~ l ~Srcrrnsea, S. 1Vctles. P.Pr.G.St.B.; s, P.Pr.A.G.So. October 1919. Thornson, William Thomas. R ~ f j e s h m e n f Rooms, Rnllnint S t n f i o n , Victoria, Australia. 29, P.M.; 7. May 1919. Thornber, Albert Eastham. Ful~cootl Avenue, T c i r l ~ t o n , I'resfon, Lnncs. 113. J a n u a r y 1919. Townshend, Cecil Wray. e l o Standorcl ~ o n k , 'dagersfontein, O.I?.S., ,5'. Africa. 61 (D.C.), W . M . March 1919. Travis, Henry Edward. 1 1T7zl.son-Prrtt~nStreet, 1T'rrrrln~lfon,Lancs. 1 3.597, P.M.; 148. November 1919. Turner, Edward Kirk. Brancl Rtreef, Jagersfontezn, O.F.B. 110 (I.C.). J u n e 1919. Turner, Joseph. 34 ,St. P ~ t e r ' sRond, Ban<lstuorth, S t a f f s . 2724. November 1919. Tyers, Prederick George. Boys' H i g h ,$'chool, l'ochefstroom, S. d f r i c o . 3 004, P.M. ; 3004. J u n e 1919.
Thackeray, William Alfred.

185 186

Vick, Henry Hampton. 7 Collzngtcoorl S t r r ~ f , S~rrrnsfle-irpon-Tyne,Norfh~lmberland. 2497 ; 2260. J a n u a r y 1919. Veitch, Kobert. r j o (!.S.l?.Co., Lautoka, Frji. 3354, I.G. October 1919. Wallington, H. J. Temple G m n g e , Beekenham, R e n t . 1293, P.M. J a n u a r y 1919. Ward, Henry George. 2 T h e Cresrent, S n n d g a f e , ICpnf. 3872, A.D.C.; 2016. Mar. 1919. Ward, J o h n Sebastian Marlow. 39 S t . Jnmes Street, Lonrlon, S.TT7.1. 859; 1268.

November 19i9.
"White, Ernest Costley, O.B.E., B.A.

('hief S ~ c r e f n r ! l 'Office, Zombn, Nynsnlnnrl. 1162 s (sit*.), P.M. October 1919. White, Henry Wllliam George. E l e e t m Hoirse, London, E.C.L. 448. October 1919. White, Richard George Charles. P.O. Boa 6, J a g e r . ~ f o n t et ~ O.F.R., S . Africa. i . 110 (I.C.), P.M. ; 2.34, H. March 1919. Wilkins, M. 75 Grovelands Rond, Pczlmers Green, London, X.13. 1366, November 1919. Williams, F r a n k A. 59 Crouch Brrll Ronrl, Crouch E n d , London, N.8. 1613, P.M. J a n u a r y 1919. Williarns, Sidney James. Rradforrl S t r e e t , 1T7nlsnl1, Stnffs. 539, J.W. J a n u a r y 1919. Williams, William James. 67 Snltoun Rood, Rrixton, London, S.W.2. 2696. Nov. 1919. Windle, George Frederick Bryant. 19 S t . Albans Road, Kingston-on-Thames. 2744, P.M.; 1503, P.So. October 1919. Wood, Charles James. Eenzlworth, Jforlanrl Road, Croydon, ,9urr~y. 706. March 1919. Woodward, Joseph Roger. G'aszlla 301, Trrlca, Chzl?. 1411, J.W. October 1919. Woolley, Joseph William. Charens 692, Ruenos A ~ ~ c R . 3466, J . D . ; 617. Nov. 1919. Worley, Sydney Reginald. T h e illends, TPoodeote T%lZey Rand, P u r l ~ y ,X ? I T T P ~ . 92, W.M. J a n u a r y 1919.

DECEASED.
Atkinson, Georgc Baker, Louis Leroy Bate, Osborn Han11)rooli Booth, TVilliam Capel, George TVilliam Carter, Major F m i ~ l iBird Cole, Charles \\'illiam Couch, James Cuddon, Elias Mart111 Dalgleish, Henry J . Dixon, Edward Yo11112 Fisher, TVilliam Friend, Capt. B. J . Gsdge, Alfred Sgdncy George, Frcderick Brand Gissing, Georgc John Glass, John Hamm, Johanites 31. Hibberdine, U'illiam
,

ctf'c LI of Jlllunch~ster

..
,

..

.. ,

.,
..
,

.,
,

. ..
., .. .. .. ..
.,

Henry Charles Hermallll Hawlier ~ennings,'Thorpe Buttolvh Kielland, Kristian L'emb. Kiralfy, Imrc Lambton, John J%Tilliam Laurenson, Robert Sinrlnir Lemon, Rev. Thomas Wi1li:lm Lines, Stanley Llandaff Burnett Loewy, Benno Macbean, Edward Marples, Robert BIoffat Maye, UTilliam Bennett Millar, James Nethersole, Major Alfred
Houndle,

Tooele, G f c r l ~ (,'tipe l ) i v i s i o t ~ ,S..-l. Stockport Surb,iton, Sut.t.e!l, I'erff~, -41:s. Lovdot~ ILtr f fieltl Lontlon Lontlon E. Gt.iqtcctltrrid (yhis~cick Lontlon Brornley, K e n t Sornerset Icinyston Lontlon Lorltlon Lontlor~ Lontlon htinsrts, G.S..4. Trontlh jetn, S o r ~ c t r y Lontlon Z'teston, S . Sh:eltls Cupe I ' r o v r n c ~ . S..l. Ijutle, Cornrcall Toron t o , Canc~tlti SPIC l-orl;, S.17. ILplerlshurgh Lontlon Devon I<etchll;un Jlntlros London London London Dorset 3Te~ccastle-upon-Ty rie London Pennsylvnnia N Ptcport, M o n . 1T7ctsltington

8 t h May, 1919. 1st October, 1918. 30th September, 1919. 5th December, 1919. 6th October, 1919.

11. 99
22nd February, 1919. 27th November, 1919. 1919. -May, 1919. 13th 30th September, 1919.

g.

1919.
1st April, 1919. 20th May, 1919. 14th August, 1919. 8th February, 1919. 1'7th May, 1919. January, 1919. 1919. 1918. 1st January, 1919. 21th 13th 20th 16th April. 1919. RIaq. 1919. Bupust, 1919. December, 1919.

1919.
19th August, 1919. 23rd August, 1919. 1 %

1919. 11. 99

1916.

nalph
Newton, Edwin B. B. Peqae, William Thomas
-

Plumbe, Rowland Pratt, Lt.-Col. Sisson Cooper Rees, E. C. Ridout, George Sachse, Dr. Julius F. Scott, George Lamb Sebastian, Robert Lee

2nd April, 1919. 10th April, 1919. 16th April, 1919. June, 1919. 15th November, 1919. 1 % 14th December, 1918.

Simons, Henry Smith, James R. Speedy, J:~nies Stockings, William F. Tang ye, Edgar White, Dr. Henry Francis La Touche Witney, F r a n k Irving Vernon, Sir TYillinm

Late of Bwansea ,, ,Winmesofa, U.X.A. ,, London. ,, X o m i c h . ,, Zlandsworth ,, Cambridgesl~ire

.l =
? l & 10th September, 1919.

1st JInrrh, 1910. 24th J u l y , 1919.

,,

St. Paul, M i n n .
Chester

1 %
24th June, 1010.

,,

LOCAL SECRETARIES.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 73, Commercial Road. 23, S t . James's Street,' Derby. 1.5, Union Street. 97, Milnrow Road, Rochdale. 13, Thornfield, Lancaster. 132, Lord Street, Southport. 69, Billing Road, Northampton. 57, Manor House Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Conigree, Newent, Gloucestershire. Marline. Lansdown, Bath. Handsworth. 36, Restfield Road, Edgbaston. Sedbergh School, Sedbergh, Yorkshire. 43, George Road, Erdjngton, Birmingham. Wickersley, Brough, E . Yorks.

Bournemouth Derbyshire Inverness Lancashire, E a s t ,, North , West Northamptonshire & Huntingdonshire Northumberland Oxfordshire & Gloucestershire Somerset Staffordshire Warwickshire Westmorland & Cumberland Worcestershire Yorkshire, North & East Ridings . Bradford . , Leeds

Christopher Pearce T. H. Thorpe 9 F. Mackenzie . R. H. Baxter J. R,. Nuttall Willism P l a t t S. B. Wilkinson Cornwell Smith E. Conder Lionel Vibert F r a n k Hughes F. G. Swinden Rev. Herbert Poole W. S. De;ey Geo. L. Shackles John Robinson J. Elston Cawthorn David Flather

..

Sheffield

5, Rushcroft Termce, Baildon. Elmete House, herbu urn-in-Elmet,' South Milford. Whiston Grange, Rotherham.

EUROPE.

Denmark Holland

William Malling J . C. G. Gras6,

Hijjbroplads 5, Copenhagen, K. Naarden.

ASIA.

India, Bengal Bombay, Madras, United Provinoes & Oudh Japan Philippine Islands Siam Bingapore

C. F. Hooper

c / o Thacker, Spink & Co., 5 Government Place, Calcutta. c / o Best & Co., Madras. Box 296, Yokohama. Quarantine Service, Manila. Ministry of Justice, Bangkok. 26, Raffles Place.

,,

F. Chatterton
A. R. Catto N. C. Comfort John R . C. Lyons Frederick Apps

AFRICA.
Bloemfontein Egypt Jagersfontein, O.F.S. Iiimberley Natal Rhodesia, 3Iashonaland ,, Matabeleland South Africa, E. Division ,, ,, W. Division Transvaal, .Johannesburg ,, Pretoria Alberta British Columbia Jlal~itoba Newfoundland Paskatche~n a Ontario Florida Georgia Indiana Minnesota, New Jersey New York Rhode Island Sonth Dakota TVashington Argentina Costa Rica Jamaica New South Wales Nelv Zealand, iluckland 9 . Christchurch ,, Otago ,, Wanganui
~9 ,, Wellington South Australia Victoria

W. S. Mannion
H. R. F. C.
K . Baynes G. C. White G. ~ i c h a r d s W. P. Douglas de Fenzi S. R. Garrard E. A. Uttley H. Squire Smith W. H. Tiffany T. L. Prycm G. P . Mathews

Box 261. Box 1400, Cairo. Box 6, Jagcrsfonteii~. Svdney on Vaal. * P.O. Box 230, Pietermaritzbury Brundish House, Sinoia. Box 48, Bula~vayo. Box 9. King TYilliam's Town Box 387, -Cape Town. Box 247, Johannesburg. Box 13$, Pretoria.

CANADA. Calgary. G. Macdonald, M.D. D r . TV. A. De Wolf Pafraets Dael. New TVestminster. Smith R S. Thornton, M.B. Delora~ne. TV. J. Edgar Box 1201, St. John's. Cupar. F . S. Proctor N. W. J. Haydon 361. Pare Arenue, Toronto. U.S.A.

E. P. Hubbell \V. F. Bolve C. Mal'er

Dr. J. TV. Chamberlin

H. E. Deats

J. C. IZlinck
TVillian~H . Scott G. A. Pettigrew J. H. Tatych

Bradentown. .3-11. Broad Street, Augusta. 29, TV. TYashington Street, Indianapolis. 733, Lowry Building, St. Peter Street. S t . Panl. Flemington. 83, Argyle Road, Brooklyn. 61. Laura Street, ~ r o r i d e n c c Sioux k'nlls. 'Old National Bnuk. Spok:iilc.

C E N T R A L A N D S O U T H AMERICA. William Cowlishaw 78, Reconquista, Buonos Aircs. Box 35.5, S a n JosB. A. G. JI. Gillott WEST G. R. D. Rust INDIES. Post Office, Kingston.

AUSTRALASIA. T. L. Rolvbotham Rlasonic Club, 218. P i t t Street, Syclney. 107, Albert Street. C. H . Jenkins 27. Gracefield Street. S. C. Bingham D. C. Cameron 5 , Heriot Street, Dunedin. Peter Lewis 81, Keith Street. G. Robertson JT7ellington. Houghton Lodge, Rose Park. Adelaide. Fred. Johns 406. Collins Street, 3lelbourne. Her-bert RI. H n i ~ h t

STATED MEETINGS OF THE LODGE IN 1920.

Friday,
2nd January. Thursday, 24th Friday,

June.

Friday, 5th March. Friday, 7th May.

r st October.

illonday, 8th November.

ABBREVIATIONS.
MASONIC.
A. A.G.
Arch, Assistant. Assistant Grand. Bearer. Board of General Purposes. Central, Ceremonies, Constitution. Chaplain Chapter. Committee. Deacon, Director, Dutch. Director of Ceremonies. Dutch Constitution. Director of Music. Deputy, Depute (Scottish). Deputy District. Deputy Provincial. District. District Assistant G r m ~ d . Dicitrict Grand. Division. English, Excellent, Bzra. English Constitution. Grand, Guard. Grand Chaplain. Grand Chapter. Grand Deacon. Grand Director of Ceremonies. Grand Haggai. Grand High Priest. (American R. Irislz R..4. l. Grand Joshua. Grand Lodge. Grand Master. Grand Organist. Grand Principal (R.A.). Grand Pursuivant. Grand Registrar. Grand Sword Bearer. Grand Scribe Ezra. Grand Secretary. G r s a d Standard Bearer. Grand Steward. Grand Sojourner. Grand Superintendent (R.A.). Grand Superintendent of Works. Grand Treasurer. Grand Warden. Grand Zerubbabel. Haggai. High Priest (American & I r i s h R..4 .). Inner, Irish. I r i s h Constitution. Inner Guard. Inspector of Works. Joshua, Junior. Junior Deacon. Junior Warden. Kin:: (..L,nerican cC Irish R . A . ) . L. L.R. 1,odge. London Rank Master, Ilost. Member. Most Excellent. Most Worshipful. Nehemiah Nova Scotia. Organist. Orator.

B.
B.G.P. C. Ch. Chap. Ccm.

M.
Yem.

Y.E. .
H.W.
N. (N.S.).
0. Or.

D. D.C. (D.C.). D.M. Dep. Dep. Dis. Dep. P r . Dis. Dis.A.G. Dis.Li. Dir.
E.. (E.C.).

i:~h. G. Chap. G.D. G.D.C. G.H. G.H.P. G.J. G.L. GM. G.O. G.P. G.Pt. G.R. G.S.B. G . Sc.E. G.Sec. G.St.B. G.Stew. G. So. G. Sup. G Sup. W G . Treas. G.W. G.Z.

Past, Principal, Priest (American & I r i s h R . A . ) . P a s t Deputy. P. Dep. P. Dep. Dis. P a s t Deputy District. P. Dep. P r . Past Deputy Provincial. Past ~ i s t r i c t . P. ~ i ; . Past District Grand. P.Dis.G. P a s t Cr~.and. P.G. P a s t Haggai. P.H. Past ICigll Priest P.H.P. (American & Irish R.A.). P..J. Past Joshua. P a s t King (American & I r i s h R . A . ) . P.K. P a s t Master. P.M. P a s t Provincial. P.Pr. P.Pr.G. P a s t Provincial Grand. Pr. Provincial. President. Pres. Provincial Grand. Pk.G. Pursnivant. Pt. P.Z. Past Zerubbabel.

R. R.A. Rep. R.W

S. S.B. (S.C.). sc. Sc.E. Sc.N. S.D. Sec. So. Stew. St. Sub. Sap. Sup.W. S.W. Treas. V.W.

Registrar, Right, Roll, Router. Royal Arch. ' Representative. Right Worshipful. Scottish. Senior, Sword. Sword Bearer. Scottish Constitution. Scribe. Scribe Ezra. Scribe Nehemiah. Senior Deacon. Secretary. Sojourner. Steward. Standard. Substitute (Scottish). Superinte~dent. Superintendent of Works. Senior Warden. Treasurer. Very. Very Worshipful. Warden, Worlrs, Worsli ipf 111. Worshipful Master.

H.
H.P.

T. (I.C.). I.G. 1ns.W.

J. J.D. J.W.

v.

W. m.M.

Z.

A.D.C. A.S.C. Bart. B.C.S. C.B. C.I.E.

Aidede-Cwnp. Army Service Corps. Baronet. Bombay o r Bengal Civil Service. Companiou of Order of t h e Bath. Companion of Order of t h e Indian Empire. Companion of Order of SS. Michael and George. Conlpanio~iof Older of t h e S t a r of India. il;.R.-K. o r G. prefixed ta the above signifies Knight Cammander or Knight Grand Cross, o r Knight Grand, Corll~llander of t h e Order concerned.) Deputy Lieutenant. Distingushed Service Order. IIonorary, IIonourable. Indian Civil Service. 111d1an Marine. Indian JIedlcal Service. I n d ~ a nStaff C a p s . Imperial Service Order.

J.P.
Kt.

Justice of the Peace Knight. Member of t h e House of Asse~nbly (Newfoundland). Nember of Legislative Council. Member of Parliament. Order of t h e B r ~ t i s hEmpire. Privy Councillor. Royal Army Medical Corps. Royal Colonial Institute. Reserve Distinction. Royal Engineers. lioyal Field Artillery. Hoynl Garrison Artillery. Royal Horse Artillery. Royal Marines. Royal Marine Artillery. Royal Navy. Royal Naval Reserve. Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. Territorial Force. Territorial Distinction Volunteer Dintinction. Victorian Order.

M.L.C. M.P. U.B.E. P.C. R.A.M.C. R.C.I. R.D. R.E. I1.F.A. 1t.G.d. R.H.A. R.M. R.3I.A. R.N. R.N.R. R.N.V.R. T. T.D. V.D. V.O.

C S.I.

D.L. D.S.O. Hon. I.C.S. 1.M. 1.JI.S. I.S.C. l.S.O.

PROFESSIONAL.
A .G.O. A.I.

A.K.C. -&.M. Am.Soc.C.E. A1ner.I.E.E. B..l. U.C.L. B.Ch. B.D. B.P. R.&. C.A. C.E. C.I.S. C.P.A. C.S. C.JI. Dr. D.C.L. D.D. D.Lit. D.Sc. E.S. F.I. G.S. I.A. I.C. 1nst.C.E. I.E.E. I.M.E. 1.Mech.E. I.N.A. I.S.E. 1.1.

American Guild of Organists. Auctiol~eers' InsMtute. American Society of 3Iechanicnl Engineers. Associate of I<ing',s College. Master of Arts. American Society of Civil Engineers. .American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Bachelor of Arts. ,, of Civil Lam. ,, .>f Surgery. ,, of Divinity. ,, of Philwophy ( U . S . A . ) . ,, of Science. Chartered Bccountant. Civil Engineer. Chartered Institute of Secretaries. Certified Public Accountant (Rhode Island); Chemical Society. Master i n Surgery. Doctor. ,, of Civil Lam. ,, .3f Divinity. . of Literature. ,, of Science. E~~tomo:ogical Society. Faculty of Insurance.

L.D.S. LL.B. LL.D. LL.11. Lic.Mnn. L.S.

Licentiate in Dental Surgery. Bachelor of Laws. Doctor of .. ,, Master of Licentiate of RItisic. Linnaean Society. Master of .-lrts. Bachelor of Medici-le. Doctor of Medicine. ,, of Jlusic

Ph.D. Pres. Prof. P.W.D. R.A. R.A.S. R.A.S R.C.I. R.C.P. R.C.S. R.C.P.S. R.G.S. R.1Iist.S. R.H.S. R.I. 1t.I.S. R.I.B.9. R.M.S. R.S. R.S.S. R.S.A. ' R.S.E. R.S.L.

Geological Society. Institute of Actuaries. ,, of Chemists. , of Civil Engineers. Society of Antiquaries ( F e l l o u ; ~ ) . S.A. ,, of Electrical Engineers. ,, of Accountants and S u d i t o r s S.A.A. ,, of Mining Engineers. (Iucorporated). ,, of Mechanical Engineers. Student of Civil Law. S.C.L. ,, of Naval Architects. Institute of Surveyors. S.I. , of Sanitary Engineers. Statistic81 Society. S.S. Imperial Infititute. Vice-Prwident. V.P. J.I. Institute of Journalists. Zoologi,cal Society. Z.S. K.C. King's Counsel. NOTE.-.l., X., r F., prefixed to letters indicating a n Institute or Society stands for o Associate, Member, o r Fellow of the Society in question.

Doctor of Philosophy. President. Profrssor. Public TT70rlrs Department. ROJ-ai Scaclemy. ,, Asiatic Society (Members). ,, :4stronomical Society ( F e l l o w s ) . ,, Colonial Institute. ,, College of Physicians. , , of Surgeons. ,, of Veterinary Surgeons. ,, Geographical Society. ,, Historiral Society ( F e l l o u : ~ ) . ,, Horticultural Society ( F e l l o ~ o s ) . ,, Inntitute of Painters i p W a t e r Colours. ,, I r i s h Academy. ,, Institute of Britinh Architects. ,, Jficrosc~opicalSociety. ,, Society. ,, Society of Arts (Felloics). , Scottish Academy. , ,, Society, Edinburgh. ,, Society of Literature.